Contents

TOPICS VOCABULARY GRAMMAR

UNIT 1 dwellings; daily routines houses; furniture & appliances; everyday present lenses; adverbs of frequency;
There's no place activities stative verbs; adverbs of time
like home Phrasal verbs: break; build
Ill (pp. 6. 19)
...
:')
Q
UNIT2 holidays; the weather; travel travel & holidays; the weather; holiday future lenses; conditionals Type 0 & l;
0 A rolling stone problems; means of transport the definite article
:Ii gathers no moss Phrasal verbs : coll; check
(pp. 20. 33)
I
milestones & memories; physical appearance; character; stages post lenses; used to - would
I describing people; education in life; emotions & feelings Phrasal verbs: bring, carry
Cll
Ill
...
:')
Q UNIT4 health; feelings health problems; medicines; feelings & medals; post & perfect medals; making
0 Health is better than experiences deductions; question togs
:Ii wealth Phrasal verbs: come, die
(pp. 52. 65)
MODULE 2 SELF-ASSESSMENT {pp. 66 - 67)

UNITS environment; water-environmental problems; comparisons; too - enough; -ing form /

Be dean, be green endangered species conservation; endangered species infinitives
C') (pp. 70 - 83) Phrascil verbs: do, draw
Ill
...
:')
Q UNIT6 technology; computers modern inventions; describing objects; order of adjectives; the passive; relative
0 Necessity is the robotics clauses; relative pronouns/ adverbs
:Ii mother of invention Phrasal verbs: give, go
(pp. 84. 97)
I MODULE 3 SELF-ASSESSMENT {pp. 98 - 99)
UNIT 7 shopping; clothes shops & goods; services & complaints; reported speech (I); causative form
.,I On the Market
(pp. 102. 115)
clothes & accessories Phrasal verbs: foll, feel

Ill
...
:')
Q food & drinks; eating habits food; methods of cooking; cooking countable/uncountable nouns;
0 utensils; tastes; containers quantifiers (some; any; no; a lot of;
:Ii much; many; (a/ little; (a) few) ; reported
speech - specio introductory verbs
Phrasal verbs: get
I MODULE 4 SELF-ASSESSMENT (pp. 132 - 133)
UNIT 9 sports & leisure; activities team sports; qualities; leisure activities; conditionals Type 2 & 3; wishes; would _
entertainment
.,,I
Just for the fun of it rather
(pp. 134 • 147) Phrasal verbs: hit, hold

...
Ill

:')
UNIT 10 the media; disasters the press/newspapers; radio & future perfect & future perfect
Q continuous; linking words & phrases;
0 Breaking News television; disasters
quantifiers (both, neither, all, none,
:Ii (pp. 148 - 161) either, each, every, neither)
Phrasal verbs: keep, knock, look
I MODULE 5 SELF·ASSESSMENT {pp. 162 - 163)
GRAMMAR REFERENCE SECTION 164
IRREGULAR VERBS 174
AMERICAN ENGLISH - BRITISH ENGLISH GUIDE 175
WORD LIST 176
WORD FORMATION l 82

2
 READING WRITING LISTENING SPEAKING

The Smart Way to live a letter of invitation to a friend note toking; understanding attitude; requesting services;
(understanding text structure] on advertisement for a house specific information; reaching on agreement;
Culture Clip: A Traditional British True/Folse greetings; introducing
Craft Intonation: in greetings people; renting a house·

elcome to exico on article escri6ing a place multiple choice; multiple matching buying a ticket; problem
(mutiple matching) a promotional poster for your country Intonation: in short answers solving; making a hotel
Culture Clip: Quebec, Winter on article describing a festival in your reservation; prioritising
Festival; Edinburgh Military Tattoo country

a narrative multiple matching; True/Folse; Yes/No; giving/responding to

on article describing your country's Intonation: in echo questions news; describing
notional hero people; talking about
recent experiences

Traditional Folk Medicine on assessment report identifying sounds; identifying speakers; expressing preferences;
(multiple matching) on article about a voluntary multiple matching; Yes/No giving advice; making
Culture Clip: The St John organisation in your country Intonation: in expressing emotions spe~~lotions; m~king
dec1s1ons; guessing;
Ambulance Brigade describing symptoms

in danger (gapped text) on article providing solutions to multiple matching; note toking; Yes/No asking for/expressing
from Moby Dick: Or the problems Intonation: key word stress opinions; making
le by Herman Melville a poster about on endangered suggestions
species

SDR-4X: King of the Dance Floor a letter of complaint multiple matching; note-toking; True/Folse reporting problems;
on advertisment for a robot Intonation: stress in lists of adjectives making complaints;
(gapped text)
on inventor's biography reporting lost items
extract from 20,000 Leagues
under the Seo bv_lules Verne

Markets around the World a transactional letter applying for a multiple matching; multiple choice; True/ making a complaint;
(multiple matching) job Folse exchanging goods;
Culture Clip: A proud tradition a short article describing notional Intonation: in questions buying things
dress
a c desc 'bing market

a narrative descriptive article of a multiple matching; listening for specific giving instructions;
visit to a place information; True/Folse saying "no" politely;
a narrative Intonation: compound nouns making
recommendations

Olympic Games: A Human on opinion essay note toking; multiple matching; selection making invitations;
a sports day project from two answers; True/Folse making suggestions;
Success Story (understanding gist)
Intonation: regrets booking a ticket;
Culture Clip: A Magnificent a descriptive article about a stadium
expressing opinions;
Tribute to Sports &Entertainment decision making

as iogrop y True/Folse; note toking; multiple choice; asking for information;

a proposal report Yes/No giving advice; making
Intonation: word stress suggestions; demanding
explanations

3
+ Before you start ...
How long have you been studying English?
Why do you learn English?
What career will you pursue?

+ Listen, read and talk about ...

There's no place
like home
Ill

UNIT
• houses
• rooms, furniture & appliances
• daily routines

4
 1Module1 Units 1-2 1
+ Learn how to ...
A rolling stone •
•
describe your home
talk about your daily routine

gathers no moss •
•
•
rent a house
greet people
ask people for / give directions
• introduce people

'UNIT •
•
reach an agreement
request services
• prioritise
trave l and holidays • mat e a hotel reservation
weather • describe experiences
holiday problem • buy a ticket
means of transport • make suggestions/ agree-disagree

+ Practise ...
• present tenses
• adverbs of frequency
• stative verbs
• adverbs of time
• furture tenses
• conditionals Type 0 & l
• the definite article

+ Phrasal verbs
• break
• build
• call
• check

• an advertisement
• a letter of invitation to a friend
• an article describing a place
• an article describing a festival
•••••••••
•••••••••
•••••••••
•••••••••
•••••••••
••••••••• There's no place lik ome
•••••••••
Lead-in
1 What does the title
mean? How is it
related to the pictures?
Can you think of an
alternative title?
a) Look at the pictures A
2 to C and say as many
words as possible related to
'houses'.
b) Use the prompts to describe
each picture, then describe your house.

A cottage - thatched roof - attic - front garden -

chimney - in the countryside - by a ri ver
B terraced houses - by a beach - garage/ ground floor
- a fl ight of stairs - front door - two-storeyed - balcony 5 Read the dialogues A to C and mark the
C detached house - residential area - verandah - sentences 1 to 5, T (true) or F (false).
front garden - path - rake leaves - chat
neighbours - garden fence Mrs Penn is ann oyed .
2 Mrs Keys is ha vi ng probl ems
Picture A shows a beautiful cottage with a thatched w ith her plumbing .
roof. It ... 3 Mrs Keys' li ving roo m is flooded.
c) What do you like/dislike most about your 4 Mr Adam s w ants to spend his
house? Do you have any problems with your holiday by the sea .
house? Do you get on well with your 5 Mr Adams has got a big family.
neighbours? Why/Why not?
[Kl Mrs Penn: Oh, Mrs Conway. Could I have
a word with you, please?
Listening and Reading Mrs Conway: Yes, of course. What about?

3 c\ Listen and repeat, then close your books and

try to remember as many sentences as possible.
Mrs Penn: It's about your dog. He K'eeB
me ug all night with his
barking. I haven't been able to
sleep prop r for days. It's
• Could I have a wo rd with you, please?
really disturbing me.
•
•
What about?
I' m terribly sorry.
Mrs Conway: I'm terribly sorry. I - ·--
· e. it's
annoying, but he's only a
• What do you suggest?
puppy. I'm sure he'll grow out
• Let's hope that 's the end of it.
of it soon.
• What's the nature of the problem?
Mrs Penn : That's not good enough I'm
• We ' ll take care of it in no time .
afraid. Do you think you could
• Which area did you have in mind? do something about it?
• That sounds promising! Mrs Conway: What do you suggest.

A c\ Listen and match the dialogues A to to c

the situations. How are the speakers related?
Mrs Penn: Why don't you take him to
obedience classes? Maybe that
would stop his racket.
Dialogue A l renti ng a cottage Mrs Conway: Yes, I' ll try that. I am really
Dialogue B 2 requesting se rvices sorry.
Dialogue C 3 co mplai ning to a neighbour
Mrs Penn: Well, alright then. Let's hope
that's the end of it.
6
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.

00 John: Black and Sons, how can [g Don: Good morning, Homefinders. Don speaking.
I help you? How may I help you?
Mrs Keys: Hello. My name is Mrs Mr Adams: Good morning. I'm calling to enquire
Keys. I've got a serious about renting a summer cottage for the
problem with my roof. month of August.
John: What's the nature of the Don: Right. Which area did you have in mind, sir?
problem? Mr Adams: Well, somewhere quiet by the sea.
Mrs Keys: It leaked during the Don: I see. And how many bedrooms are you
night and now there is a lool<ing for?
large puddle in the Mr Adams: Just one.
middle of my living Don: Alright, let me see what we have ... ah yes,
room. I need the roof we have a aovely, cottage in Portsmouth.
e airea urgently. Mr Adams: How much is it?
John: I see. If you just give me Don: It's £200 a week.
your address, I'll send Mr Adams: That sounds promising! Can you send me
someone round the details?
immeaiate X· Don: Of course.
Mrs Keys: It's 32, Brookside Lane.
John : Alright then, Mrs Keys .
Don't worry, we'll take
6 a) Read the dialogues again and explain the
words in bold, then use them to make up
care of it in no time.
sentences.
Mrs Keys: That would be
wonderful, especially b)Suggest synonyms for the highlighted words.
since the weather
c)ln pairs, read out the dialogues.

I I
I '

• 'I
 .............
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......... 1
.:::::::•
.............
. :
. ·····=
b) Use the phrases to make up sentences
Vocabulary using the words in the list, as in the example.
• Houses • as wel l as • besides • also • but • however

7 a) Use the words below to complete the table. There's no central heating in our house, but there
What other words can you add? is a front garden.

• trad itiona l • centra ll y loca ted • spac iou s

• flat • family-sized • modern • farmhouse
9 Complete the advertisement with words from
Ex. Ba.
• (semi) detached • average • on th e coast
• terraced • roomy • village • in th e suburbs
• residential area • town house • cottage
ESTATE AGENTS
traditional , .......... ... ............. ... ..... . FOR SA.LE
Spacious detached 4-bedroomed house in
flat , ....... ..... .. . . ......... .. .. ... .... . ...... . Cambridge. Luxurious lounge with fireplace,
dining room, two bathrooms and modern,
1) .............................. kitchen, special features
centrally located , .... ... ...... . .. .... . .. ... . include a spiral 2) .............. .... .... .. .. .. leading to
2nd floor. Also has central 3) .................. .... .... .. .. ·
spacious , . .. .. .... .. .... .. . .. ............. ... . Outside: two-car 4) .......................... " front and
rear S) .. ... ... . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. and a patio at the
back. Contact Jane Atkins at 01223 37623.

Speaking

b) Use words from above, as well as your own

• Project
ideas, to describe the house you/your friends Use the prompts to write an advertisement for
live in, in the countryside or in the city. the house in the picture.

I live in a modern flat which is centrally located ... • detached house • 2 bedrooms • fireplace
My friend Mary lives in a traditional farmhouse in • garage • front garden • contact: Bob Harkin s
a small village. • Tel: 07815086006 (mobile)
• Locat ion: 2 1, App le Street, Brighton

8 a) Match the words in the lists. Then put the

features under the headings:
Interior - Exterior.

central wate r
front pool
air staircase
fitted kitche n
private garage
double glazing
,Listening
swimmi ng heating
sp iral
two-car
condit ioning
garden
1Q c\ a) Listen and mark the statements T
(true) or F (false).
running parking
1 The flat has two bedroom s.
~ central heating ,
2 The bedroom is close to the bathroom.
3 There's a washing machine in th e kitchen.

~
4 The rent is £200 a month.
5 The cleaner can clean the flat twice a week .. .. . . .
8
 0 ..........
1::::::::
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•.......... ..... ..

• Rooms, Furniture and Appliances 14 Ask and answer, as in the example.

11 In pairs, think of two more words to complete

• w ash/ dishes • mop/floor • vac uu m/ carpets
• cook/ lunch • ti dy/bedroom • sweep/fl oor
the spidergrams. Use the words to describe
• iro n/cloth es • d ust/ furniture • mow/ lawn
the rooms in your house.
-~----------------------------------------~
: • often • rarely • freq uently • so metim es !
I I

: • never • eve ry :
~----------------------------------------~
A : How often do you wash the dishes?
B: I rarely wash the dishes . What about you?
A: I never wash them . I hate doing it.

15 Use the prompts to ask and answer, as in

the example.

• firepl ace • gla ss tab le • armc ha ir • car pet

• sofa • cushio ns • TV cabinet • lamp
-~----------------------------------------~
: • o n • betwee n • next to • in fro nt of :
I I
: • under • opposite :
i----------------------------------------r

12 a) Which of these appliances do you use in

your home? What other appliances do you
have?
blender
toaster
TV

A : Where is the fireplace?

B: It's between the door and the window.

• Idioms and Fixed Phrases

kettle
16 Underline the correct word and then explain
the phrases.

John does nothing a ll day but watch soap

ope ras. He's such a couch potato/tomato.
2 W hen A lex rea li ses that I have bro ken hi s new
sandw ich toaster
ca mera he w ill hit the floor/roof.
b) Which three do you consider the most 3 My moth er a lways says th a t too many cooks
useful? Why? spoil the stew/broth .

• Game
• Da ily Routines
A leader thinks of an action and mimes it in
13 Make up sentences about yourself using the
front of the class. Students, in teams, try to
verbs: have, go, make or do .
guess what he/she is doing . Each team can
a shower/ a bath/b rea kfast ask five questions. Choose another leader
2 the was hing-up/ th e iron in g/th e shopp ing and continue the game.
3 home/to school/to work/to bed Team A 5 7: Are you washing something?
4 lunch/the bed
Leader: No, I'm not.
I have a shower every morning. Team B 5 7: Are you mopping the floor ? etc
9
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...·.······•
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..
.
... ······•
Grammar in Use • Adverbs of Frequency ~
Grammar Reference

• Present Tenses ~ 19 Use the prompts and the table to talk about
Grammar Refere nce the things you do/don' t do at the weekend .
You can add your own ideas.
17 Identify the tenses in bold, then match them to
their use. • go out with fri ends • watch TV • do sports
• have swimming lesso ns • go shoppi ng
OD The floor is shiny beca use she has just waxed it. • do the housework • su rf the net
[1IJ It is getting
hotter and hotter every day.
• do th e was hing up • visit relatives
[][]My sister never cleans her room.
[][]Snow melts in the spring. Ql
'i::::f2
[JI] We are looking for bedroo m furniture at the ~ ~--\ CZ; ':--..--\ 0-
.:io .:::,0 <:::-
§' ~ .;,;:
~ ~ ,gi
moment. 6= 2? 0 '?

CK] We are moving house next week.

[Z[] M y father has been gardening since early thi s 100% 75% 50% 25% 10% 0%
morning.
I usually go out with friends at the weekend.
[]D Football pra cti ce starts at 9 am .

a la w of nature • Stative Verbs

b permanent state , repeated a ction Grammar Refe rence
c gradual deve lopment 20 a) Study the table.
d fi xed arrangement for the future
e timetable
faction w hich started in the pa st a nd co ntinues Th e ve rbs believe , forget, hate , know, like , love,
up to the present with empha sis on duration need , prefer, real ise , remember, seem , suppose ,
g result/ consequence of a pa st activity in the present understand , want do not normally have continuous
h action happening at the time of speaking tenses.
W hen th e verbs consider, appear, think, taste ,
18 a) Put the verbs in brackets into the present see , look, smell , feel an d have have co ntin uous
simple, present continuous, present perfect, or ten ses th ei r mea ning cha nges .
present perfect continuous tense . I see what you mean. (= understan d)
I am seeing my dentist on Monday. (= am visiting)
Jade and Tom . .. .. .. .. .. ..... .. .. ...... . .. . ... . (have)
a car boot sale next Saturda y.
2 The removal co mpan y .... ....... ...... .. . .. .... . . .. . . b) Put the verbs in brackets into the present
(come) at two o 'clock tomorrow. simple or present continuous.
3 She's tired. She ..... .. .. ... .. .... .. .. .. . .... . .. .. . ... . .
A: I ...... ... ..... ..... .. .... ... ... . .. .. .... .. . . (look) fo r
(clean) the house since morning.
somebody to decorate my living room.
4 The DIY Sh o p .. ... .... .... .... ... . . ... .. . .. . . .. . .. .. ... .
B: How abou t Gill?
(not/usually/close) befo re 9 p m o n ~ee kda ys .
2 A: Steve ...... .. ...... ............... . ..... (consider)
5 John .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... ... .. .. . . . .. ... (not/come) in
moving to th e cou ntryside soon.
today. He . ... ........... . ... ... ... (work) all ni g ht.
B: Really? I . . . . . . . . . ....... ..... (not/think)
6 .. ... ... ........ ..... .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. ... .. .. .. . (you/hear) ?
he shoul d make any hasty decis ions.
A pro perty devel o per ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . ...... ...... . .
3 A : I .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . ... . .. .. .. .. .. . (feel) ti red .
. . . . . . . (build) so me luxury flats on the waterfro nt.
B: W hy don't you ta ke a nap?
4 A: Why . . . . . .. ...... ...... ... . ... (you/taste)
Speaking th e sauce?
B: To see if it . ... .... ..... .. ... .. ... .. ... . .. .. (need)
b) Say two things you:do/don't do every day;
some pepper.
are/aren't doing now; are doing tomorrow.
5 A : Tom . . . . . . . ...................... (seem)
I wake up early in the morning. to be rather nervous.
I don 't go to school by bus. B: We ll , he . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (appear)
I'm ... in a new TV series, that's w hy.
10
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. . .... .
.........
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0 ······
•.........
... .

25 Use the prompts to act out dialogues, as in

the example.
21 How has your life changed over the past 5-6
years? In pairs talk about yourself referring to
worn out -
your:
clean/house
• appearance • lifestyle • activities • interests • mop/floor (.I')
• wash/dishes (J')
In the past 5-6 years, I've gained weight.
• iron/ clothes (X)

22 Use the prompts to act out dialogues, as in the A: You look worn out. What have you been
example. doing?
• travel abroad • attend a concert B: I've been cleaning the house.
• stay in a caravan • try Chinese food A: What have you done?
• sleep in a tent • fl y on Conco rde B: Well, I've already mopped the floor and
washed the dishes, but I haven't ironed the
A: Have you ever travelled abroad? clothes yet.
B: Yes, I have.
A: Really? When was that?
B: Two months ago. Have you ever attended a
concert? etc 2 dirty-
A: No, I haven't. etc repair/bicycle
• replace/chain (.I')
• clean/ gears (J')
• check/tyres (X)
• Adverbs of Ti me
Gra mmar Reference

23 Use the time adverbs in the box and the prompts

below to talk about yourself, as in the example.
3 exhausted -
paint/garage
-L------------------------------------------i
: • already • still • every day • now • since : • mi x/pai nt (J')
I I

: • next Friday • at the moment • yet • for : • whitewash/wa ll s (.I') i

I I

: • every w eekend • at present • tomorrow : • clean/brushes (X) !

~------------------------------------------~-

• clean my room • w ash the dishes

• w alk the dog • do homew ork • go shopping
26 Circle the correct answer, as in the example.

• go to the cinema • watch a video I' m too tired to play tennis today, I . ... .... ... ... .. .
boxes since morning.
I have already cleaned my room . ® have been packing B am packing
I still haven't washed the dishes. C have packed
2 She can 't come . Her car ... .... . .. . down.
24 Use the prompts and the present perfect or A has broken B ha s been breaking C breaks
present perfect continuous to ask and answer,
3 He can 't answer the phone , he . . ... .. . a shower.
as in the example.
A has had B has C is having
• know your best friend • use a PC 4 Raoul is an excellent iournalist. A top newspaper
• learn English • live in this area . him an important job .
A: How long have you known your best friend? A is offering B has offered C offers
B: I have known her for five years. 5 I .. .. . .. . .. . Fred is interested in opera.
A am not thinking B don't think
C haven 't thought
11
 :::::::::
. .. .'.······•
.....
........1
. .······•
• 5 . . . . . . ..

5 Tom is still fixing the roof.

Grammar in Use finished Tom .... ... .... .. . ..

• Error Correction
Read the title
27 Read the text below and look
of the text in order to
carefully at each line. If the get an idea of what the text is about. the roof yet.
line is correct put a tick Read the text once, then read it sentence 6 It's the most spectacular film
(.1) . If it has a word that by sentence. Look for mistakes with I've ever seen .
articles, prepositions, pronouns,
should not be there write never I . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
auxiliary/modal verbs, comparative
this word at the end of the forms, etc. The extra words are
line, as in the examples. wrong , not just unnecessary.
a spectacular film
before.
An Unusual Life
Trevor Bag li s is being a true Briti sh eccentric. He is best
0 being
• Phra sal Ve rbs
known as an inventor, a lthough he has had ma ny unusua l 00 .I
iobs. He tra ined as a structura l engi neer but he has a lso l . . .. . .. . .. . 29 a) Complete the
wo rked such as a circus perform er as we ll as runn ing hi s 2 .. .. .... .. . sentences w ith the correct
own busi ness selling swimming pools. As one would be expect 3 ....... .. .. form of the ph rasa l verbs
fro m a n eccentric, Bag li s' house is q uite unu sua l. For 4 .... .. ... .. from the list, as in the
the last thirty years he ha s been lived on Eel Pi e Isla nd , a 5 .. .... .. .. . example.
sandba nk in th e Rive r Tham es a nd ha s a n indoor 6 .......... .
swimming pool iust in side of hi s fro nt door. Th e inve ntio n 7 ... .. .... .. • brea k in( to) • build on
that it made Bag li s fa mous is th e cl ockwo rk ra dio. He 8 ... .. ..... . • build up • break down
heard how hard it was for people in the South Afri ca to 9 .. ....... .. • break off
hear news and hea lth war nings w itho ut have electri city. l0 The thief broke into the shop
Hi s soluti o n to thi s pro bl em was a ve ry successful , w ith 11
a nd stole all the money from
120,000 of his rad ios were be ing made eve ry month . He 12
th e til l. (enter by force)
doesn't wa nt to stop there however. Hi s most latest 13
2 Jane 's fiance ...... .... .. ..
idea is to set up a com pa ny w hich w ill help other in ve nto rs 14 .... .... the engagement right
to get o n their idea s into produ cti o n. 15
before the wedding. (end )
3 Our computer system .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .... .. during the storm .
(stop working)
• Key Word Transformations 4 Kenny's savi ngs have .. .
~- .... ............ .. since he opened
a bank account. (increase
28 Complete the second sentence
using the word in bold .
Read the g radually)
whole sentence
You can use two to then look at the key word . Try to work out 5 Th e new coach helped the
five words including what is being tested (passive, indirect team .. . .. ...... .. .. ... . .
speech, part of speech, etc). Complete the the ir skills. (improve)
the word given . Do not sentences without changing the word given.
change the word Check that you have written two to five
given. words. Also check for spelling.
b) Choose one of the
phrasal verbs from the list
It's th e fi rs t time Sam has eaten Frenc h food . and draw a picture about
never Sam .... .... .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. befo re. it. The class guesses the
2 A smell of gas has been co min g fro m thi s room all week . phrasal verb it illustrates.
smelling Thi s room .................................. .. .......... a ll week.
3 Shauna hasn' t found a fl at yet.
still Shau na .... .. .. .. ............ . ... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. ... .. a fl at.
4 It's more than a wee k since I spoke to Bri an.
for I have .. .... .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .............. .. . .. .. . .. ..... a week.

12
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0 ......... ..
.. .
.. .

Listening & Speaking • Communication

• Renting a House 32 c\ a) Listen and match the exchanges

to where they take place.
1-4

30 c\ a) Listen to a
man talking to an
~
-uY"' Read
Exchange
Exchange
1
2
A cafe
B house
estate agent on . eac.h se.ntence
and think of what 1s missing. e.g. Exchange 3 c universi ty
the telephone name, a number, etc. Listen and Exchange 4 D o ff ice
about a house start filling in. You can write up to
he would like to three words. Listen again and fill b) Read the extracts from the conversations.
in the rest of the answers.
rent and complete Which are formal/informal?
Check what you have
the sentences (1 -7) . written.
Greetings
Steve wan ts to live somewhere I
~--=========~:::;-
I1 I A : Hi!
B: O h hi, co me o n in. Like a coffee?
Steve is only interested in I I 21. 2 A: O h hi. Haven't seen you for ages. W hat've
-'==============--~
The estate agent has '--1_ _ _ _ _~1_3_,I a nd you been up to?
basement flats to offer. B: Busy as us ua l. W hat a bout yo u?
Steve does not want anyth ing on A: Me too. Join me for lunch?
Asking for directions

The rent must be between

3 A: Could yo u tell me where Professor Shaw's
offi ce is, pl ease?
pounds per month.
B: Yes, of co urse . It's on the fifth fl oo r Third
He wants al~------1~6~1 fl at.
door on the left.
The flat must have a ~_ __ _ _ _ ___._I_7_,I Introductions
and centra l heating. 4 A: Hello, M rs Smi th . Thi s is Steve M il ler, from
Head O ffi ce.
b) Imagine you are looking for a new home.
B: Hello M r M iller. Pl ease come in . Pl eased to
Use the prompts below to talk to an estate
meet yo u.
agent about the house/flat.
C: Pl eased to meet you too, M rs Smith.
• detached house • in the suburbs
• 4-bedroomed • £900 a month c) In pairs, use the prompts to start a
• central heating • garage conversation , then try to continue it for as
long as you can .
A: Good morning is this Myers Estate Agent1s ?
8: Yes, it is. How can I help you ? • greet a fr iend a nd in vite him to the cinema
• ask a passe r-by for d irections to th e museum
31 a) Compare and contrast the pictures. • in trod uce a new secretary to the ma nager

• Intonation (in greetings)

33 c\ a) Listen, then in pairs, read out the
exchanges.

A: Good morning, class !

B: Good morn ing, Miss Sharp !
2 A: Hi there ! How a re you?
Both pictures show ... ; Picture A . .. whereas Picture B ... ; B: Hi . I'm fine.
Picture A ... In addition, ... ; Picture B, on the other hand, .. . 3 A: Hello. N ice to see yo u again .
B: Hello .
b) In pa irs, answer the questions.
b) In pai rs act out similar dialogues, using
• Which place would you like to li ve in ? W hy?
the prompts . Greet:
• How similar is yo ur house to th e ones in th e
pictures? • your neig hbour • an old fr iend • your boss
13
 ·········•
·····• 1
······•
..:..:::::::1
..........••

Listening & Reading

34 a) The house in the picture is ~ Read
a 'smart' house. In pairs, think ~the text through .
of how a house can be Think of what information might be
missing. Read the list of sentences. Start
'smart'. Th ink about:
fitting the sentences into the gaps. Look fo r
household chores, clues such as reference words (he, it, this, etc)
shopping, entertainment. or linking words before and after each gap.
Check that the sentence fits grammatically
A 'smart house ' can clean itself and makes sense. Read the
completed text to see if it
makes sense.

c\ b) Listen and see if your

guesses were correct. Listen
A Swiss family of four have decided to ta ke ~art in an
experiment in order to test an innovative high-tech house so
smart it can even do the shopping .
again and mark the statements
An idyllic village with old farmhouses and grazing cows may
1-5, T !true) or F !false) . not seem like the typical setting for high-tech innovation, but in
Hunenberg the lifestyle of the future is being tested to the full.
The Stei ner fami ly cons ists o f
It is here, one hour's drive from Zurich, that a young family has
fo ur members.
spent a year living in Europe's first inhabited 'smart house',
2 The 'smart house ' is loca ted where the latest technology is being put to the test in a fully
in Zu ric h. automated 'Internet home' known as Futurelife .
3 O utside the house looks While the man of the house rests on a sofa enjoying the built-
o rdinary. in massager, his newspaper is projected onto the wall via the
4 Th e ho use does the shop pin g Internet while an automatic lawn mower cuts the grass. @]£]
fo r th e fa mily. Ursi Steiner and her husband Daniel were selected from 70
5 Th e Futurel ife ho use is no t couples to live in the home with their two children . [![] The
sa fe . house looks after them so well it can even check their health by
taking samples to test every time they use the bathroom and
warns them if a trip to the doctor is advisable.
35 a) Read the newspaper article
and choose from the
ru "We are testing the devices, discovering their weaknesses
and making suggestions for improvements," says Daniel Steiner.
sentences IA-H) the one that "Whatever did not prove its worth, goes."
best fits each gap 11-6) . There Ursi says: "The house looks like a normal house from the outside,
is one extra sentence that you which shows that you can have a normal life with top technology -
do not need to use. There is and for me it's simply our home. [![]
an example 10) at the All household appliances are connected to a se rver in the
beginning. cellar by a wireless local area network. They can be operated by
computers, mobile phones or touch pads from all around the
house and practically anywhere in the world, as it is connected to
b) Read the text again and the Internet 24 hours a day.
explain the words in bold, then The technology means they never have to worry if they have
use them to make up sentences . left the oven on. They just get the house to check.[![]Bar codes
of empty food packets are read in the bin and put on the
c) Match the highlighted words shopping list which is forwarded to the nearest supermarket .
A few hours later, a courier arrives w ith the food, and if
to their synonyms below.
nobody is at home, the products are left in the 'Skybox' - a large-
• chose n • regu lar • pa rti c ipa te scale post box with special compartments for food products that
• newes t • th ro ugh • just • se nt need to be kept cool or frozen . The family receives a text on the
• whole • li nked

d) Would you like to live in a

'smart house'? Why !not)?

14
 •........
··········
••...........
1 ·······
·······
•······
······· ....
Vocabulary Practice
36 Fill in the correct words, then
choose any five collocations to
make up sentences .

• latest • normal • o nl ine • typical

• automati c • spec ia l • household
• idyll ic

1 .. ... .. ..... .. .. .. .. . vil lage

2 . ... . . .. . . .. .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. . ... .. . .. . setting
3 .. ... ... . ...... .. .... .. .. .. ... technolog y
4 ... .. . .... ... . .. . .. .. .... .. ... appliances
5 ... .. .. ...... .. .. . ...... . la w n mower
6 .. .. ... . .. ... . .. . .. .... .. ... ............ life
7 . compartme nts
mobile phone or an e-mail informing them that the shopping
8 ... ... shopp ing
has been delivered.
"Lots of things are much simpler in this house than in my old
home," says Ursi, "and I got used to it all really quickly, without 37 Fill in: of, over, in, to, with, then
reading instruction booklets. ~And because of the Skybox, make up sentences using the
I don't need to rush home to pick up the shopping." phrases.
For her 12-year-old daughter Grace, the home is "simply
. no time; 2 to ha ve sth ..
cool", especially the television, which is watched cinema-style
with Dolby sound via a projector in the ceiling that puts the min d; 3 to take care .. ....... sth; 4 to get
images on the walls. The device can also play videos and can .. .. .. ...... sth; 5 to have a word .. .. .. .. ..
bring the newspaper into the living room over the Internet. sb ; 6 to take part .. .. .. .. .. ... sth; 7 to put
Security is another advantage. The front door, for example, sth .. . the test; 8 to be connected
is opened by a fingerprint system, and the entire house can be ...... ....... . sth ; 9 ...... .... .. co-operation
monitored, even from a distance, by mobile phone. .. ..... ; 10 to get rid .. .. ....... sth
Ursi adds: "All the devices in the house, such as the washing
machine in the cellar, let me know when they are finished if I
Follow-up
want them to, whether I'm in the kitchen or upstairs in the
office. I get the message on my mobile phone or computer."
• List the main characteristics of
The Futurelife house is owned and operated by Otto
Beisheim Holding, in co-operation with another 60 partner
the house, then talk about it.
firms that supply the devices, computers and software.@:[] Would you like to live in such
Despite all the ultra-modern appliances, Ursi admits she a place? Why/Why not?
misses one thing about her old home - the open fire.
• Project
A Technology doesn't control our lives , w e d irect the Design your own 'smart' house
technology in the house." for the class 'Technology &
B The devices in the house let me know w hen they are Home' competition.
finished .
C His wife, who is visiti ng a fri end, makes a mobile phone call to
the house to order the cooker to start heating up the even ing • Game (Wordfields)
meal.
D The project is expected to run for three years with the
In teams, say words related to the
technology being upda ted constantly.
E It is a move they say th ey have not regretted . following wordfields: appliance -
F And if shopp ing seems like too mu ch of a chore, the house room - Furniture. Each correct
ca n do tha t too. answer gets one point. The team
G The project, initiated by Otto Be isheim , is des igned to see with the most points is the winner.
how peopl e live with and reac t to new technology.
H With on line shopp ing, for example , I don ' t just sa ve time but Wordfield: appliance
can avoid the crowd s.
Team A S 7: kettle
Team B S 7: fan etc
15
 ........
·:::······:
:::::1 1
..........
: : ::::::=

Writing (a letter of invitation to BtR l'la.'d.. 2. ...

a friend) Deo.r /flo.rcie.
Hi! How a.re 'lou? Im writin3 to inYite 'JOU to
When we write a letter to a friend in viting th em our Rousewa.rmin3 pa.rt'! on Sa.turda'I tie 2.;tR
to an event e.g. a party, we usually wr ite four of June.
paragraphs. We a lways start with Dear a nd our I1 I I !'lost of our friends from our ofd
friend 's first name. nei3RBourRood a.re comin3. 'We're 3oin3 to Ra.Ye a
In the first paragraph, we write our ope ning Ba.rBecue. 'lou mow. Bur3ers. cRicJ<e_n. sa.i~~s.
remarks and state the reason for writing, making ja.cket pota.toes tRa.t sort of tRin3. Im sure it'.2.f
reference to the place and date the even t is
taking place. Bi 2.17a.tl fun .
As soon as 'lou come out of tRe termin<d
In the second paragraph we give further 30 stra.i3Rt down Fzdton Roa.d unti.f 'lou re~cR
in format ion about the event.
tRe Forrester LiBra.r'I" TRen turn .left mto
In the third paragraph we give directions /flitcRe.f.f Street 'Wa.ik past tRe Town Ha.i.f and
exp lain ing how our friend can reach the place .
tRe .focd ma.rket a.nd tRen turn ri3Rt into
We start each ma in body paragraph w ith a
Ho.rrow Roa.d Our Rouse is tRe tRird on tRe
topic sentence i.e. a sentence which summarises
ri3Rt. tRe one witR tRe ti.fed roof You ca.n't miss
the paragraph.
In the last paragraph we write our closing it!
remarks .
I3 I IWe 'r.{ Be more tRa.n Ra.pp'! to put 'f0u up
We end our letter with Lots of love/Yours/ etc
for tRe ni3Rt. An'lwa.'I. I Rope 'lou. ca.n ma.ke it.
and our first name . It would Be .foye.8t to see 'lou a.pm.
We normally use present tenses in such types of Lots of .foye. . ·
w ritin g We also use short forms, a var iety of }(o.ren
ad jectives and chatty language.

