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3.1.4.1 Discussion—The definitions in 3.1.1 and 3.1.2 also cross section of the material as it is being discharged. It is
appear in Terminologies C125 and D8. They are presented in usually necessary to have a special device constructed for use
this standard to illustrate the differences between the aggregate at each particular plant. This device consists of a pan of
definitions and Superpave definitions of similar terms. The sufficient size to intercept the entire cross section of the
definitions in 3.1.2 and 3.1.4 apply to hot mix asphalt (HMA) discharge stream and hold the required quantity of material
mixtures designed using the Superpave system only. without overflowing. A set of rails may be necessary to support
3.1.4.2 Discussion—Specifications on aggregates usually the pan as it is passed under the discharge stream. Insofar as is
stipulate a sieve opening through which all of the aggregate possible, keep bins continuously full or nearly full to reduce
may, but not need to, pass so that a slated maximum portion of segregation.
the aggregate may be retained on that sieve. A sieve opening so NOTE 4—Sampling the initial discharge or the final few tons from a bin
designed is the nominal maximum size. or conveyor belt increases the chances of obtaining segregated material
and should be avoided.
4. Significance and Use 5.3.2 Sampling from the Conveyor Belt—Select units to be
4.1 Sampling is equally as important as the testing, and the sampled by a random method, such as Practice D3665, from
sampler shall use every precaution to obtain samples that will the production. Obtain at least three approximately equal
show the nature and condition of the materials which they increments, selected at random, from the unit being sampled
represent. and combine to form a field sample whose mass equals or
4.2 Samples for preliminary investigation tests are obtained exceeds the minimum recommended in 5.4.2. Stop the con-
by the party responsible for development of the potential veyor belt while the sample increments are being obtained.
source (Note 3). Samples of materials for control of the Insert two templates, the shape of which conforms to the shape
production at the source or control of the work at the site of use of the belt in the aggregate stream on the belt, and space them
are obtained by the manufacturer, contractor, or other parties such that the material contained between them will yield an
responsible for accomplishing the work. Samples for tests to be increment of the required weight (see Fig. 1). Carefully scoop
used in acceptance or rejection decisions by the purchaser are all material between the templates into a suitable container and
obtained by the purchaser or his authorized representative. collect the fines on the belt with a brush and dust pan and add
to the container.
NOTE 3—The preliminary investigation and sampling of potential
aggregate sources and types occupies a very important place in determin- NOTE 5—Automatic belt samplers may be used as long as they are
ing the availability and suitability of the largest single constituent entering properly maintained, and regular inspection ensures all material is being
into the construction. It influences the type of construction from the removed from the belt (see Fig. 2).
standpoint of economics and governs the necessary material control to 5.3.3 Sampling from Stockpiles—Avoid sampling coarse
ensure durability of the resulting structure, from the aggregate standpoint.
This investigation should be done only by a responsible trained and
aggregate or mixed coarse and fine aggregate from stockpiles
experienced person. For more comprehensive guidance, see the Appendix. whenever possible, particularly when the sampling is done for
the purpose of determining aggregate properties that may be
5. Securing Samples dependent upon the grading of the sample. If circumstances
make it necessary to obtain samples from a stockpile of coarse
5.1 General—Where practicable, samples to be tested for
aggregate or a stockpile of combined coarse and fine aggregate,
quality shall be obtained from the finished product. Samples
design a sampling plan for the specific case under consider-
from the finished product to be tested for abrasion loss shall not
ation to ensure that segregation does not introduce a bias in the
be subject to further crushing or manual reduction in particle
results. This approach will allow the sampling agency to use a
size in preparation for the abrasion test unless the size of the
sampling plan that will give a confidence in results obtained
finished product is such that it requires further reduction for
therefrom that is agreed upon by all parties concerned to be
testing purposes.
