Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Growth of Mongo
Seedling Stage
Mongo seeds grows fast and easily and there are several stage of their growth
according to A. Silbajoris, the first stage is the taking up of water that begins the
germination, soaking them for a day will make them swell twice their weight and triple
their volume, the second stage is the appearance of the white root tip called radicle, the
beans needs oxygen so they need to be exposed to air, each day the root will grow longer.
When the seed starts to split the testa then the plumule -the first bud of the seed- will
grow of it, this is the part of the seed that faces up, and the testa is left in the soils surface,
this type of germination is epigeal, this will make the seed an erect adult plant and
produce its first two embryonic leaves called cotyledons. The emerging of the true leaves
is the fourth stage of mongo growth and the dicots starts to open, these embryonic leaves
are oval different from the leaves that the leaves that the plant will produce later. The
development of the true leaves withers the first two embryonic leaves and with this the
The Legumes/pulses are very important food and feed crops, known for their
health benefits (Arnoldi et al., 2014) It is vital ingredient of Indian and Mediterranean
diets and considered staple in other regions (VazPatto et al., 2014), Legumes/pulses have
high demand as forage for producing high-quality meat and milk (Boelt et al., 2014). As
observed, that the average yield of temperate legumes has moderately improved in past
half a century, with about a 45–50% increase for most legumes (Araujo et al., 2015).
regions of the world and is one of the most important pulse crops. It is a short duration
(65–90 days) grain legume having wide adaptability and low input requirements (Nair et
al., 2012). Just like other legumes, mungbean fixes atmospheric nitrogen (58–109 kg/ha)
in symbiosis with Rhizobium, which not only meet its own nitrogen need, also benefits
following crops (Ali and Gupta, 2012), It contains very low levels of oligosaccharides
(sugars influence flatulence), it is a good protein source (~23%) with high digestibility
that suitable as baby food (Ihsan et al., 2013) ,And it often is grown on irrigated soils
with salt deposits in upper layer due to the soil evaporation of water during dry season or
from varying amounts of salinity in irrigation water. This accumulated salt decreases
osmotic potential of soil, create water stress and imparts nutrient imbalances that trigger
Light Spectra
Our sight is all thanks to the existence of light, the colors we see are because of light in
different wavelengths within the ‘Visible Light’ area of the Light Spectra or Electromagnetic
Spectrum, other electromagnetic waves are Microwaves, Radiowaves, and X-rays, which can be
very harmful when we are exposed to too much of it, why?, because electromagnetic waves vary
in properties like speed, wavelength, and frequency (Brainard, 2012) and X–rays has very short
wavelength meaning it has a very high frequency which means it’s dangerous.
The Effect of blue LEDs to the growth and development of plants
longevity and selectable narrow-waveband emissions (as cited in Kim et al., 2013). LEDs has
been proposed as a light source for controlled environment agriculture facilities and space based
plant growth chambers because they exhibit desirable characteristics such as small mass, safety
Using LED as an alternative source of light when growing plants can bring out the best
characteristics of itself (Wells, 2015). There is required amount of blue light to have
development of the plant, the absolute amount (µ mol𝑚−2 𝑠 −1 of photons between 400 and 500
nm) or the relative amount (percent of total PPF) of blue light (Snowden, 2015 as cited in Cope
et al., 2013). There is a big advantages where you use LED when growing plants, for example,
there are different basils (Ocimum) grown with also five different percent of blue (B), red (R),
and white (W) lights: 0,8,16,24, and 32, they found a difference at the blue light, specifically, the
blue light with 32 percent produced better, that the basil became more spicier and aromatic
(Wells, 2015). Thus, the light will affect the growth of the plants, the plants that are exposed to
blue light seems to have a shorter stem and leaves. At the same time, the blue light also affect the
leaf color and nutrients of the plant, the blue light helps to improve the production of healthful
attributes such as antioxidants and vitamins. But some plants like tomato develop blisters on
leaves and stems because of the absence of blue light. According to Runkle (2015) considered
that when blue light increases, the physiological disorder decreases (Runkle, 2015).
compared to traditional lighting sources (Mitchell et al. 2012). The fast technological progress of
LEDs due to their extensive usage for other industrial applications provides various
improvements for holticultural lighting. The high capital cost is still an important feature that
hold up the development of LED technology in holticultural lighting. Despite this, the
technological progress of LEDs is expected to reduce the capital and operating costs in the future
LEDs have major advantage to other lamp types when it comes for plant lighting, the
technology is evolving in electrical-use efficiency at a rapid pace. For example blue LEDs that
were only 11% efficient in 2006 were reported to be 49% efficient converting electrical energy
to photon energy in 2011 (Mitchel et al. 2012). In general, LED efficiency is projected to raise
considerably, both as electrical efficiency and as photon flux efficacy over the coming decade.
It’s not just all about energy-savings and functionality of LED, the safety for users and
environment should be stated. There is no fragile glass that can be broken, no high touch
temperatures; and importantly, LEDs doesn’t contain hazardous materials such as mercury (M.
