EES217-06-Groundwater - Lecture 2 PDF
EES217-06-Groundwater - Lecture 2 PDF
•Therefore, the slope of the water table has a direct effect on flow
of water.
http://www.edge.ou.edu/hydrogeology/page8.html
Experimental Apparatus for illustrating Darcy’s Law
1. Q is negative because
we’re going from a higher
to lower potential Æ (dh is
negative ∴ Q is negative).
http://fbe.uwe.ac.uk/public/geocal/SoilMech/water/water.htm#>PERMSTRAT
Flow in Aquifer Systems
Basic Terminology: Subsurface features in permeable rock
B.Water table:
determined line below which
you could put a well and
receive water.
C.Saturated zone:
Water percolates down
through the unsaturated
zone and is composed of
sand particles, air space and
water. The saturated zone is
where all the pore spaces
are full of water.
D. Capillary fringe ( the boundary between the water table and the
unsaturated zone): has all the pore spaces full of water, but you could
not draw water from a well at that depth .
Root zone
Capillary fringe
Unconfined
aquifer
Water table
Figure 4.17. Fetter, Applied Hydrogeology 4th Edition Figure 4.16. Fetter, Applied Hydrogeology 4th Edition
Determination of hydraulic gradients
from piezometer installations.
Constant-head
permeameter apparatus.
This is similar to Darcy’s
original test apparatus.
http://www.theshop.net/xibits/litigation/diagrams5.htm
Hvorslov constructed
an algorithm:
K= r2ln(L/R)
2Lto
r = well radius
L = length
•Can calculate standard K for a
medium.
http://www.who.int/docstore/water_sanitation_health/wqassess/ch14.htm
1) Sedimentary rocks:
-generally a high primary porosity
http://www.who.int/docstore/water_sanitation_health/wqassess/ch14.htm
Controlling factors of the medium:
2. Packing of grains:
http://www.dpiwe.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/RPIO-4YD8NU?open
Range of Values of Porosity
Porosity (%)
Unconsolidated deposits
Gravel 25-40
Sand 25-50
Silt 35-50
Clay 40-70
Rocks
Fractured basalt 5-50
Karst limestone 5-50
Sandstone 5-30
Limestone, dolomite 0-20
Shale 0-10
Fractured crystalline rock 0-10
Dense crystalline rock 0-5
Freeze and Cherry, Groundwater, Ch. 2, Table 2.4
Porosity, specific yield and hydraulic
conductivity of granular materials
(Modified from Davis and De Wiest, 1966)
http://www.who.int/docstore/water_sanitation_health/wqassess/ch14.htm#b2-9.2.%20Characteristics%20of%20groundwater%20bodies
Controlling factors of the medium:
B. Features of natural systems:
1) grains are usually sorted by size
2) there is typically a large size distribution of grains present, although some may
be more concentrated in a single size fraction.
http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/siligsize.html
Grain Size of Sediments
http://www.brookes.ac.uk/geology/8320/grainsize.html
Standard
sizes of
sediments
Figure 3.3
Standard sizes of
sediments with limiting
particle diameters and
the Φ scale of sediment
size in which Φ is equal
to log2s (the particle
diameter).
Relation between texture and porosity
Well-sorted sedimentary
deposit consisting of pebbles
Well-sorted sedimentary Poorly sorted sedimentary
that are themselves porous;
Deposit with high porosity. deposit with low porosity.
deposit has high porosity.
Black Shale
http://www.mcmullans.org/canal/alum_hill_deep_cut.htm
http://www2.vscc.cc.tn.us/svinson/geo100/library/sedimentary/large/shale.jpg
Marble
(Metamorphose
d Limestone)
fracture
http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/glossary/l_n/metamorphic_rock.html
Controlling factors of the medium:
4) Also, CaCO3 (limestone) can dissolve Æ large secondary porosity
Æ This is the cause of the large karst formation in limestone in Florida
http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2001/03/meetings5.html
Carbonate
Dissolution
Process and
Karst Formation
http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/00-180/intro/karst.html
Solution and collapse features of
karst and karren topography
http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/publications/ofr/00-180/intro/karst.html
Transport mechanisms:
* Diffusion
• Advection
http://www.theshop.net/xibits/litigation/diagrams9.
Factors causing pore-scale longitudinal dispersion
Table2.1 Fetter,
Contaminant
Hydrogeology 3rd
Edition
D. Retardation: