03 - Lecture (20110920)
03 - Lecture (20110920)
2011-9-20 1
Balancing Chemical Equations
2 Na 2 Na
2 Cl 2 Cl
Chapter 3/2
Balancing Chemical Equations
1 Hg 1 Hg
2N 2I
6O 2K
2K 2N
2I 6O
Chapter 3/3
Balancing Chemical Equations
Chapter 3/4
Balancing Chemical Equations
divide all by 2
Chapter 3/5
Balancing Chemical Equations
4H 4H
2O 2O
Chapter 3/6
Example 3.1 Balancing a Chemical Equation
Propane, C3H8, is a colorless, odorless gas often used as a heating and cooking fuel in campers and rural homes.
Write a balanced equation for the combustion reaction of propane with oxygen to yield carbon dioxide and water.
Solution
Step 1. Write the unbalanced equation using correct chemical formulas for all substances:
C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O Unbalanced
Step 2. Find coefficients to balance the equation. Its usually best to begin with the most complex
substancein this case C3H8and to deal with one element at a time.
C3H8 + O2 3 CO2 + H2O Balanced for C
The major ingredient in ordinary safety matches is potassium chlorate, KClO 3, a substance that can act as a source
of oxygen in combustion reactions. Its reaction with ordinary table sugar (sucrose, C 12H22O11), for example, occurs
violently to yield potassium chloride, carbon dioxide, and water. Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
Solution
Write the unbalanced equation, making sure the formulas for all substances are correct:
Find coefficients to balance the equation by starting with the most complex substance (sucrose)
and considering one element at a time.
Write a balanced equation for the reaction of element A (red spheres) with element B (blue spheres) as
represented below:
Solution
3 A2 + 9 B2 6 AB3 or A2 + 3 B2 2 AB3
Representing Chemistry on
Different Levels
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)
Chapter 3/10
Representing Chemistry on
Different Levels
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)
Chapter 3/11
Chemical Arithmetic:
Stoichiometry
Molecular Mass: Sum of atomic masses of all atoms
in a molecule (also called molecular weights)
Chapter 3/12
Chemical Arithmetic:
Stoichiometry
HCl: 1 mole = 36.5 g
Chapter 3/13
Chemical Arithmetic:
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry: The chemical arithmetic needed
for mole-mass conversions
aA + bB cC + dD
Chapter 3/15
Chemical Arithmetic:
Stoichiometry
2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) NaOCl(aq) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
= 28.2 g NaOH
Chapter 3/16
Example 3.4 Calculating a Molecular Mass
What is the molecular mass of table sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11), and what is its molar mass in g/mol?
Solution
The molecular mass of a substance is the sum of the atomic masses of the constituent atoms.
C (12.0 amu); H (1.0 amu); O (16.0 amu)
Because one molecule of sucrose has a mass of 342.0 amu, 1 mol of sucrose has a mass of 342.0 g.
Thus, the molar mass of sucrose is 342.0 g/mol.
Example 3.5 Converting Mass To Moles
How many moles of sucrose are in a tablespoon of sugar containing 2.85 g? (the molar mass of sucrose,
C12H22O11, was calculated in Example 3.4)
Solution
mass-to-mole conversion
Example 3.6 Converting Moles To Mass
How many grams are in 0.0626 mol of NaHCO3?
Solution
mole-to-mass conversion
Formula mass of NaHCO3 = 23.0 amu + 1.0 amu + 12.0 amu + (3 16.0 amu)
= 84.0 amu
Aqueous solutions of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), best known as household bleach, are prepared by reaction
of sodium hydroxide with chlorine. How many grams of NaOH are needed to react with 25.0 g of Cl 2?
2 NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) NaOCl(aq) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Solution
Finding the relationship between numbers of reactant formula units.
First, find out how many moles of Cl2 are in 25.0 g of Cl2.
Chapter 3/21
Example 3.8 Calculating a Percent Yield
Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE, C5H12O), a gasoline additive now being phased out in many places because of
health concerns, can be made by reaction of isobutylene (C 4H8) with methanol (CH4O). What is the percent yield
of the reaction if 32.8 g of methyl tert-butyl ether is obtained from reaction of 26.3 g of isobutylene with
sufficient methanol?
