ErshigsPiping Duct Catalog
ErshigsPiping Duct Catalog
ErshigsPiping Duct Catalog
Page Page
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION................................ 1 SECTION 6 PIPING SYSTEM DESIGN ............... 23
Differences between FRP and
SECTION 2 LAMINATES ...................................... 2 Steel Pipe Design ......................................... 23
Laminate Construction .......................................... 2 Product Design.................................................... 23
Manufacturing Methods......................................... 3 Expansion............................................................ 24
Filament Wound Construction ........................ 3 Expansion Joints ................................................. 25
Contact Molded Construction ......................... 3 Expansion Loops................................................. 25
Physical Properties................................................ 4 Flow Properties.................................................... 26
Fitting Friction Loss....................................... 26
SECTION 3 PIPE AND DUCT............................... 5
Pipe Capacity................................................ 26
Filament Wound Pressure Pipe ............................ 5
Pipe Friction Loss ......................................... 27
Contact Molded Pressure Pipe ............................. 7
Underground Piping ............................................ 28
Contact Molded Duct............................................. 9
Design Criteria .............................................. 28
Filament Wound Duct............................................ 9
Soil Properties .............................................. 28
SECTION 4 FITTINGS DIMENSIONS ................ 10 Load Combinations....................................... 29
Flanges Thrust Blocks ................................................ 29
Drilled Duct Flanges ..................................... 10
SECTION 7 INSTALLATION.................................. 30
Flat Face Flanges ......................................... 11
Pipe Supports and Hangers ................................ 30
Flat Face Flange Thickness ......................... 12
Anchors and Guides............................................ 30
Stub End Flanges ......................................... 13
Flange/Component Support ................................ 30
Steel Backing Flanges.................................. 14
Pipe Support Spacing.......................................... 31
Elbows ............................................................ 15
Flange Assembly ................................................. 32
Flanged Elbows ............................................ 16
Bolt Torque .......................................................... 33
Special Elbows and Bends........................... 16
Buried Pipe Installation........................................ 34
Tees and Laterals ................................................ 17
O-Ring Gasketed Joints ...................................... 35
Crosses and Wyes .............................................. 18
Hydrostatic Testing .............................................. 35
Integral Smooth Flow Nozzles ............................ 18
Reducers ............................................................ 19 SECTION 8 FABRICATED (SPOOLED) PIPING .. 36
Flanged Reducers ............................................... 19 Dimensional Tolerances ...................................... 36
SECTION 10 SPECIFICATIONS............................. 38
# Strong $
steel and Ershigs FRP products have exceptional
strengths and impact resistance.
1
Section 2: Laminates
Ershigs Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) laminates are manufactured with thermosetting polyester or vinyl ester resins
!
'
reinforcement is thoroughly saturated with catalyzed resin to form a dense laminate with the required physical and chemical
resistant properties. In general, the glass reinforcing provides the strength to the laminate and the resin binder provides the
*
+
Laminate Construction
"
variety of liner and structural wall constructions. In order
to achieve optimum chemical and abrasion resistance, all
laminates are composed of an Inner Surface, an Interior
Layer, a Structural Layer and an Outer Surface Layer. 1 oz.
The combination of Inner Surface and Interior Layer is Chopped Strand
often referred to as the Liner or Corrosion Barrier and is
generally considered to contribute structural strength as well
as corrosion resistance to the laminate.
24 oz. Woven
Inner Surface - This surface is exposed to the corrosive Roving
environment and is composed of resin reinforced with C
glass veil or a synthetic veil such as Nexus. This layer is 10
to 20 mils thick and has an approximate 90/10 resin to glass 2 Layers 1 oz.
ratio by weight for maximum corrosion resistance. Chopped Strand
Interior Layer - This portion of the laminate is composed of
Standard construction utilizes two layers of 1 ounce per C Glass Veil
+
"
and produces a thickness of 85 to 95 mils with a 22% to
32% glass content. In some mild environments a single
layer of chopped strand may be used, while aggressive
environments may dictate the use of more than the standard
" *
;
equipment which may see extreme chemical or abrasive
service.
2
Section 2: Laminates
Manufacturing Methods
Ershigs, Inc. offers two standard types of FRP laminate
construction for piping and duct systems: Filament Wound,
and Contact Molded (hand lay-up).
3
Section 2: Laminates
Physical Properties
Laminate properties will vary with the type and orientation of reinforcement and resin content. The data listed below is
based on industry standards as well as research and testing conducted by Ershigs, Inc. This information may be used as
a general guide for system design.
