Seminar Report '03 Blu-Ray Technology
Seminar Report '03 Blu-Ray Technology
1. INTRODUCTION
Blu-ray is a new optical disc standard based on the use of a blue laser
rather than the red laser of todays DVD players. The standard, developed
collaboratively by Hitachi, LG, Matsushita (Panasonic), Pioneer, Philips,
Samsung, Sharp, Sony, and Thomson, threatens to make current DVD
players obsolete. It is not clear whether new Blu-ray players might include
both kinds of lasers in order to be able to read current CD and DVD
formats.
The new standard, developed jointly in order to avoid competing standards,
is also being touted as the replacement for writable DVDs The blue laser
has a 405 nanometer (nm) wavelength that can focus more tightly than the
red lasers used for writable DVD and as a consequence, write much more
data in the same 12 centimeter space Like the rewritable DVD formats, Blu-
ray uses phase change technology to enable repeated writing to the disc.
Blu-ray discs will not play on current CD and DVD players, because
they lack the blue-violet laser required to read them. If the appropriate
lasers are included, Blu-ray players will be able to play the other two
formats. However, because it would be considerably more expensive, most
Optical RMSD formats use a laser light source to read and/or write
digital data to a disc. Compact disc (CD) and digital versatile disc (DVD,
originally referred to as digital video disc) are the two major optical
formats. CDs and DVDs have similar compositions consisting of a label, a
protective layer, a reflective layer (aluminum, silver, or gold), a digital-data
layer molded in polycarbonate, and a thick polycarbonate bottom layer.
DVD-RAM (rewritable)
Digital versatile disc-rewritable (DVD-RW)
2.1.1 CD-ROM
2.1.2 CD-R.
CD-R discs use a photosensitive dye layer that can be changed (or
bounded) with a laser to simulate the molded pits of a conventional CD.
The dye layer is relatively transparent until it is burned with a laser to make
it darker and less reflective. CD-R discs use a gold or silver reflective layer
behind the dye to produce reflectives similar to the aluminum layer used in
CDs.
When a CD-R disc is read, the lands reflect laser light off of the
gold or silver layer through the more transparent areas of the dye. The less
reflective areas, produced from recording data on the dye, read as pits.
2:1.3 CD-RW
The crystalline state for this material reflects more light than the
non-crystalline form, so it simulates the lands of a regular CD. Data bits are
encoded by changing small target areas to the non-crystalline form. This
writing process can be repeated approximately 1,000 times per disc.
CD-RW drives write to both CD-R and CD-RW media, and permit
multiple writing sessions to different sections of a disc. CD-RW drives are
specified by CD-R write speed, CD-RW write speed, and CD-ROM
maximum read speed (for example, 8/4/32Xis 8X CD-R write/4X CD-RW
write/32X CD-ROM maximum read). The fastest CD-RW drives now
provide 16/10/40X speeds for desktop systems. Transfer rates for reading
data are up to 6 MB/sec and approximately 2.4 MB/sec for writing data on
CD-R media.
Like the CD-R discs, the actual capacity of a 650-MB CD-RW disc
is about 550 MB when formatted for packet writing. CD-RW drives have
replaced the comparably priced CD-R drives, and are positioned to be a
good RMSD solution.
2.1.4 DVD
Like CD drives, DVD drives read data through the disc substrate,
reducing interferences from surface dust and scratches. However, DVD-
ROM technology provides seven times the storage capacity of CD discs,
and accomplishes most of this increase by advancing the technology used
for CD systems. The distance between recording tracks is less than half that
used for CDs. The pit size also is less than half that on CDs, which requires
a reduced laser wavelength to read the smaller-sized pits. These features
alone give DVD-ROM discs 4.5 times the storage capacity of CDs;
DVD discs have a much greater data density than CD discs, and
DVD-ROM drives rotate the disc faster than CD drives. This combination
results in considerably higher throughput for DVD technology. A 1X DVD-
ROM drive has a data transfer rate of 1,250 KB/sec compared with a 150-
KB/sec data transfer rate for a 1X CD-ROM drive. Current DVD-Rom
drives can read DVD discs at 16X (22 MB/sec) maximum speeds and can
read CDs at 48X (7.5 MB/sec) maximum speeds.
2.1.4.2.1 DVD-R
2.1.4.2.2 DVD-RAM
2.1.4.2.3 DVD-RW
DVD has a more efficient error correction code (ECC). Fewer data
bits are required for error detection, thus freeing space for recorded data.