• Analysing the Rubric 4Q Read the letter again and underline the
correct word(s) in bold.
38 Read the rubric and underline the key
words. Then answer the questions below. l Marcie/Karen wrote the letter.
2 The letter is formal/informal .
You've decided to throw a housewarming
3 Th e reason for writing is included in the opening/
party. Write a letter to a friend inviting him/her
closing remarks.
to your party. Give information about the party
4 The w riter uses/doesn't use short forms.
as well as directions on how to get there.

l Who is go in g to read you r letter?

2 What is the reason for wr iting? • Opening/Closing Remarks
3 Wha t information do you need to include in yo ur
letter?
41 a) Read the sentences below. Which are
opening remarks? Which are closing remarks?
Which are formal? Which are informal?
• Ana lysing a Model Text
l We look forward to seeing you.
39 Read the letter and fill in the gaps with the 2 Hi. Just a quick note to tell you I'm havi ng a party.
topic sentences A to D. There is an extra
3 We cord ia lly invite you to our annual summer
sentence which you do not need to use.
pa rty.
A Don't wor ry about catching the last bus home. 4 I can't wait to see you .
B You are go in g to love our new home.
C I guess you' ll be coming by bus, so here are th e
b) Which opening/closing remarks could
directions from the bus terminal.
you use to replace the ones used in the letter
D We decided to hold the party on a Saturda y so
above?
that everybody can make it.
16
 ...........
1 ·········
............
...........
•······
••····· ...... ..
• Giving Directions 44 Which of the following sentences should you
not include in the letter in Ex. 43. Tick (~)
42 a) Read the letter again, then look at the giving reasons for your choice.
map and draw a line from the bus terminal
to Karen 's house.
I a I IWe' re hav in g a great time.
I b I ITh e C rown Hotel is easy to fin d by car.
I c I IA ll ou r fr iends are coming a nd there wil l be
about fifty people a ll together.
~I~d~l~I Th e ho use is rath er co ld in w inter.
I e I IMy siste r is getting married on 12th June and
we 'd love you to com e .
I.-9---r-I-,I Go down Ha mpto n Roa d and th en tur n left
in to M a ple Street. Th e Crown Hote l is at the
end of the street .
~Ih~I -,I We are go in g to have a bi g bu ffet and a D J.
I iJ I Let me know if yo u'd like me to book you a
room.

45 a) Use your answers from Exs. 43 and 44

to answer the questions in the plan .

Dear (your frie nd's first name,)

Introduction
b) Use the phrases in the box to give (Para l) What is the reason for writing? Where
directions to someone who is at the post and when is the event taking place?
office and wants to go to: Main Body
(Para 2 ) What type of event is it? Who 's
• the museum • th e park • th e market coming? What preparations are you
• the cinema comp lex making? What else is there to say?
(Para 3) How can your friend get there? Give
~~---·--------------------------------------~
!•
walk/ go past • next to • near : directions.
:I • turn left/ rig ht into • oppos ite • straig ht :I Conclusion
: • on your left/ rig ht • go up/ down/ a long/ across: (Para 4) What can you say in the closing
f- -----------------------------------------~- remarks?

• Discuss & Write Yours/ Lots of love/ Best wishes,

(your first name)
43 Read the rubric and underline the key
words. Then , answer the questions that
follow.
b) Use your answers from Ex. 45a to write
Your sister is getting married . Write a letter to
your letter of invitation. You can use the
a friend inviting him/her to your sister's
letter in Ex. 39 as a model.
wedding reception . G ive details about the
event and directions on how to get to the
hotel. 46 Read the sentences. What do they mean?

I •
1 W ho is going to read the letter?
2 Is it a fo rmal or informa l letter?
Eta S If!\ Q
3 How many paragraphs shou ld yo u include in th e • If there is room in your heart, there is room in
letter? you r house.
4 What openi ng and clos ing remarks can yo u • Th e sun a t ho me warms better.
use? • Home , sweet home.
17
 Thatching: A Traditional British Craft
Thatching, which is the use of straw, reeds or
grasses to make a roof for a building, goes back to
the Bronze Age. In Britain especially, thatched
cottages and fannhouses were a common sight in
rural areas for more than a millennium. Thatch was
used because it was cheap and lightweight. Houses
47 a) look at the pictures.
were not built to take a lot of weight and so a thatched
• W ha t do th ese ho uses have in co mmon? roof was the best option.
• W ha t do you thi nk th ey are made of: conc rete The materials used varied from region to region
bri c ks, mud , wood , o r sto ne? ' according to what was available in the area. For
example, in areas such as the south of England where
• W ha t are th e ho uses in yo ur co untry usua lly
made of? wheat was grown, wheat straw was used. The wheat
had to be threshed and the grain removed and then it
was trimmed, combed and cut before it was used for
the roof. A straw roof would last for about twenty years.
In other areas, such as East Anglia and Norfolk, sturdy
reeds were used. Reeds took less preparation and
these roofs lasted for a lot longer, about sixty or
seventy years. Over the years thatching became a
specialised trade performed by skilled craftsmen who
developed a variety of individual styles. Many
craftsmen would finish off the roof with an ornament
such as a bird or a 'dolly' made from straw.
Thatched houses were at their most popular in the
late 18th century and were the subject of many famous
paintings at that time. However, the craft started to
decline when Britain entered the industrial era.
Modem building techniques and the growing railway
network made other materials more available.
Nevertheless, owners today recognise the value of
keeping their cottages thatched. Modem thatch is fire
retardant and wire netting can be used to protect it
from birds and rodents. So, a thatched roof is much
b) Talk about the pictures using the words more than just a roof; it is a traditional, picturesque and
below.
eco-friendly way to cover your house.
• farmh o use • co untrys ide • g ard en • village
• thatched roof • g rass • cottage • chimneys

,Speaking
48 Read the article about a traditional British
craft and mark the sentences 1-6, T (true) or
F (false). Then explain the words in bold.
49 Make notes about the history of thatching
the materials used and why it declined. Then
1 All ho uses in Britain ha ve thatc hed roo fs. use your notes to talk about this craft.
2 Th a tching is a n o ld c raft .
3 In th e pa st the sam e material s we re
used to ma ke roofs. • Project
4 Peo ple in En g land used thatch becau se
Collect _o r draw pictures of various types of
it could be ea sily fo und .
houses rn your country - traditional and
5 The introducti o n of th e rail w ay sys tem
modern - .and prepare a poster for your
meant thatching beca me mo re popular
class. Write a short description of each
6 Thatching is still prac ti sed nowadays.
house. Write: type - location - materials
18 used.
 Revision &Extension
50 a) Look at the picture and, in pairs, discuss 53 Complete the table, then use the prompts to
it, as in the example. Then, describe the make up sentences, as in the example.
picture.

• sto re thing s a tti c

• livi ng roo m
• sleep/ study
• d ini ng roo m
• balcony
A: Where do you think the picture was taken? • coo k
B: In the garden .
A: What can you see in the picture? We normally store things in the attic.
B: I can see ....
A: What was the woman do ing before ?
B: Well, I ... 54 What do you do in the places listed: live,
A: Do you do the gardening at home? work or both?
B: I usually .... • castl e • lig hthouse • hos pita l • skyscrape r
• art ga llery • facto ry • win d mill • caravan
b) In pairs, discuss which
household chores you
You can live and work in a castle.
like/ don't like doing.

c) Look at the picture • Speaking : reaching an agreement

and, in pairs, act out a
similar dialogue. Then,
55 Ann has moved into a new flat. She needs to
buy some Furniture and appliances, but she
describe the picture.
only has £400 to spend. Look at the visual

51 c\ a) Listen and number the sounds in the

order you hear them.
prompts and, in pairs, discuss what she can
buy. Try to reach an agreement.

dripping tap breaking w indow

squeaking door fa ll ing roof tiles

b) Match the problems to the repairman .

• plumber • carpen ter • roof ti ler • glazier

• Requ estin g Services

52 a) Match the exchanges.

A B
OIJ Smith and Sons . How a We ll, it's blocked.
can I help you? b Hello, my name
[}[]Hello, Mrs Green, what is Mrs Green.
can I do for you? c 36, Deepda le
QI] What exactly is the Avenue.
problem? d I've got a
G[J What's your address, problem with my
please? dra in .
[}IJ I'll send someone round e Th ank you, th at
immediately. wou ld be g rea t. A : I think Ann should buy a TV because it is a good
Form of entertainment.
b) Act out similar dialogues for the B: Yes, I agree. I think she should also buy an
problems in Ex. 5 1 . armchair to sit in and relax in front of the TV. etc
19
 ------
- --- - - - - - - - -- - - -- - -

........•
.: :: :::::1
. ~~! !!!!!

Vocabulary , Speaking (Prioritising)

c) Look at the pictures. In pairs, decide which
• Travel and Holidays
things you should pack for: a safari holiday, a
cruise, a skiing holiday.
5 a) Are you an adventurous traveller
or not? Do the quiz and find out.

Yo ur ideal hol iday woul d be

A a package hol iday to a Span ish beach resort.
B staying in a guesthouse in the south of France.
C backpacking around India.

2 You usually stay at

A an expensive hotel.
B a guesthouse or cheap hotel.
C campsites or B&Bs.

3 When you go on holiday, you

A eat the same things you do at home.
B try one or two new dishes.
C only eat the local cuisine.

4 You always pack

A designer clothes.
B your mobile phone.
C a map and a phrase book.

5 On holiday, you rarely go

A hiking or canoeing.
B sunba thing
C shopping A : If you are going on a safari holiday you need to pack
light clothes such as shorts, as it is very hot.
6 You'd rathe r not travel by
B: I agree or else you won 't be able to stand the heat.
A coach. B boat. C plane.
7 When something goes wrong you You also need a hat to protect your head, etc.
A take the first plane home.
B immed iately call your travel agent.
C consider it an interesting adventure. 6 Complete the spidergrams with the correct noun .
Then use them to describe the place where you
Mostly As:
spent your holiday last year.
Yo~ do not have the spirit of an adventurous traveller. For you,
holidays are a time to indulge in your favourite pastimes and relax
MostlyBs: ·
dirty san dy crowded trendy expensive
To you, having fun means enjoying the simple everyday pleasures
of life. Even though you may not be looking for extravagant
holidays, you certainly appreciate being catered for.
Mostly Cs:
1) 2) ·· · ···· ···· ··· ·
You are a real traveller interested in experiencing and exploring other
cultures. To you, what counts is the journey and not the destination. seclu ded trop ica l souven ir antique
1 ~:;;;;,,~
w indi ng busy narrow luxu ry cheap
b) Read the quiz again and find
words describing:
3) ... . ... .. . 4)
• ty pes of ho lidays • acco mm o da ti o n
• mea ns of tran spo rt • activit ies co bbl ed crowded family four-star

• Can you add to the list? Now gourmet delicious rocky snow-capped
talk about your preferences, as in
the example. 5) . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 6) · · ········ · ····

1 love/en;oy/ hate going camping. I

usually travel by coach. I stay in a tent. I loca l tasty steep high
en;oy ... Last year, I stayed at an expensive hotel by the sea ...
22
 ........
·•·····
I •••. ....
·······.'
: ······....
•······ ....
·11
• Weather KEY , Listening
boiling hot 35°C
7 al Imagine you are hot 30°C j • Holiday Troubles
a weather reporter. warm 25°C
Report tomorrow's
weather for North
cool 15°(
chilly l0°C .
9 C> al Listen to the speakers and underline
the problems they had while they were on
and South America, cold 5°C holiday. Think of three more unpleasant
as in the example. holiday experiences.
freezing cold

Q> .......
Ann flight delay, trave l sickness, lost luggage ,

•••
. Tony
sto len passport, suitcase damaged
sma ll room , noisy, no pool , overc harged
snowy sunny rainy cloudy fogg y
Emily puncture, no spare ty re , low battery, rain
Buenos A.1res 25°C -..,.:
..... Montrea l -5°C ~
Bogota l 5°C ~ New Orlea ns l 5°C ~ bl Talk about a bad experience you have
Chicago 5°C ,,... New York - 1°C ~ had while on holiday. Talk about:
la Paz l0°C ~ Phoenix l 5°C 9 • w here it happened
limo 25°( r-.
..... Rio de Janeiro ~·~
30°C -.•••:
• w hen it happened
Mexico Ci ty l 5°C 9 Sa n Franc isco l 0°< 6 • w hat happened in detail
Miami 25°C Va ncouver 5°C 9
Tomorrow, Buenos Aires will be warm and sunny, • Game
with a temperature of 22 °C.
Chain story. In teams continue the story using
bl In pairs, talk about what the weather will words from Ex. 5 to 9. Each correct sentence
be like in your country tomorrow. wins a point. The team with the most points is
the winner. Last year I had the most

8 c\ You will hear a radio discussion about

weather conditions. For questions 1-7
unforgettable holiday of my life.
Team A S 7: I wanted to spend my holiday on an
choose the correct answer A, B or C. exotic island.
Team B S 7: I booked a ... etc.
Margie Smith is
A a radio personality B a TV presenter
C a weather reporter • Idioms and Fixed Phrases
2 Where do many British people go for their 1Q Underline the correct word and then explain
holidays? the phrases.
A the South of France B Sou th ern Europe
C Prague Despite the tea c her's best efforts , the students
3 What does low humidity mean? were all in a fog/cloud at the end of the lesson.
A summer showers B mild weather 2 Come snow/rain or shine , you can always
C very little rain depend on Tim to be on time.
4 What shou ld a visitor take to Prague? 3 I' m afraid I ha ve to cast a cloud/fog over the
A a thin iacket B a thick iacket ce lebra ti on and give you some bad news.
C iust their shorts 4 This is a sad time for everyone , but if we pull
5 When is the best time to go to Thailand? together we wil l weather the storm/snow.
A during the rainy season B at thi s time of year 5 We should be safe here. After a ll , thunder/
C in October lightning never strikes in the same place twice.
6 What is the daytime temperature in Sydney? 6 It's a beautiful day! We mig ht as we ll make hay
A high twenties B mid twenties C low twenties while the sun shines/brightens and go to the
7 W hat is the weather usually like in the so uth of beach for a picn ic .
England? 7 The boss is furious but hasn't said anything. I'm
A mild B scattered showers C lots of sunshine afra id it's the calm/peace before the storm .
23
 ·········
::::::111 2
: ·······•
........•
.
: : : ::::11

Grammar in Use ,Speaking

• Future Tenses 14 Make up two sentences about:

Grammar Reference • your plans for today • your ambitions
11 Identify the tenses in bold, then match them • your hopes/fears fo r the future
to the ir use.
I'm meeting Harriet this evening.
[I[] Marti n's plane leaves at 9 o'clock tomorrow I hop-e- 1'/I travel abroad one day.
morning. I'm going to be an airline pilot.
[IT] When I finis h school, I'm going to travel
around the wor ld. 15 a) Study the theory box.
[3[J Look at the sky ! It's going to snow. Grammar Reference
[A[] Bob is flying to Paris next week.
OCJ I' ll be meeting Amanda tomorrow as usual. We use the present simple to ta lk about future events
[]I] One day we' ll be able to holiday on the moon. with time words such as after, while, before, as
[Z[J It's very co ld. I'll close the w indow. soon as, (not) until , when , etc. We do not use will.
I'm going to play football after I finish my homework.
a predic ti on based on proof in the presen t (NOT: ahcr I wiU finish}.
b intention
Compare :
c action which w ill definitely happe n in the future /'fl call you when I'm ready. (when: time word)
as a resu lt of a routine
I don't know when he 'II finish . (when· question
d definite arrangement
word)
e future action based o n a ti metable
fu ture poss ibi lity
g on-the-spot decis ion b) Make up as many sentences as possible
using the prompts below, as in the example.
12 Complete the sentences with will or the
correct form of going to, as in the example. go swimm ing before be ready
have dinner w hen vis it/ museum
A: The sky is very blue, isn't it? book/tickets after weather improve
B: Yes . It's going to be a beautiful day. unless
pack/luggage get pa id
2 A: Look at that earl
show/ photos as soon as have lunch
B: Oh no! It ...... . ... ... crash.
3 A: A re you coming to the party ton ig ht? We won 't go swimming unless the weather
B: No, I can't. I ...... ...... . ... . visit my parents. improves .
4 A: Is Tom com ing with us?
B: I'm not sure. I thi nk he .. . ..... . ....... . go to
Steve's.
16 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
future form .
5 A: Harry really enjoys pai ntin g, does n't he?
B: Yes. I believe he .... .. .. ... . .. .. . . be a n arti st This time next month
one day. we . .. . .. .. . .. .. .... .
(lie) on th e beach.
13 a) Decide which of the following sentences ..=
2 Tin a . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. ...-:: .. ;;:::_..: : : :;:....,.~~~""'-2-'
expresses a request, a promise, a hope, a (book) the tickets
fear, or an offer. th is afternoon.
3 You'd bette r ta ke you r umbre lla .
l I don't like heights. I always thin k I' ll fall . Look at the clouds . It
2 W il l you help me with the packing? (rain) .
3 Don't worry. I won' t forget to post yo ur letter. 4 I bel ieve I . . . . . (pass) my exams
4 I be lieve Li nda will be a n excell ent tour gu id e. th is year.
5 Shall I help you with you r luggage? 5 The plane for New Yo rk
(depart) at 9 : l 5.
b) In pairs, write another sentence for each 6 As soon as he ........ . . . .. ... ... . ...... (arrive),
use. I' ll a sk him to ca ll you .
24
 •.......
..........
•.......
....... ..
.
.........
.......
:..........
~ .

• Conditionals Types 0 and 1 6 If we ....... ... . down the rain forests, the worl d 's
Grammar Reference
climate w ill change.
A are cutting B will cut C cut
17 a) Use the correct form ofthe verbs to
7 When we go to Paris next week, we ..
complete the sentences. Then, say which
the Louvre .
type of conditional it is.
A w ill visit B are vis iting C visit
• not go • give • get • tell

1 If I find your key, I ... ........ . ........ ... it to yo u. • The Definite Article
2 If the weather is bad, we . .. ..... .. . .. .... sa iling. Grammar Reference

3 If you see Joe ,

call me?
... . you .. ..... ... ... him to
21 Fill in the where
necessary,
4 If you mix blue and red , you ..
justifying your
purple .
answers. Then,
b) In which of the above sentences can you think of a
use when instead of if? suitable tirle
for the
article.
18 Use if/when to make up sentences, as in the
example.
1) The Great
I
[;"i ~ stop ~-= I/ask him/ dinner tonight ] Wall of China is one

ou leave now t he/finish/ re ort

of 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . most
impressive engineering
I see Pete - - - - - he/go to Disneyland Paris
projects ever carried out.
you need help report it/the police
The wal l stretches for more than 3) ........... 6,400
f°h;work late you/be on time/sc hool
km, including all its branches . Some parts of it date
youlose/w~ - - ask~

1
Ben haveeno~fi money I we go-=:_n a picnic
back to 4) ............ 4th century BC. Th e wall is so
huge that it is sa id to be the only man-made structure
that can be seen from 5) . .... . ... .. space. It runs from
If/When the rain stops, we will go on a picnic. Jinwangdao , o n the Bay of Po Hai , which is part of
6) . .... .. .. .. . Ye llow Sea, in 7) ............ East, to
19 Chain Story. Students one after the other, 8) .... ...... . . Gaodai, a town deep in 9) .. ........ .
continue the story using conditional type 1 . cen tral Asia. This course takes it through some
amazing scenery, through 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . Mu Us
5 I: !FTom works hard, he will be promoted.
Desert, along part of 11) ........... Huang He River
52: If he is promoted, he will get a pay rise.
and alongside 12) . . . . Daban, Helan, and
53: If he gets a pay rise, etc.
O uilian mountain ranges w hich include the majestic
13) .. ........ . Mount Ouilian rising to 5,547 m
20 Choose the correct answer.
above 14) . ...... . ... sea level.
If you ........... blue with yellow, you get green. The wall is about nine metres high in most places
A will mix B mix C are mixing a nd every 1 80 metres there are w atchtowers which
are about 12 metres high. The wall is made of
2 "These suitcases are heavy!"
15) ... ... .... .. . earth and stone. 16) ........... eastern
"I .... ... .. .. . you , if you like."
part of the wa ll has been faced w ith brick. Work on
A am going to help B am help in g
the main part of the wall was finished in about
C will help
17) . . . . . . . . . . . 214 BC w hen the first emperor of
3 I .. a party on Satu rd ay. Wou ld you like
18) .......... . China, Shih Huang-ti , ordered that the
to come?
wa ll be built to defend 19) . ... . ... ... . ..... country
A am having _ B have C wil l have
from in vade rs. The wall was widely repaired and
4 If you ........... . that plate , you' ll burn you rse lf. extended during 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ming Dynasty
A are touching B touch C will touch between 1368 and 1644 AD. Th e size and age of
5 If you don't study, you . . . . . . pass your exams. this fanta stic monument makes this an attraction that
A won 't B aren 't C w ill all visitors to China should definitely see.
25
 ·········
······• 2
: : : :::::1
...
······•
. : ::::::::
...

• Key Word • Phrasal Verbs

Transformations
23 Fill in : for, back, out, in, off or up on. Then, explain the

22 Complete the second

phrasal verbs in bold .
sentence using the word in Sam wanted to check . .. ....... .. . .... .. .. the travel company before
bold. You can use two to he booked a holiday with them .
five words including the 2 If the tour operator is busy, please leave a message or call
word given . Do not change later.
the word given . 3 W hen Joan na called ... .. . .. . ... .... . .... ...... ... the party, everyo ne
was disappointed .
He has arranged to meet Bill 4 Now that my best fr iend has moved away I can 't call .... .... . .... .
after wor k tomo rrow afternoon. fo r a chat like I used to.
~ He .... .... ........... . 5 A ll guests are reminded to check .. before noo n on the
day of their departure.
tomorrow afternoon. 6 The increase in delays at the airport calls ......... urgent attention.
2 Henry is su re to be deli ghted 7 Passe nge rs must check .............. at th e desk on arri val.
wi th the present. 8 My sister always makes a list when she goes on holiday and then
doubt There 's .. .. ... ... . .. . . . . checks ........... each item as she packs it.
... . ... . .. be de li gh ted
w ith th e prese nt.
3 Th e w ea th erman has fo recas t • Word Formation ~ Read
sto rm s for tomorrow.
. . the title of the text
will The wea th er
24 Fill m the correct word
derived from
to get an idea of what
the text is about. Read the text once
. .. to mo rrow. the word in bold . quickly. For each gap decide what the
missing word is (e.g. noun, verb, adverb etc).
4 It is his pla n to beco me a
Think of possible prefixes and suffixes. Fill
tea che r after he leaves sc hool. in the gaps and check the spelling. Read
be He the completed text to check if it
. teacher a fter makes sense .

he leaves school.
5 By the end of the lesso n, we
were more co nfused th a n at the Are you young, 0) energetic and hard working? Do ENERGY
begi nni ng . you want to ski for free this winter? Would you like a
fog We were 1) .... .... ...... ..... ........ . job that lets you earn some money, SEASON
gives you free 2) ..... ... .... .............. .. ....... , and is just five ACCOMMODATE
by the minutes away from the slopes? If the answer to all these
end of th e lesso n. questions is 'yes', then we would love to hear from you .
6 "S ha ll I was h the di shes for yo u The Silver Mountain Ranch, near Aspen, Colorado is
afte r th e meal? " he said . looking for 3) ..... ... .. ..... ....... . to work as waiters, kitchen EMPLOY
offered He .. . ... .. ..... . staff, chambermaids and front desk staff from October
to April. All our staff enjoy 4) ...... .... ..... .. .. benefits. They EXTEND
after th e mea I. receive three free buffet-style meals each day as well as
7 If he doesn 't sa ve up enoug h a 5) .. ....... .. .... ....... room at the ranch. Parties, barbecues SPACE
mon ey, he ca n't go o n ho liday. and other 6) ..... ....... .............. .... . activities are organised ENJOY
saves He ca n't go o n ... ... . for staff throughout the season. Our winter staff earn an
holiday .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . . average 7) .... .. ... .. ...... .. ..... .... wage of $200 and receive WEEK
.. . . enough mo ney. a cash bonus on 8) .... ... .... ... .... .. ..... .... .. completing their SUCCESSFUL
8 N o ma tter w hat happens, I w ill contract. Write or phone for an 9) ...... ... .... ......... .......... . APPLY
go o n hol iday th is year. form today. Send the form back to us by August 15th
rain Co me along with two 10) ......... ..... ... ...... .... ....... . and you could REFER
..... . ... . .. .. .. w ill go combine an excellent job with doing what you love .
on hol iday this year.

26
 .........
.•......... .::..
H•........
see::::
b) In pairs, discuss which means of transport
Listening and Speaking you would most like to try and why.

• Means of Transport A : I would really enioy travelling by monorail.

B: Really? Why ?

25 c\ You will hear

four people
Read the
instructions to
A : To me travelling by monorail would be the
quickest way to travel around the city. What
about you?
talking about understand what the speakers B: Well, ... . etc
different have in common . Read the list of
sentences and underline the words • Making a Hotel Reservation
means of you have to listen for. Listen for
transport.
27 C\ a)
clues to match each speaker to the
Listen and prompts. Remember the extracts Listen to the dialogue. Who are the
may have distracting information. speakers?
match the
You need to listen to the whole
sentences (a-e) part before you decide. Listen
b) Match the exchanges.
to the speakers again and check your
(1-4). There is one answers.
A B
extra sentence you do not need to use.
[JI] Good mo rn ing. a Four. I w ill be
a Travelling by bicycle is very Regent Hote l. How leaving on 25 th
July.
economica l. Speaker ITIJ ca n I he lp you?
b Travelling by train is good for [II] Yes we do. Wou ld b Thank you.
the envi ronment.
Speaker [2IJ yo u like a single, a c Hello. Cou ld
c It can be quite annoyi ng w hen Speaker [1IJ doub le or a tw in? yo u tell me if yo u
your bicycle has a fl at tyre. Speaker @I] QJ=:J How ma ny nig hts have a ny rooms
d The buses are usual ly on time. would yo u like to available for
e The underground can get very
busy.
stay?
[ID Cou ld
I tomor row nig ht?
you g ive me d A sing le, please.
your name and c redi t! e Of course. It's
A nne Smith a nd
26 a) Look at the pictures, and describe them.
fil]
card deta i Is p lease? '
For fou r nig hts that's my card number is
Picture 1 shows a camel in the desert. £200 includ in g 8934 76 12
breakfas t. 9034 5783 . How
lli:IJ Wel l, we'll see you much will it be?
tomorrow, the n. f That's fine.

• Intonation ·(short answers)

28 c\ a) Listen, then read out the exchanges.

A: Is Jayne coming to the wedding?

B: I hope so.
2 A: Has the concert started yet?
B: I don 't th ink so.
3 A: Is Ange la co mi ng to your b irthday party?
B: I hope not.
5 A: Is Tony still in Ba li?
B: I suppose so.

b) Use the prompts to act out dialogues.

• Harry/ come/to barbecue?

• carnival / start/yet?
• Pete r/come/gradua tio n party?
• Ann/be still/Lisbon?
27
 ..........•
. . . .g
·······
...........
..........
.
. • ...... *1111•
' ~ •1t•••••

Listening & Reading

29 a) Look at the article. Where do you
think you would read it? Think of three
questions you would like to ask about
Mexico.

b) Imagine you were going on holiday

to Mexico. Which of the following
would you like to do there? Why? Mexico is
one of the most beautiful
• sightseeing • relax • see rodeos and diverse countries in the
• experience the culture • shop world with a wide variety of
• meet the locals • go on excursions landscapes and ecosystems. Mexico
• visit marketplaces • laze on beaches has it all: deserts, swamps , snow-
• do watersports • sample local cuisines capped mountains, volcanoes, tropical

30 c\ Listen and match.

forests and even deserted beaches. The traditions of dozens
of cultures still remain in Mexico making it an exciting holiday
destination. There is something for everyone from ancient ruins
Mexico City a spend the day on the and camping to luxury hotels. Mexico is pleasant at any time
beach of the year, but the most popular time to visit is between May
2 Puerto Vallarta b admire cliff divers and October. Whatever time of year you decide to visit, get
3 Guadalajara c visit Plaza de la ready to enjoy one of the most memorable holidays of your
Constitucion life.
4 Acapulco d see the rodeo
Itinerary

31 a) You are A Mexico City (Days 1-4)

going to read a R~ad The tour begins in this crowded city of over 20 million
travel itinerary the questions .
carefully and underline people . It is the country's capital and was built on the ruins of
for a trip to the key words. Scan the text Tenochtichlan, dating back to Aztec times ..)ln the centre of the
Mexico. For for the information you need city lies the Plaza de la Constitucion , wh k h was built from
questions and underline relevant parts of
the texts. Then try to answer the stones taken from this ancient city~ A short walk will take you
1-10, choose questions one by one, to The Alameda, one of the largest parks in Mexico City.
from the referring to the texts. Don't Originally an Aztec marketplace, it is now surrounded by
places, AD. forget that some
museums, bustling markets, shops and restaurants. If you want
information may be
rephrased. a quick bite to eat, street vendors can be found virtually
Which place(s) ... everywhere selling good food at reasonable prices. If you're
ready for a night out on the town, then head to the Zona Rosa
• has a very long shoreline? I 0 I BI
• is the second largest where you can enjoy lively performances of traditional music
city in the country? I 1 I I and dance.
• is located on the
Pacific coast? I 21
• is the home of a special

•
•
kind of music?
was built on the site of
an ancient city?
is like a traditional village?
is the capital of the country?
m
I 3I

5
6
• are by the sea? 7 '~I-8~I~
• is an hour away from
the capital by plane? [2IJ
• is for expensive tastes? ITQD
28
 ........
. . ..
DI ::::::: ·1:::::: :

b) Read the article again and

explain the words in bold, then find
synonyms for the highlighted words.
B Puerto Vallarta
(Days 5-7)

Situated at the foot

Vocabulary Practice
of the imposing 32 Fill in the correct word from the list,
Sierra Mad re then choose five phrases and make
Mo untai ns, up sentences using them .
ro ma nti c Pu erto Vallarta
• atm osp here • vendors • memorable
is little more th a n an ho ur 's fli g ht
• bustlin g • d ivers • snow-capped
away from th e capital . You w ill fall in
• peaceful • sha ll ow • coastlin e
love with the quaint char m of th e Mexican villa ge a tm osp here
• qua int • cobb led • ru ins
with its cobbled streets, fi ne old bu ild in gs a nd bea utiful
squares. Puerto Vallarta 's wh ite sa ndy beaches stretch for over .
. . . . . . . ... ... . . . . . . 6 . .. .. .. . . markets
a hundred miles of unspoilt coastli ne so yo u w ill certainly be moun ta ins 7 street . . . .. . . .....
able to find a peaceful spot to rel ax. 2 · ·· ·· ·· ··· · ·· 8 ·· · ·· ·· ·· · · streets
holid ays 9 .. c harm

C Guadalaiara (Days 8-10)

3 un spoilt ·· ····· ·· 10 co lo ni a l . . . .....
4 a nc ient 11 cl iff . .. . .. .... . . . .
Guadalajara is loca ted in 5 ..... spot 12 . . .. .... .. . wa ter
the heart of the cou ntry
and is the seco nd 33 Fill in : for, in, of, to, with, at, from,
largest city in Mexico. It then choose five phrases and make
has a rich history and has up sentences using them.
maintained its Spa ni sh co lonial
var iety . . . . . . . . sth; 2 dating back
atmosphere. Guadalajara is w here
3 bu ilt .... .. .. . stones; 4 rea dy . ..... . . .. . sth ;
'mariachi' music , the Mex ican Hat
5 . .. ..... the fo ot . ....... sth; 6 to fa ll in love
Dance, the sombrero a nd the Mexican
.. .. .. . . sth ; 7 loca ted ....... th e heart . ...... .
rodeo origina ted . If you' re lucky en oug h
the cou ntry; 8 renowned . . .. ; 9 to marve l
to be in the ci ty during the October Festi val ,
.. sth; 10 to leap .. .. high cl iffs
you will have the opportun ity to see the rodeo and
witness breathtaking displays of horsema nsh ip .
Follow-up
D Acapulco (Days 11 -15)
34 Use the phrases to make up
Finally, we end our tour in fa ntastic Aca pulco on the Pacific coast. sentences about Mexico. Then talk
It is undoubtedly the most famous of Mexico's cities and is about your country.
renowned for its glamour and luxury. The resort
• w ide variety of la ndscapes
stretches for ten miles around
• w hite sa ndy beac hes • cam p ing
Acapulco Bay and there
• line ol d buil di ngs • ancient ruin s
are numerous white beaches
• lively perfo rm ances • luxury hotels
offeriQg a wide variety of
• snow-capped mou nta ins
water sports, but many of you
• deserted beaches • beau ti ful squares
may prefer to laze on the beaches
• muse ums , shops a nd restaura nts
or stroll along the promenade . If a
little adventure is what you're
looking for, then you w ill marvel
• Project
at the famous La Quebreda Design a promotional poster for
cliff divers who leap from your country. Cut out pictures and
unbelievably high cliffs write a short description of each
into the shallow wate r place shown in each picture. Use
below. phrases frc;>m Ex. 34 as well as
your own ideas.
29
 ..........
...... 2
·········
...······1
.:::::55!