=
3
Laminate Density, lb/in. 0.05 - 0.06 0.06 - 0.07
>? ! 1.5 1.8 1.8 2.1
Tensile Strength, psi 9,000 25,000 25,000 50,000 (Hoop)
Flexural Strength, psi 16,000 22,000 20,000 40,000 (Hoop)
Compressive Edge Strength, psi 18,000 24,000 20,000 24,000
Flexural Modulus of Elasticity, psi 0.7 1.0 x 106 1.8 3.2 x 106 (Hoop)
Tensile Modulus of Elasticity, psi 0.8 1.1 x 106 2.0 3.5 x 106 (Hoop)
0.9 1.4 x 106 (Axial)
Poissons Ratio 0.33 Varies with wind angle
Impact Strength, ft-lb Izod 30 40 40 50
Thermal Conductivity
Btu in./hr ft2-F 1.3 1.8 1.3 1.8
@
K
Z
[
[\ 15 20 x 10-6 12 16 x 10-6
Heat Distortion Temperature
(Resin), F @ 264 psi 170 300 170 - 300
Barcol Hardness 27 45 27 45
4
Section 3: Pipe and Duct
"^
be furnished in the following standard lengths:
! "" ;
"
+^
Dia Thk Wt Vac Pressure / Grade Dia Thk Wt Vac Pressure / Grade
A B C A B C
2 .21 1.0 14.7 150 150 150 16 .21 8.4 1.2 50 50 100
3 .21 1.6 14.7 150 150 16 .26 10.5 2.4 75 75 125
4 .21 2.1 14.7 150 150 150 16 .31 12.5 4.0 100 125 150
6 .21 3.1 14.0 150 150 150 16 .36 14.5 6.3 125 150
8 .21 4.2 10.0 100 125 150 16 .41 16.5 11.3 150
8 .26 5.2 14.7 150 150 18 .21 9.5 0.9 50 50 75
10 .21 5.3 5.1 75 100 150 18 .26 11.8 1.7 75 75 125
10 .26 6.5 9.7 125 150 18 .31 14.0 2.8 100 150
10 .31 7.8 14.7 150 18 .36 16.3 4.4 100 125
12 .21 6.3 3.0 75 75 125 18 .41 18.5 8.0 125 150
12 .26 7.8 5.6 100 125 150 18 .46 20.8 11.2 150
12 .31 9.3 9.6 125 150 20 .21 10.6 .6 25 50 75
12 .36 10.9 14.7 150 20 .26 13.1 1.2 50 75 100
14 .21 7.4 1.9 50 75 125 20 .31 15.6 2.1 75 100 125
14 .26 9.1 3.6 75 100 150 20 .36 18.1 3.2 100 150
14 .31 10.9 6.0 100 125 20 .41 20.6 5.8 125
14 .36 12.7 9.4 125 150 20 .46 23.1 8.2 125 150
14 .41 14.4 14.7 150 20 .52 26.1 11.8 150
3
Weights are in lb per ft and are based on a laminate density of .07 lb/in. .
Dimensions are in inches.
Pressure and vacuum ratings are in psig.
5
Section 3: Pipe and Duct
Filament Wound Pressure Pipe
Dia Thk Wt Vac Pressure / Grade Dia Thk Wt Vac Pressure / Grade
A B C A B C
24 .26 15.7 .7 50 50 75 42 .98 104.8 9.5 150
24 .31 18.7 1.2 75 100 48 .41 49.4 .4 50 50 75
24 .36 21.7 1.9 75 100 125 48 .52 62.8 .9 75 100
24 .41 24.7 3.4 100 150 48 .62 75.0 1.5 75
24 .46 27.7 4.7 125 48 .67 81.1 1.8 100 125
24 .52 31.4 6.8 125 150 48 .78 94.7 3.2 100 150
24 .62 37.4 11.6 150 48 .83 100.8 3.9 125
26 .26 17.0 .6 50 50 75 48 .93 113.2 5.5 125
26 .31 20.2 .9 75 100 48 .98 119.4 6.4 150
26 .36 23.6 1.5 75 125 48 1.14 139.4 10.1 150
26 .41 26.9 2.6 100 54 .46 62.3 .4 50 50 75
26 .46 30.2 3.7 100 125 150 54 .57 77.4 .8 75
26 .57 37.6 7.1 125 150 54 .62 84.1 1.0 100
26 .67 44.4 11.5 150 54 .67 90.9 1.3 75
28 .26 18.3 .4 50 75 54 .72 99.1 1.6 125
28 .31 21.9 .8 50 100 54 .88 119.4 3.3 100 100 150
28 .36 25.4 1.2 75 54 .98 126.2 3.9 125
28 .41 29.0 2.1 75 100 125 54 1.04 141.1 5.4 125
28 .46 32.5 3.0 100 150 54 1.09 147.9 6.2 150
28 .52 36.9 4.3 125 54 1.24 168.3 9.1 150
28 .57 40.5 5.7 125 60 .52 78.4 .4 50 50 75
28 .62 44.1 7.3 150 60 .62 93.5 .7 75
28 .67 47.7 9.2 150 60 .67 101.0 .9 100
30 .31 23.4 .6 50 50 75 60 .72 108.6 1.2 75
30 .36 27.1 1.0 75 100 60 .83 125.2 2.0 100 125
30 .41 30.9 1.7 75 125 60 .93 140.2 2.9 100
30 .46 34.7 2.4 100 60 .99 149.3 3.3 150
30 .52 39.2 3.5 100 150 60 1.04 156.8 3.9 125
30 .57 43.0 4.6 125 60 1.14 171.9 5.2 125
30 .62 46.7 5.9 125 150 60 1.19 179.4 5.9 150
30 .72 55.0 9.3 150 60 1.40 211.1 9.6 150
36 .36 32.6 .6 50 50 75 66 .57 94.5 .4 50 50 75
36 .41 37.1 1.0 75 100 66 .67 111.1 .7 75
36 .46 41.6 1.4 75 66 .73 121.1 .9 100
36 .52 47.0 2.0 100 125 66 .78 129.4 1.2 75
36 .62 56.1 3.4 100 125 150 66 .88 146.0 1.8 100 125
36 .72 65.1 5.4 125 66 1.04 172.5 2.9 100 150
36 .78 70.6 7.7 150 66 1.09 180.8 3.4 125
36 .88 80.8 11.0 150 66 1.30 215.6 5.7 125 150
42 .41 43.3 .6 50 50 75 66 1.50 248.8 8.8 150
42 .46 48.6 .9 75 100 72 .62 112.2 .4 50 50 75
42 .52 55.0 1.3 75 72 .78 141.1 1.0 75 100
42 .57 60.4 1.7 125 72 .88 159.2 1.4 75
42 .62 65.7 2.2 100 72 .98 177.3 1.9 100 125
42 .67 71.1 2.7 100 150 72 1.14 206.3 3.0 100 150
42 .72 76.5 3.4 125 72 1.19 215.3 3.4 125
42 .83 88.5 5.8 125 72 1.40 253.3 5.5 125 150
42 .88 93.9 6.9 150 72 1.66 300.4 9.2 150
3
Weights are in lb per ft and are based on a laminate density of .07 lb/in. .