5.2 Inspection—The material to be sampled shall be visually
inspected to determine discernible variations. If any discernible
variations are noted, corrective action shall be taken to estab-
lish homogeneity in the material prior to sampling. If it is
necessary to indicate the degree of variability existing within
the main pile, separate samples shall be drawn from separate
areas of the pile. The seller shall provide suitable equipment
needed for proper inspection and sampling.
5.3 Procedure:
5.3.1 Sampling from a Flowing Aggregate Stream (Bins or
Belt Discharge)—Select units to be sampled by a random
method, such as Practice D3665, from the production. Obtain
at least three approximately equal increments, selected at
random from the unit being sampled, and combine to form a
field sample whose mass equals or exceeds the minimum
recommended in 5.4.2. Take each increment from the entire FIG. 1 Belt Sampling Template
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re-blended material, tilt back and lift the bucket only high
enough to back up slightly.
(3) At the base of the main stockpile with the bucket only
high enough to permit free-flow of the material from the
bucket, the loader operator shall tilt the bucket forward to
gently roll the material out of the bucket forming a small
sampling pile. If the loader bucket is not of sufficient size to
create a sample pad of representative size, multiple buckets
shall be used, dumped on top of each other and back-dragged
to form a single sample pad.
(4) At this point the loader operator shall raise the bucket,
drive forward far enough to reach across the small pile with the
loader bucket without allowing the loader tires to ramp up on
the sampling pile, lower the bucket to about half the height of
FIG. 2 Automatic Belt Sampler the small pile, and backup, therefore creating a flat surface for
sampling (see Fig. 3). The loader shall only back-drag the
small pile once. This flat surface provides a stable and safe area
to obtain a representative sample.
acceptable for the particular situation. The sampling plan shall (5) Place the sample bucket(s) near the center of the flat,
define the number of samples necessary to represent lots and oval-shaped sampling pad. The sample shall be obtained across
sublots of specific sizes. The sampling plan shall also define the entire flat area, but avoid sampling within 0.3 m [1 ft] of the
any specialized site-specific sampling techniques or procedures sample pad edge. Divide the sample pad into 4 quadrants and
that are required to ensure unbiased samples for existing sample equal amounts of materials evenly across each quad-
conditions. The owner and supplier shall agree upon the use of rant. Fully insert the shovel as near vertical as possible then
any specialized site-specific techniques or procedures. When gently roll the shovel back and lift slowly to avoid coarse
site-specific techniques or procedures are developed for sam- material rolling off the sides of the shovel (Note 7). Obtain
pling a stockpile, those procedures shall supersede the proce- additional shovelfuls from different quadrants of the sampling
dures given in 5.3.3.1. (Note 6). General principles for sam- pad, and in areas that avoid previous “shovel holes.”
pling from stockpiles are applicable to sampling from trucks, NOTE 7—Square-tip shovels with the outer edges rolled up approxi-
rail cars, barges, or other transportation units. mately 50 mm [2 in.] on each side works well in preventing material from
rolling from the side. Spade-tip shovels are not recommended.
NOTE 6—Specific site sampling plans may include the number of
sampling increments (loader buckets) required to construct the sampling 5.3.3.2 Sampling from Stockpiles Without Power Equip-
pad.
ment:
5.3.3.1 Sampling from Stockpiles with Power Equipment
(preferred)—In sampling material from stockpiles it is very NOTE 8—Sampling coarse aggregate and coarse and fine mixed
aggregate stockpiles without the aid of power equipment is not advised.
difficult to ensure unbiased samples due to the segregation
(1) Where power equipment is not available, samples from
which often occurs when material is stockpiled, with coarser
stockpiles shall be made up of at least three increments taken
particles rolling to the outside base of the pile. For coarse or
from the top third, at the mid-point, and bottom third of the
mixed coarse and fine aggregate, every effort shall be made to
elevation of the stockpile.
enlist the services of power equipment to develop a separate
(2) Shove a board vertically into the pile just above the
small sampling pile.
sampling point to prevent coarser material from rolling down
(1) When obtaining a sample from a stockpile for accep-
and further segregating the material and biasing the sample.
tance testing, a loader shall enter the stockpile nearest the area
The board shall be of ample size to prevent material from
representing material that is currently being shipped or loaded
cascading down into the sampling area.
into a production facility, with the bucket approximately 150
(3) With the board in place, scrape off the outer most
mm [6 in.] above ground level, never allowing the front tires of
surface of the pile with the shovel, then insert the shovel
the loader to ramp up on the pile. Without backing up, the
perpendicular to the angle of the pile, into the freshly exposed
loader shall lift the full bucket of material then tilt the bucket
material to obtain the sample. Repeat this process across the
down to gently roll the material out of the bucket back onto the
face of the stockpile until the recommended minimum field
pile, thus re-blending any segregated material on the outside
sample size in 5.4.2 is obtained but no less than the three
surface of the pile. If prior visual inspection noted discernible
increments described in 5.3.3.2(1).
variation, or if the loader is not of sufficient size to cause a
cascading effect down the face of the pile during this remixing 5.3.3.3 Sampling Fine Aggregate from Stockpiles (Alterna-
process, several buckets of material shall either be remixed or tive Method for Fine Aggregate Only)—When sampling fine
removed and discarded to prevent use of potentially injurious aggregate from a stockpile, the outer layer, which easily
material. becomes segregated by wind and rain during stockpile storage,
(2) After re-blending, the loader shall re-enter the shall be removed and the sample taken from the material
stockpile, as before, and obtain a full loader bucket of the beneath.
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FIG. 3 Five-Step Photographic Sequence of Constructing Sampling Pad From Stockpile of Aggregate
(1) Sampling tubes approximately 30 mm [1.25 in.] mini- a confidence in results obtained therefrom that is agreed upon
mum by 2 m [6 ft.] in length shall be inserted into the shipping by all parties concerned to be acceptable for the particular
face of the stockpile horizontally at random locations. situation. The sampling plan shall define the number of
samples necessary to represent lots and sublots of specific
NOTE 9—A sampling tube can be constructed of aluminum, PVC, or
other sturdy material. The tip being inserted into the pile can be cut at a sizes. General principles for sampling from stockpiles are
45° angle to ease insertion. applicable to sampling from trucks, rail cars, barges, or other
(2) Sample shall be taken at a minimum height of 3 ft from transportation units.
the surrounding grade.
NOTE 10—Sampling from transportation units should be avoided if at
(3) A minimum of five tube insertions randomly spaced all possible. In sampling material from transportation units it is very
across the face of the stockpile shall form a single field sample difficult to ensure unbiased samples, due to the segregation which often
(see Fig. 4). Ensure that the minimum field sample size occurs when material is transported, with coarser particles rolling to the
recommended in 5.4.2 is obtained. outside and finer particles settling.
5.3.4 Sampling from Transportation Units—Avoid sampling 5.3.4.1 In sampling coarse aggregates from railroad cars or
coarse aggregate or mixed coarse and fine aggregate from barges, effort shall be made to enlist the services of power
transportation units whenever possible, particularly when the equipment capable of exposing the material at various levels
sampling is done for the purpose of determining aggregate and random locations.
properties that may be dependent upon the grading of the 5.3.4.2 Where power equipment is not available, a common
sample. If circumstances make it necessary to obtain samples procedure requires excavation of three or more trenches using
from a transportation unit, design a sampling plan for the a shovel across the unit at points that will, from visual
specific case under consideration to ensure that segregation appearance, give a reasonable estimate of the characteristics of
does not introduce a bias in the results. This approach will the load. The trench bottom shall be approximately level, at
allow the sampling agency to use a sampling plan that will give least 0.3 m [1 ft] in width and in depth below the surface.
