Design Segmental Precast Linning Tunnel Lining
Design Segmental Precast Linning Tunnel Lining
Design Segmental Precast Linning Tunnel Lining
Preface i : -
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Tunnellingand UndergroundSp@~eTechn~ogy,Vo]. 15, No. 3, pp. 303-331, 2000
0886-7798/00/$ - see front matter O 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
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Pergamon
PII: S0886-7798(00)00056-4
The traffic volume and number of lanes, in the case of axial force and shear force of the lining, by using appropri-
road tunnels; ate models and design methods.
The discharge, in the case of water tunnels and sewer 6. Safety check. The designer should check the safety
tunnels; of the lining against the computed member forces.
The kind offacilities and their dimensions, in the case 7. R e v i e w , If the designed lining is not safe against
of common ducts. design loads, the designer should change the lining condi-
3. Determination of load condition. The loads tions and design lining. If the designed lining safe but not
acting on the lining include earth pressure and water economical, the designer should change the lining condi-
pressure, dead load, reaction, surcharge and thrust force of tions and redesign the lining.
shield jacks, etc. The designer should select the cases 8. Approval of the design. After the designer judges
critical to the design lining. that the designed lining is safe, economical and optimally
4. Determination of lining conditions. The de- designed, a document of design should be approved by the
signer should decide on the lining conditions, such as persons in charge of the project.
dimension of the lining (thickness), strength of material, In Figure I-l, these steps are shown on a flow chart for
arrangement of reinforcement, etc. designing tunnel linings. A schematic example of step-by-
5. Computation of member forces. The designer step design procedures is summarized in Part I-A, which
should compute member forces such as bending moment, immediately follows this section.
No
Nc
~.'.': .~. . .
f
/ \
/ \
[ I
\ /
\ /
J
",~
P P P P
Figure A-5. Loading Case 5.
Figure A-6. Thruster pads distribution. Figure A-7. Trailer load distribution.
[ L J
Figure A-8. regular grout pressure. Figure A-9. Self weight of segments on stock.
Figure A- 10. Design load - Assumption of Terzaghi. Figure A-11. F E M network configuration.
Outer DiameterofSegmentalLining
"I
Rectangular Segment Tapered Segment
/
( j (,
( j (,
TrapezoidSegment HexagonSegment
Width
[I
/-,-
A
Radial joint
r* Circumferential joint
Segment
\
%
ISegment
L.
A B
2. Loads at rest and the value of coefficient of the active lateral earth
pressure. The designer should decide this value considering
2.1 Kinds of Loads relaxation and construction conditions.
The following loads should be considered in the design of Concerning the unit weight of soil for the calculation of
the lining. earth pressure, the wet unit weight should be used for soil
These loads must always be considered: above the groundwater table and the submerged unit weight
(1) Ground pressure should be used for soil below the groundwater table.
(2) Water pressure P e 1 ~-~ P0 + T"yiHi + T, yjHj Eq. 2.2.1
(3) Dead load where,
(4) Surcharge Po = Surcharge.
(5) Subgrade reaction Unit weight of soil of stratum No. i, which is
located above the groundwater table.
If necessary, the foiilowing loads should be considered:
H i = Thickness of stratum No. i, which is located
(6) Loads from inside
(7) Loads during construction stage
(8) Effects of earthquake
~j= above the groundwater tunnel.
Unit weight of soil of Stratum No. j, which is
Special loads:
(9) Effects of adjacent tunnels
Hi= located below the groundwater table.
Thickness of stratum No. j, which is located
below the groundwater table.
(10) Effects of settlement H= ZHi+ZHj
(11) Other loads h o = B 1 [1 - C/B 1Y) } {1 - exp (-k0 tan (~) H/B1)]/K 0 tan
((#) + P0 exp {-K0 tan (~) H/B1}/7
2.2 Ground Pressure B I = R 0 cot (~/8 + 4)
Figure II-4 shows a section of tunnel and surrounding Pel = 7 h0 (if the tunnel is located above the
ground. The ground pressure should be determined in groundwater table)
accordance with appropriate analysis. For example, the
ground pressure should act radially on the lining or be
divided into the vertical ground pressure and the horizontal
ground pressure. In l:he latter case, the vertical ground
pressure at the tunnel crown should be a uniform load and,
as a rule, should be equal to the overburden pressure, if the P~
designed tunnel is a shallow tunnel. I f it is a deep tunnel, the + + +
reduced earth pressure can be adopted in accordance with
Terzaghi's formula (see Formula 2.2.1), Protodiaconov's
formula or other formulae.
The horizontal ground pressure should be the uniformly
varying load acting on the centroid of lining from the crown
I-I~~ Groundwater Table
Y,C,
Y',C,
I H
Stratum No.i 7i
Groundwater Table
Pel = ~ h (ifh o _<Hw) It is assumed that the latter subgrade reaction is pro-
Terzaghi's formula (Formula 2.2.1) portional to the displacement of ground, and its factor of
where, proportionality is defined as the coefficient of subgrade
h 0 = Reduced earth pressure divided by unit weight reaction. The value of this factor depends on the ground
of soil stiffness and the dimension of lining (radius of lining). The
subgrade reaction is the product of the coefficient of
K 0 = Ratio between lateral earth pressure and
subgrade reaction and the displacement of the lining which
vertical earth pressure = 1
is decided by the ground stiffness a n d the rigidity of
segmental lining. The rigidity of the segmental lining
2.3 Water Pressure depends on the rigidity of segment, and the number and
As a rule, the water pressure acting on the lining should the type of joint(s).
be the hydrostatic pressure (see Fig. II-8). The resultant The bedded rigid frame model can evaluate the subgrade
water pressure acting on the lining is the buoyancy. If the reaction as the spring force (see Fig. II-6, Fig. II-10 and Fig.
resultant vertical earth pressure at the crown and the dead II-16).
load is greater than the buoyancy, the difference between If the member forces are computed using the FEM, plain
them acts as the vertical earth pressure at the bottom strain elements simulating ground are evaluated as spring
(subgrade reaction). If the buoyancy is greater than the for subgrade reaction.
resultant vertical earth pressure at the crown and the dead
load, the tunnel would float.
2.5 Surcharge H
The surcharge increases earth pres- I I
sure acting on the lining. The following h'I a " .... T..... ~~.... ~ .... , A
!
I
I
$
I
!
i
I
$
0
Wlnere;
q~
1
q.,=;t (p.,+ 1' x t/2) (iftunnel is located above groundwater table.)
I
q~,= ~. (p.,+ y ' x t/2) (if tunnel is located under groundwater table.)
q~= ~. {p.,+ 1' x (21~-t/2)} (if tunnel is located above groundwater table.)
q~= ~t {p.,+ y ' x (21~..t/2)} (iftunnel is located under groundwater table.)
Pel
q,, b
Where,
qe=(q,l+q~/2
- H
E,,
P.1
~r Ir Ir
P~I ~r Ir ~r
qwl qel ,
qwl qel
~L L ~L
P~
~k ~L ,L
Pw2
p~--'-pel+Pwl + 7CPg'P.2
Pel
Pwl
r
Pw
Pw given by Eqtt2.3.1
P,~ T T
Pw1 = 7wHw (water pressure at tunnel crown) 2rpe2 + x d y w = 2rpel + 2u rpg
P~, = Pwl + ~'w Rc (1 - cos8) Eq. 2.3.1 Pe2 = Pel + = Pg - = r 7w/2
Figure H-8. Hydrostatic pressure. Figure H-9. Subgrade reaction independent of the
displacement of ground (p~).
4. Safety Factors
The safety factors should be based on the ground load-
ing and should be defi~:ed in accordance with the structural
requirements and codes, for example, the national stan-
dard specification for design and construction of concrete
structures, for each project. Construction procedure and I
performance should be linked with the safety factors. For
their application to the design computation, refer to Sec- Figure H-IO. Model of subgrade reaction.
tion 5.3 below, "How to Check the Safety of the Section". If
the tunnel is designed as a temporary
structure, the safety factors can be
modified.
5. Structural Calculation
SI units should be used in the struc-
tural calculation of the lining.
water table.
Figure H-11. Stress-strain curve of concrete.
4. Section with the lowest ground-
water table.
5. Section with large surcharge.
6. Section with eccentric loads.
7. Section with unlevel surface.
8. Section with adjacent tunnel at
present or planned one in the fu-
ture.
o.--&
y . . . . . . . .
5.2 Computation of Member Forces
The Member Force,,t (M,N,S) are cal-
culated using various structural mod-
~s
els.
V i E.