DVD discs can also store two layers of data on a side by using a second data
layer behind a semitransparent first data layer laser to switch between the
two data layers.
DVD drives can also store data on both sides of the disc.
Manufacturers deliver the two-sided structure by bonding two thinner
substrates together, providing the potential to double a DVDs storage
capacity. Single-sided DVD disc have the two fused substrates, but only one
side contains data.
Comparison table
Floppy Compact disc Digital Video Blu-ray disc
disk (CD) Disc (DVD)
Capacity 1.44MB 650-880MB 4.7-20GB 23.3-50GB
Transfer Rate 0.06 MB/s 3.5 MB/s 22.6MB/s 36MB/s
Interface IDE IDE/SCSI-2 IDE/SCSI-2 IDE/SCSI-2
4. BLUE LASER
manufacture blue laser diodes and there are now prototypes of working
DVD writers and players. Recently, a standard called Blu-ray has been
developed for the manufacture of blue laser optical disc technology.
SANYO has developed the worlds first blue-violet laser diode with
a new low-noise (stable) beam structure produced using ion implantation.
The stable beam structure boasts lower noise, and current consumption
achieving higher performance compared with conventional blue- violet laser
diodes. This structure makes SANYOs blue-violet laser diode an optimum
light source for large-capacity optical disc systems like Blu ray disks.
Main Features
Development Background
In recent years, the field of optical disc systems has seen the
development of next- generation large-capacity optical disc systems like
advanced DVDs that can record more than two hours of digital high-
definition images. The blue-violet laser diode made of InGaN (indium
gallium-nitride) that is used as a light source for reading signals recorded on
the optical discs was the key to developing these systems. Naturally demand
for the laser diode is expected to rise sharply as more large-capacity optical
disc systems become available and become more widely used.
Other Features
Package
The package is compact at just 5.6 mm in diameter.
Applications
The new laser diode is suitable for the next-generation large-
capacity optical disc systems like and many types of measuring
instruments.
Terminology
Ion implantation
This technology uses a strong electric field to force ionized atoms
into a semiconductor. It is mainly used in Si LSI production for
doping impurities in semiconductors. The amount and depth of the
atoms implanted into the semiconductor can be precisely controlled
with consistent reproducibility
The basic concept in phase change memories starts with the use of a
material which can exist in two separate structural states in a stable fashion.
An energy barrier must be overcome before the structural state can be
changed, thereby providing the stability of the two structures. Energy can be
supplied to the material in various ways, including exposure to intense laser
beams and application of a current pulse. Laser exposure is used for
recording and erasing in the case of an optical memory. If the energy
applied exceeds a threshold value, the material will be excited to a high
mobility state, in which it becomes possible to rapidly rearrange bond
lengths and angles by slight movement of the individual atoms. In lone pair
materials divalently bonded this may simply be shifting of non-bonding or
weakly bonding lone pairs to make new connections. In a material such as
germanium compositions can be selected in which these minute changes in
bonding position of the atoms can cause profound changes in the physical
properties of the material, including its optical absorptivity and reflectivity.
Once the substrate material has been formatted, the roll is placed in
a vacuum chamber and the layers of the phase change and encapsulation
materials are coated, again in a continuous process, The roll of coated media
is then laminated to a somewhat thicker polycarbonate film, which serves as
the Cover slip to provide for dust and scratch protection required in a
durable product. The final manufacturing step is simple stamping of the
individual formatted disks from the web. The great advantage of this
production technique is its low cost. Not only does the continuous process
red manufacturing costs, but the selection of disk diameter allows linear
control of the cost per disk.
crosstalk between the lands and the grooves, and allows conventional
tracking signal schemes to be used with narrow track pitches. The reduction
in crosstalk with the land and groove method is a result of the fact that the
reduction in reflected light due to interference with a neighboring track
when in crystalline state is approximately the same as decrease in
reflectivity when in amorphous state at a particular depth. That depth is
about lambda/6n, which is about 36 nm for a 405nm laser wavelength. Blu
-Ray uses this kind of land and groove recording, with a track pitch of 0.32
m.
6. APPLICATIONS
The Blu-ray Disc enables the recording, rewriting and play back of
up to 27 gigabytes (GB) of data on a single sided single layer 12cm
CD/DVI) size disc using a 405nm blue-violet laser. By employing a short
wavelength blue violet laser, the Blu Disc successfully minimizes its beam
spot size by making the numerical aperture (NA) on a field lens that
converges the laser 0.85. In addition, by using a disc structure with a 0.1mm
optical transmittance protection layer, the Blu-ray Disc diminishes
aberration caused by disc tilt. This also allows for disc better readout and an
increased recording density. The Blu-ray Discs tracking pitch is reduced to
0.32um, almost half of that of a regular DVD, achieving up to 27 GB high-
density recording on a single sided disc.