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5.3.4.3 A minimum of three increments from approximately 5.3.5.3 A metal template placed over the area will aid in
equally spaced points along each trench shall be taken by securing approximately equal increment weights. Place the
pushing a shovel downward into the material. template on top of the material to be sampled. Sample material
5.3.4.4 Coarse aggregate in trucks shall be sampled in from the center of the template. As material is extracted from
essentially the same manner as for rail cars or barges, except the center of the template, the template is continuously lowered
for adjusting the number of increments according to the size of to prevent the material outside of the template from falling into
the truck. the sample hole. The template shall be composed of metal or
5.3.4.5 For fine aggregate in transportation units, sampling other sturdy material, no less than 0.3 m [12 in.] in diameter
tubes as described in 5.3.3.3, except inserted vertically, may be and 0.25 m [9 in.] in height, providing a sampling area not less
used to extract an appropriate number of increments from the than 0.07 m2 [110 in.2] (see Fig. 5).
trenches to form the field sample.
5.3.5 Sampling from Roadway (Bases and Subbases): 5.4 Number and Masses of Field Samples:
5.3.5.1 Sample units selected by a random method, such as 5.4.1 The number of field samples (obtained by one of the
Practice D3665, from the construction. methods described in 5.3) required depends on the criticality
5.3.5.2 Obtain at least three approximately equal of, and variation in, the properties to be measured. Designate
increments, selected at random from the unit being sampled, each unit from which a field sample is to be obtained prior to
after the material has been placed and prior to compaction, and sampling. The number of field samples from the production
combine to form a field sample whose mass equals or exceeds shall be sufficient to give the desired confidence in test results.
the minimum recommended in 5.4.2. Take all increments from
NOTE 11—Guidance for determining the number of samples required to
the roadway for the full depth of the material, taking care to obtain the desired level of confidence in test results may be found in Test
exclude any underlying material. Clearly mark the specific Method D2234/D2234M, Practice E105, Practice E122, and Practice
areas from which each sample increment is to be removed. E141.
FIG. 5 Proper Use of Metal Template For Sampling Mixed Coarse and Fine Aggregate From Roadway Grade
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TABLE 1 Minimum Size of Field Samples
Field Sample
Field Sample Mass,
Aggregate SizeA Volume, min, L
min, kgB [lb]
[gal]
Fine Aggregate
2.36 mm [No. 8] 10 [22] 8 [2]
4.75 mm [No. 4] 10 [22] 8 [2]
Coarse Aggregate
9.5 mm [" in.] 10 [22] 8 [2]
12.5 mm [½ in.] 15 [35] 12 [3]
19.0 mm [3⁄4 in.] 25 [55] 20 [5]
25.0 mm [1 in.] 50 [110] 40 [10]
37.5 mm [1½ in.] 75 [165] 60 [15]
50 mm [2 in.] 100 [220] 80 [21]
63 mm [2½ in.] 125 [275] 100 [26]
75 mm [3 in.] 150 [330] 120 [32]
90 mm [3½ in.] 175 [385] 140 [37]
A
For processed aggregates, use the nominal maximum size as indicated by the appropriate specification or description. If the specification or description does not indicate
a nominal maximum size (for example, a sieve size indicating 90 to 100 % passing), use the maximum size (that sieve indicating 100 % passing).
B
For combined coarse and fine aggregates (for example, base or subbase aggregate), the minimum weight shall be coarse aggregate minimum mass plus 10 kg.
5.4.2 The field sample masses cited are tentative. The 6.2 Shipping containers for aggregate samples shall have
masses must be predicated on the type and number of tests to suitable individual identification attached and enclosed so that
which the material is to be subjected and sufficient material field reporting, laboratory logging, and test reporting may be
obtained to provide for the proper execution of these tests. facilitated.
