Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Final Chapter 2 Short Paper
Final Chapter 2 Short Paper
This chapter presents the literature that has bearing and relationship to the
present study. This gave the researcher broader perspective which aid the researchers
in conceptualizing and understanding of the study of Police visibility. The literature and
Local literature
(PNP), ordered all policemen doing office work to go out and render at least four hours
before they go to the office and before they go home,” said Bartolome. The target time
will be from 8:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. in the morning and from 3:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. in
the afternoon. According to Bartolome, the PNP objective is to make use of that time on
matters that need the police concerns most, which is patrolling the streets”. It was
implemented by Bartolome in Metro Manila while he was director of the National Capital
After the assessment that it was effective, Bartolome said he wants to implement
it across the country because aside from policemen doing office work, he said some
He, however, clarified that only those assigned in areas where the threat of big
rebel groups like communist and Moro rebels will be tapped for patrol. “Some of those
assigned in internal security operations will be used for visibility because we all know
Moreover, Abat (2013) stated that in Davao City, the police station is increasing
police visibility in communities to reduce the numbers of crimes. Most of the policemen
are outside for advocacy programs and to maximize visibility. And also don’t let the ride
in a mobile since mostly they are on foot patrol to observe more the community safety,
this way they could easily establish connection with the community against criminal
area of their responsibilities to make sure that they are safe by the police force.
Hence, Rińen (2014), stated that Cebu City is further strengthening police
visibility in public areas where implemented by the police as part of their strategy to
System (MCCDS) which in this program they will maximize police visibility out in the
streets to prevent crimes from happening and witness more augmentation of policemen
out in the streets in beat, foot, and mobile in covert operations. “The response to street
crimes is always police presence”, apart from increasing the number of policemen in
foot and mobile patrols, other strategies that will be employed the establishment of
checkpoints, deployment of covert personnel and with all these done in random manner.
Therefore, safety is a freedom from harm or danger and the state of being safe
which every person assures in the place they were living and for their daily lives. People
need to feel safe at all times under any circumstances. It does not matter if you are at
assistance.
Police visibility became a most powerful tool of the Philippine national police in
obtain better information from them. According to study, maturity can be understood as
and social development. It is the processes of physical and intellectual development are
development that are of most relevance in considering the maturity of young adults.
Development of those areas of the brain concerned with higher order cognitive
processes and executive functions, including control of impulses and regulation and
interpretation of emotions, continues into early adulthood; the human brain is not
Foreign Setting
In every states there will always be different methods or programs established for
the safety of everybody, most especially in the prevention of crimes in order to maintain
peace and order. The high visibility of the police is the major requirement for the
community to stay at peace and the most common police operation of the law enforcers.
According to the research (Bohm & Haley, 2005), law enforcement is locally
controlled and structurally decentralized so that each department is responsible for the
policies and procedures that govern how the organization will carry out its statutory
duties to serve the community. The major functions of a police department include the
following: protect life and property; enforce the laws; prevent crime; preserve the peace;
arrest violators; and serve the public. Local, county and state governments, as well as
the federal government, enact laws that give authority to the individual agencies to carry
out these assigned duties. Crime control, one of the primary duties of law enforcement,
is carried out through the services of patrol officers and criminal investigators.
Police departments must provide service to the community often with limited
the first officer arriving on the scene is usually the patrol officer in whose district the
incident occurred (Adams, 2001). It is logical therefore that the first responding patrol
officer would be in the best position to gather valuable and timely information about the
chances for the case to be closed at, or shortly after, the first contact with the scene
(McDevitt, 2005).
The likelihood that a crime is detected and its offender charged is a central
component of the standard economic model of crime. The economics literature has
barely devoted any attention to studying the determinants of crime detection in detail.