Olle and A. Virsile, 2013). However, overall LED efficiency and applications depend not only
on the semi conductor itself, but also on the general design of the lighting system. When LEDs is
used as sole sources for photosynthetic, photomorphogenic, and/or photoperiod lighting, it must
The studies talks about on how LED is more suggested to be used than other lamp types
when it comes to alternative for sunlight in plant’s photosynthesis. It also talks about safety and
energy-savings of LED lighting and it could help not only agricultural sectors but also the public.
Botrytis cinerea (Kim et al., 2013) and hydrophonically grown lettuce (Lactuca sativaL. var.
capitata) under controlled red (R) blue (B) and white (W) LED lights shows different quality
(shoot fresh and dry weight and root fresh and dry weight) and size, however there the lettuce
grown under RB light looked small or even severely dwarfed ( Lin et al, 2013) this is because
light strongly affects plant development (Johkan et al.,2008 as cited in Lin et al., 2013) and also
due to exposure to red and blue lights because they have the greatest impact on plant growth
because they are the major energy sources for photosynthetic CO2assimilation in plants
(Lin et al., 2013) moreover plants grown under blue LEDs at 283 μmol m−2 s−1had higerrate of
photosynthesis than plants grown at 80 μmol m−2 s−1(Muneer et al., 2014) this shows that light
intensity also play a crucial role in the survivability of plants since photosynthesis provides food
The studies on this literature review all say that blue LED light offers positive effect to
the growth and development of plants, and also to their response environmental stresses (Kim et
al, 2013) and might it be a huge help for the agricultural sector if studied further.
Photosynthesis
algae and bacteria species also undergo photosynthesis to produce food) that produces
natural light or sunlight is the ultimate source of all of humankind's food and oxygen,
whereas fossilized photosynthetic fuels provide ∼87% of the world's energy (Johnson,
Photosynthesis in natural light includes light and dark reactions (Johnson, 2016)
Light reactions:
Dark reactions:
Overall:
The positive sign of the standard free energy change of the reaction (ΔG°) as
shown above means that the reaction needs energy known as Endergonic Reaction. The
energy required is obtained by absorbing solar energy that will be used to produce the
products.
Photosynthesis under artificial light
The study is to ensure the plant growth, the system require the applications of
grown under artificial lighting.because light cannot usually mimiv the spectru, and
energy of sunlight. Lights such as LED’s have the potential to cover fluence and
LED’s Light should give plants a exact energy and information required for development.
Above all technological properties, LEDs must be compatible with the photosynthesis
and light-signalling requirements with plants, it hast to have a connection with the two
main characteristics of light, which are wavelength and fluence (Darko et al., 2014)
This review gives a brief summary of the types of artificial lighting available for growing
photosynthetic organisms. The capacity of LEDs to mimic the effects of natural light in
terms of energy and information, thus ensuring the growth and development of
photosynthetic organisms, and the potential for manipulating the plant metabolism to
produce functionalized foods through changes in the intensity and wavelength are also
This high intensity discharge (HID) lamps, uses in greenhouse and plant growth room
their long life expectancy and ease of control make them ideal for greenhouses in use all
year round. The LED technology is predicted to replace fluorescent and HID lamps in
2014).
There are some parts given in the article that in changing light intensity and quality you
must check the four factors first is you have to observe if a light-emitting diode lights can
sustain normal plant growth, second is the chloroplast differentiation and de-differentiation ,
the third on is the high influence light-emitting diode triggers production of secondary
monochromatic lighting these are the one who needs observation to totally complete the
(that form the light harvesting antenna of photosystems) and then transferred to the
photosystem reaction centre, where electrons are generated; these processes take place in the
chloroplast. If lighting is too weak, photosynthesis cannot work efficiently and etiolation
symptoms appear. However, excessive light generates oxygen radicals and causes
photoinhibition. Both phenomena strongly limit primary productivity (Darko et al., 2014).
The study of a whole literature is to share the part of photosynthesis in the light of future
advances when you can use for 2050 to produce a food for nine billion people in the future,
how can the CEA technologies will accompany such, the answer is to use LED’s light it
represents an innovative artificial lighting source for plants (Darko et al., 2014).
The Difference Between Natural & Artificial Light
Description
While natural light is produced by the sun, artificial light sources can include incandescent bulbs,
fluorescent tubes and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Sunlight contains all the colors of the
spectrum, which is necessary for photosynthesis in plants. Although many artificial lights do not
radiate a full spectrum of colors, which could inhibit plant growth, full-spectrum bulbs that
Characteristics
Natural light, which produces heat and color, comes from the radiation given off by the sun. It is
then filtered through the Earth's atmosphere and absorbed by plants. Artificial light sources can
consist of a filament that uses electricity or halogen gas to glow, or an electronic device that
emits light. Some artificial lights use gas and electricity to produce light and heat. Unlike natural
sunlight, artificial lighting intensity can be adjusted to serve the needs of individual plants.