Writing (an article • Analysing a Model Text

describing a place) 36 a) Read the article and complete the paragraph plan.

When we write an
describing a place, we usually
write four paragraphs.
article
. . _n_a_m_;e_~a_~~-~-~-ti_o_n_, ~+H Paros ~
..... 2 + H H• Poro 4H H I
In the first paragraph , we give the

~mukkale
name and location of the place
and the reason for choosing it.
In the second and th ird
paragraphs, we describe the
main aspects of the place. We Situated on the Roman town of
should describe what we can see northern side of the Hierapolis is a must.
and do there. <;i.iri.iksu River valley The town, which is
in the south-western part of Pamukkale,
In the fourth paragraph , we write
part of the country, was founded in the
our comments and feelings about Pamukkale is one of 2nd century BC to
the place, as well as our Turkey's most take advantage of the
recommendation. remarkable sites. natural springs. You
We normally use present tenses to With its rich history can visit the original
and picturesque Roman baths, part of
describe a place . We also use a
natural beauty, which is now used as
variety of adjectives to make our
Pamukkale, is the a museum. Walk
article more inviting to the reader. perfect destination for over the series of along the charming
those interested in the terraces and created streets paved with
past. a fantastic landscape blocks of limestone
• Analysing the Rubric Pamukkale, is one of mineral trees and and lined with stone
of the most waterfalls, which look pillars. The restored
35 Read the rubric and extraordinary natural as if they are made outdoor theatre, with
underline the key words. wonders you will ever out of white cotton. A its fantastic wall
Then, answer the questions see. The main stroll on the terraces paintings and marble
that follow. attraction is an or even a dip in the carvings is also worth
enormous, white cliff- lukewarm waters of a visit.
An international travel face covered with this natural fairyland Don't miss out on a
magazine is running a water-filled pools in is definitely an visit to Pamukkale.
the shape of semi- experience not to be With its long history
travel writing competition.
circles. For thousands missed. and astounding
The prize is a £200 travel For those
of years, these natural beauty, it will
voucher. Write an article calcium-rich waters interested in history, a certainly be
describing a place you have dripped down visit to the ancient unforgettable.
have visited, including
things to see and do there,
b) Underline the topic sentences in the main body
and explaining why you
would recommend it to
paragraphs and suggest other appropriate ones.
other readers. c) Read the article again and replace the words in bold with
appropriate synonyms.
W hat type of article shou ld you
write?
2 Who is going to read it? • Joining Sentences
3 Which of the following points
must be included in yo ur 37 Use the words in brackets to join the sentences, as in the
article? example.
• main sigh ts • climate Pamukkale is the perfect destination for those interested in the past and
• entertainment • population nature. It has got a rich history and picturesque natural beauty. (with)
• bus timetable With its rich history and picturesque natural beauty, Pamukkale is
• museums and art galleries the perfect destination for those interested in the past and nature.
30
 ··•······.
··· ·
g ······
:::::::: :
11:::::..::.

2 You shou ld visit the ancient city. It has an b) Suggest appropriate topic sentences for
incredibly w ide street . (which) each paragraph, as in the example. Then,
3 You can visit the National Art Ga llery. You can see think about appropriate supporting
a wonderful collection of pain ting s th ere. (where) sentences.
4 The Tate Gallery is on the banks of the River
Valparaiso is a large port city located on the coast
Thames in london. It houses the largest co llection
of Chile .
of British art in the world. (situated)
5 You have visited all the anc ient sites. You can
relax in one of the open air cafes . (when)
• Discuss & Write
6 You can take a bus tour of the city ce ntre. You
can wander through the cobb led streets. (or) 4.Q a) Read the rubric and underline the key
words . Then, answer the questions in the
• Vocabulary plan.

38 In pairs, write the words in the list under the A local newspaper is running a competition
correct headings. You can add ideas of your and has asked its readers to submit articles
own. Then, choose any five to make up about a town/ city worth visiting in their
sentences. country. Write your article for the
competition, describing the town/city and
• naval museum • shopping ce ntre • street ca fe
including things to see and do there.
• art gallery • ancient sites • open-air theatre
• ancient monuments • co lourful funfair
• street market • stone castles • souve nir shop
• expensive restaurant • fa shionable boutique
• stone bridge • antique shop • marble statues
• botanical gardens • famous landmarks Introduction
• picturesque buildings • tre ndy shops (Para l) What is the name of the town/city?
•am usement arcade • dance clubs Where is it located? Why have you
chosen to write about it?
Tourist Main Body
Attractions: (Paras 2-3) What is there to see? What can
Places to shop: you visit there? What can you do?
Conclusion
Entertainment: (Para 4) What are your feelings/comments
about the place? How would you
recommend it to the readers?
• Paragraph Planning
39 a) Decide on a town worth visiting in your
local area and complete the spidergram .
b) Use the plan in Ex. 40a and your
Then, make up sentences, as in the example.
answers to Exs 38 and 39 to write your
article (120-180 words). You can use the
location/ reason 2 Tourist Attractions article in Ex. 36a as a model.
for choosing

41 Read the sentences. What do they mean?

Name of the place •

\._. . . ........ . .. . . . . . ... . . ·;,, ha 1m a
Places to Shopf " /4 Comments/feelings/ • The w ise traveller leaves his heart at home.
Entertainment recommendation
• Travel broadens the mind.

31
 B

42 In what context do you ex pect to find the following

words/phrases in the texts?

A • canoe races • brave teams • cross th e rive r

• ice fl oes • powerfu l cu rre nts • dog sled race
• sleig h rides M L
You can watch canoe races in Quebec Winter Carn ival.
The Edinburgh Military Tattoo is one of the
B • spectacular show • bands marching • g ran d finale most spectacular shows in the world. It takes
• trad itional Scottish mus ic • guest performers • fi reworks place annually, as it has since 1950, at
Edinburgh Castle, in Scotland, at the
43 Read the texts and mark th e sentences A or B, then beginning of August. Today, more than
200,000 people attend the festival, while
explain the words in bold .
millions watch it on TV. It begins late every
Which festival : evening, with bands from more than thirty
countries marching across the castle's
1 has a race on the ri ve r?
drawbridge, playing in harmony.
2 fea tu res tradi tiona l mu sic a nd da nce? Apart from the nightly displays of
3 ta kes place in a cas tle? traditional Scottish music, the Tattoo also
4 has sc ul ptu res made of snow? features the best of Scottish highland dancers
5 has a castl e that is rebuilt every year? wheeling and swirling across the esplanade.
6 ends w ith a sin g le performer? Every year, a variety of international guest
performers also appear and thrill the crowd
with motorcycle stunts, Chinese dance and
much more. For the grand finale, all 1,000 or
more performers gather on the esplanade;
column after column of marchers, dancers
and bandsmen . As the applause of the
audience dies down, a hush falls as the Lone
Piper begins to play the tunes that signal the
end of the show. Fireworks burst forth into
the night sky and the audience joins in a
chorus of singing . The perfect end to a
Since its beginning in 1954, the Quebec Winter Carnival
memorable event full of colour and tradition .
has grown to become the world 's biggest winter festival.
From I st to 17th of February eve ry year, visitors come from
all over the world to enjoy the more than 300 events and
activities on offer. One of the highlights is the famous ,Speaking
canoe race on the St Lawrence River. Thousands of people
gather to watch and cheer as brave teams cross the river, 44 In pairs, compare and contrast the
battling t heir way through ice floes and powerful currents. two festivals . Which festival would
Other popular events are the Grand Viree , a dog sled race you like to attend? Why?
through the streets of Old Quebec, and the International
Snow Sculpture competition. Visitors can participate in
many activities , including snowshoe racing, ice skating, ice
• Project
fishing and sleigh rides, or visit the Ice Castle, a medieval Write a short article about a festival
castle that is built every year out of ice and snow. The whole in your country. Write about: its
city is transformed into a magical winter fantasy, providing name; when and where it takes
both adults and children with the opportunity to rediscover
place; the reason for the celebration;
the wonders of winter.
how long it lasts; the main events;
your feelings and/or comments
32
 Revision & Extension
45 a) Look at the b) Use the prompts to act out similar
picture and, dialogues.
in pairs, • bu s/ Li verpool/Express/ l l: 30/ return /
discuss it, as £ 19 / the front of th e bu s stati on
in the
example.
47 Match the adjectives and nouns to form
collocations. Then, make up sentences, as in
the example.
Where do you think the picture was take n?
At .. trendy streets
A: What can you see in the picture? sandy cobbled flight fare
B: I can see .... snow-capped mountains
beach
A: What can you do at the beach? express phrase adult book train
B: Well, you can . shops
spectacular travel
A: Would you like to go to a place like thi s for a
direct sickness
holiday?
B: I ... How about you?
A: I think it would be great. There are a lot of trendy shops in Paris.

Now, describe the picture. • Speaking : Problem solving

The picture shows a fam ily ... 48 The pictures show various
problems a traveller may
b) Look at the picture
face. In pairs, identify the
and in pairs act out
problems and suggest
similar dialogues as in
ways for the people to
Ex. 45a. solve them.
c) In pairs, talk about
your favourite type of
holiday.

I enjoy spending my
holidays by the sea. I ...
I agree. The seaside is ...

Buying a Ti cket
Ma king Suggestions : If I were .. . ; I would
46 a) Match the exchanges.
Perhaps they should ... ; W hy don't they .. . ; A
good idea woul d be ... ; If they ... , then .. . ;
A B
They can/s hould ... ; I think .. .
DIJ Hello. How can I A Thank you.
help you? B That sounds Agreeing : I think you're right.; That's true.; I
[1J] Well, the Intercity perfect. I'd like a quite agree with you.
leaves at 9: 15. ticket, please. Disagreeing : I'm not sure I agree with you.;
Q}] Will that be one C Could you tell me That's true, but ... ; Do you (really) think so?; I' m
way or return 7 what time the next afraid I can't agree with you.
QI]That's £42 train for Edi nburgh
altog ether. leaves? A : The people in Picture A look lost. What do
fil] The tra in departs D Here you are. you think they should do ?
from platform 6 . E One way, please. B: Well, if I were in their position, I would ask
Have a nice trip. How muc h does it someone For directions.
cost? A: Yes, I think you 're right. They could also ....
33
 Units 1 - 2

Vocabulary & Grammar 2 If he doesn't come on time , we'll leave without him.
he We'll leave without him ........................ .
1 Fill in the correct word. . ............................................ on time.
3 Tony is sure to be very upset when he finds out.
1 Her flat is centrally .................... .
doubt There's ............................................. .
2 Could you .................... the lawn, please?
................. very upset when he finds out.
3 Hi Rick. Haven't seen you for ........ . ........... .
· 4 He's still working on the project.
4 I'd rather not travel .................... boat.
finished He .............................................. yet.
5 Thieves .................... into her flat and stole all her
5 It's a month since he moved to Prague.
jewellery.
been He . . ........................................ .
6 It's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hot in Madrid today with a
........ ... ....... .. ... ................ for a month.
temperature of 38°C.
7 Where do you want to .. .. .... ..... . .. .. your holiday (10 marks)
this year? Listening
8 I'll call you ..... .. ............. I reach Prague.
9 The city is ............... . .... the heart of the country.
10 Is there central .................... in your house?
4 c\ You will hear a customer service representative
talking to a group of customers about a new
(10 marks} electrical appliances department in a shopping
2 Circle the correct item.
complex. For questions 1 · 6 fill in the missing
information.
A kettle is a household ........... .
A tool B furniture C appliance D gadget 4th floor Electrical Appliances Centre
2 We haven't ........... a hotel room yet. Enquiries
A rented B booked C hired D reached Near the elevators you can find the customer service
desk. You can recognize it from the red
3 The island has got some nice ........... beaches.
A secluded B winding C rocky D narrow I I1 !there.
Products
4 Mexico City is a(n) ........... city with a population of
Different makes and coloured electrical goods like
over 20 million people.
A deserted B unspoilt C mixed D crowded fridges and I I I
2 are found in section 'A'.
Section 'B' consists of items like toasters and electric
5 Los Angeles is ........... for its exciting nightlife.
carving knives, which are referred to as
A maintained C marvelled
I I I
3 by this particular centre.
B renowned D experienced
If you're looking for a present, you will find useful
6 All guests are requested to ........... out before 12 electrical goods in I I4 I.
noon. Payment
A check B call C break D turn Pay in cash and receive a I 5 I I.
7 While on holiday Jim only eats the ........... cuisine. Delivery
A public B national C topical D local
Delivery is I I I
6 if you live within five
8 We ........... Ann tomorrow as usual. kilometers of the shopping centre.
A will be able to meet C will be meeting (12 marks}
B meet D will meet
9 We haven't seen him ... . ... he moved to Ankara.
Speaking
A since B for C when D until 5 Complete the exchanges.
10 I'll talk to him when he ........... .
A:
A comes C will be coming
Mrs Smith 's office is, please?
B will come D has come
B: Yes, of course. Second door on the right.
(20 marks)
2 A: Brown Co. How ....................... . ............... ?

3 Use two to five words to complete the second

sentence using the word in bold.
B: Hello. I've got a problem with the pipes.
3 A: I'd like to make a complaint.
B: What ....................................... ,Mr Harris?
Laura hasn't found a house yet.
4 A: How ............................... .. . ............... ... ?
looking Laura ......................... . ............ .
B: That's £35 altogether .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . a house. (8 marks)
34
 Units 1 - 2

6 In pai rs, compare and contrast the pictures.

W here would you prefer to stay while on
A Our 'kumpania' cons ists of my two sons and their
families, wh ich include our four little grandchildren.
holiday? Why? B You see, ' ho me' has more than one mea ning.
C It used to be in a bright shade of yellow, and my
mother had decorated it with lovely brass bells and
ribbons.
D The children like playing outside and have a lot of fun.
E It is then that we stop at the council-run gypsy sites.
F She's a strong and sturdy creature, with a calm and
gentle na ture.
G I wish I'd lived back then. (15 marks/

Read ing
Writing (an article describing a hotelJ
7 Read the a rticle and fi ll in the missi ng sentences
from the list. There is one sentence that you do
not need to use.
8 Use the plan and the notes to write an article
describing a hotel (120-180 words).

When ' Home' is to Roam

Plan
Jonathan Smith is an English gypsy. He talks to 'Lifestyle'
magazine about his home. Introd uction
(Para l ) name - location - reason you chose to
I live in a trailer. 'Gorji as', as we call non-gypsies in our
write about it
language, sometimes refer to our homes as caravans, but Ma in Body
we prefer to use the word trailer. My horse Jezi pulls ours (Para 2) description (floors - swimming pool
along. o=r=J It's very important for us gypsies to have restaurant etc}
reliable horses because of all the travelling that we do over (Para 3) activities (horse riding - tennis etc)
different terrains. Conclusion
My trailer was built back in 1933, by my uncle. I changed (Para 4) recommendation
the canvas roof only last year.fITl Now it has a well-
made beige roof and the bea~eels are painted bright
red! We've had many good times in our home on wheels,
but we've had some tough moments too. J (15 marks/
(Total = 100 marks/

I grew up in th is wagon, with my brother Jess and my

parents who have since passed away. Now it's just Nelly
and I, but we travel with company or 'kumpania' as it's
'I5"
known in our language. ml 9 r\ Listen and fill in. Listen again and sing .
Of course it's not like intheoid days before the war. My ~
Home is where the heart is
grandparents used to tell stories of gypsy wagon trains
You might live in a castle Traditional or modern
that were so long they stretched from one horizon to the
Or a 1) . . . . . by the sea In 5) . . . . .... or countryside

more travellers in those days, though.

make a living these days.
rn
other. They were a travelling community. There were a lot
It's hard to
You might live in a windmill
Or high up in a tree
Some people live with
A home can keep you safe
And you can lock the
6) ...... . .. outside
Although we do still travel around a lot, living in a chilly and 2) .. ... ... . Home is where the heart is .. .
damp climate like that of Britain, means that we're forced to While others live alone It may not be luxurious
stay put through the winter.I.Sn Even though some of these But we all need a special place But one 7) ..... is for
Where we can 3) sure
aren't very pleasant, we ma~ost of our temporary home
at home Home's a place where you feel
by singing and dancing and knowing that we have the freedom Home is where the beart is 8) ............. .
to move on when we please. It's comforting to know And cosy and secure
Our life is about be ing on the move, and we're not When you're lost and lonely It's important to have somewhere
interested in owning land or having our own country. We You've got somewhere to go That you can 9) .
don't care about owning or living in a house. l6n For Your worries disappear your own
me, home is my trailer, home is being outs ide ~ure. When you 4). The smal lest terraced house
through your front door Can be a castle if it's
Basically 'home' is where you feel that you belong, or as
And all your stress and troubles 10) ............. .
Gorjias would say, 'home is where the heart is".
Don't matter anymore Home is where the heart is ...

35
+ Before you start ...
How often do you travel? Where? Why?
Where will you go this year?
Where is your house situated? Describe it.
What is the ideal house for you?

+ Listen, read and talk about ...

Remember days gone by

UNIT
• people's appearance & character
• stages in life
• feelings
• education
• families
• national heroes
 1 Module 2
Health is better Units 3-4 1

than wealth + Learn how to

• talk about your feelings • make guesses
UNIT •
•
give/respond to news
express preferences
•
•
make speculations
express opinions
• health problems • make deductions • describe symptoms
• medicines • make decisions
• re laxation
• experiences + Practise
• traditional folk medici ne
• past tenses
• services
• used to/would
• -ing/-ed participles
• modal verbs (obligation; necessity;
prohibition; suggestion; permission;
request; ability; possibility)
• past & perfect modals
• use question tags

+ Phrasal verbs
• bring
• carry
• come
• die

+ Write
• an article about one of
your country's national
heroes
• a story
• an assessment report
• an article about a
voluntary organisation
 Remember days
gone by
A B Lead-in
a) Match the
1 events to the
pictures.

• wedding • start schoo l

c • buy house • graduation day
• buy first car • win a prize/trophy
• birthday party
• serious illness/iniury

b) Which childhood events do

you remember most clearly?
What happened? Use the
adjectives to describe how you
felt at the time.

• shy • su rprised • thrilled

• nervous • disappo inted • worried

I'll never Forget my first day at

school. I felt nervous and shy. etc

Listening and
Reading
c\ Listen and repeat, then close
your books and try to remember
as many sentences as possible.

• I can 't imagine that.

• You do surprise me!
• Could you point them out to me?
• Where? I can't see who you mean.
• You certainly can't mi ss him!
• I'm sorry I couldn't make it to
the party.
•I bet.
• It's a pity you missed
 ........
............
..........
.•.......
3 ..........
•······
······· ....
00
3 c\ Listen and mark the
statements Yes or No .
Margaret: Look
at them,
Barbara. They do
1 Carol's first iob was in a shop . make a lovely couple,
2 Barbara is havi ng a nice time. don't they?
3 Ruby missed a flight. Barbara: Yes, and the reception is
fantastic . The food is .........-..--
4 Read the dialogues and mark the 1 must thank the bride's parents.
statements C (correct) or I Could you point them out to me?
(incorrect). Margaret: Of course. The mother of the brid e is
over there, in the blue dress.
Brian is a person you can 't depend Barbara: Where? I can't see who you mean.
on. Margaret: She's quite tall and slim with short,
2 Carol used to fee l uncomfo rta ble straight brown hair. She's standing next to
with people . a tall, um man who's slightly bald on top .
3 Margaret is a relative of the bri de. Barbara: Oh yes . You certainly can't miss him!
4 Sandy su rprised her uncle . Margaret: That's the bride's father - my brother!
5 Sandy's gra nd parents are very
[9
energetic .
Ruby: Hi, Sandy. It's Ruby.
Sandy: Hi, Ruby. How are you?
Ruby: I'm fine. Listen, I'm sorry I couldn't make it to the
Brian : Have you always been so
party, but I was stuck at the airport. My flight was
confident, Carol?
delayed.
Carol: No. When I was a kid I was
Sandy: Oh no! You must have been very angry.
really shy.
Ruby : You bet. Anyway, did you have a nice time?
Brian : Really? I can't imagine that.
Sandy: Well, Mum and Dad had no idea that we'd been
What happened to change all
preparing a huge party for their 25th wedding
that?
anniversary.
Carol: My first job. I worked in a
Ruby: Do tell. Who was there?
shop, and meeting new people
Sandy: Well, everyone, really. Oh , and you'll never guess
every day soon made me more
who showed up at the last minute.
e -assure - my nervousness
Ruby: Who?
just disappeared .
Sandy: Uncle Tom from Australia! He flew all the way
Brian : Something similar happened to
from Perth.
me, actually. I used to be really
Ruby: Wow! I bet your dad was thrilled .
irresponsible as a kid.
Sandy: Oh, he was over e moo . They hadn't seen
Carol : You do surprise me! What
each other in years!
happened ?
Ruby: What about your grandparents? Were they
Brian : My mother got seriously ill and
there as wel I?
I had to grow up fast. I became
Sandy: Of course. They were the life
a much more responsible
and soul of the party!
person - almost overnight.
Ruby: It sounds like it was a great
Carol: I bet that was a ou lesson to
evening.
learn.
Sandy : It was. It's a it you
Brian : We ll, yes ... but fortunatel y my
missed it.
mum recovered and I became
a better person, so I suppose it
all worked out for the best. 5 Read the dialogues again and
explain the words in bold.
Then, in pairs, read out the
dialogues. Finally, suggest
synonyms for the
highlighted words.

39
 .........
. ........ 3
..........
........•
-. .......•
. : :::::::1

Team A 5 7: Does the person have straight hair?

Vocabulary Leader: No, he doesn 't.
Team B 5 7: Does the person have a high forehead?
• Appearance Leader: Yes, he does .
6 a) Use the prompts to describe the people in
• Character
the pictures.

short blonde
7 a) Match the adjectives to the definitions.
Which best describe: you? your friends?
hair/wide nose/
full lips/round face A B
Maddie has got short DIJ co nfiden t a acts wi th out thinking
blonde hair, a round face, b be lieves th ey a re more
full lips and a wide IT[] optimi stic
impo rtant than others
nose. Q[J flexi ble
c doesn't think a bo ut oth er
[A[] adve nturous people's fee lin gs
[3[J bra ve d thinks pos itively
2 broad smile/ high
e not afrai d in dan gerous
cheekbones/ oval ~ honest
situa ti ons
face/ moustache
[Z[] impu lsive neve r g ives to oth ers
[ ] [ ] in se nsiti ve g no t easi ly upset or worr ied
h prepared to chan ge
[2[J vain
fee ls sure abo ut th emse lves
[IQ[] arrogant j a lways tell s the truth
3 high forehead/thin [I[] easy-go in g k wi lli ng to take ri sks
eyebrows/lines under I ta kes too much pride in
[]][]m ea n
eyes/wavy white th eir appearan ce
hair/pointed
chin I'm an easy-going person. I don't get upset easily.

b) The pictures show famous film/TV

I
characters. Use words from Ex. 7a to talk
4 short dark hair/ j about their personalities.
long face/ 1
)
square chin/
thin lips/blue I
eyes

b) List the adjectives in Ex. 6a under the

headings below. You can add your own
Clark Kent (j o urna list/
ideas. James Bond 007 (spy) superhero )
• face • ha ir • eyes • nose • mouth • lips
• chin • othe r

• Game

Choose a leader. The leader thinks about

another student in the class. In teams, ask the
leader five questions about what the person
looks like. The first team to guess who the
person is gets one point. Choose another Harry Potter
(apprentice w izard)
leader and continue the game. The team with
the most points wins. James Bond is a spy in the film Die Another Day. James
Bond is confident. He always feels sure about himself.
40
 .......
.... ....
........
3 .... ......
'
:::: ::: :
.

cl In pairs, ask and answer about each

person's appearance and character.

A: What does James Bond look like ?

8: He's got short dark hair, narrow blue eyes and a
square iaw.
A: What is he like ?
8: He's confident. He feels sure about himself. He 's
also ...

di Think of another character from a film or

book and describe him/her to the class.

• Stages in Life

8 c\ al Listen and fill in the average ages

when people in Japan do the following .
Then make sentences, as in the example.

A- 2 Johnny is at the dentist's, and the dentist is

checking his teeth . He probably feels scared
start el ementary school - like most people do - because he thinks the
6
. ······;f::~~i~t~~~ 't~hh~~1·.·..·.·.·..·.·.·.·
dentist will hurt him .

18 ··· go. lo<o ll :~.~(u ~i ~~ rs ity_ ... . 1Q In pairs, talk about recent experiences you
.....·. ..• .• • •. ;;/~;~i;~ • ••• •.•• .• • • • • •
29 hove th eir fir st child
have had and say how they made you feel.
You can use adjectives from the list, and/or
your own ideas.

• wo rried • relaxed • scared/ terri fied

ret ire
• exc ited • ir ritated/a nnoyed • upset
• fu rious/angry • chee rful/happy

Japanese children are usually six when they start A : When was the las t time you felt worried?
elementary school. B: Last week.
A : What happened?
bl Make a similar table for people in your B: I had a Maths test. Sitting for tests always
country. Then, in pa irs ask and answer makes me feel worried. What about you? .. . etc
questions, as in the example.

A: How old are children when they start primary • Idioms

school? 11 Underline the correct word, then explain the
8: In my country, children are usually six when ph rases in bold.
they start primary school.
She's got a b ig body/head since she wo n th e
beauty co ntest.
• Feelings 2 You ca n argue until you're blue in the face/ears
9 Match the adjectives ( 1-61 to the pictures and yo u still won 't make her cha nge her mind .
(A-FJ, then talk about what is happening in 3 He's got his head/brain in the clouds if he thi nks
each picture and how the person feels. a pla n like that has a ny chance of succeed ing.
4 They kept their chin/nose up eve n thoug h th ey
1 excited 4 proud had lost eve ryth i ng.
2 scared 5 sod 5 His promotion has gone to his head/hair - he
3 anxious 6 bored sudde nly thi nks he 's rea lly importa nt.
41
 ..........
..·······
.....•
:::::::::g
.. . .
: : ::::::11

5 A: ......... ... .. .. ... ... ...... ..... (be/Tom) at home

Grammar in Use when you ............. .. .. .. ..... .. .. . ... (arrive)?
B: No, he .. .............. .... ... .. .. ... ... ... ... ...... .
• Past Tenses (already/go out).
Grammar Reference
6 A: Laura .. .... ......................... .. (not/come)
12 Identify the tenses in bold, then match them
to the party last night.
to their use.
B: Really? Why?
I By the time I arrived at the university, the A: She ............. ..... ... ...... . .......... (already/
lecture had already finished. arrange) to do somethi ng else .
.-I 2.....,1..........,1 Dean was running in the park at 7 am
7 A: We only ................. ... ......... (move) here
yesterday morning.
a week ago and I don't know anybody yet.
~I3.....,1~1 Sharon went to the funfair on Sunday.
B: You'll soon make some new friends.
I 4 I I Suki had been waiting outside the restaurant
for twenty minutes before her friends arrived . 8 A: .... .... . .... ........... ... ........ .. ... (Mary/give)
birth yesterday?
a action completed at a definite time in the past B: Yes - I heard she . .. .. .... . ...... .. .............. . . .
b action which started and continued for some (have) twins.
time before another past action, with emphasis
9 A: You used to li ve in Italy, didn't you? How
on its duration
long .................... .. .. .. .. (you/stay) there?
c action completed in the past before another past
. B: For three years, then we ...................... .. .
action
(move) to Paris.
d action which was in progress at a stated time in
the past 10 A: ... ........................................ (be/there)
many people at the wedding reception?
13 In pairs, ask and answer, as in the example. B: Yes, a lot. Most of them were people I . .. ... .
. ... ........................... (never/ see) before.
go to cinema/yesterday/stay home
A: Did you go to the cinema yesterday? 11 A: We . ... ..... ....................... (celebrate) our
B: No, I didn't. I stayed at home. grandpa 's birthday last Sunday.
2 drive to work/this morning/catch train B: ...... ... ... ...... ... ........ ......... .... (you/have)
3 spend holidays in Madrid/last year/go on a a nice time?
cru ise 12 A: .............................. (you/be) pleased to
4 watch TV /last night/fall asleep see your Uncle Tom again last week?
5 fix car/yesterday/take it to the garage B: Of course - I .............. .
(not see) him for about five years.
14 Fill in the gaps with the correct past tense of 13 A: ...................... ... (you/ go) to the meeting
the verb in brackets. yesterda y w ith Josh?
A: When .. ... . ... ... .. .. .. .. . ..... . . .. . . .. . .. . ... (your B: No - he .. .. ........... .. ... .. . .. ..... (not/finish)
parents/be married)? his work so I ... .... .. ............ .. . .... .. ... (go)
B: I'm not sure . I think it ......... ...... .. ..... .. (be) on my own.
in 1986.
2 A: My sister ........ . ... . ... ... .. .. ... .. .. ... ... (have) 15 a) Fill in the time adverbs.
a baby yesterday. • last month • for • before • iust • already
B: Congratulations - you're an aunt!
Timothy had ........... finished washing the car
3 A: When . . . . . . ... .. .. . .. . ................ (your when it started to rain.
grandfather/retire)? 2 Paul was accepted into a top university .. ~...
B: Last January. He ................... ...... . ... ... .. .
(work) for the same company for 30 years. 3 Unfortunately the game had ............. started
4 A: Sheila .. . .. .. . .. .. ............................ (meet) by the time Frank got to the football ground.
her future husband while she ..... . ....... ..... . 4 Sarah had been trying to reach Josh . .. .. . .. . over
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (travel) around Russia. an hour before he finall y answered his phone.
B: Really? ................. .. .. .. ... .. . . .. .. . . . (it/be) 5 Karen wasn't sure if she had turned off the oven
love at first sight? ....... .. ... .. . .. she left the house.
42
 . . . ...
........ .
IJ······ .. .
.........
::::::: ::

b) How do you think the people in the • Used to/Would

sentences 1 to 5 were feeling at the time? Grammar Refe rence
Use the adjectives to talk about them .
18 a) Study the table.
• angry • wo rried • frustra ted • di sappointed
, • exc ited
• When I was young, .
Timothy was angry because he had iust finished I walked/used to walk to school. (past habit/routine)
washing the car when it began to rain. I would often/always/usually/etc walk to school.
! lived/used to live in Manchester. (past state)
Speaking NOT: I w01:1k:I h@ in Manchester.

c) Use the words/phrases below and past

b) Fill in would, used to or both when
tenses to make up sentences about yourself.
possible, as in the example.
• in 2000 • since the day before yesterda y
I rem ember th at my pare nts would/used to toke
• on Tu esday • lost year • for two w eeks
us to th e pork a lot whe n we we re yo ung .
• two days ago
2 Th ey . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . have a house w ith a
I won first prize in a competition in 2000. I was pool, bu t they rece ntly so ld it.
very proud. 3 Every year at carnival, all of us ch ild ren
.. .. ...... . ........ d ress up as cartoon chara cters.
16 Join the sentences using when, while, after, 4 A li ce a nd her sister . . .......... .. ..... .. . shore
before. a sma ll a partm e nt w hen they we re at uni vers ity.
5 M y late Uncle G eo rge . .. .. ...... ... ......... .. .. . .. . ..
Mary's car/ run out a w e/ fini sh/
brin g us chocolates every tim e he vis ited us.
of petro l ho mewo rk
6 W hen I was yo unger, I .. .. . .. .. .. ... .. sing in a
2 we/wa tch TV b he/ hear/ stro nge
bo nd.
3 he/work no ise
7 My moth er ........................ make all
on/ co mputer c she/dri ve/wo rk
our cloth es whe n we were child ren.
4 he/ mow th e lawn d she/ leave/ house 8 Whe n w e w ere c hi ld ren, we ..... . .. .... .. . . .
5 she/ put on/ coo t e hi s/wife/ plant tree s
go to the zoo every Sa turday aftern oo n.
Mary's car ran out of petrol while she was driving
to work. Speaking
Speaking 19 In pairs, use the prompts to talk about your
childhood, as in the example. You can use
17 a) Answer the questions. your own ideas as well.
• What did you do whe n yo u got up thi s mo rn ing? • live in a vil lage • ride a b ike • own a dog
• What we re you doing at 9: 30 lost nigh t? • bui ld tree houses • go to bed early
• What did you do yesterday mo rni ng? • p lay in th e streets • fish in th e ri ver
• What did yo u do lo st weeke nd ?

b) Imagine you met a friend you hadn't seen

for a year. Use these prompts to act out a
dialogue.

• get/diploma •find/ job • break/leg

• buy/ car • move/ house • sister/ get marri ed

A: Hello! I haven 't seen you for ages . How are

things?
8: OK. I've been very busy lately. A: Did you use to /Ive in a village when you were
A: Really? Tell me all about it. a child?
8: Well, I got my diploma last January. B: No, I didn 't. I lived in the city. What about you?
A: Congratulations! A: I used to live in a small town by the sea. etc
43
 ..........
..
.
........
.......
..
······•
.....
..
. : : : ::::11

4 Ed didn't start the meeting until

Grammar in Use after everyone had arrived.

• Open Cloze ~ Look at the @e of

the text to get an idea of
before Ed waited
everyone
until

what it is about. Skim the text quickly to get

. the meeting.
20 Read the text and
think of the word
the gist, then read it more carefully and pay
attention to the words before and after each gap to 5 How long ago did you
which best fits help you decide what word is missing. The missing graduate from university?
words can be articles, prepositions, phrasal since How long has
each gap. Use
verbs, conjunctions, modal/auxiliary verbs,
only ONE WORD etc. Make sure the word you choose is
in each gap. grammatically correct and makes from university?
sense in context. 6 It was the first time my parents
had flown abroad.

The King of Jazz: n~ J)uke, never My parents .. ... ... .

.. . . ..... .. ... before.