Dimensions are in inches.
Pressure and vacuum ratings are in psig.
6
Section 3: Pipe and Duct
All contact molded pipe laminates are manufactured # Vacuum ratings are based on a 5 to 1 safety factor
in accordance with ASTM C-582. for unstiffened pipe.
# ;
#
^
180F (82C) with premium resins.
# *;
{||
liner.
Dia Thk Wt Vac Safety Factor Dia Thk Wt Vac Safety Factor
6:1 10 : 1 6:1 10:1
2 0.18 0.9 14.7 150 150 12 0.53 15.0 14.7 125
3 0.18 1.3 14.7 150 100 12 0.61 17.4 14.7 150
3 0.22 1.6 14.7 150 14 0.22 7.1 1.2 50 25
4 0.18 1.7 14.7 125 75 14 0.29 9.4 3.2 75 50
4 0.22 2.1 14.7 150 125 14 0.32 10.4 4.3 100
4 0.29 2.8 14.7 150 14 0.37 12.0 7.3 125 75
6 0.18 2.5 7.5 75 50 14 0.45 14.7 13.1 150
6 0.22 3.1 14.7 125 75 14 0.49 16.1 14.7 100
6 0.29 4.1 14.7 150 125 14 0.61 20.2 14.7 125
6 0.37 5.3 14.7 150 14 0.72 24.0 14.7 150
8 0.18 3.3 3.2 50 25 16 0.22 8.1 0.8 50 25
8 0.22 4.1 6.6 100 50 16 0.29 10.7 2.1 75
8 0.29 5.4 14.7 150 75 16 0.32 11.8 2.9 50
8 0.32 6.0 14.7 100 16 0.37 13.7 4.9 100
8 0.37 7.0 14.7 125 16 0.41 15.2 6.7 125 75
8 0.41 7.8 14.7 150 16 0.49 18.3 11.4 150
10 0.18 4.1 1.6 50 25 16 0.56 21.0 14.7 100
10 0.22 5.1 3.4 75 50 16 0.68 25.7 14.7 125
10 0.29 6.7 8.7 125 75 16 0.80 30.4 14.7 150
10 0.37 8.7 14.7 150 100 18 0.22 9.1 0.6 25
10 0.45 10.6 14.7 125 18 0.29 12.0 1.5 50
10 0.53 12.6 14.7 150 18 0.32 13.3 2.0 75
12 0.18 5.0 0.9 25 25 18 0.37 15.4 3.4 100 50
12 0.22 6.1 2.0 50 18 0.45 18.8 6.2 125 75
12 0.29 8.1 5.0 100 50 18 0.56 23.5 11.9 150
12 0.37 10.4 11.6 150 75 18 0.61 25.7 14.7 100
12 0.41 11.5 14.7 100 18 0.76 32.3 14.7 125
3
Weights are in lb per ft and are based on a laminate density of .06 lb/in. .
Dimensions are in inches.
Pressure and vacuum ratings are in psig.
7
Section 3: Pipe and Duct
Contact Molded Pressure Pipe
(Hand Lay-Up)
Dia Thk Wt Vac Safety Factor Dia Thk Wt Vac Safety Factor
6:1 10 : 1 6:1 10 : 1
18 0.91 38.9 14.7 150 30 0.29 19.9 0.3 25
20 0.22 10.1 0.4 25 30 0.37 25.4 0.7 50
20 0.29 13.3 1.1 50 30 0.45 31.0 1.3 75
20 0.37 17.0 2.5 75 50 30 0.53 36.6 2.2 50
20 0.41 18.9 3.4 100 30 0.61 42.2 3.3 100
20 0.53 24.6 7.4 125 75 30 0.76 52.9 6.4 125 75
20 0.61 28.4 11.2 150 30 0.91 63.6 11.0 150
20 0.68 31.8 14.7 100 30 1.00 70.1 14.7 100
20 0.88 41.6 14.7 125 30 1.26 89.1 14.7 125
20 1.00 47.5 14.7 150 30 1.53 109.1 14.7 150
24 0.29 15.9 0.6 50 36 0.37 30.4 0.4 50 25
24 0.29 15.9 0.6 25 36 0.56 46.3 1.5 75
24 0.37 20.4 1.5 75 36 0.61 50.5 1.9 50
24 0.41 22.6 2.0 50 36 0.72 59.8 3.2 100
24 0.49 27.1 3.4 100 36 0.91 76.0 6.4 125 75
24 0.61 34.0 6.5 125 75 36 1.10 92.3 11.3 150
24 0.72 40.3 10.7 150 36 1.22 102.7 14.7 100
24 0.80 44.9 14.7 100 36 1.53 129.9 14.7 125
24 1.00 56.5 14.7 125 36 1.80 153.9 14.7 150
24 1.22 69.6 14.7 150 42 0.37 35.5 0.3 25
26 0.29 17.2 0.5 50 25 42 0.45 43.2 0.5 50
26 0.41 24.5 1.6 75 42 0.64 61.7 1.4 75
26 0.45 26.9 2.1 50 42 0.72 69.6 2.0 50
26 0.53 31.8 3.4 100 42 0.88 85.4 3.6 100
26 0.68 41.0 7.1 125 75 42 1.07 104.2 6.5 125 75
26 0.80 48.5 11.5 150 42 1.26 123.3 10.7 150
26 0.88 53.5 14.7 100 42 1.42 139.5 14.7 100
26 1.10 67.4 14.7 125 42 1.77 175.2 14.7 125
26 1.34 82.9 14.7 150 42 2.11 210.5 14.7 150
28 0.29 18.6 0.4 25 48 0.41 44.9 0.3 25
28 0.32 20.5 0.5 50 48 0.49 53.7 0.4 50
28 0.45 29.0 1.6 75 48 0.72 79.3 1.3 75
28 0.49 31.6 2.1 50 48 0.80 88.3 1.8 50
28 0.56 36.2 3.2 100 48 1.00 110.8 3.6 100
28 0.72 46.8 6.7 125 75 48 1.22 135.8 6.5 125 75
28 0.88 57.5 12.3 150 48 1.45 162.2 10.9 150
28 0.95 62.2 14.7 100 48 1.61 180.7 14.7 100
28 1.18 77.9 14.7 125 48 2.04 230.9 14.7 125
28 1.42 94.5 14.7 150 48 2.47 282.0 14.7 150
3
Weights are in lb per ft and are based on a laminate density of .06 lb/in. .
