Li Co CNT RAM
Li Co CNT RAM
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Abstract
Ni1−x Cox alloy nanoparticles (x = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75), with diameters in the range 8–18 nm were
uniformly attached on the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) by electroless
plating, and were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray
spectrometry, x-ray diffraction analysis, vibrating sample magnetometry and vector network
analysis. Magnetization measurement indicates that both coercivities and saturation
magnetizations decreased linearly with increasing Ni concentration in Ni–Co–P deposits. The
complex permittivities of MWNT–olefin matrix composites also decreased linearly with
increasing Ni concentration while the complex permeabilities increased slightly, which were
measured in the range 2–18 GHz. The microwave absorbing properties enhanced with
increasing Co concentration and a maximum reflection loss of −26.84 dB was obtained at a
frequency of 7.75 GHz when the matching thickness was 2.5 mm and x = 0.75.
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J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41 (2008) 125303 Y Li et al
Figure 5. Frequency dependence of the complex relative dielectric Figure 6. Frequency dependence of the complex relative magnetic
permittivity for the Ni1−x Cox P alloy nanoparticles attached on permeability for the Ni1−x Cox P alloy nanoparticles attached on
CNTs: (a) x = 0.25; (b) x = 0.50; (c) x = 0.75. CNTs: (a) x = 0.25; (b) x = 0.50; (c) x = 0.75.
coating possesses better magnetism than the Ni0.75 Co0.25 and originates from orientation polarization, atomic polarization
Ni0.50 Co0.50 coatings. Rivero et al [39] reported a linear and electronic polarization. Normally, the resonance that
increase in the magnetic moment with the increase in the cobalt originates from vacancy or pores usually dominates in the
content for electrodeposited Ni–Co–P amorphous ribbons and low frequency regions, provided that there exist space charges
Matsubara [40] also reported an increase in the saturation in the materials. High frequency resonances are attributed
magnetization of electroless Ni–Co–P deposits with increased to atomic and electronic polarizations [44]. The values of
cobalt content. the complex relative dielectric permittivity of metal or oxide
particles are usually constant in the microwave frequency
3.4. Microwave and absorption properties range or decrease with increasing frequency [42–46]. The
most probable mechanism of resonance in this frequency
Figure 5 illustrates the real and imaginary parts of the range is electronic or ionic polarization, because the high
complex relative dielectric permittivity versus frequency for dielectric constant and the dielectric loss of ferroelectric
the prepared powder–olefin composites. As shown in figure 5 materials in the microwave frequency region was explained
the powder–olefin composites exhibit a slightly decreased by domain wall polarization or dynamics of polar clusters,
real part εr of the complex relative dielectric permittivity and electronic displacement (optical polarization) and ionic
except for a little variation that was observed at around displacement (infrared polarization) have contribution to the
14 GHz. The average values of the real part εr of the dielectric constant that is too small: εr ≈ 10 in most ionic
complex relative dielectric permittivity of Ni1−x Cox alloy crystals [47]. The imaginary part εr of the complex relative
nanoparticles attached on CNTs are increased regularly when dielectric permittivity in figure 5 is almost constant between
the x values increased from 0.25 to 0.75. The reason for the 3 and 13 GHz, but increases slightly for frequencies below 3
difference in the complex relative dielectric permittivity of and above 13 GHz. The dielectric loss in the samples can be
the three samples may be the different composition contents described as being due to the contributions from both the dc
of the plated Ni–Co–P layers. The electrical resistivities at conductivity and the ac conductivity or ion jump and dipole
25 ◦ C of Ni and Co are as follows: Ni—6.84 × 10−8 m; relaxation based on the expression [3, 4]
Co—6.64 × 10−8 m; thus, the electrical conductivity of
cobalt is better than nickel, and their electrical conductivities εr = [σdc /(ωε0 ) + εac
], (5)
are all higher than phosphorus, which is nonconductive. It
can be seen from the EDX analysis that the concentration of where σdc is the dc conductivity, ω is the angular frequency,
metals in Ni1−x Cox alloy nanoparticles increases along with ε0 is the permittivity of free space and εac is the ac loss
the increased x values. Therefore, the increased average values contribution at high frequencies. The expression shows that
of the real part εr of the complex relative dielectric permittivity dc conduction loss is inversely proportional to the frequency,
of Ni1−x Cox alloy nanoparticles could be attributed to better hence, the reason for the increase in εr for the materials with
metallic behaviour of cobalt and nickel atoms than the a decrease in frequency in the low-frequency regime. Similar
phosphorus atom. However, the real part values of the complex behaviour has also been observed for LiZn ferrites [4].
relative dielectric permittivity are comparatively smaller than The frequency dependence of the complex relative
those observed for the metal powder or fibre composites magnetic permeability for Ni1−x Cox alloy nanoparticles is
as reported in the literature [41–43]. The lower real part shown in figure 6. One feature of the data is that the values of
value of complex relative dielectric permittivity is of great the real part µ of the complex relative magnetic permeability
advantage for striking a balance between permeability and for the three samples are close to each other and all decrease
permittivity, thus decreasing the reflection coefficient of the slightly with increasing frequency except for a little variation
absorber compared with other metal magnetic materials for around the frequency of 14 GHz. The three samples show
microwave absorbing application. Generally the permittivity an almost constant imaginary part µ of the complex relative
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