Edward Kennedy 'Duke' Ellington 0) was a great
American jazz musician. He was a composer,
bandleader and performer, and many people
believe he was a musical genius. • Phrasal Verbs
He got the nickname 'Duke' 1) ............ of his
noble character. Even 2) ............... he was easy-going, stylish and graceful, 22 Replace the words in bold
with the correct form of the
he was, at times, quite vain and extravagant. However, he was normally
phrasal verbs in the list, as
generous and he was a natural born leader.
in the example.
The Duke was born 3) ............. 29th April, 1899, 4) .............. Washington
DC. He learnt to play the piano 5) ................ he was seven, but it wasn't • bring sth about
6) ............... he was a teenager that he decided to improve his skills and took • bring sth out
7) ............... playing more seriously. In 1923, he moved to New York and • bring sth back
formed a band 8) ................ his own. He played at the famous Cotton Club •bring sb/sth up
and the band's unique style soon became very popular. Recording •carry on
companies and music publishers were eager to sign 9) .............. up and they • carry sth out
embarked 10) ................ a long and successful career. •carry sth through
Duke Ellington and his band played 11) ................. over the world and
with such big names as Miles Davis, Louis Armstrong and Ella Fitzgerald. The only way they can cause a
12) ....................... of the Duke's greatest works include 'Concerto For change in the system is by
Cootie', 'Cotton Tail', 'In A Sentimental Mood' and 'Take The 'A' Train'. holding an election. bring about
When he died on 24th May, 1974, 13) .................. the age of seventy-five, 2 After a ten-minute break they
he had written over 2,000 musical compositions. He is acknowledged as continued with their work.
14) ............... of the 15) ............... influential musicians of the 20th century. 3 He was raised in a lovely
village in the south of England.
4 It was a good plan, but he
didn't have the determination
to complete it.
• Key Word Transformations
5 The soldiers were ordered to
21 Complete the second sentence using the word in bold. You can obey their instructions.
use two to five words, including the word given. Do not 6 Looking at that old photo
change the word given. album reminded me of a lot of
happy memories. _____.,-
They haven't been to our house for years. 7 I can't wait for Westlife to
ages It is............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... .. .. .. . to our house . release a new single. It's been
2 How long has it been since you started working here? ages since their last one.
ago How . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. working here?
3 She hasn't been to the dentist for a year.
time The .................. .. .. . .. ... .. the dentist was a year ago.
44
 ... . .
IJ······
ili5~~ ~ ~ ~
•........ .. ..

Listening & Speaking • Giving/Responding to News

23 C\ a) You will hear somebody describing 25 c\ a) Listen and match each exchange
{l-4) to its function (A-DJ.
what it is like to be part of a large family.
Listen and mark the sentences T (true) or F Exchange 1 A giving good news
(false). Exchange 2 B g ivin g ba d news
1 There are nine people in Mike's fa mily. Exchange 3 C respo nd in g to good news
2 Mike has three sisters a nd two brothers. Exchange 4 D responding to ba d news
3 Mike's brothers thi nk he is too young
to play footba ll w ith them. b) In pairs, use the expressions in this box
4 Mike doesn't get on wit h his sisters. to act out dialogues about the situations
5 Mike is confide nt and easy-go in g . described in the prompts below.
6 Mike loves sharing hi s things.
Giving News
b) Describe the pictures. What do they have
I've got some good news/ ba d news, I' m afraid.
in common?
Guess wha t!
I wa nted you to be th e fir st to know.
Both pictures
show ... I'm sorry to say . . .
I've got so methin g to tell yo u.
Responding to News
I' m so p lease d for yo u.
Th at's g reat/wo nd erful / terri fic/too bad / a
sh ame/a pity !
Oh dear !
How di sa p po intin g/ sad/terrib le/wo nde rful!
You must be excited/thrilled/ rea lly pleased/very
sad.
c) In pairs, discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of being from a large family.
• your fr iend tell s yo u th ey wo n first prize in a
A: One of the greatest advantages is ... . competitio n
8: That's true but, on the other hand, .. . • your broth er tells you he did n't get acce pted
in to co ll ege
d) Why do you think small families are
• tell yo ur father yo u crashed his car
becoming more common nowadays? Discuss.
• tell you r frie nd you have got engaged

24 c\ a) You will hear five people talking about

a memorable event from their past. Listen and • Intonation (in echo questions)
match the sentences (a-ij to the speakers ( 1-5).
There is one extra sentence you do not need . 26 c\ Listen , then read out the exchanges in
pairs. Finally, in pairs, act out similar
a I was terrified. Speaker L l
dialogues.
b I was annoyed with my parents . Speaker~
c I was disappointed at the time. A: Em ma had he r hair cu t yesterday.
Speaker [ I D
d I didn 't know what to do. B: It looks grea t, doesn 't it?
e It was my own fault. Speaker I T J
2 A: Th e Browns are leaving for Spa in on Tuesday.
It was the best day of my life. Speaker lo=-5==;1~1
B: Oh , are th ey?
3 A: Dora was the best student in her class.
b) In pairs, talk about a memorable event B: She wasn't, was she?
from your past. 4 A: Th e Pete rsons had a baby girl last nig ht.
A: So, what was the day you 'll never forget? B: Oh, did th ey?
8: The day my sister was born . .. .
45
 ..........
........
·········
: : : :::::1 3
.........•
.
. ........
Listening & Reading
27 a) What jobs do the people in the pictures
Florence Nightingale::
do? How are these jobs related? What
similar jobs can you think of? ffie ~ady Witll the ~amp
b) In pairs, discuss what qualities are
needed in order to be a nurse. You can use
lol o
Florence Nightingale was a pioneer
the prompts below and/or your own ideas.
in the field of nursing . She founded the
• hardworking • patient • kind • compassionate profession of nursing and reformed
sanitary practices in hospitals. These
A: To be a nurse you need to be hardworking.
great achievements are more amazing
B: I agree, because .. .
when you consider that most Victorian women could not
attend university or pursue a professional career.

She was born in Italy in 1820 and was named

Florence after her birthplace. She was the daughter
of a weal thy landowner, William Nightingale, who
was a well-educated and open-minded man. He
believed that all people should receive an education,
and both Florence and her sister Parthenope were
taught Greek, Latin, Italian, German, History, Philosophy
and Mathematics.

At the age of twenty-five Florence had already made

up her mind to follow a career in nursing . Her parents
were totally opposed to this, but Florence's devotion
and determination managed to convince them and she
eventually got her father's permission to study as a
nurse. She studied nursing in Kaiserwerth, Germany,
and two years later she was appointed superintendent
of a hospital for women in Harley Street, London.

29 a) Read the text and choose the most suitable

heading from the list
28 a) Look at the title and pictures with the text.
Who do you think Florence Nightingale was?
Guess which of the statements ( 1-8) are true.
(A-1) to label each
paragraph. There is
one extra heading
t@
Read through the list
Florence Nightingale ... you do not need to
of headings and underline
use. There is an the key words. Read the text
1 invented a new type of safety lamp.
and identify the main point of
example (0) at
2 made nursing a respectable profession. each paragraph. Take one
the beginning.
3 lived in Medieval England. paragraph at a time and look
4 came from a rich family. for words which are related
5 studied at the Army Medical College.
A Fame and to the headings. The
Influence information may be
6 was awarded the Royal Red Cross.
paraphrased.
7 died at a very young age.
B Official Recognition

8 was a national heroine.

c Teaching Others
D A Great Achiever --------
G Her Twilight Years

c\ b) Listen and check if your guesses were

correct by marking each statement T (true) or
E A Time of Need .
F Her Early Years
H
I
Her Chosen Career
Solving Problems

F (false) .
46
 ........
.........
..........
3 ······
•........
•.........
...

3
In 1854, Britain, France and Turkey were at war To share her knowledge about health care,
with Russia. The public were shocked by reports of Florence wrote Notes on Nursing in 1859. This
the disgraceful conditions that the sick and wounded book has since been translated into eleven
British soldiers had to endure . Florence decided to languages and is still in print today. The following
help, and immediately went to Turkey, in charge of a year, she was able to use public funds to found the
group of thirty-eight nurses, to work in military Nightingale School for Nurses at St. Thomas's
hospitals. The conditions in the army hospitals were Hospital. This was the first ever school for nurses,
appalling. The soldiers were filthy, there were lots of and paved the way for nursing to be accepted as a
rats and fleas, and supplies were limited. suitable profession for young women.
I 41 I 7
Initially, she received very little help from military Florence Nightingale achieved all this despite
officers and doctors. However, her assistance was suffering from poor health herself for most of her life.
greatly needed and they soon changed their minds. In recognition of her hard work, Queen Victoria
Florence quickly managed to organise the hospital, awarded Florence the Royal Red Cross in 1883, and
improve sanitation and greatly increase the survival in 1907 she became the first woman ever to receive
rate of her patients. Every soldier she cared for the Order of Merit. Florence Nightingale died in
respected and admired her. London in August, 1910, at the age of ninety. 'The
5 Lady with the Lamp' was a truly remarkable person,
who changed the nursing profession for ever.
In 1856, Florence returned to England as a
national heroine . She was known as 'The Lady with
the Lamp', a name the wounded soldiers gave her
because of the way she watched over them in
hospital at night. On her return, she began to
campaign for improvements in the standards of
hygiene and health care in military hospitals . A
Royal Commission was appointed and, following
Florence Nightingale's detailed reports, the Army
Medical College was later established in l 857 .

b) Explain the words in bold, then choose any 32 Fill in at, for, in, into, of, on, to, from or with,
six and use them to make up sentences. then make sentences using the completed
phrases.
• Vocabulary Practice
l ..... ...... .. .. .. .. . the field . .. .. ...... .. .. . . .. nursing
30 Match the highlighted words/phrases in the 2 to be opposed . . . . . . . ........ ........ ... . . sth
text to their synonyms below. 3 to be .......... war ............... (another country)

help; job; put up with; looked up to; rich; approval;

4 to care .. . ... . ... .. .......... . ... . .... ... . ... ... . .. . .. . sb

dirty; make better; set up; amazing; accomplishments;

5 to campaign ..... .... . .. ... .. .............. . ... ..... sth

money; dreadful; changed; decided 6 to translate sth ...... . .. . ....... (another language)
7 to be ... .... . .... . .. . ... .. . .. ... ... . ... . ... ... ...... print
31 Fill in the gaps using words from the list, then 8 to suffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. sth
make sentences using the completed phrases. 9 .. recognition ...... .. .............. .

• field • military • survival • wounded • Project

• public • national • poor • sanitary
Choose one of your country's national heroes
1 ............ of nursing 5 a ..... . ..... . heroine
and write details about him/her under these
2 .... ... .. . .. ... . ... . rate 6 ... ... ... .... hospital
headings, then tell the class about him/her.
3 ..... .. .... .. .. .. health 7 ................ soldier
4 ........ ..... practices 8 .. ...... .. ........ funds • Born • Career • Honours/ Awards • Died
47
 ·...·... .....................····111
.. ~ · ····
.
.
. ...
l Who is going to read your story?
Writing (a story) 2 Who is the story going to be about?
3 What kind of story are you going to write?
When writing a story we first 4 How must your story end?
decide on the type of story, the 5 What would you write as a climax event?
plot and the main characters.
Our story can be an adventure • Analysing a Model Text
story, a comedy, a mystery, etc.
In the first paragraph , we write
34 a) Read the following story and fill in the gaps with the
correct linking words/phrases from the list below.
when and where the event took
place, who the people in the • just then • eventually • as soon as • meanwhile • suddenly
story were, what the weather •when
was like and what happened
first.
In the main body, we describe It was a hot, humid evening and John Newby was driving his
the events (in the order they tractor through his fields. He had had an exhausting day and was
happened), making specific on his way home.
reference to the climax event. 1) .................................. he reached the farmhouse, ·he noticed the dark
We can use linking words/ grey clouds filling the sky. 2) ....................................... he heard a rumbling
phrases such as so, because, sound in the distance. John shivered nervously. The noise was
also etc to link our ideas or getting louder and the sky was darkening rapidly. He knew what
sentences, and first, then, while, these signs meant - it was a storm, and it was heading his way.
afterwards, etc to present the 3) ............................................................ John's frightened wife and children
events in chronological order. had also heard the terrible noise and had run onto the porch.
In the last paragraph, we write 4) ......................................................... he reached them, John led them down
what happened in the end and to the storm cellar. In no time at all the powerful wind was tearing
how the characters felt. their home apart.
We can use a variety of 5) .................................................... there was a tremendous crack as the
adjectives or adverbs to make roof was ripped off and part of the house was blown away. The
wind howled and huge hailstones battered what was left of John's
our story more interesting. We
home. The family waited anxiously until the storm died down.
normally use past tenses in
6) ............................................... the family emerged from the cellar. John
stories.
had tears in his eyes as he looked in horror at their ruined home.
The whole family was completely devastated. "At least we are all
safe, and that's the most important thing," John said to his family.
• Analysing the
Rubric
33 Read the rubric and b) Read the story again and answer the questions.
underline the key words, l When and where did the story take place?
then answer the questions 2 What was the weather like?
that follow. 3 Which paragraph describes the climax event? What event is it?
An international 4 What happened in the end? How did they feel?
magazine is holding a 5 Can you suggest another title for the story?
short adventure story
competition. The story • Sequence of events
must end with the words:
"At least we are all safe,
35 Number the events of the story in the order they occurred.

and that's the most

D There was a loud crack. D
Dark clouds filled the sky.
important thing," John D The storm died down. D
Part of the house blew away.
said to his family. Write
D He heard a rumbling sound. D
John led his family into the
your story ( l 20-1 80
D John shivered. cellar.
words) for the
D The family came out of the [ ] John was on his way home.
competition.
cellar.
48
 ..........
lil::::::::: :
L

!!Wiii!'••• •• .

• Beginnings - Endings

When we write a story, we can begin and end

usi ng a variety of techniques such as:
• asking a rhetori cal question (e.g. Wh y do
some people have such bad luck?)
• addressing the reader directly (e.g. Has
your life ever flashed before your eyes?)
• referring to moods/feelings (e.g. Toby was
exhausted by the time he made it home )
• using d irect speech (e.g. "All's well that
ends well," said John in relief.)
• using our senses to describe the sce ne (e. g.
c\ b) Listen and put the sentences below
into the correct order.
The sun was shining brightly and the air
was filled with the sweet scent of roses as A Th e helicopter started to shake vio lentl y.
Claire set off on her walk.) B Jack landed th e heli copter safely.
C Jack a nd Ian cl im bed into the he li copter.
36 Using the techniques above, think of other D Th e eng ine roared back to life.
ways to begin the story in Ex 34a . E Th ey saw the volca no .
F Jack rad ioed a d istress ca ll .
G Ia n started takin g ph otog rap hs.
• Adjectives/ Adverbs H Ja ck fl ew the heli co pter out of th e
mou th of th e vo lcan o .
37 a) Underline all the adjectives in the story in
Ex. 34a. In pairs, think of synonyms for as
many of the adjectives as you can.
40 c\ a) Listen again and answer the
questions in the plan below.
b) Circle all the adverbs in the story. What
verbs do they describe? Plan
38 Use the adjectives and adverbs in the list to Introduction
make the paragraph below more interesting. (Pa ra l) Who was involved? When was if?
Where was if? W hat happened first?
• beautiful • w inding • hot • strong • you ng Main Body
• luckily • loudly • shakily • heavily • sudden ly (Para 2-4) Wh at exactly happened?
Conclusion
Brian and Terry were driving along a .. .. ... road through
(Para 5) What happened in the end?
the .......... . countryside. The ........ sun was beating down
How did the characters feel?
and they were in a hurry to get to the lake. When a
What did they say?
deer ............. ... ran across the road in front of them,
Brian stepped ....... on the brakes. The tyres screeched
b) Use your answers from Ex. 39b, and
........... and a ...... ..... smell of burnt rubber fil led the air.
follow the plan above, to write the story
...... , Brian managed to avoid hitting the deer. He looked
from Ex. 39a . Use the model from Ex. 34a
at Terry. "That was a close shave I" he excla imed ....
to help you.
• Discuss & Wri te
41 Read the sentences. What do they mean?

39 a) Read the rubric, then look at the pictures

and try to guess what happened . What's in a word?
A popu lar weekly magazine is holding a • Memo ry is th e treasury a nd g uard ia n
co mpetiti on for a short story with the ti tle of a ll thin gs.
A Close Shave, and you have decided to • If you wa nt to test your memory, try to recall
enter. W rite your story ( 120-1 80 words) wha t you were wo rryi ng about one year ag o
for the com petition . today.
49
 I
11

e ature Clip
fANE EYRE
_ _ _ _ by C harlotte Bronte _ _ __
Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855) was born in the North Yorkshire
town of Thornton. Her father, Patrick Bronte, was a
clergyman and he brought Charlotte and her two sisters That winter afternoon was bright but very
up alone after their mother, Maria, died. Charlotte worked cold. I discovered th at Mrs Fairfax h ad just
fi rst as a teacher and later as a governess before spending written a letter which was waiting to be posted,
some time in Brussels In 1854 she married Arth ur Bell so I offered to tak e it to Hay, a two-mile walk
Nichols, but unfortunately, she died a year later in 1855. from Thornfie ld. I put on my bonnet and cloak
She wrote poetry and a number of novels, including
and set off for a pleasant afternoon walk.
The Professor, Shirley, Vilette and Jane Eyre
At first I walked quickly to get warm and then
Jane is an orphan who is sent to a school to become a governess. I slowed my pace. Though I fo un d the path
When she completes her studies, she obtains a position as difficult and my walk was lonely, I took great
governess at Mr Rochester's house.
pleasure in it. After a while, the path inclined, so
I sat down on a stone wall to catch m y breath.
42 a) What types of stories do you like to read: From my seat I could see Thornfield below me. I
mystery? romance? adventure? Why? stayed there admiring the view until the sun

c\
Eyre is.
b) Listen and say what kind of story Jane
began to set behind the trees, then I continued on
with my journey.
Suddenly, a noise from the road broke the
silence - a noise so eerie that it reminded me of
c) Read the biography of Charlotte Bronte, and the nursery stories I used to hear when I was
the short description of her novel, Jane Eyre. In young. The noise was nearby but not yet in sight,
what ways is Jane Eyre's life similar to Bronte' s? so I sat back down on the wall and nervously
waited for the cause of the disturbance to appear.
43 Look at this picture of a scene from Jane Eyre, A few seconds later, a big black and white dog
with a huge head emerged from behind a tree,
and describe the characters shown. What has
followed by a tall horse with a rider on its back.
just happened? What time of the year is it?
The threesome passed me and I, relieved to
What else can you see in the picture? Read the discover that the source of my anxiety had been
extract and find phrases/sentences which of this world, resumed my walk to Hay.
describe what is shown in the picture. I hadn't gone but a few paces when a loud
thud caught my attention. I turned and saw the
rider and the horse had slipped on a thin sheet of
ice and were both lying on the ground. I rushed
down to the rider, who was trying to free himself
of his horse, and asked him, "Are you injured,
sir?" He was too preoccupied with his efforts to
reply. " Can I do anything?" I asked again.
"You must just stand on one side," he
answered as he finally stood and set about trying
to raise his horse. All the while, the great dog
was running back and forth, barking and braying
until he was silenced with a "Down, Pilot!" from
the rider.
I could see that the man, though not seriously

a) Read the extract and in pairs put the

sentences a to k into the correct order. Then IShe stopped to rest.
::::===::===:
tell the story in your own words. g
~*==:
IShe heard a lou d th ud .
h ITh e horse and ri der had fall en.
I a I \The man res ted o n th e w all. ~==ll She set o ff to post th e letter.
I 6 I \He asked where she was from. IShe told him she was a govern ess.
I I c I \A horse and rider passed by.
IdI \ She refused to lea ve.
j
===l
~k~~I She asked him if he was hurt.

I I e I IShe heard an eerie no ise. b) Explain the words in bold, then suggest
synonyms for the highlighted words.

I 50
 Revision &Extension
hurt, had suffered an injury of some sort, for he
carefully made his way to the stone wall and sat
down. "You are hurt and want help, sir. I can
45 a) Look at the
picture and
fetch someone either from Thornfield Hall or
from Hay,'' I said.
complete the
"Thank you, I shall do. I have no broken dialogue, then
bones, only a sprain,'' he answered, as he stood use the answers
and tried to put his weight on his foot, which to describe the
resulted in a painful moan. It was not yet dark, picture.
and in what was left of the daylight I could see
him clearly. He was of medium height and
although he was wrapped in a riding cloak he
appeared to be well built. He had a dark face,
and his angry eyes and heavy brow gave him a A: Wh ere 1) . . ... .. .. ..... . .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. . .... .. ?
stern appearance. He was not young, and not B: I think it's in 2) .. .... ... . ..... .. .... . .. . .. . . ... .... .. . .
middle-aged, either - I guessed him to be close to
A: W hat are 3) . . . ............ ... .. . . .. . ... . ... .. .. .. ..... ?
thirty-five.
B: Th ey 4) .. .... ....... .. .. .. . . .... .... ........ .. . ... . ... . . .
I stood there but he gestured for me to leave.
A: W hy do yo u thin k th ey are there?
"I cannot think of leaving you, sir, at so late an
hour in this solitary lane, till I see you are fit to B: It seems to me that they 5) . ... .. .. . .. .. . .......... .
mount your horse,'' I said. A: How do yo u ce lebrate your 6) ....... .. ... . .. .. ... ?
He looked at me for the first time - he had B: W e usually 7) ....... .... .. .. .. .. . .. ... .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . .
hardly glanced in my direction until then - and
In this picture there are some people in ....
said, "I think you ought to be at home yourself.
If you have a home in this neighbourhood. b) In pairs, act out a similar dialogue about
Where do you come from?"
the picture below, then describe the picture.
I answered him, "From just below, and I am
not afraid of being out late when it is moonlight.
I will run over to Hay for you with pleasure, if
you wish. Indeed, I am going there to post a
letter."
He stared at me and said, "You live just below
- do you mean at that house with the
battlements?" pointing at Thornfield.
I replied, "Yes, sir."
"Whose house is it?" he asked.
"Mr. Rochester's,'' said I.
c) In pairs, discuss how you celebrate
"Do you know Mr. Rochester?" asked the
man. events such as birthdays, weddings etc.
"No, I have never seen him," I responded. A: We usually celebrate birthdays by having
He looked at my clothes and commented, parties at home. We invite our friends .
"You are not a servant at the hall, of course. You 8: That sounds great. We don 't usually celebrate
are ... "
birthdays like that. We book a ...
My clothing, as usual, was simple - a black
cloak and black bonnet. "I am the governess."
"Ah, the governess!" he repeated. "Deuce take
46 Fill in: fath er, parent, mother
me, if I had not forgotten! The governess!" 1 Eri c re minds me of his dad. But you know what
they say - li ke ... .................... .. ... . , like son.
2 Laura knows four la nguages, but her . .... ........ .
• Project tongu e is Fre nch .
3 Th e hotel gro up ha s a separa te loca l business in
You have decided to enter the Jane Eyre each country, but th ey are al l co ntrolled by a
picture contest being held by your school .... .. .. .. .... .. company in the UK.
magazine. Choose a scene from the
extract and draw it. • Project
Draw your family tree, then describe each
person's appearance and character.
51
 Health is Better
than Wealth
A Lead-in
1 Compare and contrast the two sets of pictures. How are
they related to the title? What is your reaction to them?

2 Make up true sentences about yourself. If you could change

one thing about your lifestyle what would it be?

• often feel tired • work long hours • wake up / go to bed early

• often suffe r from heada ches • have enough time to re la x
• have a fixed daily routine • exercise regularly • work hard
• eat fruit and vegetables every day • be always on the go
• enjoy spending time with my family • lose appetite
• come back home very late

I often feel tired. I sometimes work long hours. If I could ... , I would .. .

Listening & Reading

3 C:\ Listen and repeat. Who might say each sentence, and
in what kind of situation? In pairs, make up short dialogues
using the sentences.

• What seems to be the problem?

• Are you taking any medicine at the moment?
• There 's nothing to worry about.
• I haven't seen you for ages.
• You should try it!
• You look fantastic!
• I feel pretty good.
• Good for yo u!
• Why don't yo u come w ith me one day?

4 C:\ Listen to the dialogues and match the

sentences to the speakers, Peter, Tony or Lisa.

1 This speaker likes city life.

2 This speaker will be on medication.
3 This speaker doesn't exercise at all.

5 a) Read the dialogues A to C and circle the

correct answers. Explain the words in bold,
then use them to make up sentences.

Peter is seriously ill.

A Yes B
No c Doesn't say
2 Peter can eat ice cream.
A Yes B No c Doesn't say
3 Tony owns a house in a vi llage.
A Yes B No c Doesn 't say
4 Jim is in good shape.
A Yes B No c Doesn 't say
52
 B

Dr Jones: Hello, Peter. What seems to be the problem?

Peter: Well, I haven't been feeling very well for the
last few days.
Dr Jones: I see.
Peter: And my throat is sore and it hurts when
swallow.
Dr Jones: Have you noticed a loss of appetite?
Peter: Not really. But it's difficult to swallow.
Dr Jones: Right then, let me have a look ... mmm ...
yes your throat is quite inflamed. We'd
better take your temperature.
Peter: Actually, I do feel a bit warm .
Dr Jones : Hmm ... just as I thought... 38.5°C. I'd
say you've got tonsillitis. Are you
taking any medicine at the moment?
Peter: No, not really.
Dr Jones: There's nothing to worry about, really. I'm
going to give you a prescription. Make sure
you drink lots of hot fluids and soup, nothing
cold.
Peter: OK, thanks a lot.

Hi, Jeff, I haven't seen you for ages. Where

have you been?
Jeff: Oh, don't you know? I moved away.
Tony: Really?
Jeff: Yes. To a small village near Preston .
Tony: But what about your career at the stock
exchange?
Jeff: Well, that's why I moved, actually. The
stress was too much for me. What with the
pressure and the long hours and everything, I
became ill. My doctor told me to get as far away
from the rat race as possible, so I did!
Tony: So, what are you doing now?
Jeff: Well, I'm a systems analyst now, and I work from
home. I've never been happier, or so relaxed . You
shou Id try it!
Tony: No way. This rat likes the big city too much .

Lisa: Jim, you look fantastic! You've lost so much

weight!
Jim: Thanks. I feel pretty good, too.
Lisa: How did you do it?
Jim: I've taken up jogging.
Lisa: Good for you!
Jim: Every morning before I go to work, I go jogging
down by the lake. It makes me feel great and ready
to tackle the day ahead.
Lisa: It's certainly worked wonders for you . ) Suggest synonyms
Jim: Why don 't you come with me one day? You'll feel for the highlighted words,
better for it and your fitness level will improve. then, in pairs, read
Lisa: Yes, why not. I really need to get in shape! out the dialogues.
 ..::::::::10
. ....:.
......... ..~
~

:::::::11

Vocabulary 8 a) Match the problem to the advice, then

make up sentences, as in the example.

• Health Problems Problem I Advice

6 Who would be the best person to see for l sunburn

l a stay in bed , drink plenty
each of the problems listed? Match the health 2 hay fever I
I
of fluids
problem to the people, then make up 3
sentences as in the example. 4
flu
nosebleed
I bc pinch the top of your nose ,
wash your face regularly,

Health Problems I
_,__ Professions
5 sprained
ankle
Id use a special cream
take a cool bath , rub on
t- -- -- -- -----
11l lyou break your arm
I a surgeon 16 I I sore throat I lotion
12 lyou don 't feel well b dentist 17 I I acne e suck a throat lozenge
!13 lyou have a stiff neck ' c orthopaedic I8 I I migraine f use a nasal spray
14 lyou have bad acne surgeon g put on a cold
11s lyou have toothache d chiropractor compress, bandage it
·16 lyou need an e dermatologist h lie down in a dark room
I operation general
If you've got sunburn, you should take a cool bath
17 I lyou need new glasses practitioner (GP)
and rub on lotion.
I8 I lyou have terrible g psychologist
nightmares h optician Speaking
b) Use the phrases to give advice to a friend
You need to see an orthopaedic surgeon if you
who a) can't sleep, b) has a headache,
break your arm.
c) has a sore throat, d) has a cold.

,Listening
7 (\ a) You will hear four people talking
~out their health problems. Listen and
match the problems (A-E) to the speakers A: Are you all right? You don't look well.
( 1-4). There is one extra problem you do B: I can't sleep.
not need to use. A: If I were you, I would have a glass of warm
milk before going to bed.
Speaker A travel sickness
B hay fever • The Medicine Cabinet
Speaker 2
c overtired
Speaker 3 D flu
9 Which of the following have you got in your
medicine cabinet? What are they used for?
Speaker 4 E sunburn

Speaking
b) Match the health problems (A-E) from
Ex. 7a to their symptoms below. Then, in E
pairs, ask and answer, as in the example.
plaster
I 1IE Ired, hot skin I 41 I runny, nose, dressings
I 2I I dizzy, queasy sneezing F
stomach I sI I sleepy, dizzy
. . .-3--.\.----.j
\ fever, body aches
pills
A: What's th e matter? eye drops ointment
B: I've got sunburn. My skin is red and hot. A - We use a thermometer to take our temperature.
54
 0 ······
.........
1::::::: :.
.. ...
::::::::
i ····· ...
1Q a) Are you suffering from stress? Do the quiz • Feelings and Experiences
below to find out.
11 a) Study the theory box, then make up true
~ sentences about yourself using the adjectives
stressed 1) in the list.
~~o
Present/Past Participles
When you are doing nothing you usually feel
A guilty. B calm. We use - ed parti c ipl es to describe how we fee l/
felt.
2 When you have lunch or dinner, you usually
I was disappointed when I heard the news.
A eat in a hurry. B take your time.
We use - ing parti c iples to say w hat so mething
3 When you have to make an important decision is/was like .
you are in Th e news was very disappointing.
A a state of panic. B control.
4 You experience a dry mouth, sweaty palms or a • exc ited • terrified • rela xed • d isappo inting
thumping heart
• embarra ssed • annoying • confu sed • bo red
A almost every day. B almost never.
• worri ed • fri g htenin g • pleased • sati sfi ed
5 When at work/school, most of the time you feel • tirin g • thrilled
A tense. B relaxed.
I was excited when I won first prize.
Check your answers.
Mostly As, you are certainly suffering from
stress. You need to make changes in your life to
reduce this stress.
Speaking
Mostly Bs, you are coping well with the stress in
b) In pairs discuss how you would feel if ...
your life.
• yo u had ju st pa ssed a ve ry diffi cult exa m.
• Expressing Preferences • yo u ha d a n a ppo intment w ith yo ur denti st.
• you we re go ing o n ho liday.
b) Look at the pictures . In pairs, discuss ways • yo ur gra ndm o th er was ill.
to help you relax when you are suffering • yo u we re making a speec h.
from stress. You can add your own ideas. • yo u were lost.

A: How would you feel if you had just passed a

very difficult exam?
B: I'd be thrilled.

• Idioms and Fixed Phrases

12 Underline the correct word and explain the

idioms. Then use them to make up sentences
of your own .

Everyone tri ed to keep their chin/head during

th e earthq ua ke.
2 I felt ill yesterday but today I'm as right as rain/fog.
3 Bill had a bad co ld , a nd he's sti ll feeling a bit
under the weather/climate.
4 You are the picture/painting of health a fter yo ur
ho lid ay !
5 There's nothin g w ro ng w ith Sue , she 's as fit as a
A: I prefer playing tennis to going to the gym . fiddle/flute!
B: Really! I'd rather go to the gym than play tennis.
55
 : ::::::: 4
.......•.
..........
.·····•••
"
.
.
4 ........._

Grammar In Use Speaking

• Medals: Obligation - Necessity 15 Jerry has been having back problems because
his schoolbag is extremely heavy. Use the
- Prohibition - Suggestion ~
prompts to give him advice.
Grammar Reference

13 a) Match the verbs in bold to their • not carry/more / 10%/weight ~

meanings. Which express: obligation, • which book/bring / lessons
prohibition, suggestion, necessity, lack of • wear /backpack/ straps go
necessity? over shoulders
• put/heavy items/bottom of bag
I I I You must hurry or you'll miss your appointment.
ITIJ You ought to see your dentist for a check-up. You shouldn't carry more than 70%
[IT] You must eat a balanced d iet. of your own weight.
r=I4=:==rl===;I You need to drink about eight glasses of
water every day.
ITIJ You mustn't park here. • Permission - Request - Ability -
~You don't have to study medicine to become
a social worker . Possibility ~
.-17,.,,,--,l---,I You shouldn't go out in the sun without a hat. G rammar Reference
I 8 I I In the UK you have (got) to be l 8 to be able
to vote. 16 a) Which modal verbs express: permission,
lack of permission, ability, lack of ability,
A This is very important: it is essential. request, possibility?
B This is forbidden; you are not allowed to do it.
1 Could/Would you please help me carry th is box?
C This is necessary.
2 You may/can borrow my bicycle as long as yo u
D I advise you not to do this.
promise to bring it back before 6pm.
E This is a rule/law.
3 Jason can speak French and German.
F It would be a good idea to do this.
4 Carol may/might/could help you if she 's free.
G You can do this if you want to but it's not necessary.
5 You can't use the computer.
H It is important that you do this.
6 You can't/mustn't/may not eat or drink in the library.

b) Use models from above to write two things:

b) Use the modal verbs in bold to make up
• you are obliged to do • forbidden to do sentences:
• necessary for you to do • you should do
• gi ving / refusing permission.
I must tidy my room. • making a request.
• talking about an ability you have/ don 't
14 Fill in: {not) have to, should{n't), need, ought have.
to or must. • expressing possibility.

Although you like spicy food, I think you ...

use less chilli when cooking . •Game
2 All medicine ....................... .. be kept out of
In teams, use modal verbs to make up
children's reach.
sentences for the following situations. Each
3 To be healthy you ... exercise regularly.
correct sentence gets 1 point. The team with
4 You ... eat lots of fruit and vegetables.
the most points is the winner.
5 Mr Simms . . .. .. .. .. . to have an operation
immediately. • Your friend needs to lose weight.
6 You .. .. .. ............ check the expiry date • Your friend wants to save money.
on food labels. • Your friend is planning to travel abroad.
7 We ........ replace proper meals with junk food. • Your friend has no job.
8 I can stay in bed late tomorrow as I ............ ..
. ........... . ... .. work. Team A S 7: You must cut down on fats .
 ........
.........
·•·····
.
4 il!S~~~ ~ ~ .
..

• Past & Perfect Modals b) Make up sentences, as in the example.