While the institution with the responsibility for crime detection, the police, has been the
focus of much recent work, most such efforts have been directed to studying its reduced
form effect on crime. Typical approaches include examining whether police numbers,
police composition or high visibility patrolling are associated with lower crime rates. The
implicit assumption is that a change in these variables can lead to higher chances of
incapacitation effect over longer horizons. However, very little work has examined
directly whether the police can actually increase the detection rate with either higher
numbers or, especially, with different operational practices (Di Tella and Schargrodsky
The most important and most controversial instrument used by police forces to
rapid response policing seems self-evident. By arriving more quickly, police officers
should be able to arrest any suspect and/or prevent the destruction or contamination of
physical evidence. Arriving at the crime scene relatively quickly should, however, allow
an officer to find witnesses to the crime, question them before their recollections worsen
and encourage witness and victim cooperation by signaling efficiency and dedication.
Moreover, suspect will be named relatively more often when the police are faster in
According to the research, (UN, 2004 and Ekablom, 2005), the meaning of crime
prevention is the act of reducing the opportunity to commit crime it entails any action
designed to reduce the actual level of crime and the fear of crime. This prevention
abandoned buildings and broken down cars which can be used as a cover for criminals,
second crime prevention for example prediction and identification of spotted places,
people and environment that may influence crime to occur, and take measure for the
prevention for example, setting security cameras, alarm systems, visibility of police
officers for patrolling, this make offenders to be afraid of being arrested when
committing crime. Tertiary crime prevention, this focuses on prevention after a crime has
occurred for example arresting the offenders soon after the crime and send them to the
court of law.
Michael (2005) stated that crime is one of the main threats to public and individual
safety, and is an obstacle for social, political, and economic development worldwide. In
hardship, religious beliefs, and need for power, the crime rate in developed and
Interpol (2013) also stated that most of the North America Countries, like Canada and
United States, South America countries like Brazil, Argentina Uruguay, Paraguay,
Mexico and Colombia and southern Asia countries, are the leading nations to have high
rate of crime because of highly and organized criminal groups. For example the rate of
crime for those countries for the period of 2013 are, Guatemala 71.31, Honduras 68.32,
Canada 68.70 México 50.40 Elsalvador 64.35, Costa Rica 61.40, United states 50.15,
Venezuela 81.50, Afghanistan 82.51, Pakistan 63.75, also the kind of crimes which are
common in those countries are, fraud, money laundering, homicide, motor vehicle theft,
cyber crime, house breaking, kidnapping, robbery, terrorism, illegal drug business.
common standards for policing on East African, point out the role of the police as:
Protect life, liberty and security of the person, maintain public safety and social peace,
adhere to the rule of law as an essential element to human security, peace and the
promotion of fundamental rights and freedoms. They also argue that, the police will fulfill
their functions in accordance with the rule of law. The police will not arbitrarily arrest or
detain and will only deprive persons of their liberty in accordance with the law, promptly
inform accused persons of the reason for their arrest and any changes brought them –
this must be communicated to the accused persons in a way and manner they
are brought promptly before an authorized and competent judicial authority, ensure that,
upon arrest, detention and charge, there is a presumptive right to bail or bond, ensure
refers to a particular kind of social institution, while ‘policing’ implies a set of processes
with specific social functions. ‘Police are not found in every society, and police
organizations and personnel can have a variety of shifting forms. ‘Police’, however, is
arguably a necessity in any social order, which may be carried out by a number of
organization of the modern is only one example. The police are agents of the state,
The most popular strand of political economy is the Marxist model. Its main
Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1970). According to Marx, in the social
production of their existence, men inevitably enter into definite relations, which are
production constitutes the economic structure of society, the real foundation, on which
arises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of
social consciousness. The mode of production of material life conditions the general
process of social, political and intellectual life. Marx strongly argued that the economic
structure of society determines the character of the superstructure, which includes the
political, legal, cultural and religious relations, and institutions of society. However, this
does not imply a unidirectional model. Account is also taken of dialectical relations a
form of feedback process in which the superstructure also influences the economic
substructure. (http://repository.out.ac.tz/494/1)