Dimensions are in inches.
Pressure and vacuum ratings are in psig.
8
Section 3: Pipe and Duct
Duct
# ;
"
{|| # _
`{
corrosion liner.
# ;
"
#
Systems should be designed for actual operating
on a 10 to 1 safety factor. conditions.
9
Section 4: Fitting Dimensions
} +
{`|
! "
~
}
joints are available for underground piping systems.
# ;
"
O.D. B.C. Dia
and may be increased to withstand more severe
operating conditions.
#
!*>>
11
Section 4: Fitting Dimensions
#
;
Dia 25 psi 50 psi 75 psi 100 psi 125 psi 150 psi
1 1/2 1
/2 1
/2 1
/2 9
/16 5
/8 11
/16
1 1 1 9 5 11
2 /2 /2 /2 /16 /8 /16
2 1/2 1
/2 1
/2 9
/16 5
/8 11
/16 3
/4
1 1 5 11 3 13
3 /2 /2 /8 /16 /4 /16
1 9 11 13 7 15
4 /2 /16 /16 /16 /8 /16
1 5 3 7 1
6 /2 /8 /4 /8 1 1 /16
9 3 7 1
8 /16 /4 /8 1 1 /8 1 1/4
11 7
10 /16 /8 1 1/16 1 3/16 1 5/16 1 7/16
3 1 7 5
12 /4 1 1 /4 1 /16 1 /8 1 3/4
13
14 /16 1 1/16 1 5/16 1 1/2 1 3/4 1 7/8
7
16 /8 1 3/16 1 7/16 1 5/8 1 7/8 2 1/16
15
18 /16 1 1/4 1 1/2 1 3/4 2 2 1/4
5 5 7 1
20 1 1 /16 1 /8 1 /8 2 /8 2 7/16
24 1 1/8 1 1/2 1 7/8 2 1/8 2 1/2 2 13/16
26 1 1/4 1 5/8 2 2 1/4 2 11/16 3
1 3 1 3 7
28 1 /4 1 /4 2 /8 2 /8 2 /8 3 3/16
30 1 3/8 1 7/8 2 1/4 2 1/2 3 1/16 3 3/8
36 1 3/4 2 3/16 2 9/16 2 13/16 3 5/8 4
1 7 1
42 2 2 /2 2 /8 3 /8 4 4 3/8
48 2 3/8 2 3/4 3 1/4 3 7/16 4 1/2 4 7/8
54 2 1/2 3 3/8 4 1/8 4 5/8 5 1/8 5 1/2
Dimensions are in inches.
12
Section 4: Fitting Dimensions
T
"
;
{
# @
>
available. O.D. Dia
#
;
{`| t max.
psig through 24 in. dia and 125 psig through 48 in.
dia.
1 1/2 3 1/4 1
/2 6 .25
1
2 4 /2 6 .31
2 1/2 4 3/4 1
/2 6 .31
1 9
3 5 /4 /16 6 .37
3 5
4 6 /4 /8 6 .37
6 8 5/8 3
/4 8 .43
7 7
8 10 /8 /8 8 .43
1
10 13 /4 1 10 .62
12 16 1 5/16 10 .68
14 17 5/8 1 3/8 12 .80
1 1
16 20 /8 1 /2 12 .91
18 21 1/2 1 5/8 12 .91
20 23 3/4 1 5/8 15 1.00
1 3
24 28 /8 1 /4 15 1.22
3 7
26 30 /8 1 /8 15 1.10
28 32 5/8 2 1/8 15 1.18
5 5
30 34 /8 2 /16 18 1.26
1 11
36 41 /8 2 /16 18 1.53
42 47 7/8 3 1/4 24 1.77
3 1
48 54 /8 3 /2 24 2.04
1
Section 4: Fitting Dimensions
Steel Backing Flanges
O.D.
> ;
" I.D.
{
T t
# *
!
%
{
~
available in sizes 14 in. through 48 in. B.C.
Type A
# '
*
"
thickness, T, are also available.
O.D.
#
!
%>
I.D.
available upon request.
# K
!
T
special order.
1
Section 4: Fitting Dimensions
Elbows
Ershigs smooth turn elbows are contact molded in Mitered elbows are fabricated from segmented pipe
sizes from 2 in. through 36 in. sections and are available in long and short radius
"
2 in. and 3 in. have a centerline radius two times are supplied in mitered construction unless otherwise
the inside diameter.
4 in. through 36 in. Long Radius elbows have a Bends less than 45 are supplied in standard two
centerline radius 1.5 times the inside diameter. piece mitered construction.
