SYNOPSIS

AND

SHORTCUTS

FOR JEE
156 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)

TIPS, TRICKS & SHORTCUT METHODS

MATHS

Algebra
Important Point to Remember :
1. The vector iz is obtained by rotating the vector z through one right angle
without changing its length.
§z -z · z -z
2. If z1, z2, z3 are collinear, then arg ¨ 3 1 ¸ = 0 , i.e. 3 1 is purely real.
z - z
© 2 1¹ z 2 - z1

3. a + ib + a - ib = 2a + 2 a 2 + b 2

e.g. 5 +12i + 5 -12i = 10 + 2(13) = 6

4. a + ib - a - ib = i 2 a 2 + b 2 - 2a

e.g 5 +12i - 5 -12i = i [ 26 -10] = 4i

Shortcut method :
In an objective examination, if square root of a complex number is asked
in the question, its easier and faster to square the options rather than
finding the square root.
e.g. square roots of 5 – 12i are
(A) 3 – 2i, -3 + 2i (B) 3 – 2i, 3 + 2i (C) r (3+ 2i ) (D) None of these
Now, it is obvious that square roots will be of the form r (a + ib ) .
?We have to check only two of the given option, (A) and (C)
(A) Ÿ r(3 - 2i )
On squaring, we get
9 - 4 - 12i = 5 – 12i
? (A) is correct,

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n n
§ -1+ i 3 · § -1- i 3 ·
1. ¨¨ ¸¸ + ¨¨ ¸¸ = 2
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹

i.e. Zn + Z2n = 2 if n is a + ve integer which is a multiple of 3.

n 2
§ -1+ i 3 · § -1- i 3 ·
2. ¨¨ ¸¸ + ¨¨ ¸¸ = -1
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹

i.e. Zn + Z2n = -1 if n is a + ve integer other than multiple of 3.

1
3. The area of the triangle whose vertices are z, iz and z + iz is | z |2 .
2
e.g., Let z = 1 + i, then iz = -1 + i and z + iz = 2i .
1
? Area of the triangle whose vertices are 1 + i, -1 + i and 2i is | 2|2 = 1 .
2
4. If z1, z2, z3 be the vertices of a triangle then the area of the triangle is
(z 2 - z 3 )| z1 |2
¦ 4iz1
.

5. If z1, z2, z3 be the vertices of an equilateral triangle and z0 be the

circumcentre, then z12 + z 22 + z 32 = 3z 02 .
6. If z1, z2, z3 be the vertices of a triangle, then the triangle is equilateral iff
(z1 - z2)2 + (z2 - z3)2 + (z3 - z1)2 = 0
1 1 1
or z12 + z 22 + z 32 = z1z 2 + z 2 z 3 + z 3 z1 or + + =0
z1 - z 2 z 2 - z 3 z 3 - z1

7. i. | z |=| z |

ii. z =z Ÿ ‘z’ is purely real.

iii. z = -z Ÿ ‘z’ is purely imaginary.

z +z
iv. Re (z ) =
2
z -z
v. Im(z ) =
2i

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158 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
vi. -| z | d Re(z ) d| z | and -| z | d Im(z ) d| z |

vii. z1 + z 2 + ........... + z n d z1 + z 2 + ..........+ z n

2r S
i
8. nth roots of unity are e n
where r = 0, 1, 2, …., (n - 1) and these roots
will form a regular polygon of ‘n’ sides.
2r S
i
By this we can see cube roots of unity e 3 , r = 0, 1, 2 these roots will
form an equilateral triangle.
9. The nth roots of unity form a G.P and their sum is equal to zero.
10. If 1, D1, D2 ,......Dn -1 are nth roots of unity then
i) 1+ D1 + D2 + ......+ Dn -1 = 0

ii) 1+ D1p + D 2p + ...... + Dnp-1 = 0 or n for p being a multiple of ‘n’ or not,

respectively.
iii) | D1 |=| D 2 |= ...... =| Dn -1 |= 1
Similarly, for cube roots of unity.

i) 1+ Z + Z2 = 0

ii) 1+ Zn + Z2n = 0 if n is multiple of 3 and 3 if n is not a multiple of 3.

iii) _ Z _ = _ Z _ =| Z2 |= 1
11. If Az1 + Bz2 + Cz3 = 0 and ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ are such that r A r B r C = 0 ,
then z1, z2, z3 will be collinear.
12. i) | z - z 0 | = r represents is equation of a circle with z0 as its centre and r
as radius.
ii) zz + az + az + b = 0 also represents a circle.
Centre = - coeffi. of z = -a

radii = |a |2 - b

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z1 z1 1
1
13. Area of the triangle with vertices z1, z2, z3 = z 2 z2 1
2
z3 z3 1

Some Examples :
Example
3 +i
If z = , then the fundamental amplitude of ‘z’ is
3 -i
S S S
(A) - (B) (C) (D) None of these
3 3 6
Solution : (B)
We have to find the amplitude so just think about the amplitude only.
iS
iS
e6 S
z= iS
= e 3 . So argument is
- 3
e 6
Example
Find the value of (1 + i)3 + (1 - i)6.
Solution :
iS
' 1+i= 2e 4
-i S
1-i= 2e 4
3S 3S
i -i
So, (1 + i)3 + (1 - i)6 = 2 2 e 4 + 23 e 2

§ -1+ i ·
= 2 2¨ ¸ + 8i
© 2 ¹
= -2 + 2i + 8i = -2 + 10i
1. General equation of line in complex form
i) az + az + b = 0 where ‘a’ is complex number ‘b’ is real number.

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160 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)

Coeff.of z a
ii) Slope of line = - =- (Complex slope)
Coeff.of z a

z - z0
2. If =k
z - z1

i) If k = 1, then the locus of ‘z’ will be a straight line. Which is

perpendicular bisector of line joining z0 to z1.
ii) If k z 1 , then the locus of ‘z’ will be a circle.
3. Short cut methods for writing recurring decimals in rational form :
. . . .
648 - 6 107 213 - 2 211 1201
i) 648 = = ii) 1 ˜ 213 = 1+ = 1+ =
990 165 990 990 990
Method :
i) The numerator of the fraction is obtained by subtracting the non-
recurring figure from the given fig.
ii) The denominator consists of as many 9’s as there are recurring figure
and as many zero as there are non-recurring figures.
Wavy Curve Method :
Wavy Curve Method is the fastest and easiest method to find the values of x for
Which the value of the given algebraic expression is positive or negative.

Let F(x )= (x - a1 )k1 (x - a2 )k2 (x - a 3 )k3 ....(x - an -1 )kn -1 (x - an )kn

Where k1, k2, k3,……kn  N and a1, a2, a3,…..an are fixed natural numbers
Satisfying the condition a1  a 2  a3  ......  an -1  an .
First we mark the numbers a1, a3,….an on the real axis and put the plus sign
in the interval of the right of the largest of these numbers, i.e., on the right side
of an . If kn is even we put plus sign on the left of an and if kn is odd then we put
minus sign on the left of an .
In the next interval we put a sign according to the following rule :
When passing through the point an-1 the polynomial F(x) changes sign if kn-1 is
an odd number and the polynomial f (x) has same sign if kn-1 is an even

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161 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
number. Then we consider the next interval and put a sign in it using the same
rule. Thus we consider all the intervals. The solution of F(x ) ! 0 is the union of
all intervals in which we have put the plus sign and the solution of F(x )  0 is
the union of all intervals in which we have put the minus sign.

(x + 3)(3x - 2)3 (-x + 7)5 (5x + 8)2

e.g., Find the real values of x for which f (x) = t0 .
(x -1)2 (x - 2)7 (x + 5)4
To solve this type of in equations, first make the coefficients of x positive
and write the given in equation as

(x + 3)(3x - 2)3 (x - 7)5 (5 x + 8)2

d0
(x -1)2 (x - 2)7 (x + 5)4

8 2
Now the critical points are -5, -3, - , , 1, 2, 7.
5 3

ª 2º
Hence, f (x ) ! 0 for x  «-3, » ‰ (2,7]. (x = 2 is not included because it is in
¬ 3¼
the denominator)
1. For all real values of ‘x’, the sign of a quadratic expression ax2 + bx + c is
same as that of ‘a’ except when the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
are real and ‘x’ lies between them.