5.2.1 Model for computation 0 Ey
The member forcee~ should be com-
puted by using the following methods Figure II-12. Stress-strain curve of steel.
(refer to Fig. II-19).
Nominalstrength 18 24 30 40 50 60
fck(MN/m2)
O
O O
O Ground WaterTable
Sum~
Tunnel in
the future
0 O 0 0 ,...'
Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8
+PQ
ITT t
Model (a) Model (b)
The subgrade reactionagainst displacement due to dead load can be evaluated in Model (a) and not evaluated in
Model (b).
Figure H-14. Models for bedded frame method to calculate member forces.
1. Bedded flame model method (see Figs. II-14, II-15, because this model is mutiple statically indeterminate. This
and II-16). method can evaluate the following conditions:
2. Finite Element Method (FEM) (Fig. II-17). 1) nonuniformly varying load due to change of soil con-
3. Elastic equation method (see Fig. II-18 and Table II- dition (see Fig. II-15(b)).
2). 2) eccentric loads (see Fig. II-15(c).).
4. Schultze and Duddeck Model. 3) hydrostatic pressure (see Section 2.3, '~/ater Pres-
5. Muir Wood Model. sure").
The bedded frame model method is a method to compute 4) spring force to simulate subgrade reaction (see "2.6
member forces with a matrix method using a computer Subgrade Reaction~).
Figure H-16. Range and direction of subgrade reaction of calculation model of bedded frame method.
5) effect ofjoint by simulatingjoints as hinges or rotation tion of lining and massive ground realistically, with the
springs (semi-hinge) (see Section 5.2.2, "Evaluation of following merits:
Joints"). 1. The behavior of massive ground can be evaluated in
If the subgrade reaction against displacement due to consideration of the initial state of stress of ground,
the parameters of ground such as unit weight of soil,
dead load cannot be expected, the member forces caused by
dead load must be independently calculated and super- Young modulus and Poisson's ratio, the shape and
size of tunnel section, and the execution method,
posed with member forces caused by the other loads. In this
including its procedure.
case, the member forces caused by dead load can be com-
puted by the elastic equation method.
This method can adopt not only the subgrade reaction in Po
normal direction, but also the subgrade reaction in the
tangential direction. The options on the range of the subgrade
~V ~r ~V ~r
Load Moment (M) (@R~~) Axial Force (N) (@RJ Shear Force (S) (1~)
Uniform load in
vertical direction (i -2S2)@_,P14 S2@P -SOii~
(P-~.,+p.~
Uniform load in
lateral direction (1-2C2)@Q/4 C2@Q -SO~Q
(Q---~,+q~O
'lUangtaar
lyvarying load in
lateral direction (~3C~12C2+4C3)@(Q-Q0/48 (C+SC2-4C3)@(Q-Q0]16 (S+8SC~4SC2)@(Q~0/16
(Q~=q,+q~,)
(Q-Q)
Subgrade 0<~ 0 <~~14 0<-.0Ng/4 0<--0Ng/4
reaction in lateral (o.2a46-o.a5360)@ k 6 0.3&36C~ k 6 0.3536S@k6
di_~on u / 4 _< 0 =< u/2 ~/4 N 0 _-<g/2 ~ / 4 5 O <_ ~/2
(-0.3487+0.5S2+0.2357C3) @k 6 (-0.7071C+C2+0.7071S2C)@ k 6 (SC~0.7071C2S) @k6
0_< 0 <_-re/2 0_< 0_<~/2
0<_O<_u/2
{(3/8) ~- 0 ~ ( ~ 6 ) C ~ { e G(Y6)S}@g
Dead load {0 S-(1/6)C}@g
(g) ~/2_< 0 <__~ ~/2~0~
~ / 2 ~ 0 <-~
1- g/8+(~: - 0 )~(5/6)C-(1/2) ~ $2} {-(~. e )C+ o S+~ SC~
@g {. ~ S+ 0 s+ u S2.(116)C}~
Lateral
displacement at
6 ={(2P-~Q0+ ~ g}@P~q{24(~EI/h+0.045k R2)
sprmg
(8)
0 =Angle from crown
S=sin0 S2=ain20 S3=sinso ~--cos0 C2=cos20 C3=cosS0
N N
i.!
