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Tarea 1 Munson
Tarea 1 Munson
available the constants can be obtained directly from Eq. 1.11 with-
out rewriting the equation.
1.59 For a parallel plate arrangement of the type shown in Fig.
1.5 it is found that when the distance between plates is 2 mm, a P
shearing stress of 150 Pa develops at the upper plate when it is
pulled at a velocity of 1 m/s. Determine the viscosity of the fluid
between the plates. Express your answer in SI units.
1.60 Two flat plates are oriented parallel above a fixed lower plate
as shown in Fig. P1.60. The top plate, located a distance b above
the fixed plate, is pulled along with speed V. The other thin plate
is located a distance cb, where 0 c 1, above the fixed plate.
This plate moves with speed V1, which is determined by the vis-
cous shear forces imposed on it by the fluids on its top and bot- 1.64 A 10-kg block slides down a smooth inclined surface as
tom. The fluid on the top is twice as viscous as that on the bot- shown in Fig. P1.64. Determine the terminal velocity of the
tom. Plot the ratio V1/V as a function of c for 0 c 1. block if the 0.1-mm gap between the block and the surface con-
V
tains SAE 30 oil at 60 °F. Assume the velocity distribution in
the gap is linear, and the area of the block in contact with the
oil is 0.1 m 2.
V
V1
1.62 The sled shown in Fig. P1.62 slides along on a thin horizontal y u
layer of water between the ice and the runners. The horizontal force u y y
that the water puts on the runners is equal to 1.2 lb when the sled’s U h h
speed is 50 ft/s. The total area of both runners in contact with the wa-
ter is 0.08 ft2, and the viscosity of the water is 3.5 10 5 lb s ft2.
Determine the thickness of the water layer under the runners. Assume
a linear velocity distribution in the water layer.
*1.66 Standard air flows past a flat surface and velocity measure-
ments near the surface indicate the following distribution:
y ft 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
u ft s 0.74 1.51 3.03 6.37 10.21 14.43
The coordinate y is measured normal to the surface and u is the
velocity parallel to the surface. (a) Assume the velocity distribu-
tion is of the form
u C1y C2 y3
and use a standard curve-fitting technique to determine the constants
C1 and C2. (b) Make use of the results of part a to determine the
1.63 A 25-mm-diameter shaft is pulled through a cylindrical bear- magnitude of the shearing stress at the wall y 0 and at y 0.05 ft.
ing as shown in Fig. P1.63. The lubricant that fills the 1.67 A new computer drive is proposed to have a disc, as shown
0.3-mm gap between the shaft and bearing is an oil having a kine- in Fig. P1.67. The disc is to rotate at 10,000 rpm, and the reader
matic viscosity of 8.0 10 4 m2 s and a specific gravity of 0.91. head is to be positioned 0.0005 in. above the surface of the disc.
Determine the force P required to pull the shaft at a velocity of 3 Estimate the shearing force on the reader head as result of the air
m/s. Assume the velocity distribution in the gap is linear. between the disc and the head.
Problems 35
For this viscometer Ro 2.50 in., Ri 2.45 in., and 5.00 in.
Make use of these data and a standard curve-fitting program to de-
termine the viscosity of the liquid contained in the viscometer.
Ri
Ro
compression process to be isothermal and the local atmospheric is zero, and the specific weight of the liquid is 1.2 104 N/m3.
pressure to be 14.7 psi. Determine the value of the surface tension for this liquid.
1.80 Repeat Problem 1.79 if the compression process takes place 1.95 Small droplets of carbon tetrachloride at 68 °F are formed
without friction and without heat transfer (isentropic process). with a spray nozzle. If the average diameter of the droplets is
200 m, what is the difference in pressure between the inside and
1.81 Carbon dioxide at 30 °C and 300 kPa absolute pressure ex- outside of the droplets?
pands isothermally to an absolute pressure of 165 kPa. Determine
the final density of the gas. 1.96 A 12-mm-diameter jet of water discharges vertically into the
atmosphere. Due to surface tension the pressure inside the jet will
1.82 Natural gas at 70 °F and standard atmospheric pressure of 14.7 be slightly higher than the surrounding atmospheric pressure. De-
psi (abs) is compressed isentropically to a new absolute pressure of termine this difference in pressure.
70 psi. Determine the final density and temperature of the gas.
1.83 Compare the isentropic bulk modulus of air at 101 kPa abs 1.97 As shown in Video V1.9, surface tension forces can be strong
with that of water at the same pressure. enough to allow a double-edge steel razor blade to “float” on wa-
ter, but a single-edge blade will sink. Assume that the surface ten-
*1.84 Develop a computer program for calculating the final gage sion forces act at an angle relative to the water surface as shown
pressure of gas when the initial gage pressure, initial and final vol- in Fig. P1.97. (a) The mass of the double-edge blade is
umes, atmospheric pressure, and the type of process isothermal or 0.64 10 3 kg, and the total length of its sides is 206 mm. De-
isentropic are specified. Use BG units. Check your program termine the value of required to maintain equilibrium between
against the results obtained for Problem 1.79. the blade weight and the resultant surface tension force. (b) The
1.85 An important dimensionless parameter concerned with very mass of the single-edge blade is 2.61 10 3 kg, and the total
high-speed flow is the Mach number, defined as V/c, where V is the length of its sides is 154 mm. Explain why this blade sinks. Sup-
speed of the object such as an airplane or projectile, and c is the port your answer with the necessary calculations.
speed of sound in the fluid surrounding the object. For a projectile
traveling at 800 mph through air at 50 F and standard atmospheric
pressure, what is the value of the Mach number?
