Combined Magnetic Field and Adsorption Process For Treatment
Combined Magnetic Field and Adsorption Process For Treatment
h i g h l i g h t s
A novel method was introduced by integrating magnetic eld exposure with adsorption technique.
Combined magnetic eld and adsorption process has a vital role in treating POME.
Adsorption performance and adsorption rate could be enhanced by magnetic eld.
Magnetization process accelerated the removal of colour, TSS and COD in adsorption process.
The new method increased the percentage removal of colour, TSS and COD by 39%, 61% and 46% respectively.
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: The production of palm oil, however, results in the generation of large quantities of polluted wastewater
Received 23 September 2013 commonly referred as palm oil mill efuent (POME). There is an actual need to seek factors intensifying
Received in revised form 25 December 2013 the treatment processes of POME. The new methods which not required extension of existing plants or
Accepted 27 December 2013
building very expensive bioreactors are still searching. In recent years increasing attention has been
Available online 7 January 2014
directed to the possibility of improvement of waste water treatment by static magnetic eld. The aim
of our study was to determine the impact of constant magnetic eld as well as the integration of this
Keywords:
technique with the famous technique used for wastewater treatment which is adsorption by activated
Palm oil mill efuent (POME)
Biological treatment
carbon as a novel method for POME treatment. This new method has been found to be a useful method
Magnetic eld for removing colour, TSS and COD from biologically treated POME.
Activated carbon adsorption 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Colour
TSS and COD
2.2.2. Magnetic eld experiments The study of adsorption dynamics with magnetic treatment de-
The effective of magnetic eld on POME treatment as colour, scribes the solute uptake rate and evidently this rate controls the
TSS and COD removal was investigated at different magnetic eld residence time of adsorbate uptake at the solidsolution interface.
intensity ranged from 5 mT (weak magnetic eld) to 500 mT The kinetics of colour, TSS and COD adsorption on the activated
(strong magnetic eld), and different periods of exposure time carbons were analysed using pseudo rst-order [33], pseudo sec-
from (15 to 180 min). ond-order [34], intraparticle diffusion [35,36] and Elovich [37,38]
A separate set of experiments have been done using magnetic kinetic models, Table 2.
eld exposure followed by adsorption at the optimum conditions
stemmed from the above experiments. Combined adsorption 2.5. Error analysis
enhanced by magnetic eld experiments were performed in well-
tight polyethylene 50 ml bottles at 25 C. Samples of activated In the isotherm and kinetic studies, the optimization procedure
carbon, 20 g/100 ml dry weight, were suspended in the biologically requires an error function to be dened in order to be able to eval-
treated POME. The magnetic treatment of the solution was uate the t of the model to the experimental data. In this study,
Table 2
List of Kinetic models used.
Pseudo second order K2 = the rate constant of pseudo second-order adsorption (g mg1 min1)
t 1 1
t 7
qt K 2 q2e qe
qt K p t1=2 8
X
N
qe;exp qe:;calc 2
v2 10
i1
qe;calc
Colour, TSS and COD detection were carried out with standard
methods. HACH Spectrophotometer DR2800 was used according
to the procedure 8025 PlatinumCobalt standard method. Method
No. 8006 was used to determine COD concentration of the sample
carried in COD vials (HR 201500 mg/L) by APHA potassium
dichromate method using HACH spectrophotometer DR2800 and
DRB 200 reactor. TSS was determined in conformity with the stan-
dard method No. 8000 using HACH spectrophotometer DR2800.
The magnetic eld intensity was measured by a magnetic eld
meter (microteslometer) (CLASS TOUCHSTONE-10). The eld
homogeneity was measured in different horizontal sections in
the zone of the exposed reactor. In accordance with the readings
the experimental set-up provides a homogeneous eld in 25 ml
of the reactor volume placed between the poles. The homogeneous
eld of the reactor volume has a maximum deviation from the
average value of 10.
Fig. 3. Effect of adsorbent dosage on the quantity adsorbed of colour, TSS and COD
on activated carbon.
radicals may combine with each other forming hydrogen peroxide improved by constant magnetic eld resulted in limitation of the
which could consider less reactive compared to the free radicals amount of used adsorbent at the same effectiveness of pollutants
and hence the suitable magnetic effect on degradation could not removal from POME. The process was fast and the impact of con-
be achieved [20]. In general the application of such combination stant magnetic eld was shown after shorter time of exposure to
of magnetic eld and adsorption may greatly affect the content POME. The experiment revealed that there is a possibility of appli-
of organic compounds in POME, and resulted in increasing the cation of lower doses of adsorbent at the same effectiveness of
capacity of adsorbent. POME treatment when constant magnetic eld was introduced.