I~-i ....y~r~o ... ~']:-
ring
]-~
jI Ill_ . . ....... -
0 Reoction
b
0 Porgboll;c :0
,|
;'Ln
b
ii ~ -" o_. 0
o
,,-I
C
;:O
i r-
I'-
0
if:t-" r,'l
~ ~ ,~m~ ~ . ~_
~ o ~e~,'t~on I I
Th. of [ l o s t . /
,..
~.~ -~
II Z
~r
0
0
m
"o
0 o9
_,,,_ t: -r- ~ -~r - ~ ,.
~0~ (0" -C:l
~ I~C.. 1 Lined
-rl
0
~O
~-" II I I II~=l "I.
--t
0 C
g
~ ~::1 ~~-'~
~ Unlined 0
z
,-I
Z
Z
r~
_~ ~ _~oi._.9. , O,.n,ng C 0~
-- II I II I,~i" " c -
~ . . . . . . ~n~org,nco 0
Metho~l rrl
r-
- cL
- - ......~ . ~,.oo~,.d C)
I I
--t ,d:o
N . . . . . . . . . ~ !
_ I[lement$
o
v v
5.3.2, ~(band 7s are the safety factors of concrete and steel,
respectively.
I M
5.3.2 Allowable stress design method
M If the extreme fiber stress of concrete and the stress of
reinforcement are not more than their allowable stresses,
Segment the segmental lining should be safe against the design
IM loads. (See Eq. 5.3.4 and Eq. 5.3.5.)
~c < ca = fJFc Eq. 5.3.3
~ < ~ = fir Eq. 5.3.4
I where,
M,=(I+ C )IV~IVy=(1.~ )M Extreme fiber stress of concrete
(3 c
O'ca Allowable stress of concrete
Figure H-20. Distribution of moment at joint.
Characteristic compressive strength Nominal
strength) of concrete
2. The behavior of the lining which resists the loads Fc Safety factor of concrete
depends on the lining structure (number of seg- (l 8 Stress of reinforcement
ments, their configuration and joint type), the char- Allowable stress of reinforcement
(~sa
acteristics of the backfill grouting and its efficiency,
and the loading given by the ground. These factors
% Yield stress of steel
can be evaluated. F Safety facror of steel
3. The degree of relaxation depends on the ground con- Figure II-22 shows the state of stress and strain distri-
dition, the construction method (such as the type of bution.
shield method), and backfill grouting method, includ-
ing the size of tail void. These factors can be evaluated. 5.4 Structural Calculation of Joints
The elastic equation method is a simple method for At joints, bolts are evaluated as reinforcement. The
calculating member forces without a computer. However, it Safety of the joint should be checked by the same method as
cannot evaluate the above-mentioned conditions 1) to 5) that used to check the safety of segment, described in
(see Fig. II-18). In this method, water pressure shOuld be Section 5.3, "How to check the safety of section'. Because the
evaluated as the combination of vertical .uniform load and locations of joints are indefinite before the segments are
horizontally uniformly varying load. The horizontal subgrade assembled, the design calculation should be done for the
reaction should be simplified as a triangularly varying 10ad three most critical sections, also as described in Section 5.3.
(see Fig. II-7). If bolts are used for erection only and are removed after
erection, the joint should transmit a moment limited by the
5.2.2 Evaluation of joints normal force across the joint. Between rings, the force to be
If the segmental lining is jointed with or without bolts, transferred from one ring to another is governed by geomet-
its actual flexural rigidity at the joint is smaller than the ric interlock, and microcracks in the segment are propa-
flexural rigidity of the segment. (Structurally, the segmen- gated by the thrust force of the shield jacks. They influence
tal ring can be modeled as a multiple hinged ring or linin~ the longevity of the segmental lining. The quality control for
having a rigidity between a perfectly uniform rigid ring tensile strength of concrete of segment should be considered
and a multiple hinged ring.) If the segments are staggered, in order to prevent an increase in microcracks when the
the moment at the joint is smaller than the moment of the segments are produced.
adjacent segment. The actual effect of the joint should.be
evaluated in the design. 5.5 Check of Safety against Thrust Force of Shield Jacks
The safety of the lining aginst the thrust force of the
5.3 How to Check the Safety of Section shield jacks should be checked with the following equation,
According to the calculation result of member forces, the as a minimum:
safety of the most critical sections must be checked using fJFo < FJA
the limit state design method or the allowable stress design where
method. These are as follows:
1. Section with the maximum positive moment.
fk: characteristic compressive s t r e n g t h (nominal
strength) of concrete
2. Section with the maximum negative moment. F : safety factor of concrete
3. Section with the maximum axial force. F : total thrust force of shield jacks
The safety of the lining against the thrust force of the A: area of cross-section area of lining
shield jacks should be checked.
