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Example:: Basic Rule
Example:: Basic Rule
A singular subject (she, Bill, car) takes a singular verb (is, goes,
shines), whereas a plural subject takes a plural verb.
Rule 1. A subject will come before a phrase beginning with of. This is a key
rule for understanding subjects. The word of is the culprit in many, perhaps
most, subject-verb mistakes.
Hasty writers, speakers, readers, and listeners might miss the all-too-common
mistake in the following sentence:
Examples:
My aunt or my uncle is arriving by train today.
Neither Juan nor Carmen is available.
Either Kiana or Casey is helping today with stage decorations.
Rule 3. The verb in an or, either/or, or neither/nor sentence agrees with the
noun or pronoun closest to it.
Examples:
Neither the plates nor the serving bowl goes on that shelf.
Neither the serving bowl nor the plates go on that shelf.
This rule can lead to bumps in the road. For example, if I is one of two (or
more) subjects, it could lead to this odd sentence:
Better:
Neither she, I, nor my friends are going to the festival.
OR
She, my friends, and I are not going to the festival.
Rule 4. As a general rule, use a plural verb with two or more subjects when
they are connected by and.
Exceptions:
Breaking and entering is against the law.
The bed and breakfast was charming.
In those sentences, breaking and entering and bed and breakfast are
compound nouns.
Rule 5a. Sometimes the subject is separated from the verb by such words
as along with, as well as, besides, not, etc. These words and phrases are not
part of the subject. Ignore them and use a singular verb when the subject is
singular.
Examples:
The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly.
Excitement, as well as nervousness, is the cause of her shaking.
Rule 6. In sentences beginning with here or there, the true subject follows the
verb.
Examples:
There are four hurdles to jump.
There is a high hurdle to jump.
Here are the keys.
NOTE:
The word there's, a contraction of there is, leads to bad habits in informal
sentences like There's a lot of people here today, because it's easier to say
"there's" than "there are." Take care never to use there's with a plural subject.
Irregular Verbs
More Grammar Rules:
English verbs are either regular or irregular. We call a verb regular when we
add ed (wanted, looked) or sometimes just d (created, loved) to form what are
called the simple past tense and the past participle (see third and fourth
paragraphs below). A regular verb's simple past tense and past participle are
always identical.
Not so with irregular verbs. They form the simple past tense and the past
participle in any number of unpredictable ways. Some irregular verbs,
like let, shut, and spread, never change, whether present or past. Others,
like feel and teach, become modified versions of themselves (felt, taught) to
form both the past tense and the past participle. Still others,
like break and sing, change to form the past tense (broke, sang) and change
again to form the past participle (broken, sung). And then there are a few
really weird ones, like go: its past participle (gone) is recognizable enough, but
its simple past tense is a strange new word (went).
Let's get back to the irregular verb break. The simple past tense is broke,
which we use in sentences like I broke your dish. We use the past
participle, broken, to form compound verbs in sentences like I have
broken your dish. The compound verb have broken is so called because
we've added a helping verb (have) to the main verb's past participle (broken).
Be careful never to add a helping verb to the simple past form of an irregular
verb—I have broke your dish is an embarrassing confession in more ways
than one.
There are far fewer irregular verbs than regular ones, but we use them all the
time. "The ten commonest verbs in English
(be, have, do, say, make, go, take, come, see, and get) are all irregular,"
notes Steven Pinker, an American experimental psychologist and linguist,
"and about 70% of the time we use a verb, it is an irregular verb." Pinker
acknowledges 180 irregular English verbs, but there is an online Extended
Irregular Verb Dictionary which contains over 470 irregular verbs, including
rare ones such as bestrew, enwind, and hagride.
Effective Writing
More Grammar Rules:
Rule 2. Use active voice whenever possible. Active voice means the subject
is performing the verb. Passive voice means the subject receives the action.
NOTE
The passive voice has often been criticized as something employed by people
in power to avoid responsibility:
Rule 3. Avoid overusing there is, there are, it is, it was, etc.
Revision:
Signaling before making a left turn is important.
OR
Signaling before a left turn is important.
OR
You should signal before making a left turn.
However, the novelist-essayist George Orwell warned of its abuse with this
deliberately silly sentence: "A not unblack dog was chasing a not unsmall
rabbit across a not ungreen field."
Rule 5. Use consistent grammatical form when offering several ideas. This is
called parallel construction.
Incorrect: I admire people who are honest, reliable, and have sincerity.
In this version, are does not make sense with have sincerity, and have
sincerity doesn't belong with the two adjectives honest and reliable.
Rule 6. Word order can make or ruin a sentence. If you start a sentence with
an incomplete phrase or clause, such as While crossing the
street or Forgotten by history, it must be followed closely by the person or
thing it describes. Furthermore, that person or thing is always the main subject
of the sentence. Breaking this rule results in the dreaded, all-too-
common dangling modifier, or dangler.
Dangler: Born in Chicago, my first book was about the 1871 fire.
The problem: the sentence wants to say I was born in Chicago, but to a
careful reader, it says that my first book was born there.
Correct: I was born in Chicago, and my first book was about the 1871 fire.
Adding -ing to a verb (as in crossing in the example that follows) results in a
versatile word called a participle, which can be a noun, adjective, or adverb.
Rule 6 applies to all sentences with a participle in the beginning. Participles
require placing the actor immediately after the opening phrase or clause.
Dangler: While crossing the street, the bus hit her. (Wrong: the bus was
not crossing.)
Correct:
While crossing the street, she was hit by a bus.
OR
She was hit by a bus while crossing the street.