You can use your own ideas.
Grammar Reference

17 a) Read the sentences and underline the

• on duty
correct modal verb.
• treat a patient
Nina didn't need to/needn't have borrow my • worried
car because Dad gave her a lift.
2 Tina should have/couldn't go to work yesterday
because she was ill.
3 Mary ought not to have/ didn't need to eaten so
many sweets. • in hospital
4 Ann ought to have/needn't have called an • have an operation
ambulance. It was only a minor iniury. • sleep
5 Pat didn't need to/ ought to have taken some
malaria tablets with her so that she would be
protected against the disease.
• in pain
b) Match the sentences to their explanations. • pull a muscle
• accident
C9:[J Although it was necessary, she didn't do it.
[I[] She was unable to do it.
ill:] It was wrong of her to do it, but she did it.
~It wasn't necessary but she did it. He must be on duty. He might have been
@]It wasn't necessary so she didn't do it. treating a patient ... etc

18 Fill in: didn't have to, needn't have, Speaking

should(n't) have, ought (not) to have or
could(n't) have. 20 In pairs, think of what could have happened
in the following situations.
You ............... gone to bed
earlier if you wanted to catch the early train. Tim had the right qualifications, but he didn't get
2 Helen ............................. eaten so much the iob. He might have been inexperienced.
ice cream. It always gives her indigestion. 2 They were planning a party, but it was postponed.
3 You ................... bought a ticket. 3 Tony studied hard, but he failed the exam.
I had an extra one iust in case. 4 They were expecting Ann to attend the meeting ,
4 I wasn't well prepared for the exam . I'm sure I but she didn't turn up.
.. .. .. .. .. . .. ... passed it.
5 Dennis .................. to pay any • Question Tags
medical expenses as he's got private health
Grammar Reference
insurance.
6 Harriet . . . .. . . ............ ............ visited the 21 a) Add the correct question tags, then say
how they are formed.
dentist because she didn't have any cavities.

1 You'll tell the doctor everything, .................. ?

• Making deductions
2 I'm well enough to go to school, .................. ?
Grammar Reference
3 You wa nt to get better, .. . .. .. .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . ?
19 a) Study the table.
....
,
4 He rarely gets a cold, ............................... ?
5 Keep your arms still, .............. ................... ?
Certainty Uncertainty 6 Let's go out, .......... . .. .......... ..... .. .. . .......... ?
Present must be might/may/could be
b) Use question tags to ask a partner about
can't be
their age, their family and their interests.
Past must have might/may/could have
can't have You are thirteen, aren't you?
Your brother is older than you, isn't he?
57
 ........•
······• 4
·········
...
······•
........•
..: .: : ::::=•

Grammar In Use • Multiple Choice Cloze

Look at the
title to get an idea
• Phrasal Verbs 24 Read the text and decide of what the text is about. Read the
text once to get the general idea. Read
which answer A, B, C or
the text again, looking at the words
22 Fill in: by, into, out, down D best fits each space. before and after each gap. Then, look at
with, away, then explain There is an example at the choices and decide which word fits
the phrasal verbs in bold. best. Finally, read the completed text
the beginning (0) .
again to make sure it is
He came .. .. ...... . ... a lot of grammatically correct and
makes sense.
money w hen his grand fathe r
d ied.
2 Lyn came ... ... .. .. . . ... .... .. .
chic kenpox so she stayed at
ho me for two weeks .
Desert Hot Springs is a city near Palm
3 The sound of the sirens began
Springs in California. It is 0) ... situated .. .
to die . . .. .. .... . .. a s soo n as
on a part of the famous San Andreas
the ambulan ce di sappeared
Fault line and is the 1) .......... of the
aroun d th e co rn er. natural hot springs 2) .......... give the city
4 Do yo u know how th e dodo its name and its water. The water is
died . .... . ............ ..... . ... ? famous for its therapeutic 3) .. ........ .. .. .
5 How did yo u come and some people have gone so 4) ........... as to call it 'The Miracle
thi s antiqu e cha ir? Waters'. There are over forty health spas in the city which offer a variety
of health and beauty therapies.
The water originates 5) ... ...... .. . the ice caps of the surrounding
• Key Word
mountains. It travels slowly down the mountain 6) ............ miles of sand
Transformations and rock and along the way it becomes 7) ............. with minerals. The
water that passes over the fault line is heated and is 8) ..... .... ... to treat
23 Complete the second
many ailments including arthritis and to 9) .. .... .. .. ... aching muscles. It is
sentence using the word in
also believed to be very 10) ............. for the skin. The water that passes
bold. You can use two to through the Mission Creek Sub-basin, south of the fault, is cold and is
five words including the used as the city's drinking water. This water has 11) ............. many
word given. Do not awards for its great taste and is 12) ............ to be the best untreated
change the word given. drinking water in the country. Desert Hot Springs is 13) .. .. .. .... .. because
it has both naturally hot and cold waters. 14) ............ of this, the city has
It is possib le that he
created an educational facility called Hot Springs Park that offers people
misund erstood w ha t yo u said
the chance to see 15) ............. hand how the city receives its water.
a nd w a s offended .
might He . .... ........ .... . .. .
. because he
mi sun de rstood w hat 0 A placed @ situated c found D set
yo u said. l A sta rt B founda ti on c bas is D source
2 M y doctor has told me to cut 2 A w hi c h B w here c w hose D w ho
d own on red mea t. 3 A prope rti es B profits c pros D benefits
should
My doctor says I . .. . 4 A much B far c long D th at
. . ... ........ red mea t. 5 A from B of c to D for
3 Ca lcul ato rs must not be used 6 A throug h B betw ee n c a long D under
du rin g this exam. 7 A thi ck B filled c enriched D fu ll
is Th e use .. .. .. ...... .. . . 8 A operated B used c a ppli ed D helped
9 A reduce B co mfo rt c re lax D ease
during thi s exam. 10 A good B w ell c pe rfec t D positive
4 It w asn't necessary for Jim to ll A gi ve n B earn ed c ga ined D wo n
d ri ve A nn to the airpo rt. 12 A understood B to ld c sa id D stated
need Jim . .. . .......... . 13 A uni que B on ly c solo D alone
14 A Due B Because c Since D Despite
A nn to the a irport. 15 A own B one c first D lead
58
 .······
. . .. .
•.........
D .. . -
:;::::::: :
::::::::: .

Listening and Speaking c\ b) Listen to a young woman and mark

the sentences True or False.

25 aJ Imagine you are

1 Jenny is overweight.
2 Jenny is unfit.
travelling abroad.
Read the 3 Jenny isn 't keen on sw immin g
What questions statements before you
4 Jenny can work out on ce a week.
would you ask listen. Underline the key
words. Try to match the key 5 Jenny needs special equipment.
your doctor before
words with similar words in 6 Jenny is thrilled at the idea .
you leave? the script.
27
c\ bJ You will hear a doctor giving advice
to travellers. Listen and tick (.I') Yes or No.
a) Compare and contrast the pictures.

YES NO
0 The biggest risk is fro m food
and water. 0 D
l You should dri nk bo il ed w ater. D D
2 You should use ice . D D Picture A shows ... whereas Picture B shows ....
3 You should drink lots of milk.
D D
4 b) In pairs, discuss the following.
5
You ca n't eat seafood.
You should have
D D
alw ays 1 Whi c h is your fa vourite form of exercise? Why ?
vaccinations before yo u travel 2 Should peop le exerc ise ? Gi ve rea son s.
abroad. D D
6 Insect bites can cause serious • Guessing
D D
problems .
28 c\ a) Listen and tick the phrases you hear.

• Making decisions l I'd say .... .. . ; 2 It looks like . ... . .. ; 3 It could .. .. .. . ;

4 It's difficult to say, but I'd gu ess . .. . . .. .. 5 I' m not
cJ Tim is planning to travel to a foreign
reall y sure , but I think ... .. ... ; 6 Perhaps . ....... ; 7 It
country. Look at the visual prompts and
might . ... . ... ;
decide what he needs to be careful of while
he is abroad. b) Read the exchanges and replace the
phrases in bold with other appropriate ones.

A: Barry looks quite con cern ed.

B: I'd say he 's about to quit hi s job.
2 A: Don 't y o u think Je nny is tired?
B: Perhaps sh e needs some time off work.
3 A: Do you think he w o uld like to jo in a gym?
B: I'm not really sure, but I think he enjoys exercising.

II c) In pairs act out similar exchanges.

• You think your neighbo ur isn 't w ell .

• Yo ur teacher is late for class.

A: I think he should drink bottled water. • Intonation (in expressing emotions)

8: That's true. The tap water might be contaminated. 29 c\ Listen and repeat.

1 O h, that's a great chang e !

26 a) Think of various reasons a person would 2 Oh my, what a huge swimming po ol!
decide to join a gym. Do you go to a gym? 3 W hat? You mi ssed your denti st appointm e nt?
If yes, what classes do you take? 4 Wow! That's great!
59
 ·········
..······•• 4
·······•
..........
······••
.....•••
....
.·······•
Listening and Reading
30 Look at the pictures and answer the
questions. Have you ever used home
remedies? Do you use any of these items?
Which ones? What for? How did/do you
use it? Was it effective?

Long before modern medicine came along, people

relied on traditional healing methods to protect
and restore their health. These methods consisted
largely of the use of various herbs and other
naturally occurring products. Some serious illnesses were
thought to be caused by evil spirits, so the treatments used
by traditional healers were often a mixture of spiritual
remedies as well as more practical herbal mixtures.
Although traditional folk healers can still be found in most
cultures of the world, nowadays the majority of people
prefer to rely on modern medical treatment.

Folk medicine and beliefs differ from culture to cultu re

and reflect the history and traditions of each culture. All
these practices, however, have one thing in common;
they are passed on from generation to generation by word
I use water when I have the hiccups. I sip it slowly. of mouth and imitation and represent a system of
It always works. practices rather than a collection of unrelated remedies.

31 a) Read the title of the article. What do you

think the article is about? Which of the The curanderos are folk healers who have been providing
following words and phrases would you remedies along the Texas-Mexico border for almost 500
expect to find in the article? years. They are a highly respected group and are
frequently called upon for their services, particularly in
• traditiona l healing methods • headaches Northern Mexico, where there are few doctors. Their
• herbal mixtures • folk healers • heal thcare ability to heal is regaraed as a special gift, so they do not
• conventional doctors • medical treatment
• alternative remedies • medical practices
• herbal medicine
32 Read the article about traditional folk

c\ b) Listen and answer Yes or

following statements.
No to the
medicine and choose the most suitable
heading from the list (A-H) for each part
(1-6). There is one extra heading you do not
need to use. There is an example at the
People believed traditional healers
beginning (0).
were evil .
2 Curanderos are folk healers. A Health Care Products
3 Curanderos get paid for their services. B Healing around the World
4 Curanderos can treat all types of C A Mixture of Ancient and Modern
illnesses. D The Future of Traditional Medic ine
5 People in Japan consume the most E Keeping the Traditions Alive
herbal medicines in the world. F North American Healers
6 Native Americans use a form of aspirin G Traditional Medic ine Preferred
to cure headaches . H The First Healers

60
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4 ......
······ .... .:..
..........
::::::::

charge a fee for their services, although they will accept last ten years, there has been a growth of interest in
small gifts. This is one reason why they are so highly alternative remedies in developed countries. The
valued; many rural Mexicans cannot afford to pay a majority of the population of Great Britain for example,
conventional doctor for treatment. believes that traditional and herbal remedies should be
available via the National Health Service. Many modern
doctors share this belief and increasingly use a
Modern medical practitioners have largely replaced folk combination of traditional folk remedies and
medicine in many parts of the world, but in Mexico it conventional medicines.
continues to flourish. Even in urban areas such as San
Antonio there are a number of curanderos. Many of these
have extensive knowledge of the healing properties of This 'marriage' between the conventional and the
plants and can deal with all types of illnesses. Researchers traditional is not a new idea. Medicinal plants are the
have discovered that many Mexican Americans will oldest known health care products and many of today's
consult a curandero first before trying conventional modern medical remedies are plant based. Local people
medicine. who had the knowledge to administer them have used
many of them for centuries. A good example is aspirin,
which is naturally found in willow bark, and used by
Mexico, however, is not unique in its preservation of Native American people to cure headaches. More
such ancient medical practices. The World Health research is needed, for who knows what miraculous
Organisation (WHO) has estimated that traditional cures might be developed from simple remedies that
midwives assist in up to 95 per cent of rural births in the have been available for generations. One day perhaps we
developing world and 70 per cent of urban births. will all keep a selection of both conventional a folk
Traditional healing methods are still an important part of medicines in our homes.
primary health care in many Asian countries. China's
sophisticated system of health care is based on age-old
herbal remedies and acupuncture, while Japan has the
highest level of consumption of traditional herbal
medicine in the world.

1 sI
Many modern doctors have shown interest in traditional
remedies. At the same time, curanderos and
other traditional healers are beginning to
accept and use modern medical technology. Over the

33 Explain the words in bold, then use any five 35 Fill in: for, as, by, in, of, on or at, then
of them to make up sentences. Finally, choose any five phrases and make up
suggest synonyms for the highlighted words . sentences using them .
Can you find words similar in your language?
to rely sth/ sb; 2 word ..
34 Fill in the correct words, then use any five mouth; 3 to be regarded sth ; 4 to charge a
phrases and make up sentences using them. fee .. .. . .. . sth; 5 to be called upon the ir
serv ices; 6 i nterest . ...... . sth ; 7 ... . .. the same
• miraculous • fo lk • respected • spirits
time; 8 b ased .... sth; 9 to be part ....... sth;
• remedies • highly • methods • serious
l0 . commo n; 11 select io n ....... sth
• conventional • primary

1 .... ....... .... .. heale rs 6 .. . .. . c ures

• Project
2 healing 7 ...... va lued
3 evil .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . 8 medicine Collect herbs which you/your parents use.
4 herbal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 .... health care Present them to the class and explain how
5 .. .......... ... illnesses 10 highly .... they are used .
61
 ...........
··········
........ 4
.. ..·······
........••
.
. .·······
...
. . ......
Writing (an assessment report) • Analysing a Model Text
37 a) Read the report and fill in the appropriate
subheadings from the list.
We usually write a report for someone in authority
such as the head of a committee or our employer. A • Conclusion • Types of Customers
report presents and evaluates the positive and • Pricing • Introduction • Facilities
negative qualities of a place/person etc in order to
make a judgement or recommendation about them. To: Mr Tony Hadley, Proprietor of Bliss Health Spa
From: Jennifer Riley, Manager
Reports always contain factual information.
Subject: Upgrading of Bliss Health Spa
We always begin a report by saying who the
report is for and their position, the writer's name 1 .................................................................................................. .
and position and wha t the report is about. The purpose of this report is to assess Bliss Health Spa and
to suggest ways of improving the overall image of the spa.
In the introduction, we present the purpose and the
2 .................................................................................................. .
content of the report. The spa has a standard number of clients, mostly middle-
In the main body, we wr ite about each topic in aged businessmen who mainly use the sauna and massage
detail under separate subheadings. facilities. However, these members tend only to visit the
In the conclusion, we summarise the information spa at weekends or in the evenings. The spa would
benefit from a wider range of clients including young
and write our assessment or evaluation.
people and women who would be free to attend the spa
We usually write reports in a formal, impersonal during the week and in the daytime.
style . We write short sentences, which contain 3 ···································································································
factual information. We normally use present tenses At present, the spa offers too few facilities to attract a
in assessment reports as well as the passive form and wide and varied clientele. Although the massage, sauna,
gym and pool facilities are satisfactory for the current
full verb forms. We link our points with appropriate members, they will require expansion and renovation if
linking words (e.g. although, however etc) . they are to attract a wider variety of clients. Furthermore,
it will be necessary to offer beauty treatments and natural
therapies in order to attract more female members. In
• Analysing the Rubric addition, the large grounds surrounding the spa should
be used to provide outdoor activities such as golf and
36 Read the rubric, underline the key words and horseback riding. This would attract more clients and
improve the image of the spa in general.
answer the questions that follow.
4 ...................................................................................................
The spa's prices are reasonable. There are also plenty of
You are the manager of the Bliss Health discounts available for full members. If we charged
Spa. The owner of the spa would like to higher prices, we would lose many existing customers.
improve the spa's image and has asked Therefore, I suggest we offer two forms of membership:
simple membership which would allow holders to use
you to write a report assessing the current
only the gym, pool and sauna. and exclusive membership
situation and suggesting possible ways in with a higher fee which would allow access to all facilities.
which the health spa might be upgraded In this way, members who cannot afford the higher prices
including information on the spa's will still be able to use the spa.
5 .................................................................................................. .
customers, facilities and pricing policy.
In conclusion, I feel it is possible o
improve the spa's image
l Who is going to read your report? without losing existing
members. A two-level
2 What is your position according to the rubric?
membership system
3 What subheadings should the report have? would attract more
4 Tick (J') which of the following must be members to the spa
included in your report . and the higher I.
size of the spa D prices charged for
exclusive
location of the spa D membership would
membership fee D cover the cost of the
what the atmosphere is like D improvements we need to f
opening hours D make.
types of customers D b) Look at the words in bold and identify the
special offers D linking words. Which link similar/opposing
5 What style should you use?
ideas? Suggest synonyms.
62
 .........
•.........
······· .
······
4 ·······.'.
······ . .. .
..........
..
.. ..

38 Read the report again and complete the table.

Plan
Subheadings Positive points I Negative points Recommendations
I ~~-+-~~~~~~-1

Types of .. ........ ......... , . .. . ..... . ........ . To: Who are you writing
Customers .. ..... ............ I ......... ...... ... . the report for?
From: Who are you?
facilities

I
Pricing ·· · ::: :· ·:: · :·:~t· ::· · : :: : : :: : : : : :: Subject: What are you writing
about?
Introduction
(Para l) Wh y are you
• Formal Style writing the report?
39 Rewrite these sentences in formal style, as in the example. Main Body
(Paras 2-4) What information
1 I'm wr iting this report to tell you about ... will you include?
The purpose of this report is to ... What subheadings
2 There are lots of things to do. will you use?
3 Aswimming poo l would be good , too . Conclusion
4 The gym opens at l Oam and cl o ses at l Opm. (Para 5) What is your
5 It's a bit too pricey for me . overall impression?
6 You can do lots of different things at the gym. What is your
recommendation?
• Content Analysis & Linking Words
4Q a) Rearrange the points into the correct categories.

Subheadings Positive points Negative points

b) Write your report in
facilities well-trained instructors/ prices not competitive/no 120-1 80 words. You can
sufficient staff special offers use ideas from Exs. 40 and
'Prices and open seven days a staff not very friendly/ 41, as well as the report in
Open ing Hours w eek/ lOam to lOpm slow to help Ex. 37a as a model.
~-----·----·----- ------·---
Staff and w ide range of a cti vities not enough exercise
Service available / new and machines /wait for a lo ng

I
modern equipment time 42 Read the sentences. What
do they mean?
b) Use the prompts to make paragraphs for each subheading. I •
Use appropriate linking words. ha s 1n a
Facilities
• Prevention is better than
There is a wide range of activities available. In addition, the
c ure.
equipment is all new and modern. However, there are not enough
• Early to bed and early to
exercise machines, so customers have to wait for a long time.
rise , makes a man healthy,
w ealthy and w ise.
• Discuss & Write • Laughter is the best
41 a) Read the rubric and underline the key words. medicine .
Then answer the questions in the plan. • A healthy mind in a healthy
body.
Tom Allan, the editor of the • An apple a day keeps the
newspaper you work for as a journalist, doctor a w ay.
has asked you to write a report assessing
the good and bad points of the Bayside
Sports Centre . Write your report describing
the facilities, prices, opening hours, service
and staff.

63
 3 There are branches all over the world.
4 They only offer medical services at public events.
5 They also offer first aid training and home
nursing courses. . .. , ..
6 The members are paid by the government.

43 The acronyms below refer to medical

Stjohn
The
terms. Fill in the words they stand for. Ambulance
1 GP:
Brigade
2 NHS: .... ... .. .. ...... .. ... ............ ........ . .
3 RN:
When it was formally founded in 1887, the Saint John
4 A & E:
Ambulance Brigade was a small voluntary organisation that
5 ENT:
helped the community by giving first aid classes. It provided
health care information and equipment to people working in
44 (\ a) Listen and match the sounds to factories and coal mines in industrial areas. Since then it has
~e vehicles. How similar are they to grown into the largest volunteer ambulance service in the
those in your country? world and now has about 250,000 members worldwide, all
of whom are volunteers.
Today, it provides first aid and ambulance services at big
public events, such as football matches and concerts, as
well as accidents and natural disasters. Apart from the
ambulance service it also has an Air Wing with 62 volunteer
pilots, mountain rescue and water-borne teams. The air
service alone flies over 350 missions each year.
In Britain, there are 80,000 members who altogether do
more than four million hours of voluntary work each year
serving the public, especially the elderly and the homeless.
The Brigade also provides first aid training programmes. In
Great Britain about 200,000 people are taught basic or
advanced first aid each year, while 50,000 school children
earn special certificates in basic first aid training. Young
people can also join their children's club called the Badgers
and become a junior cadet.
Although in some countries the Brigade receives help
from the government, it is basically a voluntary organisation
b) Why do you think the word and relies mainly on private donations to keep going.
ambulance is often written backwards?
What colour are ambulances usually
pa inted ? Why? Speaking

45 a) Read the title of the article. What

46 Make notes about the St John Ambulance Brigade
under the headings, then talk about it.
information might the article include?
• where and when it was founded
b) Read the sentences and say which
• number of members • what services it offers
you think are C (correct) and which
• how many units it has • how important it is
are I (incorrect). Then read the article
a nd check your answers.

It was founded in the late 19th • Project

century. Collect information and write a short article about
2 None of its members are paid a voluntary organisation in your country. Collect
employees . pictures to illustrate your article.
64
 R vision & Extension
Making Speculations/Expressing Opinions
I think/believe .. ./must .. ./In my opinion ... / It seems to me ... /
• Speculating To me .../ may/might
Agreeing
47 Look at the pictures. In
You ' re right. / That's true ./ I couldn't agree more
pairs, discuss how each
person feels and what could 1------------ D_isa
_g"'""r_eeing__
have caused them to feel Do you (really) think so? / No, I really can't agree w ith you .
that way.
A: It seems to me that Diana is quite depressed.
B: You're right. I wonder why she feels that way.
A: She may have failed an exam.
B: Do you think so? I think .. . etc

48 You are going on a beach holiday. In pairs, decide which of

the following you would pack in the first aid kit. You can add
your own ideas.

A: I think we need to pack some aspirin.

B: I absolutely agree. We'll need them in case we get a headache.

Describing Symptoms
49 In pairs, match the exchanges, then read out the dialogue.

A B
I 1 I IAre you okay Peter? You a Yes , I'm burning up, and my
look a bit pale. whole body aches.
~I2~1--.1 What's the matter? b What shall I do , then?
I 3 I IHave you got a c Actually, I feel terrible .
temperature? d That's a good idea. I'll do
~I4~1--.l It sounds li ke yo u've got that.
flu . e I've had a headache for days .
5:-.l--.l If I were you , I'd go
.--I

straight home to bed .

65
 Units 3 - 4

3 They haven't travelled abroad for years.

Vocabulary & Grammar ages It is ...... . ..... .... ... ............. .. . .... . ........ .

1 Fill in the correct word.

4
................. ..................... ....... abroad.
This song always reminds me of my childhood.
Tony won first .. .... ... ... . .... .. in the school drawing brings This song ............................. .. .. ... . .
competition. ............ ......... . .. of my childhood.
2 You shouldn't . . ... lied to your friend. 5 Visitors must be accompanied by a guide when they
3 She rarely goes out these days, ................... she? tour the museum.
4 You can rely . . . . . . . ..... him for help. allowed Visitors ......... . ....... ............................ .
5 John comes home very late. He works .............. . . .. . the museum unless they are accompanied by
hours. a guide.
6 How did you come ..... . .. . ....... this silver necklace? (70 marks)
7 Ann had left ................... the time Laura called.
Listening
8
9
Jane can't speak. She's got a .................. throat.
She had been waiting ..... . . ... .. . . .. an hour before
she was asked in.
4 c\ You will hear a conversation between Sally and
Karen about a friend of theirs. listen and tick (J")
10 I can't make up my ... ............. which dress to buy. Yes or No.
(70 marks) YES NO
2 Circle the correct item.
1 Sally has not seen Mary recently. D D
Ann has got lovely .... ... .... lips and a small nose. 2 Mary's hair used to be short and curly. D D
A round B full C high D thick 3 Mary's hair is brown .
4
D D
2 She got her parents' .. to study abroad.
5
Mary is fat.
Mary has changed the way she
D D
A assistance C permission
B allowance D word dresses. D D
3 Mary was ill. She's still feeling a bit under the ....... . (10 marks)
A temperature B weather C rain D climate
Speaking
4 This story has been passed down by ... ..... of mouth .
A memory B phrase C word D speaking 5 Complete the exchanges.

5 Mr Smith is a ....... person; he never spares a penny. A: What's wrong with Steve?
A mean B vain C arrogant D impulsive
B: I'd ................. ........... . ... .. that he's overtired.
6 Alexander Graham Bell ........... the telephone. 2 A: ........... ............... ..... .............................. ?
A pursued B invented C found D discovered B: She's easy-going and honest.
7 Tim has got a .......... nose and he's sneezing. 3 A: Hi Paul. What seems ... . ...... : .... ........ ... ... . ?
A dizzy B hot C aching D runny B: Well, I've got a temperature and a sore throat.
8 Jeremy suffers .... ..... .. headaches. 4 A: It sounds like you all had a great time.
A of B from C with D by B: We certainly did. It .. ............ ..... ... ............. .
missed it.
9 Billy has got a ........... chin. (70 marks)
A pointed B round C full D long
10 John has been ........... Director of Marketing.
A convinced B reformed C appointed D set
6 In pairs, compare and contrast the pictures. How
do young people relax nowadays?
(20 marks)

3 Use two to five words to complete the second

sentence using the word in bold.

She didn't start tidying up until after the children had left.
before She waited until the children ................. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tidying up.
2 It was wrong of her not to warn us of the dangers.
should She .... ... .......................... ... ............. . (10 marks)
................... . ..... . ...... ....... the dangers.
66
 Units 3 - 4

In the past, braces used to be less o bvious

Reading than they are toda y.
2 Cro oked teeth can lead to gum disease.
7 Read the general information brochure about
braces, and mark the statements T (true) or F
3 All teenagers should w ears braces.
4 The o lder you get, the better results you get
(false) .
by w earing braces.
Embracing Braces 5 It ta kes six yea rs fo r so meo ne to become
an ortho d o nti st.
Having a 'lovely' smile is a desired part of our
6 Anc ient G ree ks w ere fam il iar with the
appearance , and it usually means being the proud owner
sc ience of orthodon ti cs.
of a gleaming and straight set of 'pearly whites' - or teeth .
7 Th ere is no reaso n for animals to w ear bra ces . .......
What happens when our teeth aren't tha t well-a lig ned , or
ore, in other words, iust plain crooked? Tha t's w hen an (14 marks)
orthodontist comes in, with orthodontic treatment th a t
includes dental braces. There are many horror stories a bout
teenagers who wear braces being given a hard time at Writing (a narrative)
school and being taunted as 'metal mouth'. However,
today's braces can be much more subtle in appearance,
8 Use the plan to write a short story entitled "The
Best Day of My Life" ( 120 - 180 words) for the
and the end result is actually about more than a beautifu l school magazine.
smi le.
Straightening crooked teeth isn't just about beauty and va nity.
It's also about good health. Irregularly pos itioned teeth are Plan
hard to clean and th is ca n ca use tooth decay as well as
promote gum d isease. Speech problems a nd damage to the Introduction
jaw can also occur as a result of very crooked or crowd ed (Para 1) when - where - what happened
teeth. The ideal age for braces to do their desired iob of Main Body
straightening teeth is during child hood and adolescence, (Paras 2-3) events in the order they happened
from the ages of about ten to sixteen. People as old as sixty Conclusion
years of age can also have successfu l resu lts w ith bra ces, (Para 4 ) what happened in the end-how you felt
although those over the age of eighteen won't have as good
on end result as younger people whose jaws, bones a nd
teeth are still developing.
What about the man or woman beh ind the fitting of braces? (16 marks)
What is he or she all about? An orthodontist has studied (Total = I 00 marks)
orthodontics, an advanced and specialized area of dentistry.
Apart from the four years of un iversity training needed to become
a dentist, orthodontists need a further two years of study in
subjects ranging from genetics to human development. The
medical writings of ancient Greece and Rome refer to practising
orthodontics, which is an ancient Greek word meaning
JJ c\
9 Listen and fill in. Listen again and sing .
correcting or straighten ing teeth . The first braces as we know Late to rise
them today, were designed by a French man, Pierre Fauchard, in The sun is up Th e alar m clock's
1728. They consisted of a flat metal strip that was connected to The re's no more moon 3) .... ........... . .
The b irds are sing in g It's ha lf past eight
teeth by pieces of thread .
A 1) ...... ... ... ..... . tu ne You sho uld get up now
Now, braces come in many variations. They do n't have to
You've got thin gs to d o Cause you' re going to be late
be metal or metallic-coloured. They can be made o f a A nd appointmen ts to keep Th e boss is 4) .
special softer substance and be either clear in colou r, But you're stil l 2) . ..... It's time to go
colourful or even resemble the colour of teeth. Yo u can get asleep But you don' t wa nt to know
removable braces or the more effective fixed type. The Wake up, wake up .. .
Wake up, wake up
latter include metal bands that are cemented o nto the
Get out of bed The morning time
teeth and metal brackets which are then glued to the front The morning's here, now Is a time you dread
teeth. A wire connects the bands and sometimes rubber Sleepyhead You want to 5)
bands are used. Orthodontists gradually tighten the w ires Stop your dreaming In your nice, w ar m bed
so that teeth slowly move into their correct pos ition . The And open your eyes I know it's hard
treatment lasts for about two years. Braces are no t on ly You'll get nothing done A nd it 6) .... ........ . . un kin d
If you ' re always late to rise But you've got to rise and shine
for humans, as dogs ca n get them too, to correct crooked
jaws and other dental disorders. So if you o r a fr iend Wake up, wake up ...
needs braces, brace yourself to embrace the wo nderful
hea lth and beauty aid that they are!
67
+ Before you start ...
Which was the happiest/worst day in your life? Talk about it.
Which person plays the most important role in your life? Describe
him/her giving reasons.
When was the last time you had a health problem? Talk about it.

+ Listen, read and talk about ...

Be clean, be green
UNIT
• our environment
• environmental problems
• conservation
• endangered species
 Module 3
Units 5-6
Necessity is + Learn how to ...
• ask for/ express
the mother of •
opinions
make suggestions
•
•
make complaints
make an inquiry
• ask for a favour

invention •
•
describe objects
report problems
• give advice

+ Pracfi se ...
UNIT • comparisons
• technology • too/ enough
• modern inventions • -ing form/infinitive
• computers • order of adjectives
• the Internet • the passive
• electricity • relative clauses
• robo ti cs • result clauses

+Phrasal verbs
• do
• draw
• give
• go

+Write ...
• a short article about the
endangered flora and fauna
in your country
• an advertisement for a robot
•an article providing solutions
to problems
• a letter of complaint
• an inventor's biography

69
 Lead-in Listening & Reading
1 a) Read the title. Can you think of an
alternative one?
3 c\ Listen and repeat, then close your books
and try to remember as many sentences as
possible.
b) Describe the pictures. Which show
ecofriendly activities? • Have yo u heard of us?
• Wou ld you like to join?
c) Which of the following
• W hat's thi s I hear abou t you moving to the
environmental problems do the
country?
pictures relate to? How?
• I'm sick and tired of city life .
• endangered species • defo restati on • I doubt it !
• energ y c ri sis • po llution • What exactly would you like me to do with
• resources in sho rt supply it?

Picture A relates to the problem of

endangered species because tigers are an 4 C\ Listen to the dialogues. What do they
endangered species. have in common?

2 a) Which of the phrases below 5 Read the dialogues (A-C) and mark the
would you use to suggest solutions statements ( 1-3) Yes, No or Don 't know.
for the problems above?
Plan et Pa ls is a health o rga nisation.
• plant trees • recycle 2 Ruby is ill.
• start breeding programmes 3 Aluminium can be recycl ed .
• organi se clean-up campaigns
• use alternative energy sources
• save natural resources
Gary: Good afternoon, sir. Could I talk to you
for a moment, please?
It would be a good idea to plant trees, to Chris : Yes, I suppose so.
help solve the problem of deforestation . Gary: I represent Planet Pals. Have you heard
of us?
b) What kind of environmental
Chris : Oh yes! I've read all about your efforts to
protection schemes are taking place
help the environment.
in your country/town? Have you been
Gary: We're looking for new members. Would
involved in any of them? What was
you like to join ?
the problem? What exactly did you
do? What was the result of your
action(sl?
 Chris: I'd love to, but I'm afraid I don 't really have the time at the moment.
Gary: I see.
Chris : I'd like to help out though. I think what you're doing is great! Is there
anything else I could do?
Gary: Well, you could subscribe to our monthly newspaper.
Chris: Yes, I can do that.
Gary: Great! Now, let me just tal<e oown some details.

[fil Alice: Hey, Ruby! What's this I hear about you moving to the
country?
Ruby: That's right! I've had enough of living in the city.
Alice: It's not that bad, is it?
Ruby: It's worse! It's too noisy and too crowded - sometimes
can 't even hear myself think!
Alice: Come on, Ruby! I've known you for almost twelve years -
E
there won't be enough action for you out in the country.
Ruby: I'm sick and tired of city life and not having enough clean
air. Living in the country will give me the h n to recharge
my batteries and be c ose~ to nature.
Alice: Yeah, right!
Ruby: You'll see! After a while you'll be so jealous that you'll want to
move to the country as well!
Alice: I doubt it! I'm a city girl.

[9 Mr Black : Why are you throwing that empty tin in the rubbish?
Mr Harris: Well, what exactl would you like me to do with it?
Mr Black: You should put it in the recycling bin, of course.
Mr Harris: The what? Since when did we have a recycling bin?
Mr Black: Not just one bin, Mr Harris. We've got three. One for aluminium, one for
paper, and one for glass. They're out behind the shed.
Mr Harris : Really? What do we do when they' re full?
Mr Black: A lorry comes around every Tuesday to empty them.
Mr Harris: And where do they tak:e all that rubbish?
Mr Black: It's not rubbish, Mr Harris. It's all recyclable, it can all be reused.
Mr Harris: Well, now. Sounds like a great scheme to me.

al Read the dialogues again and explain the words in bold,

6 then make up sentences using them. Finally suggest
synonyms for the highlighted words.

bl In pairs, act out the dialogues.