6 in. through 24 in. Short Radius elbows are also
available with a centerline radius equal to the
inside diameter.
C-E
C-E C-E C-E
C-E
Long Radius Long Radius Long Radius Long Radius Short Radius
90 Elbow 60 Elbow 45 Elbow 30 Elbow 90 Elbow
Dia C-E C-E C-E C-E C-E
5 11
2 4 2 /16 1 /16
7
3 6 3 /16 2 1/2
7
4 6 3 /16 2 1/2
6 9 5 3/16 3 3/4 2 7/16 6
15 3
8 12 6 /16 5 3 /16 8
11 3
10 15 8 /16 6 /16 4 10
12 18 10 3/8 7 7/16 4 13/16 12
14 21 12 1/8 8 11/16 5 5/8 14
7 15 7
16 24 13 /8 9 /16 6 /16 16
9 3 1
18 27 15 /16 11 /16 7 /4 18
5 7 1
20 30 17 /16 12 /16 8 /16 20
24 36 20 13/16 14 15/16 9 5/8 24
1 1 7
26 39 22 /2 16 /8 10 /16 26
1 3 1
28 42 24 /4 17 /8 11 /4 28
5 1
30 45 26 18 /8 12 /16 30
36 54 31 3/16 22 3/8 14 1/2 36
3 1 7
42 63 36 /8 26 /8 16 /8 42
9 13 5
48 72 41 /16 29 /16 19 /16 48
3 9 11
54 81 46 /4 33 /16 21 /16 54
15 1 1
60* 90 51 /16 37 /4 24 /8 60
66* 99 57 1/8 41 26 1/2 66
3 3 15
72* 108 62 /8 44 /4 28 /16 72
*Standard construction is a mitered elbow.
Dimensions are in inches.
15
Section 4: Fitting Dimensions
;
{
must be attached to elbow.
C-E C-E
Dia
1 x Dia
Dia
1 x Dia
Dia Dia
3 x Dia 3 x Dia
1
Section 4: Fitting Dimensions
must be heavily reinforced when Tee and lateral intersections can be fabricated into
used in pressure service. piping runs, thereby eliminating extra end joints.
=
"
Tee 45 Lateral
C-E C-E
C-E
C-E
Dia Dia
X
L
1
Section 4: Fitting Dimensions
must be heavily reinforced when "
!
used in pressure service. that of a 45 lateral.
C-E C-E
Dia
C-E
Dia
C-E
1
Section 4: Fitting Dimensions
Reducers Flanged Reducers
Tapered reducers are contact molded with a standard >
!
*
+
Length is calculated as follows: the small end.
L = 2 1/2 (D1 - D2)
!
Centerline offset of eccentric reducers is calculated "
""
as follows:
E = 1/2 (D1 - D2)
Special dimensions are available.
D1 X D2 L D1 X D2 L
3x2 2 20 x 18 5
3 x 1.5 3 20 x 16 10
4x3 2 20 x 14 15
4x2 5 24 x 20 10
6x4 5 24 x 18 15
6x3 7 24 x 16 20
6x2 10 26 x 24 5
8x6 5 26 x 20 15
8x4 10 26 x 18 20
8x3 12 28 x 26 5
10 x 8 5 28 x 24 10
10 x 6 10 28 x 20 20
10 x 4 15 30 x 24 15
12 x 10 5 30 x 20 25
12 x 8 10 30 x 18 30
12 x 6 15 30 x 16 35
14 x 12 5 36 x 30 15
14 x 10 10 36 x 24 30
14 x 8 15 42 x 36 15
16 x 14 5 42 x 30 30
16 x 12 10 48 x 42 15
16 x 10 15 48 x 36 30
18 x 16 5 54 x 48 15
18 x 14 10 54 x 42 30
18 x 12 15 60 x 54 15
18 x 10 20 60 x 48 30
Dimensions are in inches. Dimensions are in inches.
D1 D2
D1
E
D2
1
Section 5: Joining Systems
" !
^
^
" Z
^
requirements.
Inside Overlay
Gasket
# Double O-Ring
Mechanical Coupling Joints
Test Port
Gasket
Machined Surface
2
Section 5: Joining Systems
Flanged Joints Specialty Joints
Flanged joints are used in piping systems for ease of Mechanical couplings may be used to connect Ershigs
+
*
FRP pipe to dissimilar piping. Many of these commercially
!
"
Z
Standard dimensions are in tables on pages 10-15. accommodate expansion and contraction movements and
"
slight angular rotation. These couplings usually require
~
specially machined outside diameter ends on the FRP pipe
"
+ and thrust blocks or anchor arrangements to provide axial
restraint across the joint.
are provided with standard
bolting patterns conforming to ANSI B16.1 class 125
(identical to ANSI B16.5 class 150 through 24 in. size.)
!" # #
$ %
'
!
or spot faced back faces for proper washer seating. Flange
face O-ring gasket grooves can be provided upon request.
# %
#' are available
from Ershigs. They provide an economical alternative to
%
{1/2 in. through 48 in. diameter.
*>
!
Z
are provided for ventilation and
gas or vapor service where standard ANSI drilling is not
+
*>'
D-3982.
21
Section 5: Joining Systems
Butt Joints
The most common method of assembling and joining It is important that all personnel making FRP joints read
custom manufactured FRP piping is with the butt joint. This and understand the Material Safety Data Sheets prior to
system provides a strong, leakproof joint and can be applied working with these materials.
~^
system operating pressures and are contact molded in the
same thickness as the equivalent contact molded pipe and
joint thickness. Joint reinforcing is supplied in varying widths
and is pre-cut for each particular pressure and diameter. The
maximum joint thickness occurs at the center and tapers
down in thickness toward each side.