Solution
Isobutylene, C4H8: Molecular mass = (4 12.0 amu) + (8 1.0 amu) = 56.0 amu
MTBE, C5H12O: Molecular mass = (5 12.0 amu) + (12 1.0 amu) + 16.0 amu
= 88.0 amu
To calculate the amount of MTBE that could theoretically be produced from 26.3 g of isobutylene,
According to the balanced equation, 1 mol of product is produced per mol of reactant
a mole-to-mass conversion
Dividing the actual amount by the theoretical amount and multiplying by 100% gives the percent yield:
Example 3.9 Calculating a Yield In Grams, Given a Percent Yield
Diethyl ether (C4H10O), the ether used medically as an anesthetic, is prepared commercially by treatment of ethyl
alcohol (C2H6O) with an acid. How many grams of diethyl ether would you obtain from 40.0 g of ethyl alcohol if
the percent yield of the reaction is 87%?
Solution
First, calculate the molar masses of the reactant and product:
Ethyl alcohol, C2H6O: Molecular mass = (2 12.0 amu) + (6 1.0 amu) + 16.0 amu
= 46.0 amu
Diethyl ether, C4H10O: Molecular mass = (4 12.0 amu) + (10 1.0 amu) + 16.0 amu
= 74.0 amu
Finally, we have to multiply the theoretical amount of product by the observed yield (87% = 0.87 ) to
find how much diethyl ether is actually formed:
32.2 g diethyl ether 0.87 = 28 g diethyl ether
Reactions with Limiting
Amounts of Reactants
Limiting Reactant: The reactant that is present in
limiting amount. The extent to which a chemical
reaction takes place depends on the limiting reactant.
Chapter 3/24
Reactions with Limiting
Amounts of Reactants
At a high temperature, ethylene oxide reacts with
water to form ethylene glycol which is an automobile
antifreeze and a starting material in the preparation of
polyester polymers:
C2H4O(aq) + H2O(l) C2H6O2(l)
Because water is so cheap and abundant, it is used in
excess when compared to ethylene oxide. This
ensures that all of the relatively expensive ethylene
oxide is entirely consumed.
Chapter 3/25
Reactions with Limiting
Amounts of Reactants
At a high temperature, ethylene oxide reacts with water to
form ethylene glycol which is an automobile antifreeze and
a starting material in the preparation of polyester polymers:
C2H4O(aq) + H2O(l) C2H6O2(l)
Chapter 3/27
Reactions with Limiting
Amounts of Reactants
Lithium oxide is used aboard the space shuttle to
remove water from the air supply according to the
equation:
Li2O(s) + H2O(g) 2LiOH(s)
Chapter 3/28
Reactions with Limiting
Amounts of Reactants
Li2O(s) + H2O(g) 2LiOH(s)
Which reactant is limiting?
Amount of H2O that will react with 65.0 g Li2O:
18.0 g H2O
2.17 mol H2O x = 39.1 g H2O (consumed)
1 mol H2O
Chapter 3/30
Reactions with Limiting
Amounts of Reactants
Li2O(s) + H2O(g) 2LiOH(s)
How many grams of LiOH are produced?
Chapter 3/31
Example 3.10 Calculating the Amount of an Excess Reactant
Cisplatin, an anticancer agent used for the treatment of solid tumors, is prepared by the reaction of ammonia with
potassium tetrachloroplatinate. Assume that 10.0 g of K2PtCl4 and 10.0 g of NH3 are allowed to react.
Solution
(a) Finding the molar amounts of reactants always begins by calculating formula masses and
using molar masses as conversion factors:
Thus, a large excess of NH3 is present, and K2PtCl4 is the limiting reactant.
Worked Example 3.10 Calculating the Amount of an Excess Reactant
(b)
(c)
Concentrations of Reactants in
Solution: Molarity
Molarity: The number of moles of a substance dissolved
in each liter of solution
Chapter 3/35
Concentrations of Reactants in
Solution: Molarity
Chapter 3/36
Concentrations of Reactants in
Solution: Molarity
Molarity converts between mole of solute and
liters of solution:
Moles of solute
Molarity =
Volume of solution (L)
Chapter 3/37
Concentrations of Reactants in
Solution: Molarity
How many grams of solute would you use to
prepare 1.50 L of 0.250 M glucose, C6H12O6?
0.250 mol
1.50 L x = 0.275 mol
1L
180.0 g
0.275 mol x = 49.5 g
1 mol
Chapter 3/38
Example 3.11 Calculating the Molarity of a Solution
What is the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 2.355 g of sulfuric acid (H 2SO4) in water and diluting to
a final volume of 50.0 mL?
Solution
Hydrochloric acid is sold commercially as a 12.0 M aqueous solution. How many moles of HCl are in
300.0 mL of 12.0 M solution?
.
Solution
initial final
Mi V i = Mf V f
Chapter 3/41
Diluting Concentrated
Solutions
Chapter 3/42
Diluting Concentrated
Solutions
Sulfuric acid is normally purchased at a concentration
of 18.0 M. How would you prepare 250.0 mL of 0.500
M aqueous H2SO4?
Mi = 18.0 M Mf = 0.500 M
Vi = ? mL Vf = 250.0 mL
Mf V f 0.500 M
Vi = = x 250.0 mL = 6.94 mL
Mi 18.0 M
Add 6.94 mL 18.0 M sulfuric acid to enough water
to make 250.0 mL of 0.500 M solution.
Chapter 3/43
Example 3.13 Diluting a Solution
How would you prepare 500.0 mL of 0.2500 M NaOH solution starting from a concentration of 1.000 M?
Solution
We need to place 125.0 mL of 1.000 M NaOH solution in a 500.0 mL volumetric flask and fill to the
calibration mark with water.
Solution Stoichiometry
aA + bB cC + dD
Chapter 3/45
Solution Stoichiometry
Stomach acid, a dilute solution of HCl in water, can be neutralized by reaction with sodium hydrogen carbonate,
NaHCO3, according to the equation
HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
How many milliliters of 0.125 M NaHCO3 solution are needed to neutralize 18.0 mL of 0.100 M HCl?
Solution
Chapter 3/49
Titration
Chapter 3/50
Titration
Molar Relative
masses mole ratios
Chapter 3/54
Percent Composition and
Empirical Formulas
Assume 100.0 g of the substance:
Mole of carbon:
1 mol C
84.1 g C x = 7.01 mol C
12.0 g C
Mole of hydrogen:
1 mol H
15.9 g H x = 15.9 mol H
1.0 g H
Chapter 3/55
Percent Composition and
Empirical Formulas
Empirical formula:
C7.01H15.9 C7.01H15.9 = C1H2.27
7.01 7.01
smallest value for the ratio
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) contains 40.92% C, 4.58% H, and 54.50% O by mass. What is the empirical formula
of ascorbic acid?
Solution
1. Assume that you have 100.00 g of ascorbic acid.
Solution
1. dividing the subscripts by 6 reduces C6H12O6 to CH2O.
2. converted into a mass ratio by assuming that we have 1 mol of compound and carrying out mole-to-
gram conversions:
3. Dividing the mass of each element by the total mass, and multiplying by 100%, gives the percent
composition. Note that the sum of the mass percentages is 100%.
carbon
hydrogen
Chapter 3/59
Worked Example 3.17 Calculating an Empirical Formula and a
Molecular Formula from a Combustion Analysis
Caproic acid, the substance responsible for the aroma of goats, dirty socks, and oldshoes, contains carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. On combustion analysis, a 0.450 g sample of caproic acid gives 0.418 g of H 2O and
1.023 g of CO2. What is the empirical formula of caproic acid? If the molecular mass of caproic acid is
116.2 amu, what is the molecular formula?
Solution
1. First, find the molar amounts of C and H in the sample:
3. Subtracting the masses of C and H from the mass of the starting sample
indicates that 0.124 g is unaccounted for:
0.450 g (0.2791 g + 0.0469 g) = 0.124 g
Worked Example 3.17 Calculating an Empirical Formula and a
Molecular Formula from a Combustion Analysis
Continued
5. Because we are told that oxygen is also present in the sample, the missing mass must be due to
oxygen, which cant be detected by combustion. We therefore need to find the number of
moles of oxygen in the sample:
6. Knowing the relative numbers of moles of all three elements, C, H, and O, we divide the three numbers
of moles by the smallest number (0.007 75 mol of oxygen) to arrive at a C:H:O ratio of 3:6:1.
7. The empirical formula of caproic acid is therefore C3H6O, and the empirical formula mass is 58.1 amu.
Because the molecular mass of caproic acid is 116.2, or twice the empirical formula mass, the
molecular formula of caproic acid must be C(2 3)H(2 6)O(2 1) = C6H12O2
Determining Molecular Masses:
Mass Spectrometry
Chapter 3/62