If more critical conditions are expected by the selection of
5.3.1 Limit state design method used jacks, such cases should be checked because the bend-
ing moment is caused by it.
The relationship between the design axial capacity and Microcracks in the segments are propagated by the
the design flexural capacity of the member cross-sections thrust force of shield jacks. They influence the longevity of
subjected to axial load and flexural moment is described by segmental lining. Quality control of the tensile strength of
a curve, as shown in Figure II-21. Therefore, as a rule, the concrete of segments should be considered to prevent an
safety for combined axial load and flexural moment is increase in microcracks when segments are produced.
examined by confirming that the point (Md, N d) is located
inside of the (Mu a, N ' j ) curve, that is, at the side of the origin,
. 6. Structural Details
as shown in Flgure~I-21. (Mud, N'ud) are calculated by Eq.
5.3.1 and Eq. 5.3.2, respectively. Concerning the stress- 6.1 Dimension and Shape of Segment
strain curve of concrete and steel, refer to Section 3.4, The fewer the number of pieces that compose one seg-
"Stress-Strain Curve". In Figure II-21 and Eqs. 5.3.1 and mental ring, the better the efficiency of manufacturing and
~) UltimateLim~tState II
E 'u=E 'cu, S 'x:=0, X-~
Section
V
Strain Stress
@) Ultimate LinnetState m
E: ' u = E : Icu , Ii<:0 , Xo<X<t
~ n Strain Stress
0 :J v
M~
Volume 15. Number 3. 2000 TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 319
E '(y) kf~
x
~y
N
M
l l l l l l l I
/ _o 0== h
,/ ,y
i
Figure H-22. State of stress and strain distribution.
assembling segments. However, in consideration of the rubber, solid rubber, special synthesis rubber, and/or wa-
transportation and handling of segments, the length of arc ter-expansive material. The water-expansive gasket is a
and the weight of one segment should be determined. compound of polymer that reacts with water and natural
rubber or urethane. If the tunnel is excavated in ground
6.2 Measures Against Leakage with high ground-water pressure, a two-line gasket should
be stuck onto the joints of the segments. In some cases,
If allowable leakage discharge is designed, a drainage
butyl rubber is not sufficiently resilient to provide an
system can be installed in the tunnel. If not, measures
adequate seal under significant external water pressure.
against leakage are necessary. Watertightness require-
In this case, it can be used as sealing strips in an initial
ments should be determined based on the ultimate use and
segmental lining, which is followed by an inner lining.
the functional requirements of the finished tunnel. An
In the caulking method, the groove that is made on the
initial lining that is followed by a cast-in-place inner lining
inside surface of the segment is filled with caulking materi-
(whether or not a waterproofing membrane is applied)
als. The main chemicals used in caulking are epoxy resin,
should be sufficiently tight to permit the placement of an
thiokol and urea resin. The caulking should be executed
inner lining without compromising its quality. Sealing
after rebolting of the segment, cleanup of the groove and
strips should then be applied as necessary. One-pass lining painting of primer.
segments below the groundwater table should be furnished
If leakage cannot be stopped by gasket sealing and the
with one or two gaskets to seal the tunnel. If only one gasket
caulking, urethane injection may be effective. In such a
is used, then provisions should be made to place caulking if
case,urethane is injected through holes made in the seg-
excessive leakage should occur (see Fig. II-23).
ment; the urethane then reacts with groundwater and
The sealing method is divided into gasket sealing and
expands to protect against water invasion.
paint sealing; the former method is usually adopted. In
If the quality of the selected waterproofing system is not
gasket sealing, the gasket is stuck onto the surface of the
proven through previous tests or construction records, the
joint of the segment. Materials used in the manufacture of
system should be tested in the laboratory under the ex-
gaskets are butyl non-sulfide rubber, deformation butyl
G~;sket
Segment
Ca,,11~ng
Direction of insert
/
A / A
Segmental ring
T
Direction of shield drive
I I
\ 0k/ e k I
s
\ ,I
V
\;
Type-I Type-2
A-ASection
Figure H-25. Joint of K-segment inserted in longitudinal direction.