>
^
;
materials, resin putty, laminating resin, surfacing resin and
catalyst.
WET-OUT
MATERIALS
APPLICATION
HAND TOOLS
ROLL-OUT
22
Section 6: Piping System Design
The design of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic piping systems should be performed by persons experienced in the fundamentals
of piping stress analysis as well as composite materials. Ershigs maintains a complete staff of professional engineers and
designers to assist in the design process.
Modulus Z
Wall thicknesses are considered suitable for operating
due to the lower modulus of elasticity. Tensile modulus of temperatures to 180F with premium grade polyester
FRP ranges from approximately 1 to 4 million psi compared and vinyl ester resins.
to about 30 million psi for steel.
$ designs are based on
Temperature - Mechanical properties of FRP decrease at Ultimate Strengths listed on page 4 with a safely factor
elevated temperatures. Most resins used by Ershigs are applied. (See pages 7 and 8 for safety factor.) The formula
suitable for use up to 212 F. Special resins and designs allow for wall thickness is:
FRP to be used up to 400 F. in certain environments. There Pr
is little strength reduction or brittleness at low temperatures. t=
s/SF
Orthotropic Properties - Most FRP mechanical properties P = pressure, psig
vary directionally and depend on loading conditions. Steel is
isotropic and has equal properties in all directions. r = pipe radius, in.
s = ultimate tensile strength
Safety Factor - FRP piping is designed with safety factors
ranging from 5 to 10. More appropriately called a design SF = safety factor
factor, these relatively high numbers are used to compensate
for: ;
^
Strength reduction due to long term chemical exposure. are shown in the table on pages 7 and 8.
Discontinuity stresses. Filament Wound Pipe Laminate properties vary with the
"
"
Manufacturing variables. pipe can be optimized to produce the 2:1 hoop to axial
Z ^
The winding angle required to produce this ratio is 55 as
Product Design measured from the pipe axis.
The standard nominal 100 mil inner surface and interior P = pressure, psig
layer is considered a structural element of the laminate
r = pipe radius, in.
and is included in wall thickness calculations.
2
Section 6: Piping System Design
"
r = pipe radius, in.
manufactured with a 55 ( 3) winding angle. Pressure
ratings for three types of material are shown in the table on d = pipe diameter, in.
pages 5 and 6. t = wall thickness, in.
Grade A Pipe is for severe chemical service and is designed L = length between stiffeners, in.
using an allowable strain of .0012 in./in. and a 100 mil
structural liner. Kn = 0.9 knockdown factor for unstiffened pipe
0.8 knockdown factor for stiffened pipe
Grade B Pipe is for mild chemical service and is designed
using an allowable strain of .0014 in./in. and a 100 mil The required moment of inertia for pipe stiffeners may be
structural liner. calculated by the following formula;
Grade C Pipe is for water service and is designed using an SF Ld3 Pc
I=
allowable strain of .0017 in./in. and a 50 mil structural liner. 24 E
.92 E t 2.5 R
Pc =
L r 1.5 T = temperature differential, F
Design Pressure, External = Pc Kn / SF
SF = safety factor
2
Section 6: Piping System Design
*
" *
Z
^
"
an activational force of less than Fa
F = sA " Z {||| " " "
F = Force, lbs design limits.
Z
= Z `
"
Z
^
Z
anchored and operating with a T of 100 F.
Z
Z
!
>{Z{|6)Z{Z{|-6Z{||{||
Z
!
Z
^
*
{||Z`2 - 242) = 69,237 lbs. time of installation, a preset
!Z
"
Z
!
{|
!
"! M (Ti - T min.)
" @
(T - T )
Z min.
Z !
!
"!"!
' Z
^
!
"
Z
!
Ti
simplest and most economical approach. The following
" T min.
"
!
T Z Z
Z
{|Z
"
| Z "
!
"
Z
^
elbows.
position.
Expansion Loops
Z
Z
[
=
!
!
Expansion Joints concentrated load at the free end. This approach is often
'
Z
^
"
>
! "
"
Z `
"
| Z
^
Z
"
! "
_ "
"
Z
^
may be considered.
25
Section 6: Piping System Design
2
Section 6: Piping System Design
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
2"
3"
4"
6"
8"
12 15 20
12
14
16
18
20
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
10
10 10
VE
"
FT LOC 8
72
Pressure Loss per 100 ft of Pipe (psi)
./S IT
EC Y 7
. 6
.1
.01
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
# To convert gallons per minute to cubic feet per second, divide by 448.8.
# To convert gallons per minute to millions of gallons per day, divide by 694.4.
2
Section 6: Piping System Design
Underground Piping
Z
Maximum allowable membrane strain for internal pressure
must be analyzed as such when designing for burial. shall be .0017 in./in. and combined hoop strain for sustained
loading shall be .0024 in./in. Combined hoop strain for
In an underground installation, the external soil load above transient loading shall not exceed .0028 in./in.
the pipe causes a decrease in the vertical diameter of the
pipe and a corresponding increase in the horizontal diameter The safety factor for buckling will be in accordance with
of the pipe. The horizontal movement of the pipe walls into AWWA M45. When integral stiffeners are used, a safety
the soil material at the sides of the pipe develops a passive factor of 3 will be used for the stiffener section. Stiffener
resistance that acts to help support the external load. The spacing will not exceed two pipe diameters.
resistance of the soil is affected by the type of soil and its
density and moisture content. The higher the soil resistance, Z "
Z
"
+ loading design and will be determined by test (ASTM D-790
are necessary to develop the passive soil resistance required or ASTM D-2412) or developed by laminate theory and
!
Z!
supported by tests.
; +
the bell and spigot joints most commonly used.
