01-Introduction (Mode de Compatibilité)
01-Introduction (Mode de Compatibilité)
Shermila Mostarshedi
Assistant professor Universit Paris-Est Marne-la-Valle
References for this course
Microwave and RF Wireless Systems, David M. Pozar, John Wiley, 2001.
Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design, John Rogers and Calvin Plett, Artech House,
2003.
RF Circuit Design, Christopher Bowick, Elsevier, 2008.
RF Microelectronics, Behzad Razavi, Prentice Hall, 1998.
RF Circuit Design, Theory and Applications, Reinhold Ludwig and Gene Bogdanov, Prentice
Hall, 2009.
Microwave Transistor Amplifiers, Guillermo Gonzalez, Prentice Hall, 1996.
The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits, Thomas Lee, Cambridge
University Press, 2003.
Practical RF Circuit Design for Modern Wireless Systems, volume 2: Active Circuits
and Systems, Les Besser and Rowan Gilmore, Artech House, 2003.
Microwave Circuit Design Using Linear and Nonlinear Techniques, George D. Vendelin,
Anthony M. Pavio and Ulrich L. Rohde, John Wiley, 2005.
RF/Microwave Circuit Design for Wireless Applications, Ulrich L. Rohde, David P.
Newkirk, John Wiley, 2000.
Chapter 1: Introduction 2
A brief history of electrical circuit design
Late 18th and early 19th century voltaic cells by A. Volta to provide
reliable DC energy to crude circuits
Low frequency AC power efficient transmission of electricity over a
distance Frequency
rise
Faradays law rerouting electric energy by transformers
Mid 19th wave propagation by coupling of the electric and magnetic
fields through space by Maxwell
Late 19th radiation and reception of EM energy through air by Hertz
Early 20th radio and TV transmissions
Late 20th cellular phone, GPS, optical fiber
Major difference:
DC and low-frequency lumped parameter system conventional Kirchhoff law analysis
High-frequency distributed parameter system electromagnetic wave propagation
Chapter 1: Introduction 3
Questions
At what upper frequency does conventional circuit analysis become
inappropriate?
Chapter 1: Introduction 4
IEEE frequency spectrum
Chapter 1: Introduction 5
RF and Microwave band
1
Phase velocity: vp =
Speed of light in free space: v p = c 3 108 m/s
2 vp
Wavelength: = =
f
Example:
HF f = 30 MHz = 10 m
VHF f = 300 MHz =1 m
UHF f = 3000 MHz = 10 cm
The VHF/UHF band constitutes the point at which the wavelength first
reaches dimensions equivalent to the physical extent of the electronic
system. Here conventional circuit analysis fails and we need to take
into account the wave nature of current and voltage signals.
Necessary theories:
Electromagnetic, transmission line, distributed components, etc.
Chapter 1: Introduction 6
RF design vocabulary
Chapter 1: Introduction 7
RF Design
Applications: Cell phone, WLAN, GPS, RFID, etc
Technologies: Bipolar, CMOS, BiCMOS, etc.
Communication
Theory
Microwave Random
Noise Power
Theory Signals
Signal Transceiver
Propagation RF Architecture
Linearity Frequency
Design
Multiple
IC Design
Access
Supply
Gain
Voltage
Wireless CAD
Standards Tools
Chapter 1: Introduction 8
Block diagram symbols for RF and microwave components
90 power divider
Antenna
Amplifier
Frequency multiplier
Switch
Oscillator
or Low-pass filter
or Bandpass filter
or High-pass filter
Chapter 1: Introduction 9
Basic radio system (1)
Radio transmitter: signals at higher frequencies can be radiated
more efficiently.
Chapter 1: Introduction 10
Basic radio system (2)
Radio receiver
Baseband RF
section section
Chapter 1: Introduction 12
Amplifiers
Categories:
Low Noise Amplifier (LNA)
Power Amplifier (PA)
High Gain Amplifier (HGA ) or IF Amplifier
Considerations:
Power
Noise
Nonlinearity (saturation and harmonic distortion)
Semiconductor technology:
Si: inexpensive, up to several GHz
GaAs: expensive, above 1 GHz, incompatible with Si
SiGe: higher frequencies than Si, less expensive than GaAs
Chapter 1: Introduction 13
Mixers
Role: A mixer is a three port component to provide the sum and the
difference frequencies of two sinusoidal signals. The two signals are
usually the main signal and the one created by the local oscillator.
Considerations:
Nonlinearity (Harmonic distortion)
Noise
Chapter 1: Introduction 14
Oscillators
Provide sinusoidal sources for:
Carrier generation
Frequency conversion
Different circuits:
Transistor with a tunable LC network
Drawback: unstable frequency
Crystal controlled oscillator (XCO)
Drawback: not tunable
XCO with a phase-locked loop (PLL)
Chapter 1: Introduction 15
Example : RF transceiver
Chapter 1: Introduction 16
Example : power amplifier
First stage of a 2 GHz power amplifier for a mobile phone
Chapter 1: Introduction 17
Example : printed circuit
Chapter 1: Introduction 18