4ac - b 2
2. If a ! 0 , then minimum of ax2 + bx + c is .
4a

4(1)(10) - (-2)2
e.g. Minimum of x2 - 2x + 10 =
4(1)

40 - 4
= =9
4

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4ac - b 2
3. If a  0 , then Maximum of ax2 + bx + c = .
4a

4(-5)(-1)- (4)2
e.g. Minimum of 4x - 5x2 - 1 =
4(-5)

20 -16 1
= =-
-20 5
4. If D1 and D2 are two discriminant of two quadratic equations and If
i) D1 +D2 ! 0 then at least D1 or D2 will be +ve so at least two roots are
real.
ii) D1 +D2  0 then at least D1 or D2 will be -ve so at least two roots are
imaginary.
Example
The polynomial (ax2 + bx + c) (ax2 - dx - c) = 0 ac z 0 has
i) Four real roots ii) at least two real roots
iii) atmost two real roots iv) no real roots
Solution :
D1 = b2 - 4ac
D2 = d2 + 4ac
D1 + D2 = b2 + d2 ! 0 means at least two roots will be real.
1. If a, b, c,  Q and D is perfect square of a rational number, then the roots
are rational and in case it is not a perfect square then the roots are
irrational.
2. If a = 1 and b, c  I and the root of equation are rational numbers, then
these roots must be integers.
3. If equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has more than two roots then equation
becomes an identity. So, a = b = c
Example
If the roots of the equation a(b - c)x2 + b(c - a)x + c(a - b) = 0 be equal
then prove that ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’ are in H.P.

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163 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
Solution :
' a(b - c) + b(c - a) + c(a - b) = 0
So 1 is root of the equation.
? both roots are equal.
b(a - c ) 2ac
So, 1 = Ÿb=
2a (b - c ) a +c
Example
If ' D ',' E ' are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 then the value of
(a D + b )-2 + (a E + b )-2 is equal to

b 2 - 2ac c 2 - 2ab a 2 - 2bc

(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
c2 a 2b 2 b 2c 2
Solution :
Let D = 1, E = 2 so equation will be
x2 - 3x + 2 = 0
So a = 1, b = - 3, c = 2
1 5
So value of (1 - 3)-2 + (2 - 3)-2 = 1+ =
4 4
So we can see that (a) option is correct.
Example
If the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ! 0) has two roots ' D ' and 'E ' such that
D  -2 and E ! 2 then

(A) b 2 - 4ac ! 0 (B) 4a + 2|b |+ c  0 (C) a +|b |+ c  0 (D) c  0

Solution :
Let D = -3, E = 3
So equation will be x2 - 9 = 0
a = 1, b = 0, c = -9
We can see that all the options are correct.

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164 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
4. If a1, a2, a3,…..an are positive, then least value of (a1 + a2 +…..+ an).
§ 1 1 1 · 2
¨ + + .... + ¸ =n .
© a1 a 2 an ¹

§ 1 1 1·
e.g. Least value of (a + b + c) ¨ + + ¸ = 32 = 9
©a b c ¹
Important Points to Remember :
1. If the nth term of series is linear then series will be in A.P. and the
coefficient of variable will be the common difference.
Ex. Tn = an + b
Common difference will be ‘a’.
2. If the sum of series of ‘n’ terms is quadratic then series will be in A.P.
(otherwise not in A.P.) and twice coefficient of ‘n2’ is common difference.
Ex. Sn = An2 + Bn + c
So common difference is ‘2A’
3. Tn = Sn - Sn-1

4. (i) If ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, are in A.P. in any objective, we can assume 1, 2, 3 as ‘a’,
‘b’, ‘c’.
Example :
If ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘e’, ‘f’ are in A.P. then (e - c) is equal to
(A) 2(c - a) (B) 2(d - c) (C) 2(f – d) (D) (d - c)
Solution :
Let ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘e’, ‘f’ as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
then e - c = 5 - 3 = 2
(i) option 2(c - a) = 2(3 - 1) = 4 which is wrong
(ii) option 2(d - c) = 2(4 - 3) = 2 right
(iii) option 2(f – d) = 2 (6 - 4) = 4 wrong
(iv) option d - c = 4 - 3 = 1 wrong
(ii) If we have to take three numbers in G.P., then we can take 1, 2, 4 or 1, 3, 9.

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165 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
(iii) If we have to take three numbers in H.P., then we can take 2, 3, 6 and for
four numbers 3, 4, 6, 12.
3n +1
5. If the ratio of sum of two A.P. series is given upto ‘n’ terms = and
2n -1
if we have to find the ratio of mth term of the both the series then it will
3(2m -1) +1
be (put n = 2m - 1 on both the side.)
2(2m -1) -1
Example :
3n +8
The ratio between the sum of ‘n’ terms of two A.P. s is . Find the
7n +15
ratio between their 12th terms.
Solution :
Put n = 2.12 -1 = 23.
3.23 +8 7
=
7.23 +15 16
6. If A, A2 be two A.M.’ s G1, G2 be two G.M.’ s and H1, H2 be two H.M.’s
between two numbers ‘a’ and ‘b’ then
G1G2 A + A2
= 1
H1H2 H1 +H2

7. If ‘A’, ‘G’, ‘H’ be A.M., G.M., H.M. between ‘a’ and ‘b’ then
­ A when n = 0
a n +1 + bn +1 °
= ®G when n = -1/2
a n + bn ° H when n =
¯ -1

8. If ‘A’ and ‘G’ be the A.M and G.M. respectively between two given

numbers, then the numbers are A - A 2 - G2 and A + A 2 - G2

Example :
If A.M. of two numbers is 5 and G.M. is 3 of same numbers so numbers

are 5 - 52 - 32 = 1 the two numbers are 1, 9.

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5 + 52 - 32 = 9
Important Properties of Greatest Integer Function, f (x) = [x] .
(i) x = [x] + {x}, where {x} denotes the fractional part of x.
ª 1º ª 2º ª n -1º
(ii) [x ] + « x + » + « x + » + .....+ « x + = nx
¬ n¼ ¬ n¼ ¬ n »¼

ª1º ª1 1 º ª1 2 º ª1 3 º ª 1 199 º
e.g. « » + « + » + « n + 200 » + « n + 200 » + ..... + « n + 200 »
¬ ¼ ¬
n n 200 ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼

ª 1º
= « 200 u » = [50] = 50
¬ 4¼
(iii) [x + n]= n + [x], n  I
ª [x ] º ª x º
(iv) «¬ n »¼ = «¬ n »¼ = n  N

(v) [-x] = - [x], x  I

(vi) [-x] = - [x] - 1, x  I
(vii) [x + y] t [x] + [y]
1. 1 + 3 + 5 + … upto n terms = n2
n (n +1)(n + 2)
2. 2 + 6 + 12 + 20 + …upto n terms =
3
3. Greatest term in the expansion (x + a)n
n
n § nx·
(x + a ) Ÿ a ¨ 1+ ¸
© a¹
x
(1+ n )
a
Find r =
x
1+
a
(i) If ‘r’ is integer then there will be two greatest term Tr and Tr+1 and
both are equal.
(ii) If ‘r’ is not integer then there will only one greatest term T[r]+1
where [.] Greatest Integer Function.