I! . . . .,-g
... ...... :Jtm:a....:
·: :::::::11
:::::::11
Ii
I Vocabulary pstening

• Our Environment 8 c\ a) Look at the water cycle and try to

complete the sentences. Listen and check
7 a) Read the fact file and fill in the gaps with
the correct words from the list.
your answers.

• raindrops • covered • food • human body

~~§1?~
• species • molecule • litres • bathtubs

~ ... ,
. . ; \
rain '. ,\\

Here, there
and everywhere!
Did you know? Stage 1 Condensation happens when
• A 1) . .. . ... .. ... . ...... . .. . ........ .. of water I1I lstart forming in the sky.
consists of two atoms of hydrogen and Stage 2 Precipitation is when I2 I I
one atom of oxygen (H 20) . falls from I3 I I.
• A fully grown tree can drink enough water
Stage 3 Accumulation means that I4 I
each day to fill four 2) .... .. .............. .
• 3) .................... . .... .. . . ........ are not
gathers or I5 I j.
tear-shaped. Scientists have discovered Stage 4 Evaporation happens when

they resemble the shape of a smal l I6 I Iturns the water into

•
burger bun.
About 70% of the 4) ......... . .. .. .. . ...... .
111 I·
is water. b) In pairs, ask and answer, as in the
• More than half of the world's animal example.
and plant 5) . . ... . ............ ... .. ...... . . . .
A: How many stages are there in the water cycle?
live in the water.
B: Four.
• Almost 75% of the earth is 6) .. .. . .. . .. ..
A: What is the first one called?
.. .. .............. in water.
B: It's called condensation. etc
• We need to drink at least two 7) .. .. .... .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. of water a day and we
• Environmental Problems
can only last a few days without water.
• Most of our 8) .................. .. .. ........ .
consists o f w ater. Tomatoes for example
9 Match the columns to form compound nouns,
then make up sentences using them.
contain 95% water, mi lk 90%, apples
85%, potatoes 80%, and beef 61 %. I greenhouse -----.__ fuels
global -----__sprays
i acid gases
I industrial rain
b) Use the facts from above to ask and ozone waste
answer, as in the example. ' fossil warming
S 7: What does a molecule of water consist of? aerosol layer

52: Two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of Greenhouse gases are very harmful to the
oxygen. How much water ... environment.
72
 ........
.....
............ .
..... ..
........
5 !.....
........ ..
,. '

,,.. '

10 Match the columns to make up sentences. b) In pairs, think of other ideas to save
energy and water.
industrial waste damage .- orests, crops --.
and sewage and buildings
• Endangered Species
• global warming cause • the world's
• overhunting and
overfishing affect •
cl imate
extinction of
12 c\ Listen to a wildlife activist talking and
mark the sentences 1-7 Yes or No.
• exhaust fumes rare animal
and pollute l species Mr Sullivan was on a tri .
factory emissions air pollution
Mr Sullivan writes stories.
• aerosol sprays
• acid rain
geoecateL: the ozone layer
rivers, lakes
Th ere are a few Janis left in the Amazon ....... .

destroy and oceans

Industrial waste and sewage pollute rivers, lakes

and oceans.

• Conservation

11 a) Use the prompts to make up sentences.

Which save energy and which save water?

• Project
Find out about the endangered flora and
fauna in your country in the library/on the
Internet. Then, design a poster describing
them. Decorate your poster with pictures.

• Idioms and Fixed Phrases

13 a) Fill in the correct animal and then explain

each of the idioms.

• fish • beaver • horses • dogs • cat

• crocodile

He is such a(n) eager . .. ... .. ..... that he springs

out of bed every morning, ready for work.
1 share cars/organ ise car pools
2 She told him to let sleeping ........ ............ lie
2 inform water company/leaking pipe
and not to mention the problem to Jack .
3 walk school/work
3 They want to choose a new leader, but I told
4 take bus/train
them they shouldn't change .... . ........... ........ .
5 use dishwater/water plants
in midstream.
6 turn off lights/appliances/not in use
4 She let the ........ ...... out of the bag when she
7 fix/dripping taps
started talking about the plans for the surprise
8 close/doors and windows properly/keep heat in
party.
9 take/ shower /i nstead /bath
5 Those were just ................. tears . She wasn't
10 use/natural daylight
really upset at all.
We can share cars and organise car pools to save 6 I felt like a ...................... out of water at the
energy. party because I didn't know anyone .

b) Now use the idioms to make sentences of

your own.
73
 .........
·........•
········g
·······
:. :. .:::::::1
... ·······
Grammar in Use 16 C\ Listen to the geography quiz about New
Zealand and mark the sentences Yes
or No.
• Comparisons/Comparative and
Superlative forms ~
Grammar Reference The largest city is

14 a) Complete the table, then answer the

Wellington.

questions. 2 The longest river is the

Adjectives Superlative Clutha River.

short 3 The largest island is the

tall South Island.
easy
happy 4 The highest mountain is
interesting Mount Cook.
useful
careful ' 5 The highest waterfall is
Sutherland Falls ...... .. .
How do we form the comparative/ superlative of
one or two syllable adjectives? 6 Most of New Zealand's
2 How do we form the comparative/ superlative of from
one or two syllable adjectives ending in -y?
3 How do we form the comparat ive/ superlative of
three or more syl lable adjectives?

b) Complete the table for the following • Project

irregular adjectives.
Collect information about your continent.
Find out about the highest mountain, longest
Adjectives Comparative Superlative -~
river, etc and present it to the class.
good ·········· · ······ · ·· · 1
bad • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • !

much/many • Game
little
far . . ... ... .... . ...... . .. . . .. .. . . ... .. .. .. .
Geography Quiz: In teams, use the prompts
'------~~~~___L._._~-~~~~..J...-.~~··~-~~--' below to make up sentences related to the
geography in your country. Each correct
15 Put the adjectives in brackets into the correct
sentence gets one point. The team with the
form. Add any necessary words.
most points is the winner.
The Himalayas are much .................. . ... ... .. .
• large • high • remote • long • hot • dry
.. . .. .. .. .. ... ............... . .. (high) than the A lps.
• busy • cold • noisy • deep
2 Driving on the motorway is becoming .. ...... .. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (dangerous) every day. Team A S 1: The largest port in my country is ... .
3 Ch ina has ... .................. . ... .. .. .. .. . ..... .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (large) population in the world.
4 John is . .. . .. .. . ... ............ . .. . ... ... .. .. ............ .
17 Fill in: very, less, by far, much, the more
. . . . . . . . . . . . . (happy) now than he has ever been. Antartica is .. .. ... .. .. . .. . ... the coldest continent
5 A ir pollution seems to be getting .... ... ... . .. . .. . . in the world .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (bad) every day. 2 Water pollution is .. .. ... ....... more serious than
6 Mark lives ............ ... .. . .. .. .... .. . ................ . . we think it is.
(far) away from school than the other students. 3 Instal ling an energy saving device was ......... .
7 ....... ... ... .. .. . ..... (few) people like living in the difficult than I had thought.
city now because the air is ...... . ................ . 4 Recycling has become a ... . ....... . ... . important
.. . . ... .................... (clean) in the countryside. issue nowadays.
8 He is the ............... ... ... . .. .................. .... . 5 . ... .. .. . .. .. ... people get involved in protecting ,
(intelligent) person I have ever met. the environment the better.
74
 :,
..........
•······
5 •........
1::::::: :. I
I

•······ ...... .
······~

18 In pairs, use the adjectives to compare the

• -ing Form/Infinitive ~
two pictures, as in the example.
Grammar Reference
• noisy/peaceful • unhealthy/healthy
•safe/dangerous • busy/quiet• clean/dirty
21 Write -ing form, to-inf, or inf without to, as
in the example. Then, make up sentences
• ugly /beautiful • spacious/ crowded using them.

l en joy + -i ng form 5 learn + . . . ... . .. . .. . . . . .

2 look forward to + 6 could + ... . .. . ....

3 would love+ . .. ..... . 7 apologised for +
4 hate+ .......... . .. . .... 8 go+ . . . .. .. .. . ..... . ....

22 a) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct

form.

He goes ........ .. ... ... .... ... (jog) every morning

before he goes to work .
2 Tony and Ann would love ........... ....... .. .. .. .. .
(buy) a house of their own .
3 Cathy was afraid of . ........... ....... ... ... (sleep)
A: The city is noisier than the countryside. alone at night.
B: I agree, the countryside is much more peaceful. 4 I can't stand ... ....... ........ (work) in this heat.
5 Why did he refuse ..... . . ... .. . ... . ... . (help) you?
• Too/Enough ~ 6 She would prefer ........................ (travel) by

,, •
Grammar Reference

too+ adjective/adverb+ (for sb/sth) to-inf

7
train.
She couldn't . ... .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. .. . . (speak) French
before she moved to Paris.
It's too cold {for me} to go swimming. 8 Mike is used to ..................... ...... (wear) a
• enough + noun + to-inf uniform to school.
I've got enough money to afford a holiday.
• not + adjective + enough + to-inf
b) What do you love/like/hate/can't stand
She 's not experienced enough to do the iob
doing? Make up sentences about yourself.

19 Complete the sentences using too or enough. I love dancing to hip hop music.

Steven hasn't saved ..... .... . .. .. .. .. .. ... . money

to go on holiday this year. 23 a) Complete the sentences with a to-infinitive
or an -ing form. How does the meaning of
2 The ri ver is . .. .. .. .. .. .. ... dangerous to swim in .
3 Tina is not old .......... to go on holiday alone. the highlighted verbs change?
4 Arnold hasn't got . . ........... room in his a Ted forgot ............ .. .... . . .. . . .. . .. (buy) milk.
car for all that luggage. b I'll never forget ....... . ........ . ... ... .. .. (meet)
5 She was ......... . ... .......... proud to admit that the Prime Minister.
she was wrong . 2 a She remembered .. .. ... .. ................ (lock)
6 Her exam results were not good .. ... ........ ..... . all the doors before leaving .
to go to university. b He doesn't remember .................. .. . .. . .. . .
(book) a table.
,Speaking 3 a We stopped ......... .. ..... ...... (have) Iunch.
b They stopped ................ ...... ... ... . .. (talk)
as soon as the teacher came in.
20 Use too and enough to talk about yourself,
as in the example. 4 a The team tried . ... .. .. ... .. .. . .. . (do) their best
during the game.
It's too noisy for me to live in the city. b Try ... ... .................. (use) olive oil instead
I'm not experienced enough to work as a clerk. of butter in the recipe.
75
 ........
: : :······
..
,5
:::::1
:::::::11
3 All our suitcases w ill not fit in this
Grammar in Use car.
big This car is ........... .

all our suitcases.

4 He didn't take my phone
b) Use the verbs from Ex. 23a to make up sentences about
number.
yourself, as in the example.
without He left
I never forget to brush my teeth before going to bed at night.
I'll never forget riding my bike for the first time phone number.
5 Why don't you join a recycling
scheme?
• Error Correction thought Have ... .. ... ... . ... ... .

24 Read the text and put a tick (.!), if the line is correct. If the
line has a word that should not be there write it, as in the
a recycling scheme?
6 There isn 't a better hotel in the
example. area than this one.
best This is

.... in the area.

• Phrasal Verbs

Fill in: back, up, without,

with, on, out. Then, explain
More than 80% of the Earth's forests have been 0 .I the phrasal verbs.
destroyed - by the man. However, at last, we are 00 the
Tom drew .......... .. immediately
beginning to understand that the key role which 1
when he saw the snake .
forests play in keeping us alive. To protecting our 2
2 He wrote many books drawing
forests is important for many of reasons . To start with, 3
.. . ...... .... his past experience.
plants produce oxygen and remove carbon d ioxide 4
3 We can't do .............. .... .. .. .
from the air. Deforestation increases in the amount of 5
your help and support.
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Unfortunately, 6
4 The town council has drawn
carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases that 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . a plan to improve
absorb the heat from the sun. So on, more carbon 8 public transport.
dioxide means that more than heat is absorbed and 9 5 Ben tried everything to draw her
reflected on the Earth 's surface, leading to global 10 .. . .............. but she refused to
warming. But this is not at all. The plants and animals 11 say a word.
12
of the forests also provide us with food, fue l, shelter, 6 Don't forget to do ...
and medicines! At least we are now realising how 13 your shoelaces, or you'll trip
many important it is to protect and save our forests. I 14 over them.
iust hope it's not too late! 15 7 Environmental action is to do
... .. .. saving the planet.

• Key Word Transformations

25 Complete the second sentence using the word in bold. You

can use two to five words including the word in bold. Do not
change the word given.

The beach is not crowded today.

many There ..... ... . .. . .... .. .. ............ on the beach today.
2 Tim couldn't afford to go on such a trip.
expensive The holiday .. . .. .. . ... . ............ ... ... ...... .. .. to go on.
76
 •.......
..........
•........
1•••••...
........
5 !······
····· .....
c) In pairs, act out similar dialogues using
Listening and Speaking the prompts.

'}] c\ a) Listen to an interview with an expert

on wetland conservation and for questions
• alternative forms of energy • yesterday's oil
spill • zoos • recycling waste products
(1-6) mark the statements Yes or No.
• Making Suggestions
29 a) Look at the pictures. How can we reuse
these items? Discuss in pairs using the prompts
below and the useful language.

Marshes and
swamps are
both wetlands.
2 Wetlands contain 40% of all • make storage
animal species. conta iners /
3 Wetlands are disappearing due to store toys,
population growth, pollution and shoes, books
over-use. etc
4 The Ramsar Convention aims to • decorate/
create treaties. make vases
5 Countries that signed the Ramsar or lamps
• recycled
Convention cannot be easily identified.
6 'Wise Use' means thinking about the way paper/
clean
we use wetlands and conserving them .
windows

Useful Language
b) Can you name any important wetlands in
your country? Are they protected? How? What • Let 's ... • Have you thought about
are people allowed/not allowed to do there? • It would be a great idea to ...
• We can/ could .. .

• Asking For /Expressing Opinions A: We could use cardboard boxes to make

storage containers.
28 C\ a) Listen to the exchanges. Which are B: That's a good idea. We could use them to
store toys or books .
formal? Which are informal?

b) In pairs, read out the exchanges. b) Now come up with ideas of your own
A: How do you feel about air pollution? about how to reuse:
8: Well, in my opinion, all cars shou ld be • aluminium cans • plastic bags • old clothes
banned from the city centre. • gift wrap
2 A: What's your opinion on eco-warriors?
8: Well, if you ask me, they're doing a fantastic
• Intonation (key word stress)
iob
3 A: What do you think about hunting endangered
spec ies?
30 c\ Listen, then read out the sentences.

8: As far as I'm concerned, the hunters should More and more species are being threatened
be iailed for life . with extinction every day.
4 A: What's your view on last night's nuclear 2 There should be three recycling bins in every home.
explosion? 3 The thing most people worry about is air pollution.
8: Well, it seems to me that nuclear power 4 The most dangerous form of energy is nuclear
stations are very dangerous. energy.
77
 .........
.....•.. 5
.......
...........
.. .'
..
.........••
······••
Listening and Reading
31 a) Which of these birds can be found in Birds IN 1>ANGE~
your country? ven if you have never been to Central

E or South America, you are sure to have

see n a ma caw, one
beautifully plumed members of the parrot family. These
of th e most

magnificent birds ha ve been admired for centuries.

I 0 I E I The first macaw to be seen in Europe was
brought back by Christopher Columbus, and ii
attracted more attenti on tha n the other treasures he
brought with him!

Th e re are eighteen recognis ed species of

maca w, but two of these have become extinct in the
last hundred and fifty years. I 1I I
Macaws range in size fro m little larger than a sparrow
to about one metre in length. People adm ire th em for
their beauty, intelligence and ability to mimic speech.
Their heavy bills and long
tail s, wh ich ofte n exceed
th eir body length , make them
unique among parrots.
Canada goose
The Hyacinth macaw is the
largest of the macaws.

b) Use words from the list to describe the

birds in the pictures.
!
• beak • tail • feathers • legs • wings • claws ~

A golden eagle has a large beak, strong legs and

sharp claws. It also has broad wings and a long a) Read the article again and choose a
tail. sentence from the list (A-H) which best fits
each paragraph ( 1-6). There is one extra
c) Which of the birds above are birds
sentence you do not need to use.
of prey? Which are migratory birds?
Which are endangered species? A It grows to one metre in le ng th and has a wing
What other kinds of birds do you span of nearly l 20 cm.
have in your country? B As far back as 1988, a Hyacinth macaw was

32 c\
hi g hly so ught after by col lectors and would sell
Read the title of the article and look at the for b etween £3,400 and £6,800.
pictures. Which bird is the article about? Why C So, w hat can you do to ensure that these
do you think they are in danger? In pairs, beautiful birds don't disappear forever?
think of two reasons. Listen and check. D It is illegal to own a captive Lear 's macaw.
E Even today we can see their exotic, colourful
feathers rep roduced in anc ient tapestries at the
33 In what context do you expect to find the
Go ld Museum, in Lima.
words/phrases below? Read the article and
F Its main sou rce of food is a type of palm nut.
check your answers.
G These programmes include efforts to restrict the
• tropica l • mimi c speech • plumage activities of hunters by imposing hea vy fines and
• loss o f habitat • il leg al hunting even prison sentences.
• yellow marking s • national parks H Today, th ere are sixteen known species in the
• feeding and breeding areas wo rld , and at lea st nine of these are in danger
78 o f extinction.
 ........
•.......
g •........
..........
•·····
1••.........

[IT] The brilliant blue of its feathers is broken only attempts to protect the feeding and breeding areas of
by a rich golden ring around its eyes. Today, the these beautiful birds. Let's hope these and other
Hyacinth macaw can only be found in three areas. schemes will be successful.
They live in holes in trees in the tropical rainforests 1611 First of all, you can make sure that, if you
and swamps of Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay. The decicre' to have a macaw as a pet, it is one of those
Hyacinth macaw eats a variety ·of seeds, nuts, fruits that are not under the threat of extinction. There are
and vegetables. Today, this species is threatened by ~ still plenty to choose from, such as the red-shouldered
the loss of its habitat and hunting. macaw and the blue-headed macaw. You can also
make sure you don 't buy any products or souvenirs
Of all the macaws, the Indigo macaw, or
made from macaw feathers. Finally, you can make a
leor's macaw, is probably the most endangered. There
contribut ion to one of the many wildlife conservation
are only 1 30 birds left. This macaw is found only in
funds that are working to preserve and protect these
Bahia, Brazil. It is a large bird, about 75 cm from the
unique tropica l b irds. We must all help save this
tip of its bill to the end of its tail. It is deep blue in
species . After all, as L. Ron Hubbard said, 'a person
colour with yellow markings around the eyes.
is either the effect of his environment or is able to have
[]IJ One of the problems this bird faces is the
an effect on his environment. '
shortage of these nuts because of deforestation and the
regular droughts that parch the area.

Apart from habitat loss , mostly due to

deforestation, macaws are endangered by illegal
hunting for food and feathers as well as the multi-billion
pound pet trade. I 4 j I The rarity of Lear's macaws
makes them even more expensive. This trade is
probably its biggest threat .

luckily, it is not all bad news for the macaw. In

recent years, there have been a number of
rammes aimed at increasing the numbers of
yys found in the wild. I5j !There are also

b) Read the article again and explain the 36 Fill in: in, of, at or under. Then make up
words in bold. Then use them to make up sentences using the phrases.
sentences of your own.

c) Find synonyms for the highlighted words. member . . .. ... ...... a family; 2 a var iety . .. .
3 .. .. ... .... .. danger ............ extinction; 4 because
d) What was the writer's purpose? How has ........... . . deforestation; 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . recent years;
the article achieved this? 6 aimed ... . .. .. .. sth; 7 .......... the wild; 8 ... ....... .
the threat ......... .. .. extinction

35 Fill in the correct words, then choose any

five to make up sentences.
• Project
• become • family • tropical • make • attract
• illegal • habitat • mimic • breeding In pairs, prepare
• conse rva tion • have a poster to make
the public aware
1 parrot ............... 7 . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . areas of the problems
2 8 macaws face and
to .. . .. . . .. . attention ······· · ·· · ··· · hunting
3 to . . . ... . . . . . . . extinct 9 to ··········· ····· · ·· · a invite them to help
4 to ..... ..... .. speech con tribution save this species from
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . rainforests 10 ... . . . .... . ..... . . funds extinction.
6 ·· · ···· · ···· ········ loss 11 to . . . . . . . . . . an effect
 ............
.......
.. ..
... ....
. . ....g
......
........
W ho is goi ng to read you r articl e?
Writing (an article • yo ur teac her • your fri end • readers of th e magazine
providing solutions to 2 Shou ld yo u inclu de co ll oq uia l expressions and sho rt fo rms? W hy/
problems) W hy not?
3 Ti ck (.t) w hat we ca n do to cut back on th e use of non-renewable
natura l resou rces.
W hen we write an article • use w in d power 0
providing sol utions to problems, • leave all the lights on in o ur homes 0
we usually di scuss a problem • use so lar powe r 0
and/ or its causes as well as our • make peop le pay heavy fin es for wasti ng na tural resou rces 0
suggesti ons and thei r expected • put down ti les tha t absorb heat 0
results or conseq uences. We
usua lly write four to five • Analysing a Model Text
paragra phs.
In the introduction w e state the
proble m and its causes.
38 a) Read the article and replace the linking words in bold
with similar ones. Then , answer the questions below.
In the second , third and fourth
paragraphs we wr ite o ur
suggesti o ns and their possible
resu lts. We w rite a separate
parag raph for each suggestion
and its expected results.
In the conclusion , w e summarise
our suggesti o ns an d g ive ou r
op inion. We use linki ng words
to link o ur ideas. Did you know that our traditional Moreover, wind turbines are not
Articles providing so lutio ns to energy sources are running out? Our expensive so it would not cost a great
problem s are no rmall y w ritten in planet has limited supplies of fuels deal of money to establish such
a fo rma l o r semi-forma l style such as coal, oil or natural gas, which schemes. Again, we would save
depen d in g o n w ho is go ing to cannot be replaced. The sooner we money and use fewer of our precious
start using alternative energy resources.
rea d th em a nd w here th ey are
sources, the better. Finally, we could make people
going to be publis hed. Th ey are Firstly, we should make more use pay heavy fines for wasting natural
usual ly found in newspape rs of solar power. The sun provides a resources. For example, we could
and magazines. great deal of energy which, at stop car drivers and make sure that
present, we are not using. If we were their vehicles are running efficiently.
to fit solar panels to the roofs of our Furthermore, we could fine factories
houses, we would have a very cheap and heavy industries if they are found
• Analysing the way of heating the water that we use to be wasting coal or oil.
in the home. As a result, we would Consequently, we would be sure that
Rubric not only save on our electricity bills, the fossil fuels that remain will last as
but we would not need to use up the long as possible.
37 Read the rubric and coal or gas that produces that On the whole, there are many
underline the key words, electricity. ways in which we can produce energy
then answer the questions. Secondly, it would be a good idea without using up our natural
to use the power of the wind to resources and damaging the
A monthly environmental generate electricity. By placing wind environment. Isn't it time we all
magazine has asked its turbines in certain areas, we could started doing something to protect
readers to write articles exploit nature without harming it. our environment?
entitled 'What can we do
l W ha t prob lem is th e article about?
to avoid using our fossil
2 W ha t are the w riter's suggestions? W ha t ca n th eir resu lts be?
fuels?' Write your article
3 W hat wr iting techniques has th e writer used in th e in trod uction
suggesting ways to cut
and the co nclus ion? Wha t other techniques cou ld be used ?
back on the use of non-
renewable natural b) Underline the topic sentences in the main body. Suggest
resources. alternative ones.
80
 ..........
5 ·········
••.......
.........
'

........ .
••······.
1

• Making Suggestions 41 a) In pairs, use the prompts to write an

appropriate beginning for the article.
39 a) Match the suggestions to their results.
• water/cover/70%/earth's surface
SUGGESTIONS RESULTS • despite/ so much of this essen tial
CIIJ don't let wate r a reduce water loss resource,/ countries/ suffer /water shortages
run whi le through evaporatio n • what/be done/
shaving/ b not need as much resolve/
wash ing/etc wate r as imported kinds si tuation?
[IT] water la wn c use wa ter both for
early in the washing
morning and
[lIJ plant nati ve wa tering
trees d less water
[ ! [ ] save bathwater wasted in the
and dishwater house

b) Now use the phrases below to make b) What could the conclusion to the article be?
sentences, as in the example.
42 a) Answer the questions in the plan.
Useful Vocabulary

To make suggestions:
A useful suggestion would be to .. .
It would help/be a good idea if .. . Introduction
The situation wo uld be improved if/by ... (Para 1) What is the problem? What has caused
Another way to ... is/would be to .. . it?
To present results and consequences : Main Body
This would .. / In this way ... ; you/ it/ etc wou ld ... (Para 2) What is your first suggestion? What
By doing this, you/we/etc, wou ld ... are its results and/or consequences?
The effect/consequence/resu lt of ... would be ... (Para 3) What is your second suggestion? What
Consequently, ... ; As a result, . are its results and/or consequences?
Conclusion
A useful suggestion would be not to let the water run (Para 4) How would you summarise your
while shaving or washing. In this way, less water suggestions? What is your opinion?
would be wasted in the house.

• Discuss & Write b) Use your answers from Exs. 39, 40, 41
4Q Read the rubric and underline the key words. and 42 to write your article (120-180
Then answer the questions that follow. words). You can use the article in Ex. 38 as
a model.
A local environmental magazine has invited
its readers to offer their suggestions about
how to deal with the water shortage 43 Read the sentences. What do they mean?

problem. Write your article suggesting ways •

to stop wasting our most valuable resource. Elam' ua a
1 Who is going to read you r article? • The joy of looking and compre hending is
2 What style shou ld you use? Why? nature's most beautiful gift. (Albert Einstein)
3 In which part of the articl e should you include • The greatness of a nation and its moral
your suggesti ons? progress can be juged by the way animals
4 Should you refer to the results and/ or are treated. (Mahatm a Gandhi)
consequences of your suggestions? If so, whe re? • It isn't pollution that's harming the
5 What writing techniques can you use to make environment. It's the impurities in our a ir and
your article more interesting to the reader? wate r that are doing it. (Dan Q uayle)
81
 ....••:11 5
........
::::::iii
_ Literature Clip
i - -.. ..... .
Herman Melville (1819-1891) was born in New York
City and was the third of eig ht chi ldren. In 1837,
Melville worked as a cabin boy on the merchant
ship St Lawrence, and in 1841 he sailed on the
whaler Acushnet. Melville's long voyages inspired
many of his stories. His best-known novel of the
sea, Moby-Dick, or, The Whale, is the story of a
whaling ship and its captain, and their journey around
by He rman Melville
the world in pursu it of Moby-Dick, the great whale.
Although the novel was first publ ished in 1845, it was
only recogn ised as a masterpiece th irty years after his
death. He also wrote Mardi and a Voyage Thither Call me I shma el. Some years ago, when I had
(1849), White-Jacket (1850), Pierre (1852), and many no money and life on shore bored me, I decided
other stories, journals and poems. to explore th e sea. It is m y wa y of fight ing the
sadness, boredom and trapped anger tha t grows
in me; of calming myself down and putting
44 What is the animal in the picture? What some order into my life. There is nothing
do you know about it? What is its most surprising in this. I think most men have felt the
characteristic feature? Can you name same desire to go to sea at least once in their
any more sea mammals? life.
Take this island of Manhattan, busy with
commerce and shipping, and all of whose roa ds
take you to the ocean. Look at how people are
drawn to the water's edge, where the
breakwater is washed by waves and cooled by
sea breezes. Look at the crowds there. People
escape from the prisons of their homes and
offices, the dreary city streets and come to the
very limit of the land. All these landsmen stare
at the ocean as if it were a mirror, and dream
their sea dreams. Some of them stand so close
to the water you think they are going to dive
in! Wherever you go in the world, the sea
reflects men's desire for change and adventure.
When I say go to sea, I do not mean I go as a
45 a) Read the author's biography and the
title. What do you think the novel is
passenger, just for the voyage. To go as a passenger
you need money, and I want to be paid. No, I go as
about? How do you think Melville's own a member of the crew. I don't mind obeying orders
experiences helped him write the book? for pay, and I enjoy the hard work and the harsh
storms. Then I feel alive. I always go to sea as a
b) What do you know about whaling? sailor, because of the wholesome exercise and the
Why are whales hunted? pure sea air.
l 1
c) Explain the words in bold, then find
synonyms for the highlighted words.

46 Read the story and mark the statements

as C (correct) or I {incorrect).

l Ishma e l had a ne rvo us b rea kd own .

2 Th e isl a nd of Ma nh a ttan is fam o us fo r its
47 C\First listen, then make notes under the
following headings. Finally talk about the
shipbu ild ing.
extract.
3 Th e sea made Ish mael fee l sad.
4 Ish mael d ec id ed to work o n a shi p. • the narrator and how he feels
5 Ishm ae l liked ad ve ntu re . • w here he is and w hat is going on
6 Ish ma e l beca me a wha le r. • his pla ns for the future

82
 Revision & Extension
48 Match the animals to the species listed. Can you suggest two
more for each species? Then make up sentences, as in the
example.

• mosq uito • swa n • ra bbi t • crocod ile • prawn • toad

• shark • sea l • li zard • lynx

1 amp hibi a ns : frog ,

2 fis h: salmon ,
3 in sects: ...... .. . ... .. . ... ........ ....... .. .. .. . . .... ... ...... . .. .. .. . . ... . .
4 bi rd s: .. ...... .. . ... .. . .. . .. .. . ... . .. . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . . .. ... . ... ... . .
I usually went to sea on
5 crustacea ns: ....... . ...... .. .. . ...... .. .... .. .
merchant vessels but this
time it was different. This
6 mammal s: .. . .. ........ ...... . ... . . .. .
time I decided to go on a 7 repti les: ... ... . . .. .. . . ... . .. .
whaling voyage. I can't
explain why exactly. I Frogs are amphibians.
like to think it was a
deliberate choice, one I
had thought hard about.
49 a) In pairs, complete the dialogue. Then describe the picture.
But perhaps it was what
fate had in store for me
all along.
Most of all, though, it
was the idea of the great
whale himself. The
mystery of whales had
excited me for a long
time. That, and the wild
and distant seas where
they lived. I love to sail
forbidden seas and land
A: Where do you think th e pi cture was take n?
on barbarous coasts. For
B: Near a river or pond.
these reasons the whaling
voyage was welcome. I A: W ha t can you see in the pictu re?
dreamed of whales; whole B: I can see 1) ..... .... ... ... ....... .. .. .
schools of whales swam A: W hat do yo u thi nk cau sed thi s pro ble m?
through my mind. And B: W ell, perha ps 2) ... ................... ............ .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. ... . .
among them all there was A: W ha t ca n be do ne to so lve thi s probl em ?
one grand hooded B: Well , it wou ld be a g ood idea to 3) ... .. .. .. . . ... . ... . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .
phantom, like a snow hill A: Yes, a nd 4) .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . .. .. . ... .. ..... . .. . ......... . .. . ......... . .. .
in the air.

b) In pairs, make up a dialogue for the picture below. Then

describe the picture. ·

• Project
Choose a paragraph
and draw a picture
which illustrates its
meaning . c) In pairs, discuss ways to help protect our environment.
Talk about the problems and ways to solve them .
83
 .........
...... ........
.......
······ ,,
..........
...........
.......... ~
'
,

5 a) Read the dialogues A to C and mark the sentences 1 to 6, C Sue: Hello - I'm telephoning
T (true) or F (false). about the advertisement i. :i
in last night's Evening
1 Derek has ar ra nged to meet Stell a . l1
News. Is the CD player
2 Stella owns a camco rder.
that you were selling
3 Steve hasn't received th e fa x ma chine .
still available?
4 The salespe rso n is apo lo g etic.
Ken: Yes, it is.
5 Ken is in need of mo ney.
Sue: Great! Can you tell me a
6 Ke n knows a lot abo ut mu sical equipment
little bit about it?
A Derek: Oh, Stella - Ken: Certainly. What would
H you like to know?
what a
coincidence, Sue: Well ... firstly, is it a
running into single or a multiple disc
you here! player?
Stella: Hello, Derek! Ken: It's a multiple disc
What a nice player. It holds up to five
surprise! Are discs at a time. You can
you and your change four of the discs
parents all ready for your sister's wedding J
on Saturday?
Derek: Well, as ready as we'll ever be, I suppose. I
was going to call you tonight, actually.
Stella: Why? Is there something I can do?
Derek: As a matter of fact there is. You know we've
hired a professional photographer for the "T•iiii.I;;::
wedding, don't you?
Stella: Yes, I remember your sister telling me.
Derek: Well, now Mum thinks it would be nice if we had a home without interrupting the
video as well. fifth disc while it's
Stella: Oh, I think that's a great idea! Home videos seem much playing.
more personal, somehow. Sue: Really? Hmm ... that
Derek: Well, I was hoping you'd record the ceremony with your would be great for
camcorder. parties and dances. Do
Stella: I'd love to! I really wanted to do something, and this would you mind if I ask why
be perfect. you're selling it?
Ken: Well, I've decided to I
Salesperson: Dobson's Office Supplies. Can I help you?
become a DJ full time,
Steve: Yes, hello. My name is Steve Pierce. I was in your
and I'm going to need a
f
shop last week, and I bought a fax machine which !
CD player that holds
was going to be delivered to my office.
and stores more discs.
Salesperson: Is there a problem, Mr Pierce?
Steve: There certainly is ... I've just received the delivery Sue: Oh, I see. Can you tell
me what the asking
and it seems I've been sent the wrong product.
Salesperson : Oh, goodness! Could you give me your invoice price is?
Ken: Actually, it's negotiable.
number, please?
Steve: Yes, of course. I've got the receipt here somewhere. b) In pairs, read out the
Right. The number is S/WL 40-435. dialogues.
Salesperson: And what exactly was it that you ordered?
Steve: The Brother Laser Fax 2800 - but that is certainly not 6 Read the dialogues again
what was in the box. and explain the words in
Salesperson: Oh, dear. It appears that the invoice was filled in bold, then use them to make
incorrectly, Mr Pierce. I'm terribly sorry. We'll send up sentences. Finally, suggest
off your fax machine within the hour. synonyms for the highlighted
Steve: Thanks - I'd appreciate that. words.
85
I,
I ::::::::::
.......... 6
. ........
..........
I
...........
.

.. ·····•·
~

Vocabulary 9 a) Which of the following

do you have in your home?