Inspection of Forms
~ e i p t of~tenspec~o.on
of~~ . : ~ n ~ S ~ _ ~ ~ ~t tabling of Reinforcement-~,
i~n~oCOnofnCre:mbled
Re.Bla~Com!actio~team ~ ~ e m o w a l of Forn~
Inspection of temporarily
Assembled Segmental Ring
__~[TempormT Assemblin~ l
~--iShipment~
T
Inspection ofAppearance T T
Strength Tests
8.3 Computation of Member Forces 8.4. HOW to Check the Safety of the Section
If the secondary lining is constructed as a structural The safety of the section should be checked by using the
member, member forces of secondary lining should be com- limit state design method or the allowable stress design
puted by using loads that act on the lining airier the comple- method, which are the same methods as are used for
checking the segmental lining.
qwl q el
]
Pwl
P el
ql = q,l+ %1=157.68 kN/m 2
L a t e r a l p r e s s u r e at t u n n e l bottom:
E a r t h pressure: %2= ~.T'(2Do + D o - t / 2 )
@
= 39.95 kN/m 2
W Water pressure: %2=7w (Hw + D o - t/2)
= 162.88 kN/m 2
q 2=q e2+qw2=202.83 kN/m 2
D Pk ~
Reaction:
5 = (2p 1- q l - q 2)/{24 (EI+0.0454kRc4)}
qw~ q ~2 = 0.00016374 m
Pk = k5 =3.27 k N / m 2
Pw2
t
where
5 =Displacement of l i n i n g at
t u n n e l spring
Pe2 E = Modulus of elasticity of
P= s e g m e n t = 33000000 kN/m 2
I = M o m e n t of i n e r t i a of area of
Figure III-1. Load condition for design example 1. s e g m e n t = 0.00016276 m4/m
I.A
b=100 cm
I" D_12diaCD.lf~ A~,=9.04 cm 2 *1 ~r
35
'D
~ t 25
'D
IL
~ A,=9.04 cm 2
35
1000
"1
Figure III-2. Section of segment and arrangement of bars.
A,, A,,
/n s,/n
X=
11.19 m
Section A Section B
Figure III-3. Distribution of stress of critical sections of segmental lining.
Mrs= [{bx(d-x/3 )/2+nAs'(x-d')(d-d')/x}] Table III-2. Computation result of the check of the safety
x/{n(d-x)}Oca of Section A and Section B.
= 13.87 kNm/Ring
Mr= Min(Mrc, M ) = Mr~ =13.87 kNm/Ring Section A B
Segment
Centroid of segment
C e n t e r o f w o r k i n g force
of shield jack
I
Figure III-5. Segment and thrust force of shield jack.
Po V
H.
Pwl
qwl q el ~ pPel
Do ~i_~i~il BeddingZone
q.2 q e2
Critical Condition Node M (kNm) N (kN) 4.1 Model for Computation of Member
Forces
+Max 3 +205.83 1178.09 A 58-regular polygon having 60 nodes
Segment is used to compute the m e m b e r forces.
-Max 11 -169.05 1675.45 Node 16 is the middle point between
Node 15 a n d 17, and Node 46 is the
+Max 58 +20.10 1578.24 middle point between Node 45 and 47.
Nodes 6, 8, 17, 25, 33, 41, 50 and 58
Joint 3 (@0.6) +123.50 1178.09 are located at the joints of the segmen-
tal lining. The j o i n t is s i m u l a t e d as
-Max 5O -22.70 1448.58 rotation spring, a n d it is a s s u m e d t h a t
moment(M) is i n proportion to the angle
11 (@0.6) -101.43 1675.45 of rotation(e), as follows (see Fig. III-8).
Outside
Steel Bolt Box
r
-~0
Bolt
Inside
Joint
Outside o Inside O
~
C
A,,
n
X= I X=
24.85c~ id 33.75
V
a s/n
A, A,
d=35 cm, d'=5 cm
Inside Outside o c'
Section at; Node 3 Section at Node 11
n=Ratio of m o d u l i of elasticity b e t w e e n r e i n f o r c e m e n t a n d c o n c r e t e = I S
Figure III-l O. Distribution of stress of critical sections at Node 3 and Node 11.
Node 3 11
Node 58 50 11
d (cm) 34 34 25 25
d (cm) 1 1 7 7