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167 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
4. If ‘n’ is a positive integer and a1, a2,….. am  R then the coefficient of
(a1n1 . a2n2 .a 3n3 ..... am nm ) in the expansion (a1 + a2 + …..am)n is
n!
n1 !n 2 !n 3 !......nm !
Example :
Find the coefficient of a4b3c2d in the expansion of (a - b + c - d)10
Solution :
10!
(-1)4
4!3!2!1!
5. The greatest coefficient in the expansion (a1 + a2 + …..am)n is
n!
m -r
where ‘q’ is the quotient. ‘r’ is the remainder when ‘n’ is
(q !) !((q +1)!)r
divided by ‘m’.
Example :
Find the greatest coefficient in the expansion of (a + b + c + d)15
Solution :
4 15 (3
12
3
Here, q = 3 m = 4 r = 3
15!
=
(3!)1(4!)3
Example :
(x + y + z)20 find coefficient x2y9z8.
Solution :
Coefficient of x2y9z8 is 0 because sum of power of ‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’ must be 20.
6. Greatest binomial coefficient
n
i. if ‘n’ is even then Cn
2

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168 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
n
ii. if ‘n’ is odd then Cn -1 ,n Cn +1 will be greatest binomial.
2 2

7. The number of terms in the expansion of (x1 + x2 + ….xr)n = n+r-1Cr-1

e.g. Total no. of terms in (2x - y + 4z)12 = 12+3-1C

3-1 = 14C
2 = 91
8. If A, B, C are square matrices of the same order such that ith column (or
row) of A is the sum of ith column (or row) of B and C and all other
columns (or rows) of A, B and C are identical, then det A = det B + det C.
9. If the same multiple of the elements of any row (or column), of a
determinant are added to the corresponding elements of any other row
(or column), then the value of the new determinant remains unchanged.
10. If the non-singular matrix A is symmetric, then A -1 is also symmetric.
1
11. If A is non-singular matrix, then |A -1 |=|A|-1 =
|A|
1
i.e., |A -1 |=
|A|
12. n ! + 1 is not divisible by any natural number between 2 and n.
13. If n distinct points are given on the circumference of a circle, then
i) Number of straight lines = nC2
ii) Number of triangles = nC3
iii) Number of quadrilateral = nC4 and so on.

1. Shortcut Method :
Solving by substitutions
Most of the objective problems relating to determinants or progressions
can be solved by substituting numerical values of variables in the
problem as well as in options and then comparing them.

x 2 + 3x + 2 7 + 3x 4
e.g. If 3x + 7 x2 + x + 2 2x = Ax6 + Bx5 + Cx4 + Dx3 + Ex2 + Fx +
4 2x 2x + 3

G, the value of A + B + C + D + E + F + G is
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169 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
(A) – 308 (B) – 114 (C) 308 (D) 0
Put x = 1 on both side.
6 10 4
Then A + B + C + D + E + F + G = 10 4 2 = - 308
4 2 5

1 3 7 15
e.g. The sum of the first n terms of the series + + + + ……is
2 4 8 16
(A) 2n - n - 1 (B) 1 - 2-n (C) n + 2-n - 1 (D) 2n - 1

Put n = 1 in the given options.

Options (A) and (D) get eliminated.
1 3 5
Now, for n = 2, sum should be + = .
2 4 4
Only option (C) gives the correct answer.
Hence (C) is correct.
2. If while solving an equation we have to square it, then the roots found
after squaring must be checked whether they satisfy the original
equation or not.

e.g. The number of real solutions of the equation x + x - 1- x = 1 is

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) None of these

x - 1- x = 1- x

Ÿ x - 1- x = 1+ x - 2 x (on squaring)

Ÿ 2 x -1 = 1- x

Ÿ 4 x +1- 4 x = 1- x (Again squaring)

Ÿ 5x = 4 x

Ÿ 5 x 2 -16x = 0
Ÿ x (25x -16)= 0

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16
Ÿ x = 0,
25
But x = 0 doesn’t satisfy the original equation.
? Only one real solution
Hence (B) option is correct.

Trigonometry
Important Points to Remember :
1. sin T1 + sin T2 + .....+ sin Tn = n
Ÿ sin T1 = sin T2 = ..... = sin Tn = 1

2. cos T1 + cos T2 + ..... + cos Tn =n

Ÿ cos T1 = cos T2 = ..... = cos Tn = 1
e.g., sin T + cosec T = 2 Ÿ sin T = 1
cos T + sec T = 2 Ÿ cos T = 1
3. If cos D +cos E + cos J = 0 =sin D +sin E + sin J, then
i) cos 3 D +cos 3 E + cos 3 J = 3cos(D + E + J )
ii) sin3 D +sin 3 E + sin3 J = 3sin(D + E + J )
iii) cos 2 D +cos 2 E + cos 2 J = 0
iv) sin 2 D +sin 2 E + sin 2 J = 0

1. Shortcut Method :
If two equations are given and we have to find the values of variable T
which may satisfy both the given equations, then find the common
values of T between 0 and 2S
S and then add 2n S to this common value.
e.g., Find the values of T such that the equations

2 sin2 T = 3 cos T and tan2 T + (1- 3)tan T - 3 = 0 hold

simultaneously.

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1st equation, 2 (1- cos2 T) = 3cos T

Ÿ  cos 2 T + 3cos T - 2 = 0
Ÿ (cos T + 2)(2cos T -1) = 0
Ÿ cos T = 1/2 (' cos T z -2)
S 5S
ŸT= , S)
(Only between 0 and 2S
3 3
Now solve the second equation,

tan2 T + tan T - 3 tan T - 3 = 0

Ÿ  tan T - 3   tan T +1 = 0

Ÿ tan T = -1, 3
3S 7 S S 4S
T= , , ,
4 4 3 3
Only common solution is (S /3)

§ S·
? General value of T is ¨ 2 n S + ¸
© 3 ¹
2. Never cancel a common factor, containing 'T ' from the two sides of an
equation.
e.g. Consider tan T = 2 sin T
This example can be solved by two methods
sin T 1 1 S
i) tan T = 2 sin T Ÿ = Ÿ cos T = Ÿ T = 2n S r
tan T 2 2 4
But this is not the complete solution because we miss the case when
sin T = 0 , so correct method is
sin T
ii) = 2 sin T
cos T
Ÿ sin T = 2 sin T cos T

Ÿ sin T(1- 2 cos T) = 0

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1
Ÿ sin T = 0,cos T
2
S
? T = k S,2 n S r
4

3. f (T) is always positive, e.g. cos 2 T =|cos T |and not (r cos T) .

S
4. If tan-1x + tan-1y + tan-1z = ,then xy + yz + zx = 1.
2
5. If tan-1x + tan-1y + tan-1z = S , then x + y + z = x y z .
S
6. If sin-1x + sin-1y + sin-1z = , then x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1.
2
7. S , then x = y = z = -1 .
If cos-1x + cos-1y + cos-1z = 3S
8. If cos-1x + cos-1y + cos-1z = S , then x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1.
3S
9. If sin-1x + sin-1y + sin-1z = , then x = y = z = 1.
2
10. The length of the medians AD, BE, CF of ' ABC are given by AD
1
= 2b 2 + 2c 2 - a 2 .
2
11. Each interior angle of a regular polygon of n sides
2n - 4 §n-2·
= right angles = ¨ ¸ S radians.
n © n ¹
1 2 §S·
12. Area of the regular polygon of n sides of length a = Sa cot ¨ ¸ .
4 ©n ¹
Aid to Memory :
1. To remember which trigonometrical ratio remains positive in which
quadrant, remember this simple sentence.
(All Silver Tea Cups.)
This sentence has four words the first letter of each of them shows which
quantity is positive in the respective quadrant.
So A means “All ratios are positive” in first quadrant,
S means “sine and hence cosec is positive” in second quadrant.
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173 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
T means “tan and hence cot is positive” in third quadrant.
and C means “cos and hence sec is positive” in fourth quadrant.
2. Shortcut Method to remember Reduction Formulae :

Take an example of finding sin (270o - T)

Step 1
Take the x-axis as no change axis and y-axis as change axis. Along
change axis following changes take place.
sin l cos
tan l cot
cos ec l sec

Step 2

sin(2700 - T) = ( ) ( )
 

old function sign of soln. new function

The solution comprises of two parts sign and new function.