• Modern Inventions 1 thermosta t

7 c\ a) In pairs, match the columns . Listen and check your

answers . Then , make sentences as in the example.

Inventions Inventor Year

a ir cond itioner - -- - , Percy Spencer 1902
sewing machine Wi ll y Mu ller 1935
microwave ove n Elia s Howe 1890
ha irdryer A lexan der Godefoy 1946
answer in g mac hin e W illi s Carrier 1844

The air conditioner was invented by Willis Carrier in 7902.

b) Which of the inventions do you consider the most

important? Why?

8 a) Use your dictionary to label the parts of a computer.

6 f -----
d
··...

At home, we 've got a mobile

phone, ...
b) Match the prompts to the
pictures. Discuss how the

2 s _ _ _ _ _/ 5 m items make your life easier.

m A turn to reg ular setting/

a utoma ti ca lly regu late .
tem peratu re

\. 4 m B clea n quickly/easy to use

3 k C keep roo m cool/ not feel hot
p __
o n warm sum mer days
D open doo r - w ith out leavi ng
b) Use the words from Ex. Sa to complete the sentences. car/good in cold wet weather
E wa rn of smoke or fire/wake you
I' m havin g a terrib le ti me copying my fil e on to this
up at nigh t if fire breaks out
It mu st be full.
F devel o p photog raphs
2 Th ere's somethi ng wro ng w ith my co mputer. A w arnin g ju st
immed ia tely/save on cost of
appeared o n th e ........ . .. . .. .. ......... .
film p rocess ing
3 Usin g a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. to cli ck o n ico ns is a lot faster
G ta ke it a lmost everywhere/not
th a n usin g keyboa rd co ntro ls.
miss importa nt ca lls
4 Th e ... . ... . ........ . . . . ..... .. . ... ... . of a compu ter is very
similar to th e on e on a typewr iter. A : You can turn a thermostat to a
5 I think I'l l put the . . . . . . . . . . .. . ....... .. . ........ . .. und er th e regular setting to heat your
des k so I' ll have more roo m to wo rk . house.
6 She bo ug ht a co lou rful . .. . ......... ... ... ... ........ .. .. . .. . to stop her B: That's true and it automatically
mouse from scra tc hing th e surface of her desk . regulates the temperature .
86
 · ·· ··
•.........
m..........
•........
·······
······
•······ .....
..
• Describing Objects 11 C:\ a) You will hear a man describing a lost bag and its
contents to a person who works in the lost and found
1Q a) Study the table. department of a large department store. Listen and tick (.f)
the pictures described. Two of the objects are not
mentioned .
When two or more ad jectives are
used together to describe the same lei
noun , they usua lly follow the order
below:
opinion {beautiful}, size {small},
age {antique}, shape (rectangular},
colour (burgundy}, origin (Chinese},
material (wooden}, use fiewellery}
+noun ID\
We do not normally use more than
two or three adjectives in a sentence.

It's an antique Chinese wooden box.

b) Look at the pictures . Use
b) Describe the objects which haven't been mentioned.
the prompts to make
sentences, as in the example. c) In pairs, take roles and act out a dialogue between (A)
ba nd someone who works in the lost and found department of a
bus station and a person (B) who is looking for his lost
shopping bag.

A B
a straw/ 2 a yellow/
beige/ tennis/ round
cheap hat ball bag was lost
ask B fo r description of bag g ive descripti on of ba g and
sunflowers a nd co ntents ~~::;;~~=~ co ntents
lo~k an d k~y

\.. I Speaking
12 In pairs, describe the contents of your bag . Your partner
needs to guess what you are describing .

3 a small/ a(an)
A: It's a small round plastic thing. I keep my change in it.
brown/ rectangular/
B: Is it a purse? ...
straw basket old/tool/
box
• Game
Select objects in the classroom and put them on a desk.
Divide into two teams. A leader chooses one of the objects. In
turns, the teams try to guess what the object is by asking five
yes/no questions. The team who guesses the object first gets
one point. Choose another leader and continue the game .

5 a beach/ 6 a black/ Leader: (blue pencil}

big/blue leather go lf Team A S 1: Is it long?
towel bag Leader: Yes, it is.
Picture 1 shows a cheap beige straw Team B S 1: Is it plastic?
hat with a band round it. Leader: No, it isn 't. etc
87
 ..······1 6
........
.........
······••
::::::::s1
.

• Idioms and Fixed Phrases b) Answer the questions based on Ex. 14.a:

How do we form the passive?

13 Match the two halves to form idioms and use
2 Which of the sentences contain an agent? How
them to complete the sentences. Explain the
is the agent introduced?
idioms in your own words.
3 Why is it not always necessary to mention an
urn a cog in a plug on sth agent?
[20 throw a spanner b the machine
[lD get one's c the mou ld 15 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
QI] passive tense .
press d wires crossed
[}I] pull the e in the works The instruction manual .... .. ......... ........ . . .
~break the right bu tton (photocopy) by the secretary at this very moment.
2 Once the TV aerial .. .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . (adjust),
Factory workers often fee l like they are a cog in you will have a clearer picture on your screen.
the machine . They rarely see the end results of 3 Your new satellite dish ..
their work.
(deliver) tomorrow afternoon.
2 The young people of today are eager and 4 The machine cover should only ............. .
willing to take risks and ....... .. . .
(open) when the warning light has gone off.
of the work place.
5 The printer ..................... (service) last month.
3 That child is her dad's favourite and knows 6 Computers .. .. .. .. . . .. . .... .. . (use)
exactly how to ...... .. . .. .......... .. . .. ...... .. . .. . . in most classrooms all over the country nowadays.
4 They wanted to buy a house, but when the bank 7 Research on the battery-operated car ........ .
refused to give them a mortgage, that really .. .. ....... (complete) by the end of the month.
8 The programmer .... .. ..... . .... .. ...... .... .. (invite)
5 Due to lack of money, the school is .... .. . ...... .. to give a talk at the college but he refused .
. . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . plans to build a new library.
6 We must . .. ....... .. .. ........... . ........... ......... .
I'm sure I told you the meeting was at two. 16 Complete the following sentences with by or
with? When do we use with?

Grammar in Use She was woken by a loud noise coming from the
cellar.
• The Passive ~ 2 The lock on the door of the lab was broken
Grammar Reference ........ .. ......... a heavy object.
14 a) Fill in: be, is/are, was/were, has/have or 3 The offices are cleaned every evening ....... . . .
had, then identify the passive tenses. a team of cleaners.
4 The first speaker was introduced to the audience
Our company's computer system .... . .. . . .. .... .. .... ...... the president of the club.
updated every two years . 5 It seems the surface was cleaned .... ...... . ... . .
2 The hackers who broke into the bank's computer the wrong cleaning solution.
system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . being questioned
I by the police.
3 Th .1s compu ter mo del ..... .. .. . .... .... . .. invented
17 Look at the signs and rewrite them in the
I: more than twenty years ago.
active. Where would you see these signs?

4 The program .. .. .. ......... .. .. sti ll being installed

when I left the office last night.
5 Their invention will . . ... . ......... .. been paten ted
by the end of next year.
6 Some informative articles can .. .... .. ........ . .. . .
found on the Internet.
7 Her computer screen .... .. ............ .. .. .......... ..
been left on all nigh t.
8 The use of any new software must ...... . .. ... .... .
approved by the chief computer programmer.

88
 ...........
·········
•........
·······
6 ······
•······.......
······· ~.

18 Make complete passive or b) Look at the table again, then rewrite the active sentences
active sentences. below in both the personal and impersonal forms of the passive.

A: my father/admit/hospital last l People say that the Brother 480 is the best laptop on the market.
night 2 Everyone believes that he stole the new design.
My father was admitted to 3 People think that he has escaped from prison.
hospital last night. 4 Most people think she was responsible for the problems.
B: Oh, my! I hope it wasn't 5 Everyone says that technology improves our lives.
anything serious.
2 A: I/report/theft/police • Relative Clauses
B: Did they say when they'll
Grammar Reference
get back to you?
3 A: you/tell/time/meeting? 22 Fill in who, whose or that/which. In which sentences could
B: Not yet. I think I' ll find out you leave out the relative pronoun? Why?
th is afternoon. l The lecture ......... we were going to attend has been cancelled.
4 A: fire / break out/ my block of 2 Tina just bought a new mobile phone ........ .. .. .. is much smaller
flats last week than mine.
B: That's terrible! Were you at 3 Alice, . .. .. .. .... .. .. . .. mother is a typist, wants to go to university.
home? 4 The program ..................... we installed yesterday has a virus.
5 A: Didn't you know about Mr 5 Peter, ........ ............ knows a lot about computers , is coming to
Smith 's resignation? teach me how to use the Internet.
B: No. I/not/give/the news
until late last night 23 Look at the pictures and make up sentences using who or
which, as in the example.
19 Use the verbs in the list to
make passive sentences.

• steal • download • install

• turn on • program • record
• invent • damage • clean

20 Use the materials to make

sentences in the passive.

• glass • cotton • plastic

• metal • wood • paper

Dishes are made of glass.

21 a) Study the table. What

are the differences between
the two passive sentences?

laptop
Active
• People believe Columbus A secretary is a person who works in an office typing letters and
discovered America. answering the phone.,
Passive
24 Join the sentences using a relative pronoun.
• Columbus is believed to
have discovered America. I bought this car from a friend . He's a mechanic.
(personal) I bought this car from a friend who is a mechanic.
• It is believed that Columbus 2 That man is a famous rock star. He is wearing dark glasses.
discovered America . 3 I go to a local school. It's just around the corner from my house.
(impersonal) 4 He is a very good writer. His book was published last week .
5 Sam and Ted are cousins. Their restaurant is doing very well.
89
 25 Use the relative adverbs where, when or • Open Cloze
why to complete the sentences.
28 Read the text and think of the word which best
1 That's the cafe . . ... ... .... ... . ... I went last week. fits each gap. Use only ONE WORD in each
2 The day ................ .. .. .. . ... . we toured Malta gap. There is an example at the beginning.
was the best day of our visit.
3 Paris is the city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the Louvre

4
is located.
I don't understand the reason .. .. . .. .. .. . ..... you
Computers in the Classroom
are always late. Over the past twenty years, computers and the
Internet 0) have become steadily more and more
important to us. In fact, how much we rely
1) ................ computer technology continues to
• Key Word Transformations
grow every day. We seem to use computers for
almost everything 2) ................... days. Whether we
26 Complete the second sentence using the
word in bold. You can use two to five words
are shopping at the supermarket, filing our taxes,
driving our car, 3) ................... communicating with
including the word given. Do not change the
relatives and co-workers, it appears that a computer
word given. needs to be a part of 4) ......... .......... scene.
We'll inform you of the results next week. This explosion in computer technology has
resulted in a rush to install computers 5) .................. .
informed You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. ... .. .
every classroom and to 'wire' every school to the
.. . ......... .. . ..... results next week.
Internet. In the USA, 6) ................... September 1984
2 They let Tony talk to the inspector.
and September 1997 alone, the number of
allowed Tony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... ... .. ... .
computers in secondary schools increased to more
.. .................... the inspector. 7) ..................... 8 million units. Both educators and
3 The storm caused severe damage to the airport. students alike have been forced to 8) ................... up
damaged The airport ..................... .. .. ..... . . with this new wave of technology. Teachers have
...... .. .. .. ... . .. ..... . .. .. ..... the storm. found that they are expected to teach students
4 People believe that Shakespeare is one of the computer skills even 9) ................... they themselves
best sonnet writers ever. are still trying to learn the basics.
believed Shakespeare . .. .. .. .. . .. ........ . Few people would question the role that
one of the best sonnet wr iters ever. computers could play in education. Some educators
5 I met my new boss, Mr Smith this morning claim that students 10) ................... are supplied with
computers and given the opportunity to use
whose This morn ing I met my new boss .. ... .
11) ................... in a classroom setting, will get better
.. .. .. .. .. ....... ................. Mr Smith.
grades than those students who learn without having
had 12) ................. computer experience. These
people say that just 13) ................. computer
• Phrasal Verbs
technology has improved the way cars work,
27 Use the phrasal verbs to complete the computers 14) ................... make the classroom a
sentences. better place in which to teach the difficult concepts
and ideas that students need to become
• go into • give out • give up • go under 15) ......................... successful
• give in (to)

Patty went into teaching because she is very

fond of children. (choose as a career)
2 After many days of talks, the company .......... .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the workers' demands.
(agree to do sth you don't want to)
3 My torch ................... . ... ... . ... and I couldn't
see a thing in the dark cave . (stop working)
4 After his business ....................... he decided
to change his profession. (fail)
5 When he realised he would never convince her,
he .............. .. . .. . .. .. . ... .. ..... .. . (stop trying)
90
 •.........
··········
······
6 ······
...........
·······.......
•······ . .
..
'

b) Look at the pictures. In pairs, decide

Listening and Speaking which three of the following would be most
useful to have on hand in the case of a
29 (\ You will hear five people giving their power failure and why.
views on the subject of the Internet. Match
~~
the statements which best summarise their
ideas (A-F) to the speakers ( 1-5). There is
one statement which you do not need to use.

A It saves time. SpeakerITIJ

B It has replaced an old tradition.
Speakerfil]
C It stops discussions from occurring.
Speaker[ID
D It is a form of self-education.
E It makes people lazy. Speaker~
F It is a good way to meet others. Speaker 5=1;:::==;1
;::=I

A: I think the most important thing to have in the

house in case of a power cut would be ...
30 a) Compare and contrast the pictures. B: Yes, I agree. It's also a good idea ...

• Reporting problems
32 (\ a) Listen to the dialogue. What's wrong
with Mr Harris?

b) Match the exchanges, then read out the

dialogue.
b) In pairs, compare the facilities shown in A B
the pictures to those at your school.
DIJ Hello? Is that the a Could I have
power company? your name and

31 (\ a) Listen to someone giving a talk on

[].I] I'd like to report a address, please?

~ectrical safety. For questions 1 to 6, fill in fallen power line. b Have you any

the missing words.

[l[J Right outside my idea what
house. happened?
[1IJ Yes, of course. My c Do you know
Using Electricity Wisell name is Ned Harris
and my address is 44
when all this
happened?
Keep Water and Electricity Apart! Bell Crescent. d Don 't worry, Mr
keep electric radios and stereos out of the
~
15'1
~
Yes - a car hit the Harris - we'll send
bathroom !&# pole, and that somebody round
~
never dry your hair with an electric hairdryer c: dragged the power straight away.
or use any 1 :8 line with it when it fell. e I see. Where
in a room where there is water on the floor ·90 ~ I certainly do! It was exactly is it?
make sure your hands are dry when you 111

I2 I I something in ~
~
the moment that all Yes, it is. How
my lights went out! can I help you?
Keeping Young Children Safe G>