Z
Design Criteria
load above the pipe (which is a function of the depth of The following parameters are to be supplied by the owner
burial), live loads over the pipe, the stiffness of the pipe, the for consideration by Ershigs, Inc. during the detail design:
passive resistance of the soil at the sides of the pipe, the
}
the soil, and the degree of support given to the bottom of the
Operating, surge, vacuum and test pressures.
pipe (bedding constant).
Live loads (wheel loads).
*
Z
"
"
` Z Max./min. burial depth and trench width.
>
equation. Description of the soil properties and trench preparation.
2
Section 6: Piping System Design
Load Combinations
Ershigs will analyze the following load combinations: Hydrodynamic loads are normally small in comparison to
hydrostatic loads, however, they must also be considered
Design pressure at maximum burial depth. by the design engineer.
Design pressure plus live loads at minimum and Design of restraints must consider soil strength, stability
maximum burial. and location of the water table. Effective thrust blocks must
Burial and live load conditions, plus vacuum (if
!
applicable). Adequate bearing area to resist the thrust.
Burial and live loads for empty pipe. The bearing surface against undisturbed soil.
Pre-burial hydrotest requirement. The resultant thrust vector passing perpendicularly
All structural analysis will include both membrane and hoop through the center of the bearing surface.
bending effects in the pipe wall. If the soil is unstable or the installation is below the water
table, tie rods or other means to insure stability may be
required.
Thrust Blocks Safe Bearing Pressure, Sp, of soils ranges from 0 for
quicksand to over 100,000 Ibs/ft2 for solid, hard rock.
Ershigs bell and spigot joined FRP piping may require thrust Hard clay, course sand and gravel range from 8,000 to
blocks for axial restraint. All changes in direction, including 10,000 Ibs/ft2. A complete list of these ratings can be found
bends, tees and laterals, must be restrained. Cast in place in soils engineering handbooks and in Marks Mechanical
concrete blocks are often used for buried piping and can be
;* !
used in combination with tie rods and thrust collars for above the Project Geotechnical Engineer.
ground piping.
The soil bearing area required for restraints are calculated
Hydrostatic thrust loads at a bend can be calculated as as follows:
follows:
Ab = T/Sp
*>
[
Ab = bearing area, ft2
T = Thrust, Ib
T = Thrust, Ib
P = Pressure, psi
Sp = Allowable soil bearing pressure, Ib/ft2
A = Cross sectional pipe area , in.2
Restraints must be installed before hydrostatic testing of the
*
pipe.
The need for thrust blocks and their design is the
responsibility of the engineering agency designing the
piping system.
2
Section 7: Installation
" ^
supporting metal pipe. FRP is strong, lightweight and easy to install. Care must be taken to avoid impact damage, point
loads and damage to inner surfaces which may lead to premature failure.
Rigging and handling must be done with nylon slings or padded cable. Cables and chains must not bear directly against the
pipe wall. Handle with care to ensure long life and trouble free service.
Pipe Supports and Hangers
Fabricated steel hangers and supports should be
pipe hangers are used: Sling,
Clamp and Clevis. These hangers do not restrain axial or
and duct being used. We recommend that all hangers lateral movement.
and supports be lined with an elastomeric pad (Shore A
hardness 50-70) to conform to any surface irregularities and
to provide uniform bearing support.
Flange/Component Support
*! ! "
Fixed in FRP piping systems should be independently supported
!
!
}
shown below.
Guided
Section 7: Installation
Pipe Support Spacing
R
"
# 180 F maximum temperature.
contact molded pressure pipe is shown in the tables below. # Wind and seismic effects are not considered.
Tables are based on the following assumptions:
# 180 support saddle using color coding noted on charts # > !
{
below. # Correction Factors for weight of contents.
Saddle width = 1/4 Dia Sp. Gr. Multiplier
Saddle width = 1/3 Dia 1.0 1.10
Contact Ershigs for saddle width design. 1.2 1.00
1.4 0.93
# ' Z
[|.
1.6 0.87
# Simple support conditions. 1.8 0.81
Flange Assembly
Flange assembly should be done in accordance with Flat Face Flange Connection
must be maintained in order to avoid undue stress on the
Full Gasket
MUST be
# $ + %
'. If
+
Flat Washer
a hard plastic or metal spacer ring must be added to provide
" ;
Ring Gasket
Flat Washer
2
Section 7: Installation
Bolt Torque
15 1
Maximum Bolt Torque for Pressure Piping 11 5
7 9
Bolt Size Torque
in. ft - lb 3 13
1
/2 15
5
/8 25 14 4
3
/4 40 10 8
7
/8 65 6 12
1 100 2 16
1 1/8 140
1 /41
200 19 1
1 15 5
1 /2 320
11 9
1 3/4 600
2 880 7 13
Torques result in a bolt stress of 12,000 psi.
ANSI Type A Narrow Series washers are recommended. 3 17
Threads & bearing surfaces are to be well lubricated.
Bolts 1 and larger are 8-thread series.
18 4
14 8
10 12
6 16
2 20
Z
! ; ! ;
preparation and placement are similar to those used for +
>| Installation under
Z "
highways and railways requires special consideration.
!
*
which generally permit installation cost savings over other
less than 3% of the inside diameter.
materials.
Follow all state, local, and Federal safety regulations. Shore,
The following guidelines should be followed when installing
sheet, brace, or otherwise support trench walls as required
FRP pipe:
for safety of personnel working in the trench.
Investigate soil conditions along the proposed pipe
line route. Due to the wide variation of soil types and
+
;
Trench Width
Backfill Secondary
Excavate pipe trench to 6 in. below pipe invert with a Pipe Zone
width of 1.5 dia to 1.6 dia. Clearance at sides of pipe Backfill
should not exceed 20 in. and proper trench conditions
must be maintained. 6 to 12
Pipe Zone
Grade and compact trench bottom, maintaining the Backfill
elevation 6 in. below pipe invert.