As 2700 lies on the y-axis (change axis), sin l cos transformation will
take place.

Since 2700 - T is lying in third quadrant and sine ratio is negative in that
quadrant, sign of solution will be negative.
? The final answer is

Similarly if we want to find sec (S + T) , follow the above steps.

As S lies on the x-axis (no change axis), no transformation will take place.
Since S + T is lying in the third quadrant and sec T is negative in the third
quadrant.
sec(S + T) = -sec T
Similarly you try to complete this table on your own.

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174 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
3. Final Table :
T S S S-T S+T 3S 3S 2S - T -T
-T +T -T +T
2 2 2 2
sin cos T cos T sin T - sin T - cos T - cos T - sin T - sin T
cos sin T - sin T - cos T - cos T - sin T sin T cos T cos T
tan cot T - cot T - tan T tan T cot T - cot T - tan T - tan T
cot tan T - tan T - cot T cot T tan T - tan T - cot T - cot T
Example
For all real values of T.cot T - 2cot 2T is equal to
T
(A) tan 2T (B) tan T T
(C) –cot 3T (D) None of these
Solution
S
Put T = So cot T - 2cot 2T = 1
4
We can see that option (B) is correct.
Example
If cos 200 - sin 200 = P, then cos 400 is equal to

(A) -P 2 - P 2 (B) P 2 - P 2 (C) P + 2 - P 2 (D) None of these

Solution
Here we can assume cos T -sin T =P and find cos2 T
Put T =900, so cos 180 = -1 and p = cos 900 - sin900 = -1
putting P = -1, (B) option is correct.
or put T = 0 , so cos 0 = 1
putting P = 1, (B) option is correct.
Example
If m = tan T + sinT , n = tan T - sinT then
(A) m2 - n2 = 1 (B) mn = 4 (C) m2 - n2 = 4 mn (D) m2 - n2 = 4
Solution
Put T =0. So m = 0, n = 0.

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175 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
Here m2 - n2 = 0. So option (C) is correct.
i) Keep dimension formulae in mind because by dimension formula some
times in objective questions, we can find the answer.
Example
r.r1.r2.r3 =

(A) ' (B) ' 2 (C) s (D) s2

Solution
We can see that Dimension formula of Q is M 4 and this dimension is only
possible in (B) option.
NOTE :
Please keep in mind some important data of following triangles.
1. Equilateral triangle

' a
Here, r = =
s 2 3

3 2 3a
'= a ;s=
4 2
a
R=
3

3
r1 = r2 = r3 = a
2

2.

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176 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
Here ' = 6
s=6
r=1
R = 5/2
r1 = 2
r2 = 3
r3 = 6

3.

For any right-angled triangle, sides can be considered as 1,2, 3 .

NOTE:
In those questions in which sides and angles both are involved we should
use the triangle whose sides and angles we know. For example,
equilateral triangle.
Example
If O be the area of triangle the value of the expression
a 2 + sin2B + b2 sin 2A =
(A) O O (C) 3O
(B) 2O O O
(D) 4O
Solution:
Here we can assume triangle is equilateral
3 2
' a =O
4

So, value of expression 2a 2 sin120 = 3a 2

O.
So, this value = 4O
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177 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
Example
If K be the perimeter of the triangle ABC then value of
C B
b cos 2 + c cos 2 =
2 2
(A) K (B)2K (C) K 2 (D) None of these
Solution:
Assume triangle is equilateral.
K = 3b
B
So value of expression = 2b cos 2 = 2b cos 2 30
2
3b K
= So .
2 2
Example

b2 - c 2
In a 'ABC , =
2aR
(A) sin B - C (B) cos B - C (C) cos B - cos C (D) None of these

Solution:
Suppose we are assuming ' is equilateral so (A) & (C) might be true but
(B) is definitely wrong.
See another triangle
a = 1,b = 2,c = 3

‘A = 30o , ‘B = 90o , ‘C = 60o.

b2 - c 2 1
= . Put the angle. So, (C) is also wrong.
2aR 2
So only first option is right.

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178 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)

Example
r1r2 + r2r3 + r3r1
(A) S2 (B) 2S2 (C) 3S2 (D) 4S2
Solution:
' All the options are Dimensionally correct.
So, user r1 = 2,r2 = 3,r3 = 6 . We will get 36
' S=6
So, (A) option is right.

Example
§ 1 1 ·§ 1 1 ·§ 1 1 ·
The value of ¨ + ¸ ¨ + ¸ ¨ + ¸ =
© r1 r2 ¹ © r2 r3 ¹ © r3 r1 ¹

64R 3 R3 R3 64R 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
abc abc 4abc a 2b 2c 2

Hence we can see the dimension of Q is M-3 . So (A), (B), (C) options are
Wrong. (D) option is bound to be true.
We can check by r1 = 2,r2 = 3,r3 = 6.
5
R=
2
¾ If side of a triangle are in A. P. then ex radii will be in H.P. and
vice- versa.
cos A cos B cos C
¾ If = = , then 'ABC will be an equilateral triangle.
a b c

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179 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
¾ In a 'ABC if sinA,sinB, sinC are in A.P., then altitudes will be in
H.P. and vice-versa.

Two Dimensional Analytical Geometry

Important Points to Remember:
1. If x1, y1 , x 2 , y2 are the ends of the hypotenuse of a right angled
isosceles triangle, then the third vertex is given by
§ x1 + x 2 r y1 - y2 y1 + y2 B x1 - x 2 ·
¨¨ 2
,
2 ¸¸
© ¹
e.g. Let A 3,0 ,B 0,3 be the ends of the hypotenuse of a right angled
isosceles triangle.
? third vertex is,
3+0 r 0-3 0+3 B 3-0
,
2 2
i.e., (0, 0) or (3, 3).
2. If three vertices of a parallelogram ABCD are known, then the fourth
vertex can be calculated by using the given formula
x D = x A - x B + x C , yD = y A - y B + y C
e.g. If (1, 6) (2, 5) (5,1) are three vertices of a parallelogram , then fourth
vertex is 1- 2 + 5,6 - 5 +1

i.e., (4,2).
3. Area of the triangle made by the line ax + by + c = 0 with the co-ordinate

c2
axes is .
2 ab
e.g. Area of the triangle formed by 4x + y +1 = 0 with the co-ordinate axes
1 1
is = sq. units.
2 4 1 8

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180 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)

4. The foot of the perpendiculars (h, k) from x1, y1 to the line

h - x1 k - y1 - ax1 + by1 + c
ax + by + c = 0 is given by = = .
a b a2 + b2
5. The image or (reflection) of the point x1, y1 in the line ax + by + c = 0

h - x1 k - y1 -2 ax1 + by1 + c
is (h, k) where = =
a b a2 + b2
e.g. The foot of the perpendicular (h, k) from the origin on
h - 0 k - 0 - 0 + 0 + 50
3x + 4y + 50 = 0 is given by = = = -2
3 4 9 +16
? h = -6,k = -8 , required foot of the perpendicular is -6,-8 .

The image or (reflection) of the origin on 3x + 4y + 50 = 0 is given by

h = -12,k = -16

Table to remember the number of common tangents between two given

circles.
1. Let C1 C2 be the distance between the centers of two circles and r1, r2
denote their radii.
Number of
Condition common Figures
tangents

C1C2 ! r1 + r2 4

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181 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)

C1C2 = r1 + r2 3

r1 - r2  C1C2  r1 + r2 2

C1C2 = r1 - r2 1

C1C2  r1 - r2 0

2. The pair of tangents from (0,0) to the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 are

at right angles if g 2 + f 2 = 2c

e.g. The pair of tangents from (0,0)to the circle x 2 + y 2 + 4x + 8y +10 = 0

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182 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
at right angles
2 2
' g2 + f 2 = 2 + 4 = 4 +16 = 20 = 2c .