Standard acceptance and control tests are covered by ASTM
standards and specify the portion of the field sample required 7. Keywords
for each specific test. Generally speaking, the amounts speci-
fied in Table 1 will provide adequate material for routine 7.1 aggregates; exploration of potential sources; number
grading and quality analysis. Extract test portions from the and sizes needed to estimate character; sampling
field sample according to Practice C702 or as required by other
applicable test methods.
6. Shipping Samples
6.1 Transport aggregates in bags or other containers so
constructed as to preclude loss or contamination of any part of
the sample, or damage to the contents from mishandling during
shipment.
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1.1 Scope from each discernible stratum. The sample should not include
X1.1.1 Sampling for evaluation of potential aggregate material weathered to such an extent that it is no longer suitable
sources should be performed by a responsible trained and for the purpose intended. One or more pieces in each sample
experienced person. Because of the wide variety of conditions should be at least 150 by 150 by 100 mm [6 in. by 6 in. by 4
under which sampling may have to be done it is not possible to in.] in size with the bedding plane plainly marked, and this
describe detailed procedures applicable to all circumstances. piece should be free of seams or fractures.
This appendix is intended to provide general guidance and list X1.2.3 Record—In addition to the general information ac-
more comprehensive references. companying all samples the following information should
accompany samples taken from ledges or quarry faces:
X1.2 Sampling Stone from Quarries or Ledges X1.2.3.1 Approximate quantity available. (If quantity is
X1.2.1 Inspection—The ledge or quarry face should be very large this may be recorded as practically unlimited.)
inspected to determine discernible variations or strata. Differ- X1.2.3.2 Quantity and character of overburden.
ences in color and structure should be recorded. X1.2.3.3 A detailed record showing boundaries and location
of material represented by each sample.
X1.2.2 Sampling and Size of Sample—Separate samples
having a mass of at least 25 kg [55 lbs] should be obtained NOTE X1.1—A sketch, plan, and elevation, showing the thickness and
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location of the different layers is recommended for this purpose. potential value of the material in the deposit. If visual inspec-
X1.3 Sampling Roadside or Bank Run Sand and Gravel tion indicates that there is considerable variation in the
Deposits material, individual samples should be selected from the
material in each well defined stratum. Each sample should be
X1.3.1 Inspection—Potential sources of bank run sand and thoroughly mixed and quartered if necessary so that the field
gravel may include previously worked pits from which there is sample thus obtained will be at least 12 kg [25 lbs] for sand and
an exposed face or potential deposits discovered through 35 kg [75 lbs] if the deposit contains an appreciable amount of
air-photo interpretation, geophysical exploration, or other types coarse aggregate.
of terrain investigation.
X1.3.3 Record—In addition to the general information ac-
X1.3.2 Sampling—Samples should be so chosen from each companying all samples the following information should
different stratum in the deposit discernible to the sampler. An accompany samples of bank run sand and gravel:
estimate of the quantity of the different materials should be X1.3.3.1 Location of supply.
made. If the deposit is worked as an open-face bank or pit, X1.3.3.2 Estimate of approximate quantity available.
samples should be taken by channeling the face vertically,
X1.3.3.3 Quantity and character of overburden.
bottom to top, so as to represent the materials proposed for use.
X1.3.3.4 Length of haul to proposed site of work.
Overburdened or disturbed material should not be included in
the sample. Test holes should be excavated or drilled at X1.3.3.5 Character of haul (kind of road, maximum grades,
numerous locations in the deposit to determine the quality of and so forth)
the material and the extent of the deposit beyond the exposed X1.3.3.6 Details as to extent and location of material
face, if any. The number and depth of test holes will depend represented by each sample.
upon the quantity of the material needed, topography of the NOTE X1.2—A sketch of plans and elevations, showing the thickness
area, nature of the deposit, character of the material, and and location of different layers, is recommended for this purpose.
X2. NUMBER AND SIZE OF INCREMENTS NEEDED TO ESTIMATE CHARACTER OF UNIT SAMPLED
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