Primary Pipe
Keep trench free from water. Zone Backfill
D
;
0.7 D
Trench Grade
material. Crushed stone or crushed gravel per ASTM
C33, gradation 67 (grain size 3/4 in. to 3/16 in.) is often
used. Coarse, well-graded sand containing less than 0.05 D Bedding
{|
Provide bell holes at each joint location for bell and
spigot pipe. Provide access holes at joint locations for Foundation Zone
^
Trench Bottom
Ershigs' bell and spigot gasketed joints use round elastomeric
+ ^
O-ring gaskets made of Neoprene, Isoprene or Buna-N. may be accomplished either as a shop test, or preferably
; ;
and should be kept in a cool, dry area out of direct sunlight. must not induce loads into the pipe for which it was not
designed. The maximum test pressure shall be approved
Bell and spigot pipe must be installed by a skilled and by Ershigs, Inc. All anchors and supports must be in place
experienced contractor. before testing.
The sealing integrity of each double O-ring bell and spigot
^
Preparation
pipe with water. The 1/4 in. FPT test ports located between
Wipe the bell and spigot clean with a cloth. Lubricate the O-rings may be pressurized with air and/or water to 40 psig
O-ring with a vegetable oil based lubricant and stretch it into
}
the groove. Once the O-ring is properly seated, grasp it, lift
" "
"
it out of the groove a few inches and release it so it snaps
insure that all air is vented prior to pressurization. Limit initial
back into place. This procedure should be done at three
pressure to 50% of design pressure for 10 minutes to seal
points approximately 1200 apart to equalize the tension in
all gaskets and O-rings. Some minor leakage is acceptable
the O-ring.
during this period.
Setting The Joint test pressure, blanked off and observed for a period of 30
minutes. During this time the line pressure must not drop by
Lift the section being joined from two lift points. Tilt it slightly
`
;
and push the spigot into the bell as the pipe is lowered into
!
Following the pressure test, the line should be emptied and
the pipe up and down or from side to side to seal the spigot thoroughly inspected.
and O-ring into the bell. The spigot should not contact the
shoulder of the bell. A gap of approximately 3/4 in. between
the spigot end and the bell shoulder should be maintained.
Do not apply excessive longitudinal force to the free end
of the pipe through the use of backhoe buckets, blades,
winches or other powered equipment in such a manner as
to point load a pipe end. Damage to either the bell or spigot
will prevent the joint from sealing and will render the pipe
useless.
5
Section 8: Fabricated (Spooled) Piping
^
"! ^
!
"!
!
%
Ershigs' Engineering Department can easily work from plans and elevations or isometrics to develop individual spool
"
=
^
!
information to Ershigs' Manufacturing Department and to minimize the total cost of the spool section.
Dimensional Tolerances
A
Ershigs' general pipe fabricating tolerances for prefabricated
FRP piping assemblies through 36 in. diameter are as
follows:
B
Linear Tolerance
The tolerances on linear dimensions (intermediate or
overall) apply to the face to face, face to end, and end
to end measurements of fabricated straight pipe and
headers; center to end or center to face of nozzles or other
attachments. These tolerances are not cumulative. *
1
Linear tolerances on A are /8 in. for sizes 10 in. and
under, 3/16 in. for sizes 12 in. through 24 in., and 1/4 in. for
sizes 26 in. through 36 in. A
D
Linear tolerances on "A for sizes over 36 in. are subject to
tolerances of 1/4 in., increasing by 1/16 in. for each 12 in.
in diameter over 36 in.
= !
"
^
"
!
A
!
Z
!
Tolerances on these dimensions are to be based on
A
!!
(See *on drawing to the right.)
A
Squareness Tolerance
C
Squareness of end cuts, B, shall not deviate more than
1/8 in. up to and including 24 in. Dia and 3/16 in. for all
diameters above 24 in.
A
Angularity and Rotational Tolerance
1
Alignment of facings, C," or ends shall not deviate from the /8
indicated position measured across any diameter more than
3
/64 in. per ft. A
=
as shown shall be a maximum of 1/16 in.
Section
Section 9: Accessories
Ershigs provides special FRP custom designed components for all types of pipe and duct systems. Items such as manholes,
! !
!
requirements.
37
=>?
ASTM ANSI/ASME
K` >
>
K
' RTP-1 Reinforced Thermoset Plastic Corrosion
Reinforced Thermosetting Plastic (RTP) Resistant Equipment
laminates for Corrosion-Resisitant Equipment
B31.3 Process Piping
= >
>
Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Resin
Corrosion-Resistant Tanks AWWA
D3839 Standard Practice for Underground Installation M45 Fiberglass Pipe Design
of Fiberglass (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced
Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe
= >
>
K
'
Fiberglass (Glass-Flber-Reinforced
Thermosetting-Resin) Duct and Hoods
=| >
>
K
'
Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin
Corrosion- Resistant Tanks
Section 11: Quality Assurance
Ershigs, Inc. manufactures a complete line of storage tanks, Ershigs' patented on-site manufacturing process provides
process vessels, scrubbers, and towers. Shop manufactured users with quality FRP vessels in diameters to 65 ft. Storage
vessels are provided in diameters to 14 ft. tanks, neutralization tanks, bleach towers and absorber
towers are in service in many industries.
Fume hoods and ventilation systems can be designed, FRP and dual-laminate scrubbers provide chemical recovery
manufactured, and installed by Ershigs, Inc. and pollution control for a variety of industries.
EPS-07 ERSHIGS, INC. 2013