3. If x1, y1 is one end of a diameter of the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 ,

Then the other end is -2g - x1,-2f - y1 .

4. If x1, x 2 are the roots of x 2 + ax + b = 0 and y1, y2 are the roots of

y 2 + cy + d = 0 , then the circle having the line joining x1, y1 , x 2 , y2

As diameter is x 2 + ax + b + y 2 + cy + d = 0 .

5. The area of the triangle formed by the tangent at x1, y1 on the circle
a4
x 2 + y 2 = a 2 with the co-ordinate axis is .
2 x1y1

6. If y1, y2 y3 are the ordinates of the vertices of a triangle inscribed in the

1
parabola y 2 = 4ax , then its area is y1 - y2 y2 - y3 y3 - y1 .
8a

7. A general second degree equation ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0

represents

i) A pair of st. lines if ' = abc + 2fgh - af 2 - bg 2 - ch2 = 0

ii) A circle if ' z 0 ., a = b and h2 = 0

iii) A parabola if ' z 0 and h2 = ab .

iv) An ellipse if ' z 0 and h2 < ab

v) A hyperbola if ' z 0 and h2 > ab

vi) A rectangular hyperbola if ' z 0 , h2 > ab and a + b = 0

x2 y2
8. The angle between the asymptotes of the hyperbola S = 0 i.e. - =1
a 2 b2
b
is 2tan-1 or 2sec -1 e .
a

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183 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
9. For a general second degree equation of form
ax 2 + by 2 + 2hxy + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 to represent a pair of straight line, the
a h g
determinant h b f must be equal to zero.
g f c

Aid to memory:
1. To remember the above determinant, remember the line.
All Happy Guys Having Bright Future Go For Coffee.
The first letter of each word shows the coefficients place in the
determinant starting from top left and ending at bottom right corner.
Reflection of points
Reflection of coordinate of any point along line x = y can be obtained by
interchanging x and y co-ordinates e.g., reflection of (h, k) on line x = y is
(k, h).
1. Ratio in which a line Ax + By + C = 0 divides the line joining (x1, y1) and
m § Ax1 + By1 + C ·
(x2, y2) Ÿ = -¨ ¸.
n © Ax 2 + By2 + C ¹
2. Location of points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) with respect to line Ax + By + C = 0
If (Ax1 + By1 + C) (Ax2 + By2 + C) is +ve same side of line.
If –ve then opposite of line and if zero point lies on the line.
3. Angle bisectors of two lines A1x + B1y + C1 = 0 and A2x + B2y + C2 = 0
(i) If A1A 2 + B1B2 ! 0

A1x + B1y + C1 A 2 x + B2y + C2

(a) = Obtuse angle bisector
A12 + B12 A 22 + B22

A1x + B1y + C1 A 2 x + B 2y + C2
(b) =- Acute angle bisector
A12 + B12 A 22 + B22

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184 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
(ii) If A1 A 2 + B1B2  0

A1x + B1y + C1 A 2 x + B2y + C2

(a) = Acute angle bisector
A12 + B12 A 22 + B22

A1x + B1y + C1 A 2 x + B 2y + C2
(b) =- Obtuse angle bisector
A12 + B12 A 22 + B22

4. Method to find an angle bisector of that angle in which a given point

D, E lies.

Check sign of A1 D + B1 E + C1 A 2 D + B2 E + C2 . If it is (+) ve, then (+)

sign for above equation of angle bisector.
If it is (-)ve, then (-) sign will give the equation of required angle bisector.
5. If (x, y) is the image of (x1, y1) with respect to line Ax + By + C = 0 then
relation between these points are
x - x1 y - y1 § Ax + By + C ·
= = -2 ¨ 1 2 12 ¸
A B © A +B ¹
Example:
Find the image of point (2, 5) with respect to line x – y + 7 = 0.
Solution:
x - 2 y - 5 -2 2 - 5 + 7
= =
1 -1 12 +12
x = 2 – 4 = -2
y=9
? Co-ordinates of image { (-2, 9).
Example:
If P(1, 2), Q(4, 6), R(5, 7) and S(a, b) are the vertices of a
parallelogram PQRS then S(a, b) is

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185 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
Solution:

­ 5 +1 7 + 2 ½ ­ 9 ½
Coordinate of O is ® , ¾ = ®3, ¾
¯ 2 2 ¿ ¯ 2¿
a+4
' =3Ÿa =2
2
b +6 9
= Ÿb =3
2 2
6. If three vertices of triangle are rational then orthocenter, circumcentre,
centroid will be rational but incentre may or may not be rational.
7. In any triangle incentre and centroid will be always inside the triangle
but orthocenter and circumcentre can be outside the triangle.
8.

Example:

If the lines represented by x 2 + 2O xy + 2y 2 = 0 and the lines

represented by 1+ O x 2 - 8xy + y 2 = 0 are equally inclined, then O
is
(i) Any real number (ii) Greater than 2
(iii) r 2 (iv) Less than 2
Solution:
Equally inclined means bisectors will be the same.
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186 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)

x 2 - y 2 xy xy
Ÿ = …… (i) x 2 - y2 + =0
-1 O O

x 2 - y 2 xy
and = …… (ii) 4 x 2 - y 2 + Oxy = 0
O -4
Compare both the equations
O 1
= Ÿ O = r2
4 O
9. Equations of lines perpendicular to the lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is
bx2 – 2hxy + ay2 = 0
10. ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
(a) For removing the ‘xy’ term in the equation we should rotate the axis
2h
by T in anticlockwise such that tan2T = .
a -b
(b) For removing the ‘x’ and ‘y’ terms shift the origin.
11. Equation of angle bisector for the pair of lines
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 having intersection point at D, E is
2 2
x -D y -E
x - D y -E
2
- 2
= where D, E is the point of intersection
a b h
of both lines made by the pair of lines.
12. If the equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a pair of
g 2 - ac
parallel lines then distance between them is 2 .
a a +b

13. Product of the perpendicular let fall from (x1, y1) upon the pair of lines
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0.

ax12 + 2hx1y1 + by12

=
2
a -b + 4h 2

Example:
The product of the perpendiculars drawn from the point (1, 2) to
the pair of lines x2 + 4xy + y2 = 0 is
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187 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
9 3 9
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) None of these
4 4 16
Solution:

12 + 8 + 4 13
d= = .
02 + 42 4

2
14. The length of transverse common tangent on two circles = d 2 - r1 + r2
where r1 and r2 are radii of both circles and ‘d’ is the distance between
both centres.
2
15. The length of direct common tangent on two circles = d 2 - r1 - r2 .

16. Condition for con-cyclic points

If A, A’, B, B’ are con-cyclic point then
OA.OA’ = OB.OB’

r12 + r22 - d 2
17. Angle between two circles is cos T = where r1, r2 are radii of
2r1r2
both circles and ‘d’ is the distance between centres. If both circles cut
orthogonally then T = 90 :

So r12 + r22 - d 2 = 0 .
18. Equation of circle of which the points (x1 y1) and (x2 y2) are the ends of a
chord of a segment containing an angle T is

x - x1 x - x 2 + y - y1 y - y2 r cot T x - x1 y - y2 - x - x 2 y - y1 =0

Example:
Two vertices of an equilateral triangle are (-1, 0) and (1, 0), then
equation of circum circle of the triangle is
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188 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
Solution:
x -1 x +1 + y - 0 y - 0 r 3 x +1 y - 0 - x -1 y - 0 =0

x 2 + y 2 -1 r 3 2y = 0

19. Least and greatest distance of a point D, E from the circle x2 + y2 = r2.

Here PA is least distance

PA = OP – r
Here PB is greatest distance
PB = PO + r
Example:
Two tangents to the circle x2 + y2 = 4 at the points A and B meet at
P (-4, 0), then the area of the quadrilateral PAOB, (Where O is the
origin) is
(i) 4 (ii) 6 2 (iii) 4 3 (iv) None of these
Solution:

‘R.L’ is required area

L { length of tangent = 42 + 0 - 4 = 2 3
R { Radii = 2
So 4 3 is required answer.
20. Area of parallelogram the equations of whose sides are
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0, a1x + b1y + d1 = 0

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189 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
a 2 x + b2y + c 2 = 0, a 2 x + b2y + d2 = 0 is

d1 - c1 d2 - c 2
= .
a1b2 - a2b1

Example:
Area of the parallelogram formed by the lines
y = mx, y = mx + 1, y = nx + 1 equals
m +n 2 1 1
(i) 2
(ii) (iii) (iv)
m -n m +n m +n m -n

Solution:
1
According to formula, Area = .
m -n
21. Area of a triangle formed by tree points on a parabola is twice the area of
the triangle formed by tangents at these points.
22. Circle circumscribing the triangle formed by any three tangents to a
parabola passes through the focus.
23. If normal at three points on the parabola y2 = 4ax are concurrent then
sum of the ordinates of those points must be zero.
24. There are three real normal can be drawn from a point on parabola
which is inside and whose abscissa of the points is greater than 2a.
25. Length of semi latus rectum is the Harmonic mean of Focal segments.

2k1k2
Hence, 2a =
k1 + k 2
26. To find the axis of the parabola y2 + ax + by + c = 0, differentiate with
respect to y, taking x as constant.
-b
2y + b z 0 Ÿ here y = is the axis.
2

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190 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
27. If line y = mx + c is chord of ellipse, then the length of chord
2ab a 2m 2 + b 2 - c 2
=
a 2m 2 + b 2
28. Intersection point of tangents at the extremity of chord ‘ T ’ and ‘ I ’ is
­ T+I T+I ½
°° a cos b sin °
2 , 2 °
® ¾
° cos ¨§ T - I ¸· cos ¨§ T - I ¸· °
¯° © 2 ¹ © 2 ¹ ¿°

29.

(i) In an ellipse PS1 + PS2 = 2a

(ii) Maximum area of ' PS1S2 = abe
30. Area of the quadrilateral formed by the tangents at the extremities of
x2 y2 2a 2
latus rectum of + = 1 is .
a2 b2 e
Example:

x 2 y2
Tangents are drawn to the ellipse + = 1 at end of latus
9 5
rectum. The area of quadrilateral so formed is
27 27 27
(i) 27 (ii) (iii) (iv)
2 4 55
Solution:

2a 2 2
Parallelogram = Here e =
e 3
2.9
= = 27 sq. units.
2/3
31. Equation of hyperbola whose asymptotes are L1 = 0 and L2 = 0 is
L1L 2 + D = 0 , where D  R .
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191 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
Vectors and Three Dimensional Geometry
Important Points to Remember:
o o
o o a .b
1. Projection of a in the direction of b = o
.
b

o o
o o r .a o
2. Components of a vector r in the direction of a = a and
o2
a

o o
o o r .a
perpendicular to a = r - a.
o2
a

1
3. If (l, m, n) are the d.c.’s of a line, then the maximum value of lmn = .
3 3

§1·
4. The angle between any two diagonals of a cube is cos-1 ¨ ¸ .
© 3¹
1 o o o o o o
5. Area of ' ABC = bu c + c u a+ au b
2
o o o
where a , b , c are position vectors of A, B, C respectively.
2 2
§o o· §o o·
6. Relation between dot and cross products ¨ a . b ¸ + ¨ a u b ¸ = a 2b 2 .
© ¹ © ¹
o o o
7. If a , b , c are three vectors of the points A, B, C respectively, then the
perpendicular distance for C to the line AB is
§§ o o· § o o· § o o··
¨ ¨ bu c ¸ + ¨ c u a ¸ + ¨ au b ¸¸
©© ¹ © ¹ © ¹¹
.
o o
b- a

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192 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
8. If a plane meets the co-ordinate axes in A, B, C such that the centroid of
the triangle ABC is the point (p, q, r), then the equation of the plane is
x y z
+ + = 3.
p q r
9. The distance between the parallel planes
o o o o p1 - p2
r . n = p1 and r . n = p2 is .
o
n

Differential Calculus
Important Points to Remember:
Example
ª1 1 º ª1 2 º ª 1 99 º
Find the value of « + » +« + » + .................. + « + »
¬ 4 100 ¼ ¬ 4 100 ¼ ¬ 4 100 ¼
Solution:
ª1 º
« 4 .100 » = 25
¬ ¼
1. Fractional part of ‘x’.
a) x = x - x

b) x + n = x

c) -x = - x If ‘x’ is integer

d) -x = 1- x If ‘x’  integer

2. Onto (Surjective) functions: If Range = Codomain then function will be

n
onto. Number of onto function = ¦ -1
r =0
n -r n
Cr .r m

Example:
f : A o B Find the number of onto functions if A : { 1, 2, 3, 4}, B : {a, b)

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193 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
Solution:
n
= ¦ -1
r =0
2 -r 2
Cr .r 4 = -2 +16 = 14 .

3. (i) If a function is satisfying the condition

§1· §1·
f x + f ¨ ¸ = f x . f ¨ ¸ then f x = r x n +1 .
©x¹ ©x¹
(ii) If a function is satisfying the condition
f (x) + f (y) = f (xy), then f (x) = k log x.
(iii) If a function is satisfying the condition

f x . f y = f x + y , then f x = a Ox .

(iv) If a function is satisfying the condition

f x . f y = f xy , then f x = x n .

4. If a continuous function takes only rational values for all x  R , then f (x)
will be constant function.
5. Even and periodic functions are many-one functions.
6. If a polynomial exists which has more than two real roots, then that
polynomial will be a many-one function.
7. It f (x) and g (x) are inverse of each other then f g x = g f x = x .

8. Solutions of f x = f -1 x lies on y = x line.

Example:
ªx º 1
If f x = « » + , . is greater integer function, check whether
¬S¼ 2
function is even or odd
Solution:
ª1º 1 1
Find f 1 = « » + =
¬S¼ 2 2

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194 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)

ª 1º 1 1
f -1 = «- » + = -
¬ S¼ 2 2

Here we can see f 1 = - f -1

? an odd function.
9.
f (x) g(x) f (x) r g(x) f (x) g(x) f (x)/g(x) f (g(x)) g (f(x))
Periodic Periodic may or may may or may may or Periodic Periodic
not be not be may not be
periodic periodic periodic
Periodic Non Non Non Non may or Periodic
Periodic Periodic Periodic Periodic may not be
periodic
Non Non Non Non Non Non Non
Periodic Periodic Periodic Periodic Periodic Periodic Periodic

10.
f (x) g(x) f (x) r g(x) f (x).g(x) f (x)/g(x) f (g(x)) g (f(x))
even even even even even even even
even odd Neither odd odd even even
odd even Neither odd odd even even
odd odd odd even even odd odd

11. Range of some common functions

i) Range of f x = a 2 - x 2 is [0, a].

ii) Range of f x = a cos x + b sin x + c is ªc - a 2 + b 2 , c + a 2 + b 2 º .

«¬ »¼

1
iii) Range of f x = x + is »2, f , x ! 0 .
x
1
iv) Range of f x = x + is -f,2 , x  0 .
x
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195 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)

ª1 º
v) Range of f x = sin4 x + cos 4 x is « ,1» .
¬2 ¼
ª1 º
vi) Range of f x = sin6 x + cos6 x is « ,1» .
¬4 ¼
12. If f (x) is a function, then
(i) f x + f -x is an even function.

(ii) f x - f -x is an odd function.

Example:
1
Domain of
12
x - x + x 4 - x +1
9

(A) 1, f (B) -f,-1 (C) -1,1 (D) f, f

Solution:
Put x = 0 in question which is part of domain means (A) and (B)
are not answer.
Putting x = 2 we can see this is also part of domain
So (D) option is correct.