Fig. 7 represents a condensed comparison between the different Fig. 7a showed the effect of magnetization followed by adsorp-
types of treatment processes. Positive integration of adsorption tion on removal of colour gradually approached to its maximum
and constant magnetic eld are conrmed by the results of the (69.78%) and the maximum was obtained at 4 h, whereas the un-
treatment of biologically treated POME. Adsorption process magnetized wastewater obtained its maximum at 6 h. However,
Table 3
Constants for Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm for adsorption of colour, TSS and COD on activated carbon without and with magnetic eld.
general than the Langmuir isotherm. Thus, the equation applies Chi-square analysis, the pseudo second order model was best t-
very well to solids with heterogeneous surface properties and gen- ting the kinetics.
erally for heterogeneous solid surfaces [27]. The values for the equilibrium adsorption capacity as predicted
Magnetic eld may affect activated carbon by enhancing the by the pseudo-second-order model coincided well with the exper-
high-adsorption of sorbent capacity for reactivity towards a wide imental uptake values (Fig. 9). These ndings revealed that the
range of organic pollutants. This reactivity arises from the com- pseudo second-order kinetic model provided a good correlation
plexity of its chemical surface groups compared to those of other for the adsorption of colour, TSS and COD onto activated carbon
surfaces. compared to other kinetic model used. This suggests that the rate
That difference in the adsorption caused by the use of magnetic controlling step of adsorption was largely attributable to chemical
elds can likely be explained by the improvement in the orienta- sorption. The applicability of the pseudo-second order model
tion of the molecules of the adsorbate towards the activated car- means the rat of adsorption was subject to a second order rate
bon pores, facilitating the adsorptive process, and resulting in a law, with respect to the availability of adsorption sites on the
gain in the adsorption time [62]. surface of adsorbent rather than adsorbate concentration in bulk
solution [63]. The pseudo-second-order rate constant, K2, for COD
3.6. Adsorption kinetics was higher than for TSS and colour, demonstrating that the
adsorption rate of COD was higher than that of TSS and colour.
In order to describe the adsorption kinetics for colour, TSS and Compared to same process without magnetic eld, the adsorption
COD on activated carbon, pseudo rst-order, pseudo second-order, rates with the enhancement of magnetic eld were fast. Hence, a
intraparticle diffusion and Elovich model were applied to the practical advantage of using magnetic eld enhance adsorption
experimental data. The results of kinetic parameters are shown would be in its ability to remove more colour, TSS and COD from
in Table 4 for adsorption only process and for combined magnetic biologically treated POME in a much shorter adsorption time.
eld and adsorption process. The conformity between experimen- Although the Elovich equation does not provide any mechanis-
tal data and the model predicted values was expressed by the cor- tic evidence, it has proved suitable for highly heterogeneous sys-
relation coefcients R2 (R2 values close or equal to 1) and nonlinear tems [64] of which the adsorption of colour, TSS and COD onto
Chi-square test. A relatively high R2 and low Chi-square values activated carbon is undoubtedly such a case.
indicate that the model successfully describe the adsorption kinet- Though the pseudo rst order model and the pseudo second
ics. The R2 value of pseudo second-order is higher compared to R2 order model are widely applied to study kinetic adsorption it is
values of other kinetic models tested. Moreover, the pseudo second known that they are not suitable to explain the diffusion
order model exhibited very low v2 values compared to other mechanism occurring in the adsorption process, which is generally
kinetic models. Therefore, drawing conclusion from the non-linear the rate determining step [63]. Thus the intraparticle diffusion
Table 4
Parameters of the kinetic models for the adsorption of colour, TSS and COD on activated carbon without and with magnetic eld.
Fig. 10. Intra-particle diffusion plots for the removal (a) colour, (b) TSS and (c) COD
Fig. 9. Comparison of different kinetic models with experimental data for the onto activated carbon.
adsorption of (a) colour, (b) TSS, and (c) COD on activated carbon combined with
magnetic eld.
as the external surface adsorption. The second step described the
gradual adsorption from 10 to 65 min, where intraparticle diffu-
model was introduced to give the explicit information about the sion was rate-controlling. The third step was attributed to the nal
diffusion mechanism. According to this model, the plot of uptake, equilibrium stage, in which intraparticle diffusion started to slow
qt, versus the square root of time, t1/2, should be linear if the down due to the decrease of solute concentration in solution. The
intraparticle diffusion is involved in the adsorption, and if these R2 values of the intraparticle diffusion model were lower than that
lines pass through the origin, then intraparticle diffusion is the rate of the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, but this model indi-
controlling step, otherwise this indicates that two or more steps cated that the adsorption of colour, TSS and COD onto activated
occurred in the adsorption process [65]. The plots (shown in carbon may be followed by an intraparticle diffusion model up
Fig. 10) presented multilinearity, indicating that three steps took to 65 min. This implied that although intraparticle diffusion
place. As can be seen in Fig. 10, the rst sharper step was not was involved in the adsorption process, it was not the only
observed and completed before 15 min, which may be considered rate-controlling step [66].
R.R. Mohammed et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 243 (2014) 3142 41
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