Friction
Friction
where
is the force of friction exerted by
each surface on the other. It is parallel
to the surface, in a direction opposite to
the net applied force.
is the coefficient of friction, which is
an empirical property of the contacting
materials,
is the normal force exerted by each
surface on the other, directed
perpendicular (normal) to the surface.
Normal force
Free-body diagram for a block on a ramp. Arrows are
vectors indicating directions and magnitudes of
forces. N is the normal force, mg is the force of
gravity, and Ff is the force of friction.
Coefficient of friction
0.6- 0.45-0.75
Concrete Rubber 1.0 0.30 (wet)
0.85[23] (wet)[23]
0.42-
Steel Steel 0.74[23]-0.80[31] 0.16[31]
0.62[23]
Wood Metal 0.2–0.6[23][29] 0.2
(wet)[23][29]
0.2
Wood Wood 0.25–0.5[23][29]
(wet)[23][29]
Static friction
When the mass is not moving, the object experiences
static friction. The friction increases as the applied
force increases until the block moves. After the block
moves, it experiences kinetic friction, which is less
than the maximum static friction.
Kinetic friction
Angle of friction
For certain applications it is more useful to
define static friction in terms of the
maximum angle before which one of the
items will begin sliding. This is called the
angle of friction or friction angle. It is
defined as:
Fluid friction
Fluid friction occurs between fluid layers
that are moving relative to each other. This
internal resistance to flow is named
viscosity. In everyday terms, the viscosity
of a fluid is described as its "thickness".
Thus, water is "thin", having a lower
viscosity, while honey is "thick", having a
higher viscosity. The less viscous the fluid,
the greater its ease of deformation or
movement.
Lubricated friction
Lubricated friction is a case of fluid friction
where a fluid separates two solid surfaces.
Lubrication is a technique employed to
reduce wear of one or both surfaces in
close proximity moving relative to each
another by interposing a substance called
a lubricant between the surfaces.
Skin friction
Skin friction arises from the interaction
between the fluid and the skin of the body,
and is directly related to the area of the
surface of the body that is in contact with
the fluid. Skin friction follows the drag
equation and rises with the square of the
velocity.
Internal friction
Internal friction is the force resisting
motion between the elements making up a
solid material while it undergoes
deformation.
Braking friction
Triboelectric effect
Belt friction
Belt friction is a physical property
observed from the forces acting on a belt
wrapped around a pulley, when one end is
being pulled. The resulting tension, which
acts on both ends of the belt, can be
modeled by the belt friction equation.
Reducing friction
Devices
Lubricants
Energy of friction
According to the law of conservation of
energy, no energy is destroyed due to
friction, though it may be lost to the
system of concern. Energy is transformed
from other forms into thermal energy. A
sliding hockey puck comes to rest
because friction converts its kinetic energy
into heat which raises the thermal energy
of the puck and the ice surface. Since heat
quickly dissipates, many early
philosophers, including Aristotle, wrongly
concluded that moving objects lose energy
without a driving force.
where
Work of friction
In the reference frame of the interface
between two surfaces, static friction does
no work, because there is never
displacement between the surfaces. In the
same reference frame, kinetic friction is
always in the direction opposite the
motion, and does negative work.[64]
However, friction can do positive work in
certain frames of reference. One can see
this by placing a heavy box on a rug, then
pulling on the rug quickly. In this case, the
box slides backwards relative to the rug,
but moves forward relative to the frame of
reference in which the floor is stationary.
Thus, the kinetic friction between the box
and rug accelerates the box in the same
direction that the box moves, doing
positive work.[65]
Applications
Friction is an important factor in many
engineering disciplines.
Transportation
Measurement
See also
Contact dynamics
Contact mechanics
Factor of adhesion
Frictionless plane
Galling
Non-smooth mechanics
Normal contact stiffness
Stick-slip phenomenon
Transient friction loading
Triboelectric effect
Unilateral contact
Friction torque
References
1. Hanaor, D.; Gan, Y.; Einav, I. (2016).
"Static friction at fractal interfaces" (PDF).
Tribology International. 93: 229–238.
2. "friction" . Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
3. Beer, Ferdinand P.; Johnston, E. Russel,
Jr. (1996). Vector Mechanics for Engineers
(Sixth ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 397. ISBN 0-07-
297688-8.
4. Meriam, J. L.; Kraige, L. G. (2002).
Engineering Mechanics (fifth ed.). John
Wiley & Sons. p. 328. ISBN 0-471-60293-0.
5. Ruina, Andy; Pratap, Rudra (2002).
Introduction to Statics and Dynamics
(PDF). Oxford University Press. p. 713.
External links
"Friction". Encyclopædia Britannica. 11
(11th ed.). 1911.
Coefficients of Friction – tables of
coefficients, plus many links
Physclips: Mechanics with animations
and video clips from the University of
New South Wales
CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics
– Values for Coefficient of Friction
Characteristic Phenomena in Conveyor
Chain
Atomic-scale Friction Research and
Education Synergy Hub (AFRESH) an
Engineering Virtual Organization for the
atomic-scale friction community to
share, archive, link, and discuss data,
knowledge and tools related to atomic-
scale friction.
Coefficients of friction of various
material pairs in atmosphere and
vacuum .
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