Example:
f x = x -1 + x - 2 + x - 3 , find range of f (x).

Solution:
Draw the graph and find f min

f(1) = 3 f(4) = 6

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196 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
f(2) = 2 f(0) = 6
f(3) = 3
This graph represents range 2, f .

Example:
§ x2 ·
Find range of f x = cos-1 ¨
¨ 1+ x 2 ¸¸
.
© ¹

ª Sº ª S Sº ª S º
(A) «0, » (B) «- , » (C) «- ,0 » (D) None of these
¬ 2¼ ¬ 2 2¼ ¬ 2 ¼
Solution:

' Range of cos-1 x cannot be negative so option (A) and (D) might
be correct.
§ x2 ·
cos-1 ¨
¨ 1+ x 2 ¸¸
=0
© ¹

x2
2
=1 so, x 2 =1+ x 2
1+ x
There is no real value of x, so option (D) will be correct.

°­ n P n tm
(C) Number of one-one function = ® m
¯°̄° O n m
Where n is number of elements in co-domain
m is number of elements in domain.

13. Graph of function and its inverse:

Any bijective function f(x) and its inverse f -1(x) are symmetric about the
line x = y. e.g. Let f x = log
ex

f -1 x = e x

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197 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)

14. Even functions are always symmetric about the y axis as f x = f -x .

e.g. cos x

2
§ dy ·
y 1+ ¨ ¸
© dx ¹
15. Length of tangent =
dy
dx

2
§ dy ·
16. Length of Normal = y 1+ ¨ ¸
© dx ¹

y
17. Length of sub-tangent =
dy / dx

dy
18. Length of sub-normal = y
dx
19. ax, where a > 1 is strictly increasing on R.
20. ax, where 0 < a < 1 strictly decreasing on R.
21. ex is strictly increasing on R.

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198 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
Shortcut Method for Logarithmic Differentiation :
Logarithmic differentiation is used when the function be differentiated is
of the form y = (f (x))g(x).
General method is taking logarithms on both the sides
log (y) = g (x) log (f(x))
1 dy g (x )
? = u f '(x )+ g '(x ) An ( f (x ))
y dx f (x )

dy ª g (x ) f '(x ) º
? = ( f (x ))g (x ) « + g '(x ) An ( f (x ))»
dx ¬ f (x ) ¼
Shortcut :

Write y = e g (x )An ( f (x ))
dy ª g (x ) f '(x ) º
? = e g ( x )An ( f ( x )) « + g '(x )An ( f (x ))»
dx ¬ f (x ) ¼
ª g (x ) f '(x ) º
= f (x )g ( x ) « + g '(x )An ( f (x ))»
¬ f (x ) ¼
1. There are 7 indeterminante form of limits.
0 f
, ,0. f, f - f,1f.f 0 ,00
0 f
0 f
We can change All 7 forms in or and for this form of limits we can
0 f
use L’. Hospital’s rule.
2. Newton Leibnitz Rule :
\(x )

³
d
f (x ).dx = f (\(x )).\ '(x ) - f (I(x )).I '(x )
dx
I( x )

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199 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
Example :
Let f : R o R be a differentiable function and f (1) = 4, f ’(1) = 2 then the
f (x )

³
2t
value of lim dt is
x o1 x -1
4

Solution:
f (x )

³ 2t
4
lim dt
x o1 x -1
Using N-L rule
2 f (x ). f '(x )
So, Lt = 2 f (1). f '(1) = 8 f '(1) =16
x o1 1
3. Every polynomial logarithmic, exponential, trigonometric and inverse
trigonometric functions are continuous for all x  domain.
4. Remembering Methods for Continuity and Differentiability of Function
Like f (x ) r g (x ) f (x). g(x) and f (x)/g(x) (provided g (x ) z 0 )

Remembering Method
f (x) g (x) f (x) r g (x ) f (x) . g (x) f (x) / g (x)
provided
g (x ) z 0
continuous continuous continuous continuous continuous
continuous discontinuous discontinuous may be may be
continuous or continuous or
discontinuous discontinuous
discontinuous discontinuous may be may be may be
continuous or continuous or continuous or
discontinuous discontinuous discontinuous

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200 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
f (x) g (x) f (x) r g (x ) f (x) . g (x)
Differentiable Differentiable Differentiable Differentiable
Differentiable Non- Non- May be
differentiable differentiable differentiable
or non-
differentiable
Non- Non- may be may be
differentiable differentiable differentiable differentiable
or Non- or Non-
differentiable differentiable
4. Shortcut to check the differentiability
Example :
Check differentiability f (x) = sin |x|+ |x| at x = 0
Solution:
­sin x + x x!0
f (x ) = ®
¯-sin x - x xd0

­cos x +1 x ! 0
f '(x ) = ®
¯-cosx -1 x d 0
Here limit of f ’(x) doesn’t exist so f (x)is not differentiable.
R.H.D of f (x) = 2
L.H.D of f (x) = -2
Note : If f (x) is continuous then
L.H.L of f ’(x) = L.H.D of f (x) = R.H.D of f ’ (x) = R.H.D of f (x)
5. Continuity of function in closed interval.
If f (x) is continuous in [a ,b] then we should check only f (a) = f (a+)and f
(b) = f (b-)
6. Differentiability of function in closed interval.
If f(x) is differentiable in [a, b]then f ’(a)= f ’(a+)and f ’(b) = f ’(b-)

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201 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
Example :
If the function f (x) is defined by

°­ x 2 + 3x + a x d1
f (x ) = ® is differentiable x  R , then find the
¯°̄° bx + 2 x !1
values of a and b.
Solution:
' it is continuous, so
4+a=b+2
a - b = -2 …(i)
' it is differentiable so
­ 2x + 3 x  1
f '(x ) = ®
¯b x !1

5=b a = 3, b = 5
a = b - 2 = 3.
7. Length of portion of tangent to the curve x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3, which is
intercepted between the axes is ‘a’
8. The sum of the intercepts made on the axes of co-ordinates by any
tangent to the curve x + y = a is equal to ‘a’.

9. ax2 + by2 = 1 and a’x2 + b’y2 = 1both cuts orthogonally to each other if
1 1 1 1
- = -
a b a' b'
Example :

x2 y2
Check whether the two curves + = 1 and
a 2 + K1 b 2 + K1

x2 y2
+ = 1 cuts orthogonally or not.
a 2 + K2 b2 + K2

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202 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
Solution :
1 1 1 1
Here, a = 2
,a '= 2
,b = 2
,b ' = 2
a + K1 a + K2 b + K1 b + K2

1 1
So, - = (a 2 - b 2 )
a b
1 1
- = (a 2 - b 2 ) So L.H.S = R.H.S
a' b'
Both curve cuts orthogonally.
10. f (x + Gx )- f (x ) = f '(x ). G(x )
Example :
1
Find the approximate value of (0.007)3
Solution :
1
Here f (x)= x3
Here x = 0.008, Gx = - 0.001
2
1 -3
f (0.007) - f (0.008) = x . Gx
3
2
1 -3 0.001 23
f (0.007) = f (0.008) + x . (-0.001) = 0.2 - =
3 3.(0.04) 120
Integral Calulus
Important Points to Remember:

³f ³f
1
1. x n x n-1dx = t dt where t = x n
n

x3
³ 1+ x dx = 4 ³ 1+ t
1 dt
e.g. 8 2
[Here x 4 = t ]

1 1
= tan-1 t + c = tan-1 x 4 + c
4 4

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203 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)

§ 2ax + b ·
³
dx 2
2. If b 2 - 4ac < 0, then = tan-1 ¨ ¸+K
¨ ¸
ax 2 + bx + c 4ac - b2 © 4ac - b
2
¹