Usage
During winter months, when light intensity is low and hours of sunlight are limited, some plants
may not be able to thrive without supplemental artificial light sources. Indoor gardeners can use
artificial light to grow healthy plants in areas that were previously unsuitable for plants, such as
windowless rooms and dark spaces. Artificial lighting can also be used to start seedlings before
Growth of Mongo
Seedling stage
Mongo Beans grows rapidly after several stages. The first stage was the taking up
of water, this is where the beans are swelled twice or triple of their weight. The second
stage was the appearance of the white root tip called radicle, the beans needed oxygen, so
they needed to be exposed to air, in this case their stem grows longer. When the seed
starts to split the testa and the plumule, the first bud of the seed will grow of it, this is the
part of the seed that faces up, and the testa is left in the soils surface, this type of
germination is epigeal, this will make the seed an erect adult plant and produce its first
two embryonic leaves called cotyledons, in fourth stage stage, the true leaves emerged
and the dicots starts to open. The development of the true leaves withers the first two
embryonic leaves and with this the young plant leaves the seedling stage.
The Effect of Blue LED lights to the growth and development of Mongo
longevity and selectable narrow-waveband emissions. But since LED is artificial light it doesn’t
emit as energy in the red and blue region of the light spectrum as sunlight does. In other words,
different ratios of reds, yellows, and blues all combine together to make up white sunlight.
The blue light affect the leaf color and nutrients of the plant, it helps to improve the
Photosynthesis, the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform
light energy into chemical energy. During the photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is
captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, minerals into oxygen and energy-rich
organic compounds. The process of photosynthesis mostly takes place in the chloroplasts of plant
Yang,
Chi-Ming Yang (2013) The effects of red, blue, and white light-emitting diodes on the
sativa
2. Kangmin Kim, Hee-Sun Kook, Ye-Jin Jang, Wang-Hyu Lee, Seralathan Kamala-Kannan,
Jong-Chan Chae and Kui-Jae Lee (2013) The Effect of Blue-light-emitting Diodes on
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3. Sowbiya Muneer, EunJeong Kim, Jeong Suk Park and Jeong Hyun Lee (2014) Influence of
Green, Red and Blue Light Emitting Diodes on Multiprotein Complex Proteins and
Photosynthetic Activity under Different Light Intensities in Lettuce Leaves (Lactuca sativa
4. Wells, Kevin (2015, June) LED Lighting and its Effect on Plants, Growers and the World.
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5. Runkle, Erik (2017, February) Effects of Blue Light on Plants. Retrieved from
https://gpnmag.com/article/effects-of-blue-light-on-plants/
6. Snowden, Michael Chase (2015) Effects of Blue and Green Light on Plant Growth and
Development at Low and High Photosynthetic Photon Flux. Utah State University. Page 4
7. Arnoldi A., Zanoni C., Lammi C., Boschin G. (2014). The role of grain legumes in the
8. Araujo S. S., Beebe S., Crespi M., Delbreli B., Gonzaliz E. M., Gruber V., et al. (2015).
Abiotic stress responses in legumes: strategies used to cope with environmental challenges.
Ali M., Gupta S. (2012). Carrying capacity of Indian agriculture: pulse crops. Curr. Sci. 102
874–881.
9. Boelt B., Julier B., Karagic D., Hampton J. (2014). Legume seed production meeting market
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tolerance to abiotic oxidative stress: antioxidant defenses is a key factor,” in Crop Stress and
Its Management: Perspectives and Strategies edsBandi V., Shanker A. K., Shanker C.,
11. Ihsan M. Z., Shahzad N., Kanwal S., Naeem M., Khaliq A., El-Nakhlawy F. S., et al.
12. Nair R. M., Schafleitner R., Kenyon L., Srinivasan R., Easdown W., Ebert R. W., et al.
13. VazPatto M. C., Amarowicz R., Aryee A. N. A., Boye J. I, Chung H. J., Martín-Cabrejas M.
A., et al. (2014). Achievements and challenges in improving the nutritional quality of food
14. Margit Olle and AkvileVirsile (2013), The effects of light-emitting diode on greenhouse
plant growth and quality. AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE (pg. 223-234).
15. Mitchell (2012), Plant lighting in controlled environments for space and earth applications.
16. Mitchell, Bourget, Burr, Kubota C., Lopez, R.G &Runkle (2012). LEDs: the future of
17. Eva Darko, Parisa Heydarizadeh, Benoît Schoefs, and Mohammad R. Sabzalian (2014)
Photosynthesis under artificial light: the shift in primary and secondary metabolismPhilos
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18. Silajoris, Alex. (2017, April 25). Stages of the Mongo Seed. Sciencing. Retrieved from
http://sciencing.com/stages-mongo-seed-8392725.html
19. Matthew P. Johnson (2016, October 26) Photosynthesis Essays in Biochemistry October 26,
http://essays.biochemistry.org/content/60/3/255 at 01/26/2018
20. Image from Macedonian Academy of Science and Arts as shared in Wikipedia