1.86 Jet airliners typically fly at altitudes between approximately 0
to 40,000 ft. Make use of the data in Appendix C to show on a graph
how the speed of sound varies over this range.
1.87 (See Fluids in the News article titled “This water jet is a
blast,” Section 1.7.1) By what percent is the volume of water de- 1.98 To measure the water depth in a large open tank with opaque
creased if its pressure is increased to an equivalent to 3000 at- walls, an open vertical glass tube is attached to the side of the
mospheres (44,100 psi)? tank. The height of the water column in the tube is then used as
a measure of the depth of water in the tank. (a) For a true water
Section 1.8 Vapor Pressure depth in the tank of 3 ft, make use of Eq. 1.22 (with 0°) to
determine the percent error due to capillarity as the diameter of
1.88 During a mountain climbing trip it is observed that the wa- the glass tube is changed. Assume a water temperature of 80 F.
ter used to cook a meal boils at 90 °C rather than the standard 100 Show your results on a graph of percent error versus tube diam-
°C at sea level. At what altitude are the climbers preparing their eter, D, in the range 0.1 in. D 1.0 in. (b) If you want the
meal? (See Tables B.2 and C.2 for data needed to solve this prob- error to be less than 1%, what is the smallest tube diameter al-
lem.) lowed?
1.89 When a fluid flows through a sharp bend, low pressures may
develop in localized regions of the bend. Estimate the minimum 1.99 Under the right conditions, it is possible, due to surface ten-
absolute pressure in psi that can develop without causing cavita- sion, to have metal objects float on water. (See Video V1.9.) Con-
tion if the fluid is water at 160 °F. sider placing a short length of a small diameter steel (sp. wt. 490
lb/ft3) rod on a surface of water. What is the maximum diameter
1.90 Estimate the minimum absolute pressure in pascals that can that the rod can have before it will sink? Assume that the surface
be developed at the inlet of a pump to avoid cavitation if the fluid tension forces act vertically upward. Note: A standard paper clip
is carbon tetrachloride at 20 °C. has a diameter of 0.036 in. Partially unfold a paper clip and see
1.91 When water at 70 °C flows through a converging section of if you can get it to float on water. Do the results of this experi-
pipe, the pressure decreases in the direction of flow. Estimate the ment support your analysis?
minimum absolute pressure that can develop without causing cav-
1.100 An open, clean glass tube, having a diameter of 3 mm, is
itation. Express your answer in both BG and SI units.
inserted vertically into a dish of mercury at 20 °C. How far will
1.92 At what atmospheric pressure will water boil at 35 °C? Ex- the column of mercury in the tube be depressed?
press your answer in both SI and BG units.
1.101 An open, clean glass tube 0° is inserted vertically into
a pan of water. What tube diameter is needed if the water level in
Section 1.9 Surface Tension the tube is to rise one tube diameter (due to surface tension)?
1.93 Obtain a photograph/image of a situation in which the sur-
face tension of a fluid is important. Print this photo and write a 1.102 Determine the height that water at 60 °F will rise due to
brief paragraph that describes the situation involved. capillary action in a clean, 14 -in.-diameter tube. What will be the
height if the diameter is reduced to 0.01 in.?
1.94 When a 2-mm-diameter tube is inserted into a liquid in an
open tank, the liquid is observed to rise 10 mm above the free sur- 1.103 (See Fluids in the News article titled “Walking on water,”
face of the liquid. The contact angle between the liquid and the tube Section 1.9.) (a) The water strider bug shown in Fig. P1.103 is
Problems 37
supported on the surface of a pond by surface tension acting along Life Long Learning Problems
the interface between the water and the bug’s legs. Determine the
minimum length of this interface needed to support the bug. As- 1.106 Although there are numerous non-Newtonian fluids that oc-
sume the bug weighs 10 4 N and the surface tension force acts cur naturally (quick sand and blood among them), with the advent
vertically upwards. (b) Repeat part (a) if surface tension were to of modern chemistry and chemical processing, many new, man-
support a person weighing 750 N. made non-Newtonian fluids are now available for a variety of novel
application. Obtain information about the discovery and use of
newly developed non-Newtonian fluids. Summarize your findings
in a brief report.
1.107 For years, lubricating oils and greases obtained by refining
crude oil have been used to lubricate moving parts in a wide vari-
ety of machines, motors, and engines. With the increasing cost of
crude oil and the potential for the reduced availability of it, the
need for nonpetroleum based lubricants has increased considerably.
Obtain information about non-petroleum based lubricants. Sum-
marize your findings in a brief report.
1.108 It is predicted that nano-technology and the use of nano-sized
objects will allow many processes, procedures, and products that, as
of now, are difficult for us to comprehend. Among new nano-
Lab Problems technology areas is that of nano-scale fluid mechanics. Fluid behav-
1.104 This problem involves the use of a Stormer viscometer ior at the nano-scale can be entirely different than that for the usual
to determine whether a fluid is a Newtonian or a non-Newton- everyday flows with which we are familiar. Obtain information about
ian fluid. To proceed with this problem, go to Appendix H, various aspects of nano-fluid mechanics. Summarize your findings in
which is located on the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/col- a brief report.
lege/munson.
FE Exam Problems
1.105 This problem involves the use of a capillary tube viscometer to
determine the kinematic viscosity of water as a function of tempera- Sample FE (Fundamentals of Engineering) exam question for fluid
ture. To proceed with this problem, go to Appendix H, which is located mechanics are provided on the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/
on the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/college/munson. college/munson.