The Blu-ray Disc is a technology platform that can store sound and
video while maintaining high quality and also access the stored content in
7. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
8. CONCLUSION
However, it will be many years before the Blue-ray finds such high-
demand applications. Blu-ray compatible systems arc likely to hi the market
only in 2003. The nine companies involved have just begun work on the
hardware. Licensing for technology to play the discs will start within the
next few months. Cost will also play a crucial role in the development of
commercial systems. A sample blue-laser diode currently costs .around
$1,000, making consumer products based on it unrealistic. I however, the
price of a blue-laser diode is expected to tumble once Nichia Corpthe
major source for blue lasersbegins commercial production. The biggest
question that is plaguing the industry is whether current DVD discs will be
compatible with the new machines. Wary of alienating DVD fins, the
companies are looking for ways to make the new products compatible with
DVDs.
However, it appears that not everyone has learnt from the DVD
episode. As Blu-ray moves towards commercialization, it could ignite a new
format battle Among the Blu-ray group are six of the 10 companies that
worked, on developing the DVD format. Four of DVDs main backers-
Mitsubishi, AOL Time Warner, Victor of Japan and Toshiba Corp-- are
staying away from the Blu-ray consortium. Toshibas absence is the most
conspicuous. The company has publicly stated that it intends to propose its
prototype blue-laser optical-disc format. Consequently, its absence raises
the possibility that a format battle may be about to begin again. Lending
credence to this theory is the fact that the nine companies, which are also on
the steering committee of the DVD Forum, are conducting the Blu-ray work
outside of the Forum Much like the DVD story, the battle isnt going to end
soon. But a compromise formula can be worked out Already, there is
evidence of concessions to get major players around a single format The
Blu-ray groups announcement that discs are expected to be available in
three different sizes, is one such example. Some companies want to keep the
price of discs low by using cheaper materials that will be able to hold
slightly less data
Despite the impending tug-of war, the industry is excited, about the
future prospects, of this technological innovation The industry is of the view
that Blu-may has the potential to replicate, if not better, the DVD success
story. The expected upswing in high-definition television adoption and
broadband implementation could act as the catalyst. Aware that the
recession in economies across the globe could come in the way of high-
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Documents
A History Of the Phase Change Technology Stanford Ovshinsky,
president of Energy Conversion Devices
Removable Media Storage Devices Tom Pratt and Chris
Steenbergen, Storage Technology
ABSTRACT
The Blu-ray Disc technology can store sound and video while
maintaining high quality and also access the stored content in an easy-to-use
way. Adoption of the Blu-ray Disc in a variety of applications including PC
data storage and high definition video software is being considered.
Key Characteristics of Blu-ray discs are :
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Amjad Anam
CONTENTS
1. Introduction . 01
2. Evolution of Optical Removable Media Storage Devices... 02
2.1 Optical Storage 02
2.1.1 CD-ROM 03
2:1.2 CD-R 04
2.1.3CD-RW 05
2.1.4DVD. 06
2.1.4.1 Single Layers and Dual Layers. 06
2.1.4.2 DVD Data Storage Versions. 07
2.1.4.2.1 DVD-R ... 07
2.1.4.2.2.DVD-RAM . 08
2.1.4.2.3DVD-RW 08
2.2 DVDvs.CD.. 09
3. Blu-ray Disc Key Characteristics 10
3.1 Large recording capacity up to 27GB 10
3.2 High-speed data transfer rate 36Mbps. 10
3.3 Easy to use disc cartridge 10
3.4 Main Specifications. 11
4. Blue Laser . 12
4.1 Blue-Violet laser. 13
5. Accessing the Disc ... 17
5.1 Phase change recording.. 17
5.2 Groove Recording... 20
6. Applications.. 22
6.1 Ultra Density Optical (UDO).. 22
6.2 Digital Video Recording. 23
7. Future development . 24
8. Conclusion ... 25
8.1 The Blu-ray Impact 25
8.2 Not Beaming As Yet.. 26
8.3 A Uniform Picture. 26
8.4 The Jarring Image. 27
8.5 Future Perfect .. 27
9. Bibliography .. 29