§ 2x +1 ·
³x
dx 2
e.g. 2
= tan-1 ¨ ¸+K
+ x +1 4 -1 © 4 -1 ¹
2 § 2x +1 ·
= tan-1 ¨ ¸+K
3 © 3 ¹

³ ax
Ax + B
3. If b2 - 4 ac ! 0 ,then 2
dx
+ bx + c

A 2 2a B - bA § 2ax + b ·
= log ax 2 + bx + c + tan-1 ¨ ¸+K
2a ¨ ¸
A 4ac - b2 © 4ac - b
2
¹

2 14 - 6 § 2x + 2 ·
³
3x + 7 3
e.g. 2
dx = log x 2 + 2x + 5 + tan-1 ¨¨ ¸¸ + K
x + 2x + 5 2 3 20 - 4 © 20 - 4 ¹
3 4 § x +1 ·
= log x 2 + 2x + 5 + tan-1 ¨ ¸+K
2 3 © 2 ¹
§ -2ax - b ·
³
dx 1
4. If a  0,b2 - 4 ac ! 0 then = sin-1 ¨ ¸+K .
ax 2 + bx + c -a ¨ b2 - 4 ac ¸
© ¹

§ -2 -2 x - 3 ·
³
dx 1
e.g. = sin-1 ¨ ¸+K
4 + 3x - 2x 2 - -2 © 9 + 32 ¹

1 § 4x - 3 ·
= sin-1 ¨ ¸+K
2 © 41 ¹

ª f' x º e ax f x
5.
³e ax
«f x +
¬ a ¼
» dx =
a
+e

§ 2x · e 3x x 2
³
e.g. e 3x ¨ x 2 +
©
¸ dx =
3 ¹ 3
+c

x
6. If f t is an odd function, then I x = ³o f t dt is an even function.

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204 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
x
7. If f t is an even function, then I x = ³o f t dt is an odd function.

³
dx
8. E!D =S
x -D E-x
D

β
S
³
2
9. x - D E - x dx = E-D
8
D

β
S
³
x -a
10. dx = b - a
b-x 2
D

³0 f x dx
11. Lt =f 0 .
x o0 x

Shortcut Method:
Gamma function
f

³0 x
n-1 -x
1. e dx n ! 0 is called Gamma Function and denoted by n .

Important properties of Gamma function-

i) 1 =1

ii) n +1 = n n
iii) n = n -1 ! if n is a + ve integer

1
iv) = S
2

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205 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
2. Gamma function is generally used to integrate following type of integrals.

π2 m +1 n +1
i)
³ sin
0
m
x cos x dx = 2
n

2
2
m +n+2
2

π2 4 +1 6 +1 5 7 3 1 1 5 3 1 1
. . . .
e.g.
³
0
sin4 x cos 6 x dx = 2
2
2 = 2 2 = 22 2 2 2 2 2
4+6+2 26 2 5!
2
ª 1 º
45S 3S «' = S »
= = « 2 »
64 120 512
«and n = n -1 !»¼
¬
1

³
m m +1 n +1
ii) x n 1- x dx =
m +n+2
0

³x 4 4 +1 3 +1 4!3! 1
e.g. 1- x 3 dx = = =
4+3+2 8! 280
0

Shortcut Method:
1. Differentiation is always easier than integration. So in case of objective
problems dealing with complex integration, it is always easier to
differentiate the options rather than integrating the given problem.

³
e.g. x x 1+ log x dx is

(A) x 2 log x + c (B) x x + c (C) log x x + c (D) x log x + c

Differentiating each we find that x x + c is correct option.

y = xx +c
log y = x log x + k

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206 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
1 dy x dy
Ÿ = + log x Ÿ = x x 1+ log x
y dx x dx

Now as we have confirmed that differentiation of x x + c is x x 1+ log x , so

we know (B) to be the correct option.
Note : This works in case of indefinite integrals only.
e ax
2. (I)
³ e ax .cos bx .dx =
a 2 + b2
a cos bx + b sin bx + C

e ax
(II)
³ e ax .sin bx .dx =
a 2 + b2
a sin bx - b cos bx + C

Remembering Method:
d
e ax .cos bx = e ax a cos bx - b sin bx
dx
d
and e ax .sin bx = e ax a sin bx + b cos bx
dx

³e ³
ax
For integral as .cos bx .dx and e ax .sin bx dx sign changed in brackets

and divide by a 2 + b 2

xn
³ x 1+ x
dx 1
1. = In
n n 1+ x n

2.

³
dx 1 sin x - b
3. = log
sin x - a sin x - b sin b - a sin x - a
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207 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)

³
dx 1 cos x - b
4. = log
cos x - a cos x - b sin b - a cos x - a

³ sin x - a cos x - b
dx 1 sin x - a
5. = log
cos b - a cos x - b

³
dx 1 sin x - b
6. = log
cos x - a sin x - b cos b - a cos x - a

Example :
§x ·
³ 1+ sin x .dx = tan ¨© 2 + a ¸¹ + b , then
1

S S 5S
(A) a = - b  R (B) a = ,b  R C) a = ,b  R (D) None of these
4 4 4
Solution :
Differentiate both side
1 1 §x ·
= sec2 ¨ + a ¸
1+ sin x 2 © 2 ¹
S 5S
Put x = 0 So, sec2 a = 2 ‘a’ might be r , ....
4 4
S §S ·
Put x = So, sec 2 ¨ + a ¸ = 1
2 ©4 ¹
S
+ a = 0 , S,2S ....
4
S 3S 7S
a =- , , ....
4 4 4
Option (A) is correct.
Definite Integration d Area
In figure Area = A1 + A2 + A3

Definite Integration = A1 - A2 + A3

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208 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)

S 2π
1. ³0 sin x dx = 2 and ³0 sin x =0

by graph we can see the numerical value of

one loop in graph of sin x & cos x is 2 units2.

Example :
nπ+ λ
Find the value of ³
O
sin x dx

Solution :
nπ O +nπ

³
O
sin x dx + ³
O +nπ
sin x dx

=n
³ sin x dx + 1- cos O = 2n +1 - cos O
O

Because
³ sin x
0
= 2 unit by graph.

i) If f t is an odd function then I x =

³f
a
t dt is an even function

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209 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
X

ii) If f t is an even function then I x =

³f
a
t dt is an odd function.

iii) If m is the least and n is the greatest value of (x) on the interval, a ,b
b

then m b -a d
³f
a
x .dx d n b - a

Example :

Find the mean value of x 3 in the interval 1,5

5

³x
1
3
dx
54 -14 624
So, Mean value = = = = 39 .
5 -1 16 16
qn
1. lim
n of ¦ f §¨© nr ¸·¹. n1
r=pn

Here, change sigma in integration

¦ o³
r
o x
n
1
o dx
n
pn
Lower limit lim Ÿ p
n of n
qn q

Upper limit lim

qn
n of n
Ÿq; lim
n of ¦
r=pn
§r · 1
f ¨ ¸. Ÿ
©n ¹ n ³f x .dx
p

Example :
1 1 1
lim + + ......... +
n of n +1 n + 2 n +n
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210 SPECIAL MODULE (MATHS)
Solution :
§1· 1
n ¨ ¸ n
lim
n of
r=1
¦1
= lim
n + r nof
©n ¹ =
§r ·
r=1 1+ ¨ ¸
¦ ³ 1+ x = log 1+ x
dx 1
0
= log e 2 .
0
©n ¹
1. If the functions are symmetrical then write direct answer.
b b
f x .dx f a + b - x .dx
I=
³f
a
x + f a +b - x
=
³f
a
x + f a +b - x

³
b -a
2I = 1.dx So, I =
2
a

Example :
π
2 3a 4
S
³ ³
dx x a
(1) 3
= (2) =
1+ tan x 4 a-x + x 4
0 a 4

2π π
S
³ 1+ e ³ 1+ 3
dx dx
(3) sin x
=S (4) cos x
=
2
0 0

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