child-proof your house to avoid

ii~
c) In pairs, act out similar dialogues using the
I3 I I .cIll prompts: fire, power cut.
fit sockets with special I 4 I
~~~~~~~
ee
• keep fuse boxes locked i,.;;
QI
Electrical Problems 5 • Intonation (stress in lists of adjectives)
do not replace a bulb or fuse yourself -
I I
5 I
to change it
33 c\ Listen and repeat.

• never 6 I I I
fallen power line
stay in open areas during electrical storms • table cloth - silk table cloth - white silk table cloth
• carpet - wool carpet - Persian wool carpet
91
 ··········
::::::::: 6
.......••
:::::::::

Listening and Reading

34 a) Which of the following are examples of
robotic equipment?
SDR-4X:
• a vacuum cleaner • a battery-operated dog
• a desktop computer • a car • a cheese King of the
grater

What features do robots have that other

Dance Floor
machines don't have? Where does the
word "robot" come from?

The figure moves in perfect time with the music,

b) What are robots used for?
using fancy footwork and waving its arms above its
• in factories • in hospitals • in the military
• in the home • in space
f head. Whether the music is rock and roll classics,
I disco hits or slow romantic ballads, the dancer
Robots can assemble car body panels. .... .
• never misses a step or stops to rest.
Robots can defuse bombs.
Robots can do household chores.
I 0 I D I This is, in fact, a state-of-the-art, human-
""'-shaped robot which has recently been developed

35 Look at the title of the article. What do you by Sony. The robot, which goes by the name of
think it will be about? Which of the SDR-4X, is 60 centimetres tall, with a shiny silver
following words and phrases would you body and large, friendly-looking round eyes. Il I
expect to find in the article?
At the moment, though, few homes will be able to
• special sensors • respond to commands afford one, as this miracle of robotics costs about
• have a conversation • do the housework
• battery operated • uneven surfaces
• built-in cameras • human-shaped

36 c\ a) Listen and mark the following

statements 1 to 5, T (true) or F (false).

SDR-4X:
l is shaped like a human.
2 is quite expensive.
3 falls over a lot.
4 can talk.
5 can recognise all people by face and voice .

b) Read the magazine article and choose

the sentences from the list (A-H) which best
D But this is no ordinary dancer.
fit each gap (1-6). There is one extra
sentence which you do not need to use.
E The SDR-4X can even take photographs .
F This means that it can avoid all sorts of accidents.
A Perhaps its most entertaining talent , though, is its G It was designed to live with people in their homes
dancing. and to entertain them and keep them company.
B Demonstrations have shown that it can even H The makers of SDR-4X believe that the robot will
balance itself on a surfboard while it is being be popular because of its personality.
tilted in various directions.
C As technology progresses, home robots will
become more and more high-tech and will be c) Read the article and explain the words in
able to perform a greater variety of functions bold, then use them to make up sentences.
92
 m11m .
-
the same as a luxury car. many as ten people by face and voice, and is able
The SDR-4X is certainly entertaining - it is, to greet them by name and even have a
quite literally, an 'all-singing, all-dancing' robot. conversation with them.
It can be programmed with so much music and I5 I lits built-in cameras take ·digital images of
so many lyrics that it can outperform a jukebox . people's faces and store them in its memory,
ITIJ The SDR-4X can really work the dance while its seven microphones pick up people's
floor, as it not only moves to the beat of the voices and file them away, too.
music, but also shakes its hips and moves its The SDR-4X is the most advanced robot ever .-
arms and legs to the rhythm. Its two built-in produced for home use, but experts believe that
cameras enable it to dodge any obstacles in its this is only the beginning. I6 I In the
path. I 3 I meantime, the SDR-4X is ready to dance the night
The SDR -4X also has a great sense of balance, away in living-rooms around the world. Who
so it rarely falls over, no matter how energetic knows - it might even teach you some of its
its dance routine becomes. I4I This is moves!
because its feet contain special sensors which
allow it to walk and dance on uneven surfaces
such as carpets and rugs. Even the most agile
dancers take a tumble sometimes, but you can
be sure that even if the SDR-4X does fall over, it
will not fall apart. Instead, it gets back on its
feet as gracefully as possible to continue its
performance and make its owners proud .
It has the ability to talk and, with a
vocabulary of 60,000 words, it is much chattier
than previous home robots. It can recognise as

d) Find synonyms for the highlighted words. 38 Fill in: between, in, with, to, on, For or of.
Then choose any five phrases and make
sentences using them.
37 Fill in the correct words from the list, then
choose any five and use them to make up .......... . ... perfect time with; 2 to go by the name
sentences. ..... .. . .. , 3 to be programmed ................ sth;
4 to move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the rhythm; 5 to tell the
• perfect • routine • footwork • images
difference . ... .... ...... , 6 great sense ...... ... .. .
• built-in • uneven • advanced • disco
balance; 7 to get back . .. . .. ... .... . its feet 8 to have
• company
a conversation . . sb; 9 produced . ... ... . .. .
home use; 10 ... ... ........ the meantime
1 ... time 6 technologically . . . . ..
2 fancy ·· · · ······ ··· ·· · · · ... . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .

3 ............. hits 7 . .......... surfaces

• Project
4 dance ........... 8 digital ....
In pairs, write an advertisement for the
5 ............... cameras 9 to keep sb ............
robot, SDR-4X .
93
 :::::::::
. ......• 6
............•
.'
.
......
. ......
.·······
Writing • Analysing a Model Text
(a letter of complaint} 4Q a) Read the letter and fill in the blanks with linking words/
phrases from the list. What tone has the writer used?
When we write a letter of complaint we
• to make matters worse • to begin with • also
may use a mild tone to sound more
• secondly • what is more
polite or a strong tone when we are
extremely upset or annoyed . However, Dear Sir/Madam,
we must never sound rude or insu lting. • I am writing to complain about a fax machine which I recently
We usually write four to five purchased from your company. The machine is your lntellifax Laser 260.
paragraphs depending on the number 1) .............................. ..... , when I ordered the machine, I was told
of our complaints. it would be delivered in three weeks. However, it took over six weeks
In the first paragraph, we write our for the machine to arrive. 2) ................... .... .... , when it finally did
opening remarks stating our complaint, arrive, the lead was missing and I was obliged to buy one.
including detai ls of what has 3) ... .... ...... ... .. ...................... , despite the fact that the instruction
happened and where/when the manual states that the machine works with plain paper, rny printout
inc ident took place. copies are unclear and almost impossible to read. I find that the only
In the second and third paragraphs we way that I can get a clear printout is by using a very expensive brand
present the po ints we are complain ing of paper. 4) ..... ............................................... , although I am using
about, giving examples or reasons. this high quality paper, the machine continually jams.
We start a new paragraph for each I would appreciate it if the machine could be replaced as soon
comp la int. To link our comp la ints we as possible. I 5) ............. ...... ...... .. ............. expect a full refund of
can use firstly, to start with, secondly, the money I paid for the missing lead. I hope that this matter will be
moreover, etc. To justify our points we resolved as quickly as possible.
Yours faithfully,
can use linking words/phrases such as :
W1ff/am r5!ern
although, however, for this reason, etc.
William Stern
In the last paragraph we explain what
we would expect to happen (i.e. a
refund, a replacement, an apology,
• Mild/Strong Tone
etc) . Most letters of complaint are
written in formal style/reg ister. b) Read the phrases below and say which of them use a
mild tone and which a strong tone. Which of the phrases
would you use to change the mild tone used in the letter?

• Analysing the Rubric l I am writing to express my strong dissatisfaction with .

2 I am writing to draw your attention to .. .
39 Read the rubric, underline the key 3 I wish to express my unhappiness with .. .
words and answer the questions. 4 I feel I am entitled to a refund ..
5 I hope that I will not be forced to take further action .
You recently bought a fax 6 I insist on an immediate refund .
machine but you are not satisfied
with it. Write a letter of complaint • Linkers
to the manufacturer describing
the problem and the action you
41 a) Match the pairs of sentences. Then join them with
appropriate linking words/phrases, as in the example.
expect the manufacturer to take.
l The iron didn't get hot enough . !--~~;;;!hough
l What type of letter shou ld you wr ite? 2 The electrician didn't turn up. however J •

2 Who is going to read your letter? 3 The radio still won't work. although •
3 Would you use a mild or a strong • despite I
tone? Why?
~~l==A=;I He promised he would come today. in spite of I•
4 Wha t style wou ld you use? Why?
BI I put a new battery 1n 11 yesterday.
1 but I•
5 How would you begin/ end your letter?
~'*I =c=:lturned the control to the highest positioit·---- ·
1

6 What kind of problems could the fax 7 C The iron didn't get hot enough even though I turned
machine have? the control to the highest position.
94
 •••..... .
······..
1.........
······.''
.........
6 !•........
····· .. ..

b) Use the prompts to express complaints 4 Wha t openi ng a nd closing remarks wo uld yo u
about the items in the pictures. use? Why?

44 Read the sentences below and tick (J') the

·• watc h has stopped/ ones you would use in your letter.
new ba tte ry
I am co mp letely sa ti sfied with my new
camco rde r. D
2 I orde red the C20 mode l th at was on
• too war m/ c heck
th ermostat on
spec ia l offer. D
3 Th e model de livered was not only the wrong
correct setting
o ne but a lso £30 mo re expens ive. D
4 Th e service departm en t was extremely
helpful. D
• keyboard not 5 Whe n I ope ned the package I noticed
fu nctioni ng/ properly tha t the ca mco rde r was the wro ng model. D
installed 6 Th e camco rder shou ld have bee n supplied
w ith a tr ipod. D
45 Use your answers from Exs. 43 and 44 and
your answers from the plan below to write
• Opening/Clos ing Remarks
your letter. You can use the letter in Ex. 40
42 Read the following extracts and say which as a model.
are 0 (opening) and which are C (closing)
remarks. Then say whether the writer has
used a mild or strong tone.
Dear Sir/Madam,
Introduction
[}]Q] I am writing in co nnection w ith
(Para 1) What is the reason for writing?
a laptop compu ter wh ich I
Main Body
recently bought from your shop . mild ton e (Para 2) What is your first complaint?
[1IJ I believe that I am en titled to a Give examples/reasons for your
refund and I hope tha t this matter complaint. (How can you justify it?)
can be dealt with promptly. . ....... . ... . .. . (Para 3) What is your second complaint?
QI] i wish to bring to your attention Give examples/reasons for your
a problem wh ich arose while I complaint. (How can you justify it?)
was staying at your hotel. (Para 4) What is your third complaint?
[![J I insist on a full refund and I Give examples/reasons for your
hope that I wil l not be forced complaint. (How can you justify if?)
to take further action. Conclusion
(Para 5) What are your closing remarks?
• Discuss an d W ri te What action do you expect the
company to take?
43 Read the rubric and underl ine the key words. You rs faithfully,
Then answer the questions that follow . your full name
You ordered a camcorder and paid by credit
card but you were sent the w rong model and
you were overcharged . Write a letter of
46 Read the sentences. What do they mean?

complaint explain ing w hat happened and

saying w hat action you expect the company
mart Is im0 WOri'd?
to take. (1 20-1 80 words) • O ne machine can do the work of fifty
ordinary men. No machine can do the work
1 Do you know the person you are writing to? of one extrao rd in ary man. (Elbert Hubbard)
2 What is the reason for writing? • The rea l problem is not whe ther mach ines
3 What tone would you use? Why? think but whether men do. (B F Skinner)
95
 ~;.
Literature Clip
20,000 .Leagues 'Under tlie Sea
Jules Gabriel Verne ( 1828 - 1905) was born - - - - - - - b y Jules Gabriel V e r n e - - - - - - -
in Nantes, France. As a boy, he was
Capta in Nemo pointed to a chair and asked me to sit
fascinated by the sea and all things
down. He began to tell me the story of the N autilus. He
connected with it. In l 847, Verne went to
pointed to the instruments h anging on the walls of his
Paris to study law but he decided to room. Many of them I recognised as standard navigation
concentrate on his writing. Verne wrote stories instruments but I was puzzled as to the nature of some of
and sold them to support himself. He published his the others. I asked him what the unfamiliar instruments
first novel Five Weeks in a Balloon in l 863 and were for. "These are manometers or depth gauges," said
Journey to the Centre of the Earth in 1864. Hi s the captain, "and these measure the different temperatures
other novels include From the Earth to the Moon of the sea at any depth."
(l 866), 20, 000 Leagues Under the Sea (l 870), "How is this craft powered?" I asked of the captain.
and Around the World in Eighty Days ( l 873) "Why, by electricity," he explained. "Chemicals from the
Verne's writings la id the founda tion for modern
sea water can provide as much power as we need .. The sea
produces electricity and the electricity" gives the Nautilus
science fiction.
heat, light and the ability to move. It is the source of life
itself," he remarked, "the air we breathe, the power of the
47 a) What do you know about Jules
Verne? What books did he write? Can
engines, even heat for cooking our food." I found it
incredible that such wonderful energy and power could be
you name some? Why do you think his obtained from the sea.
books are so popular? "Captain Nemo," I said, "I have seen what you have
achieved and I cannot explain it. I saw the Nautilus moving
b) Now read Jules Verne's biography around our ship at great speed but speed isn't everything.
and check your answers. You have to be able to see where you are going, to steer to

48 c\ a) Listen to the extract and answer

t~e questions that follow.
the right and the left and up or down. How do you manage
to reach such depths against the incredible pressure? How
do you return to the surface? How do you manage to stay
at any depth you choose? I am sorry to ask so many
1 W ho o r w hat is th e N autilus? questions."
2 W ha t is a craft? N ame th e di fferent types of "Not at all, Professor," said the captain after a slight
craft that are me ntio ned. hesitation. "I will tell you everything you want to know,
3 How do you think th e narrato r fe els? since you will never leave this submarine. Come to the
saloon and you will learn everything about the Nautilus."
b) Read the extract and mark the The captain led me to the rear of the craft. He pointed
statements below T (true) or F (false), to another dial. "This dial shows us how fast the ship is
then explain the words in bold. travelling. The propeller, which has a diameter of 23 feet,
can revolve at up to 120 revolutions per second and gives
The guest was confu sed by us a maximum speed of 50 knots." Then he took me further
the instrume nts. back in the ship until we came to a sort of well with an iron
2 M a nometers were used to c heck ladder attached to the wall. "This leads up to a dinghy kept
te mperature. in a special watertight compartment. I climb inside, fasten
3 Th e Nautilus was powered the hatch and the dinghy shoots to the surface." I asked
by electri c ity. him how he managed to return. "I don't. The Nautilus
4 Th e captain didn 't want to a nswer comes to me. I send the crew a message by electric wires, a
his g uest's questions. sort of telegram."
5 Th e guest was n't go in g to stay
o n th e Nautilus for ve ry lo ng . • Project
Speaking You have decided to enter a drawing competition
about unusual or fictional crafts. Using ideas from
c) Read the extract again and retell the the extract as well as ideas of your own draw a
story. craft that can travel underwater.
96
 Revision & Extension 7 While visiting a school, you hear this
49 a) In pairs, man talking . Which invention does he
complete the think is the most important?
dialogue, then A Morse Code B telegraph
describe the C te lephone
picture. 8 You hear a customer talking to a shop
assistant . What does she want to do?
A buy a computer monitor
B return a fax machine
A: Where do you think the picture was taken? C exchange a photocopier
B: I'd say l) .......... .... ............. ..... ..... ... ...... ... ..... ... .
A: What is the woman in the picture doing? 51 Fill in the correct form of crash,
B: She is 2) ............... ........... ...... ................. ...... .. . surf, skip, or _eat, to complete the
A How can computers affect our free time? sentences.
B Well, 3) .... ...... . .............. .
Oh, no, my computer just . .. ........... .
b) In pairs, act and I th ink I've lost all my work.
out a dialogue 2 When I have spare time I enjoy
based on the . ....... .... .... the Internet for interesting
picture. information.
3 I can't believe it! I bought that CD
yesterday and it's .............. already.
4 The bad thing about cassette recorders
is that they frequently ......... ..... your
favourite cassettes .
c) In pairs discuss the following:

• How does technology make our lives easier?

52 Fill in: line, system, program, or
information, then explain the
• Has technology isolated us?
meaning of the expressions in bold.

50 c\ You will hear people talking in eight different

situations. For questions 1-8 choose the best answer,
I'm sorry, sir, but our entire computer
............. .... is down and I'm unable
to help you with your inquiry.
A, B or C.
2 That's strange . I was just talking to
You hear part of an interview. What did the man invent? Marge and suddenly the .. .. . .... .. . .
A a kind of notebook B a type of glue went dead.
C an office product 3 The new computer . ...... ......... had a
2 A man knocks on your door. What does he want you to do? virus and all the office computers have
A give him some information B buy something from him been infected.
C try a new product 4 Isn't it amazing how many bytes of
3 You hear a dialogue between two people in an office. . .. . .. . .... .... can be stored on one
How does the man probably feel? floppy disc?
A happy B embarrassed C angry
4 You are listening to a radio phone-in. Why has Pat phoned?
A to get advice about her son Writing
B to discuss her husband
C to criticise her son's school Think of a famous inventor from your
5 You hear this ad. What advantages does the shop have? country. Use an encyclopaedia or the
A it sells many different products Internet to fill in information under the
B its products are high-quality headings below. Then write about
C it is very big him/her and what he/she invented.
6 You hear a woman talking. Where is Mrs Smith?
• inventor's name • invention
A in a department store B at a bus station
• year it was invented • importance
C at an airport
97
 ---------------------------~

Units 5 - 6

5 Nobody apart from my friend helped me.

Vocabulary & Grammar person My friend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... .
1 Fill in the correct word. helped me.
(19 marks)
1 Jenny wants to find a full- ........... job as a secretary.
Listening
2 The ozone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . protects the Earth from
the harmful ultraviolet rays of the Sun.
3 She is .............. to getting up early in the mornings.
4 c\ You will hear a competition organiser talking
about the Young Inventors' Competition. For
4 The fax machine hasn't ..................... delivered yet. questions 1-6, fill in the missing information.
5 Tigers are considered to be a(n) ............... species.
Young Inventors' Competition
6 Do ..................... your coat. It's freezing cold.
7 Fossil . . . . . . . ...... ., such as coal or oil, are formed Entry details: Children aged 7 -14 may enter.
from the decayed remains of plants or animals. The~ 1I I must be orig ina l.
Rules: Guiance can be given by tea chers
8 " ............... son is he?" "Mr Brown's."
or parents. Inventions must perform a
9 He's old ..... ................ to get a driving licence.
10 He woke up late and as a(n) ........ ........ ..... was
I I2 I
and solve a problem. Inventions must make
late for work. (10 marks) I I3 I
2 Circle the correct item.
Application: The following must be sent in:
A I I I
4 of the tool
Police gave .......... all hope of finding the child. A signed form
A photograph and log book
A off B out C in D up
Awards: Two categories:
2 He couldn't help ........... at the sight. Two prizes of £ l 000 - oge group 7-11
A to laugh B to laughing C laughing D laugh One prize of £ 1500 - age group 12-14
Closing date:
3 Some species of animals have become in 5
the last hundred years. Every student will be sent a personal ised certificate of
A lost B disappeared C missed D extinct ~-----'l'-6"--'I awareness and a home inventors ' book .
4 The SDR-4X can move to the .......... of the music. ( 12 marks)
A beat B tumble C lyric D rhyme
5 We are looking forward .. ......... from you.
Speaking
A hear B to hearing C to hear D hearing 5 Complete the exchanges.
6 The camera can ....... people's images in its memory. A: What do you think about factories that pollute the
A file B keep C put D store environment?
7 Can you .... ... the difference between the two brothers? B: As ................. .. ... .. ..... ... .. .... ... ., they sh ould
A speak B tell C say D show be shut down.
8 It's ........... colder today than it was yesterday. 2 A: Could I ............. ..... ........ , please?
You'd better put on your jacket. B: Yes, of course. Mary Smith.
A less B much C more D many 3 A: Could you .. ............ me, please?
9 I haven't got the ... ... idea what you're talking about. B: Yes. It's a black plastic bag with a red strap.
A slightest B least C dimmest D smallest 4 A: Smither's Office Supplies, can . . .. . . .. . . . . .?
10 This shirt is made ....... cotton. B: Yes, hello. I'd like to order a fax machine.
(8 marks)
A with B in C of D from
(20 marks)
6 In pairs, discuss ways to help reduce pollution in

3 Use two to five words to complete the second

sentence using the word in bold.
your town. Use the visual prompts.

It was difficult for us to persuade Robert to take the course.

difficulty We ......... ........ .. ... . .. ........................ .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to take the course.
2 It's too cold to go swimming.
not It's .. .. ... . ... ... ...... ....... . .... go swimming.
3 Tony is as tall as Jerry.
same Tony .. .............. ......... ................. Jerry.
4 I can't believe that is the best deal they can offer.
than They must be able to offer ... ....... .
98 .... that.
 Units 5 - 6

4 If you get tired, the wr iter recommends

Reading A goi ng ho me a nd sitting in a comfo rtable chair.
B taki ng a virtua l tour of the g al axy.
7 Read the following review about a Science
Museum and answer the questions.
C eati ng so methi ng a t the Pla netarium cafe.
D leaving your children overnight at the museum.
5 The writer expresses that a trip to Sc ienceworks
Hands-On Science Down Under
A should be taken by those in a particular age group .
B should be a o ne-off event.
'Scienceworks' is a museum with a difference. It's an educational,
C is hig hly recomm ended.
adventure playground that aims to explain to visitors the workings of
D is a tiring but necessary activity. {15 marks}
science and technology by allowing them to look, touch, and play
with the exhibits.
One of the main differences between Scienceworks and other Writing
museums, is its location. While most museums are generally located in
the city amongst modern office blocks, this one is in a working class 8 Your teacher has asked you to write a short article
on how to make your city a better place to live in.
suburb of Melbourne, Australia. Factories surround the museum like an
industrial theme park. There's even a disused sewerage processing Use the plan and the notes to write your article
plant within the Scienceworks complex. (120-180 words) for the school magazine.
The museum is home to both temporary and permanent exhibitions.
The four permanent exhibitions are ca lled Inventions, Energy, Travel and
Materials. The displays in each section are accompanied by information Plan
about how the technology works, the story behind its invention and the
ways in which it has affected people's daily lives both at home and at Introduction
work. The museum's curator, Richard Gillespie, believes the museum (Para l) state problem - city dirty - need to do sth
works because its exhibits are well·chosen examples of tech nology that Main Body
are familia r to visitors. "Having this kind of connection with exhibits, (Paras 2-3) start recycling scheme - create more porks
helps simplify science instead of complicating it like so many other - plant trees
science museums do," says Richard. Conclusion
Scienceworks also encourages its visitors to interact with the (Para 4) restate opinion: all work together - city better
exhibits. The Inventions exhibition is real 'hands-on' stuff. You can
place
press buttons, pull levers and watch in amazement as engines start
and models come to life. The Energy exhibition challenges you to (15 marks}
provide the energy for a hand-powered washing machine and an old- (Total = I 00 marks}
fashioned hand saw. If that doesn't tire you out, move on to Sports
Works where you can have your physical fitness levels tested while
racing a virtual Olympic sprinter.
When you r body wa nts a rest, but your mind's hungry for more,
head to the Scienceworks Planetarium. A unique digital computer and
proiection system takes you on a iourney through space and time.
9 c\ "'
Listen and fill in. Listen again and sing.
Crossing Borders
From the comfort of a reclining chair you w ill travel to the moon and
stars and beyond to other galaxies and the dawn of the universe. The W hen I feel a little restless Sa il out on the ocea n
planetarium also hosts a special sleepover package for kids during And I need to 1) . . . O r 7) . . . . on crisp
school holidays where they get to go on a scary ghost tour and away w hite snow
observe the stars through telescopes. I grab my passport, You can see the beauty of the
Whether you're five or ninety-five, a visit to Scienceworks is 2) my bags world
definitely a must. It's fun, it's informative, and everyone should go! And go on holiday Everywhere you go
W ith a 3) ......... in my hand Crossing borders to foreign
I fee l as free as any bird lands ...
The museum's location is unusual becau se I ca n 4) .... . .. on board
A it is inside a factory. an aeropla ne Go on safari in the jung le
B it is surrounded by office blocks. And travel round the world Or snorkel in the 8) . .... .
C it is not in the city centre. Lie on a sandy pal m-fr inged
Crossing borders to foreign lands beach
D it is next to a sewerage plant.
Snowy mountains and desert Where the sun 9) .... . ..... .
2 The curator believes the museum is pop ular because sands constantly
A the exhibitions change often. Travel the world and you will Whatever your desti nation
B the exhibits were invented by ordinary people. see W hether near or far away
C visitors understand how the technologies work. Crossing borders can set you free A journey is a 10) .
D other science museums are boring.
Tour round ancient rui ns to learn
3 At the Sports exhibition visi tors can Ta ke a 5) . on Specia l lessons on th e way
A have a rest. rugged moors Crossing borders to foreign
B do their washing. Hit the busy 6) . streets lands .. .
C get some exercise. Or stroll on dista nt shores
D touch the exhibits.
 + ~efore you start ...
What are you doing to help endangered species?
What do you think people should do to help protect the environment?
How often do you use the Internet? What for? How useful do you think it is?

+ Listen, read and talk about ...

On the market

shops & goods

services & complaints
clothes & accessories
national dress

100
 I
1 Module 4 Units 7-8 1
1:

+ Learn how to

First come,
1 1 1
• describe people s • say no politely
clothes • ask for things in a
• make complaints shop

first served •
•
order food
make food choices
•
•
ask for a refund
make recommendations

+ Practise ...
UNIT • reported speech (statements; questions;
requests; orders; suggestions)
• food • reported speech (special introductory
• cooking meth ods & utensils verbs)
• tastes • causative form
• containers • countable/uncountable nouns
• organic food • quantifiers (some; any; no; a lot of;
• GM foods much; many; few/a few; little/a little)
• past & perfect modals (request; ability;
possi bi Iity)

+ Phrasal verbs
• fall
• feel
• get

+ Write ...
• an article describing a market
in your country
• a transactional letter applying
fora job
• an article about the national
dress of your country
• a recipe
• a narrative descriptive
article of a visit to
a place

101
 On
.
the Market
La -n
1 Name the pictures A to K. Which of 5 C:\ Listen and circle the correct answer.
these items do you own? Which of Lyn is late because she
them were presents? On what A did her shopping. B had a problem.
occasion did you get them? If you 2 Amy is shopping
bought them yourself, how did you A with friends. B for a present.
pay? In cash? By credit card? 3 Jane's credit card was
A out of date . B in the bank.
2 Look at the pictures again . Which of
these would you buy as a present for: a) Read and match the statements to the
6 speakers A (Amy}, L (Lyn), or J (Jane).
• your best fri end • an elderly aunt
• your younger brother/ sister This/These speaker(s)
• your teacher • your mother /father? Why? • ca n't pay in cash. IlI I
I'd buy my best friend a skateboard because
• felt embarrassed. I2I I
he likes skateboarding.
• is not on time. I3l I
• are going to buy something. I4 l I ~I5~1~
Match the sentences to the pictures.
Who said them : the customer or the
shop assistant? In pairs, think of similar
sentences for the rest of the objects.
Could I have one to fit a photo th is size,
please?
2 You' ll fin d it in the sports section.
3 Do you have the same one with a
different stra p?
4 Th e fi tting roo ms are over there.
5 Wha t kind of fil m do I need ?
6 Could you show me some with a higher
heel?
7 How much is it for 50 mis?
8 Do they have UV protection?

sentences as possible.
• We were meant to meet an hour agof
• You'll never bel ieve it.
• Fancy meetin g yo u he re!
• Any ideas?
• I could use a second op inion.
• How wou ld yo u li ke to pay?
• By cred it card, p lease.
• Have I gone over my limit?
• O h, how embarrassing !
• Never mind.
• No problem whatsoeve r.
 .......
......
........
......
.......
'

[!] Lyn: Oh, Mark! I'm so sorry I'm late! [9 Jane: I'll take this book, please.
Mark: Well, I was wondering what had happened to you. Tom: Certainly, madam. How would
We were meant to meet an hour ago! you like to pay?
Lyn: I know. The thing is, I decided to do some Jane: By credit card, please. Here you
shopping on the way here. You'll never believe it, are.
but I got stuck in a fitting room for almost an Tom: I'm sorry madam, but there
hour! seems to be some problem with
Mark: Oh no! How did that happen? your card.
Lyn : The lock on the door broke and I couldn't get out. Jane: Oh! What's wrong? Have I gone
Mark: Oh dear! over my limit?
Lyn : Don't laugh! It wasn't funny! I was really panicking! Tom: No, the machine says that your
Mark: Well, didn't you shout for help? card has expired.
Lyn : Of course I did! The shop assistant came, but she Jane: Oh, how embarrassing! I got a
couldn't let me out because there was no handle new card in the post the other day,
on the outside of the door. but I forgot to put it in my wallet.
Mark: So what did she do? Tom: Never mind. Would you like to pay
Lyn: She called the caretaker, but by the time he in cash?
opened the door I was really terrified . I hate being Jane: I'm afraid I haven't got enough
shut in small spaces. money on me. I'll have to go to the
Mark: Oh well, after all that, I suppose I'll have to forgive bank. Could you keep the book to
you for being late! one side until I come back?
Tom: Of course, madam. No problem
whatsoever.
Jane: Thank you so much.

b) Explain the words in bold,

then make up sentences using
them.

c) Suggest synonyms for

the highlighted words.

d) In pairs, read out

the dialogues.

Kate: Amy! Fancy meeting

you here!
Amy: Oh, hi, Kate. I'm just
looking for something to
buy for my mum's birthday.
Any ideas?
Kate: Mmm, let me see. Why don't you
get her something to wear? She
might like a nice blouse.
Amy: No. She's already got loads of clothes.
She never wears half of them .
Kate: Okay, then. What about a CD? Does she like
listening to music?
Amy: Yes, but I got her a CD for her last birthday.
Kate: Oh. I know! How about a nice leather handbag?
Amy: That's a good idea. Her old bag is falling apart.
J
Kate: Great! There's a lovely leather shop around the
corner. I'll come with you if you like.
Amy: Yes, that would be great. I could use a second
opinion . Thanks, Kate!
103
 ·:·:······•
...
:..
' ······o
.........•
""::::::11
..·······
····
3 You are in the supermarket when you hear thi s
Vocabulary announcement . Where can you find this week 's
special offer?
• Shops and Goods
A At the delicatessen counter.
7 a) Match the items to the shops. Then make B In the frozen food section.
up sentences, as in the example. 4>.l,~ C In the dairy section.
~ 4 You hear two women talking in a boutique. Why
does the first woman decide not to buy the dress?
A The colour doesn 't suit her.
B It doesn't fit properly.
C It is too expensive.
5 You overhear this conversation in the butcher 's .
What does the man want to eat?
A Roast chicken
B Grilled steak
C Barbecued chicken

• Services and Complaints

9 a) Read the signs and explain what they
mean. Where would you see them?
A This means that the
-----~-·-11 table is reserved. We
IJieserved --:l
would see this sign in a
( i;;~ restaurant or cafe.
8
• couch • tennis racquet • earrings . c 110 III MS PIH CUSIOMIR
• bunch of tulips • contact lenses • magazine SAME DAY IN flIIllG ROOM
. ·1k arf • necklace • chest of drawers
• onions • s1 sc SERVICE
. f k. • watermelon • pair of trousers
e pair O S IS
D RING BELL
. You can buy a
couch at a furniture shop. SHOPLIFTERS FOR SERVICE

b) What else can you buy in these shops?

E
nn~~L;,.,~!cn ) ALL MAJOR
~- CREDITCARDS
c) In pairs, look at the pictures in Ex. la and F ACCEPTED
act out dialogues related to each picture.
----------1
b) What other signs might you see in these
A: Excuse me, do you have these frames in red? places?
B: Just one moment, madam, I'll check.

, Listening
1QC:\ a) Listen and match the speakers to the
problems. There is one extra problem which

8 C:\ You will hear people talking in five

you do not need to use.

a This person was overcharged .

different situations. For questions 1-5,
choose the best answer, A, B or C. b This person bought something in
the wrong size. Speaker[IJ
You overhear a woman talking in a shoe shop. c This person received something Speaker[[[]
What does she want to buy? that was damaged. Speaker[[[]
A trainers B high-heeled shoes C flat shoes d This person was sold the wrong
Speaker~
2 You overhear this conversation in a department store. product.
Where was the man supposed to meet his son? SpeakerlI.[J
e This person didn't get their
A In the children's wear department. del ivery on time.
B In the toy department . This person bought something
C In the cafe. that wasn't of very good quality.
104
 .........
. . ..
B l..........
•........
b) In pairs, complete the table. Then, ask and answer, as in • Game
the example. ·
In teams, think of definitions for
• watch • table • CD player • mirror • dress • sleeve • vase different items of clothing. If the
• trousers • carpet • buttons • tablecloth • computer screen other team correctly guesses the
• stitching • choir • cushion • lining item they get one point. The team
with the most points is the winner.
I

watch , table, scratched I Team A S 7: It's a piece of cloth

torn I
broken I which is worn
around the neck.
stained Team B S 7: Tie. etc.
cracked I
loose _
• Idioms and Fixed
A: Good morning, sir. Can I help you? Phrases
B: Well, I bought this watch from your shop yesterday but when
I got home, I noticed it was scratched. 12 Fill in: glove, hat, belt, shirt,
A: I'm sorry, sir. Would you like us to replace it? pocket or shoes.Then
B: I'd rather have a refund. explain the idioms in bold.

You have to take your . .. .. ... .

• Clothes and Accessories off to Joe, he has really
11 Look at the pictures, then use phrases from the table to made the business a success.
2 I think it's hitting below the ...
describe what the people are wearing, as in the example.
to criticise me when I'm not
Then describe what your partner is wearing.
there .
Style/Pattern: baggy, tight, long/ short-sleeved, 3 He 's always spending. It's like
check, sleeveless, polka-dot, floral, money burns a hole in his
(pin)striped, thre_e-piece, straight, plaid
4 Poor Sally, she lost her
Material: cotton, leather, nylon, wool, denim,
when she had to close her
suede, silk
shop.
Accessories: sunglasses, briefcase, handbag, tie ,
5 Ted can't wait to step into the
hat, scarf, cap, shoes, sandals
manager's . .
Types of shorts, socks, blouse, shirt, tights, when he retires.
clothing: evening dress, leggings , T-shirt, dress, 6 That dress fits like a
trousers, waistcoat, jumper, tuxedo, and the colour is perfect, too.
jacket, suit, jeans, raincoat

NOTE: tights, leggings, trousers, jeans ore plural.

Linda is wearing a light blue T-shirt,

belt, a polka-dot skirt and sandals.

105
 ·········•
·......······
······o
:.••;:••II••••
~

....
:::::=:.
Grammar in Use 15 Change the sentences into
reported speech.

• Reported Speech - Statements "Mary does her shopping at

G rammar Reference M arks & Spe ncer, " said Sarah.
13 Complete the table below, then say how the following 2 Tom said to me, "I w ill lend you
change in reported speech: the money."
3 "I'm going shopping th is
• tenses • personal pronou ns • tim e express ions a fternoo n," said Diane .
4 "I ha ven't been to the new
Direct Spe ech Reported Speech
shopping cen tre yet," said Lyn.
a "I live in Londo n," he sa id . IHe sa id th at he lived_ in _London . 5 "I bought a new car yesterday,"

::·~a::~:a~:::k:n~
said John.

II; shopping,'
6 Bil l sa id, "I was listening to my
h,-:-e-sa_i_d_. r-:-:-:-:-:: :-:-::::····· ·········a·cake. new CD playe r until midnight. "
sai L_ _ ... .. .. ...... .... .... .. th e shopp ing .
d "Fi o na moved to Italy la st 1 He said th at Fi on a .. .............. ..

L
month ," he said . .. .. to Ita ly the mon th before. Reported Speech -

e ;'~;:~:~:~:;g~'inhn:rs;_i~-~-n_......l_H_·~-·s_~ii~n~ra~~:~ .th·~· ~h·~~:::: Questions

Grammar Reference
"I will call th e plum ber He said he . ...... ............... . . ..
tomorrow," he said . ___ ___ __. .. . the -plumber
- - th e fo llowin g day. 16 a) Study the table and
complete the rule.

14 Read the speech bubbles and report what the people said,
as in the example. • "Where did you buy th e
jumper? " she asked me.
She asked me where I had
bought the jumper.
• "Is Alan com ing to the
party?" she asked me.
· that it was She as ked me if/whether
too small. Alan was coming to the
I She told pa rty.
the shop • "Can I go shopp ing w ith
assistant you? " she asked me.
that it was She asked me if/whether
too small. she could come shopping
with me .

When the direct question

starts with :
• a question wo rd , the
repo rted question beg ins
with ....
• a modal verb or an
a uxi liary verb , the
reported question begins
w ith .

b) How do the tense forms

change?

106
 ··········
..........
& ...........
•........
..........
•••••11• . .
. . . . . . ii • • •

17 Change the questions into reported speech. • Causative Form ~

Grammar Reference
1 "When are you going on holiday?" Susan asked Jane.
2 "Can I open the window?" Tim asked me.
3 "Will you drive me to school today?" Tina asked her father. 20 a) Read the sentences (a-d)
and answer the questions.
4 "How old were you when you started making your own clothes?"
Then complete the rule.
Jan asked Michelle.
a Thomas fixed the roof.
b James had the roof fixed.
• Reported Speech - Requests/Orders/ c Sandra dyed her hair.
Suggestions d Georgia had her hair dyed.
Grammar Reference
Who · did the action
18 a) Study the table. Which is a request? an order? a himself/herself?
suggestion? 2 Who arranged for someone
else to do the action?
Direct Speech Reported Speech

a "Let's go shopping," she She suggested going shopping. • To say that we arranged for
said. someone else to do something
b "Shut the window," he said . He told me to shut the w indow . for us, we use: ...... +
c "Can you buy some object+ ............. ..
I

washing powder, please?" She asked me to buy some

she said. washing powder.
b) Use the prompts to ask
and answer, as in the
b) Change the sentences into reported speech. example.
"Be polite to the customers," the manager said.
Vanessa/ prune/ rose bushes? (J')
2 "You should try on this dress," Jenny sa id.
3 "Do you have this shirt in large?" Tom asked.
A: Did Vanessa prune the
4 "Let's go to the High Street," Jane sa id.
rose bushes?
5 "Can I have your credit card?" Tony asked Mr Smith .
B: Yes, she pruned them
6 "Leave," said Sue to Jim.
herself.
2 Ann/paint/house? (X)
3 Mark/fix/lawn mower? (J')
19 Rewrite the tailor's comments as reported speech. 4 Pete/type/report? (X)
5 Lyn/wash/dishes? (J')
6 Tony/do the shopping? (X)

How does this

feel? ,Speaking

21 Use the prompts to ask and

answer questions, as in the
example.

hair/cut
Come back A: When did you last have
for a fitting on your hair cut?
Tuesday. B: I had my hair cut last
month.
2 eyes/test
3 watch/repair
4 trousers/ shorten
5 motorcycle/fix
107
 ..........
:::::====a
. .........
. ' ..
.. ......
·····:.
. . . .~·····
~

4 "I have never been to this

Grammar in Use market before," Pete said to
John.
• Word Formation
told Pete
22 Fill in the correct word derived from the word in bold.
never been to that
market before.
5 "Is this the correct price?" she
asked.
was She asked .... ... .. . .

correct price.
6 Our house was painted last
spring.
had We
....... last spring.
7 "Why don't we go to the new
shopping centre?" said Tony.
suggested Tony .. . .......... .
Business 0) owners who are worried about keeping OWN
.. ................. new
their customers happy are now hiring people to come into
shopping centre.
their shops , restaurants and offices pretending to be
customers. These 'mystery shoppers' are l) .. .. ........ .. .. . POSSIBLE
to detect because they are 2) ............. .. .......... .. USUAL
members of the general public working on a part-time • Phrasal Verbs
basis for market research companies. You won't see them
doing anything 3) .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . like taking notes SUSPECT 24 Fill in: behind, in, into,
or talking into tape recorders, so company 4) .............. .. EMPLOY apart, for, over or up to.
do not realise that they are being evaluated. These Then explain the phrasal
shopping 'spies ' are sent to collect 5) ........................ .. INFORM verbs in bold.
on the standard of service they receive including the
6) .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. and attitude of the staff, the APPEAR Pete fell ........... .. in his
7) .... .. ...... .. ... ........ . of the premises and how long they CLEAN schoolwork because he had
had to wait to be served . People in business are been absent for so long.
8) ............................. beginning to realise that if they FINAL 2 This doll is reall y badly made.
want to be 9) .. .... .. ...................... , they should care as SUCCESS It's already falling .
much about the quality of their customer service as they do 3 I'm very busy this week but I'll
about the quality of their 10) .... ... .. .............. . PRODUCE try to fit you . . . . .. .... .. . .
sometime on Monday.
4 He has been ill for weeks so I
don't think he will feel
• Key Word Transformations ..... coming back to work
any time soon.
23 Complete the second sentence using the word in bold. You 5 As she entered the dark house
can use two to five words including the word given. Do not she fell ................... the dog
change the word given. that was asleep in the doorway.
6 While I was waiting to be
"Have you been to the new shopping cen tre?" Steve asked.
served, I fell . .. .......... ..
if Steve asked . .. .... .............. ................... .
conversation with the man in
.... .. .. . . .... . ..... the new shopping centre .
front of me.
2 "Can you buy me some mi lk, please, Susan?" said Tina. 7 She has had a terrible time
asked Tina .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . some mi lk.
since the accident. I really feel
3 That's the shop where they are making my dress.
. ... .... .. .. ...... he~
having I .... .. ........................... .. ......... .. ..... at that shop.

II 108
j I
 ... .....·.
·······
HI........
,.
······ ..
·····~:::
!!~::

Listening and Speaking 27 a) Compare and contrast the pictures.

25 (\ Listen to the people talking in three

different situations and choose the best
answer, A, B or C.

You hear Mrs Johnson talki ng on the pho ne to

the shop where she bought her new refrigerator.
What does she ask the shop assistant to do?
A to have a new refrigerator delivered
B to give her her money back
C to have th e refrigerator fi xed

2 You hear two people talki ng about their new

video. Wha t's the matter w ith it?
A It wasn't programmed prope rl y.
Picture A shows Harrods, the famous department
B It's very difficult to use.
C It is broken.
store, whereas Picture B shows a small shop,
possibly in Paris. In the department store you can
3 You are shoppi ng in a supermarket whe n you find ... . In the small shop, ... .
hear a store announceme nt. What does it say?
A Buy one bottl e of shampoo and get o ne free .
B There is a specia l o ffe r in the houseware b) In pairs, discuss the questions.
section.
• Where do you do your shoppi ng?
C The special offer w ill cont in ue until stocks run
• How o ften do you go shopping ?
out.
• W hy do yo u thin k most people prefer doing their
sho pping at department stores?
• Making a Complaint • A re credit cards convenien t? Why? /Why not?

26 c\ a) Listen and say what the problem is.

• W hy do people do most of the ir shopping
during the sales period ?

c\ b) Listen again and fill in the missing

parts, then read out the dialogue.
28 c\ Listen to the dialogue and mark the
sentences T (true) or F (false).
A: Hello. 1) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... .. . .... .. .. . .. for you?
1 A my is a t a clothes sho p .
B: I bought this shirt yesterday, a nd when I got
2 She wan ts to buy a present.
home I noticed that the sleeve was torn.
3 She usuall y takes medium-s ized clothes.
A: Oh , dear. I'm sorry about that. 2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . exchange it?
4 She decides to try o n a red blouse .
5 The shop ass istant is rude.
B No, thank you. I'd rather have my money back .
A Certainly. 3) . . . . . . . ............... th e receipt?
B: Yes, here you are.
• Intonation (in questions)
A Thank you . 4) .. ....... ....... .. .. ..... .. .. . . . refund.
B Thank you very i;nuch.
29 c\ Listen and say which questions have got
rising intonation and which have got falling
,Speaking intonation. Then read the questions aloud.
c) Use the prompts to act out similar dialogues.
Can you tell me how to get to th e ch ildren's
wear department?
2 Do you have this shirt in size 40?
3 Where ca n I find th e hardware sec ti on?
4 How much do these cost for a dozen?
5 Ca n I pay by credit card?
6 May I try th ese trousers on?

109
 ......·······
...
.. ..... . D
: : : : ::::11
: : ::::::1

Listening and Reading

30 a) Look at the pictures on pp. 110-111 and
describe what you can see. Are there places
like these in your country? What could you
find in these places?

b) Why do you think people like going to

the market? What do you like most/dislike
about markets?

31 c\ Listen and match the markets to the

things you can buy there.

Otavalo Indian a tea, coffee, sweets

Market b herbs , remedies,
2 San Lorenzo Market vegetables
3 Oriental Medicine c handicrafts , silver,
Market wood carvings
4 Egyptian Spice d handbags , wallets,
Bazaar masks

32 a) Read the article and answer the questions

1-14. Write A, B, C or D.

Which market(s):
• is not open on Monday? I 0 IBI
I • are sometimes open on Sunday? j 1j ,,~-2~,~
• requires you to agree on a price? j 3 j j
• is in a c ity that has been making
I
leather goods for more than half
a millennium?
• is inside a building w ith a
special ceiling?
• sells goods made by people
from nearby villages?
• are located in the centre of
the city or town?
• sell different medicines? 9 1101 I
11 • is open for twelve hours a day? 11
• has many animals for sale? 12
• sells a special kind of sweet? 13
• has a name that comes from
another country? j 14 j

b) Read the article again and highlight the

phrases which involve the senses (sight,
hearing, smell, touch and taste). How do
they add to the article?

c) Explain the words in bold. Then use them

to make up sentences of your own.
110
 .==······. . ...
ill11:::::::.
•:::::: :

d) Find synonyms for the

highlighted words.

33 Fill in: to, with, for, in, on,

or back. Then choose any
five phrases and make up
sentences using them .

comb ined .......... sth ; 2 fam ous

......... sth ; 3 to introduce sb ....... .
sth ; 4 to agree .. .. .. .. .. .... a price;
5 .. .. .. . sa le; 6 to spec iali se ..... ..
sth; 7 lined . .. .. .. .. sth ; 8 ....... -th e-
spot; 9 to co mpete ... .. . .. sb ; l 0 to
date . .. .. .. . to; 11 fill ed .. sth ;
12 ... .... .. di sp lay

34 Fill in the correct word from

the list, then make up
sentences using the
completed phrases.

• ric h • lo ng • anc ient • silk

• herbal • hi g h • unique
• street

l ........... .. . remedies
2 ... ... .. ... ... . .. . .. qual ity
3 ............ ............. ... . scarves
4 . . . ... ... . .. . . .. ... . ... .... .. . aro ma
5 .... . . . . .. . . ....... .. .. .. . .. . . hi sto ry
6 .. .. . ... .. . .. . . ..... .. .. .. trad iti on s
7 .. .. ... .... .. . ... . . .. .. . expe rien ce
8 . . . .. vend o rs

• Project
Think of a market in your
area and write a short
article describing it. Say
where it is, what the
opening hours are and what
you can buy there. Decorate
your project with a picture.
 /I .............
..........
...... 7
;;:::::11
I
Writi nq (a transactional Part· Time Salesperson
letter appTying for a job)
II Leading clothing company has a
vacancy for a ~~rt-Time S~lesperson. r es
. . .
f / Fu/~ dnvmg /Jcence
Excellent cond1t1ons. A phcants must - six months
W hen we write a transactional ~ be nthusiastic and able to work as
letter applying for a iob, we are !<Part of a team) Driving . licence
~ essential. Previous sales expenence n
responding to written information
such as an advertisement notes
l advantage. ~·
Two years part-time
Mod fashion Boutique
etc.
'
We usually w rite five
' l Apply in writing to: 1 year Saturday
l Personnel Department, Mornings - Tom/iris
paragraphs. l Global Clothing Co. Ltd. Chemists
In the introduction , we write our · ~ 37 Grayson St, Coventry sales and
opening remarks and the reasons customer service
- questions and
for writi ng . We should include the complaints etc.
title of the iob, and w hen and 1 W ho is going to read your letter?
w here it was advertised . 2 W hy are you writing thi s letter?
In the main body, we give the 3 Wh a t style wi ll you use to write the letter? Why?
information required in separate 4 How shou ld you begin and end the letter?
paragraphs. In the second 5 W hi ch of the fo llowin g pieces of info rmation should you include
paragraph , we write about our in your letter?
age, present iob and qualifications. • sub iects take n a t schoo l • qua lifica ti o ns • plans for the future
In the third paragraph , we write • p rese nt and p rev io us iobs • ab il ity to work as part of a team
about our experience. In the fourth • w heth er or not you have a drivi ng li cence • persona l qua li ties
paragraph, we w rite about the
skills and the personal qualities • Analysing a Model Text
required .
In the conclusion , we write our 36 a) Read the letter and cross out the inappropriate phrases in
closing remarks . We include any bold . Then, complete the paragraph plan.
r------
other important information here
such as when we are ava ilable fo~ Dear Sir/ Maclain,
interview, references we ca n send, I) I am writing to apply for/I've decided to drop you a line about
a remark that we hope our the position of part-time salesperson which was advertised in this
application wi ll be considered. etc. week's Herald.
In closi ng we sign our full name. 2) I go to /I am an eighteen-year-old student at Highgrove Sixth
It is important to cover all the points Form College. I run currently studying for my A-Levels in Business
in the rubric in our own words. We Studies, Law and Economics. 3) I hold a full driving licence/I've got
usually use a formal style in such my licence and have been driving for six months.
pieces of writing . For the past two years, 4) I have been a/I've held the position of
part-time shop assistant at Mod Fashion in High Street. Prior to that, I
worked at Tomlin's Chemist's on Saturday mornings for one year. In
• Analysing the Rubric both of these positions, I was responsible for sales and customer
service, which . included dealing with customers' queries and
35 Read the rubric and
complaints. 5) I feel that my experience in sales makes me well-
underl ine the key words.
suited for this position.II think I'd be great in this job.
Then, answer the questions.
6) Everyone says I'm/I consider myself to be enthusiastic, hard-
working and reliable. I run able to work independently, and as part of a
You saw an advertisement teain.
for a part-time job and 7) I'm sending you a letter/I enclose a reference from my present
have decided to apply. employer. I run available for interview any weekday after 4pm. I would
Read the advertisement and be grateful if you would consider my application. 8) I look forward to
your notes carefully. Then , hearing from you./l'm waiting to get your answer.
write the letter of
Yours faithfully,
application , giving all the
~a'! Jones
ne~y information .
May Jones
11 112
l
 Pora 1 Poro 2 Poro 3 Pora 4 Poro 5 b) Change the notes into
formal sentences.
~~:~~~~ l ~ ::::::::::::::1~ :::::::::::::1. :.:::::::::::1.. consider myself to be friendly
reasons for . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . . . . .......... . and hard-working.
writing I
'·
39 a) Read the rubric again,
b) Look at the notes May made next to the advertisement. then answer the questions in
Have all the points been included? Have the exact words the plan.
been used?
Plan
• Style
Dear Sir/ Madam ,
37 Read the sentences below. Which are formal? Which are Introduction
informal? Rewrite the informal sentences in formal style. (Para l) What are your
opening remarks?
With reference to your advertisement in Tuesday's edition of the
What job are you
Daily News, I am interested in applying for the position of senior
applying for? When
clerk.
and where did you
2 I would like to apply for the position of clerk as advertised on
see it advertised?
your website.
Main Body
3 I've had a job in a shop before.
(Para 2) How old are you?
4 I consider myself to be punctual and dedicated.
What is your present
5 I like working with people.
job? What are your
6 Please do not hesitate to contact me if you require any further qualifications/interests?
information. (Para 3) What experience
7 There's a letter from my last boss. have you had?
8 I can talk to you any morning . (Para 4) What skills and
personal qualities are
• Discuss & Write required?
38 a) Read the rubric and underline the key words/phrases.
Conclusion
(Para 5) What are your
Then answer the questions.
closing remarks?
You recently saw an advertisement for a part-time job on the What other
bulletin board of your college and have decided to apply. Read information do you
the advertisement and your notes carefully. Then, write the letter need to include?
of application, giving all the necessary information. Yours faithfully,
(your full name)

Part-Time Shop Assistant b) Write your letter of

Busy bookshop is looking for a(fri~ndl)), application (120-180
l alard-working)Part-Time Shop Assist.ant Yes, taking A- words) using your answers
Enjoy l for weekends and late night shoppmg. level course at
reading from Exs. 38 and 39a. You
ve of books is essential. A li Layton College
can use the letter in Ex. 36a
must e on an A-leve cours
as a model.
ales expenence an advantage.
No sales
Apply in writing to:
Robinson's Bookstore,
experience but 4Q Read the sentences. What
worked in Town do they mean?
112 Signet Avenue, Leeds Library last
summer/help What's in a word'2
out in school
library twice a
1 Who are you writing to? Spending is like po uri ng
week
2 What style will you use? water into sand.
3 What skills/ qualifications do you need? 2 Spending is quick, earning
4 How should you begin and end your letter? is slow.
113
 41 a) Look at the title and the pictures. What country
do they refer to?

b) Use the words in the list to describe the man's

clothes in the picture.

• pleated • knee-length • tartan • kilt • woo ll en

• sporran • po uch • bla ck ja cket
• button s o n sleeve • shirt • tie • hat • socks
• shoes • da g g er • tra d iti o nal

The man is wearing a pleated .. .

A PROUD TRADITION
The tartan kilt is a well-known and very striking part of Scottish national dress. It is a pleated, woollen, knee-
length garment, like a skirt, which is usually worn by men. What makes the kilt so recognisable is
its multi-coloured pattern of squares and stripes. Each distinct pattern is known as a tartan, and
today more than one hundred different tartans are widely available. Many of these are associated
with a certain family, region or organisation.
The modern kilt evolved from the belted plaid, which was a long piece of patterned cloth .
The bottom half was pleated and then wrapped around the wearer's waist, and the top half was
thrown over his shoulder. The belted plaid dates back to the early 17th century, when it was very
common among Scottish Highlanders.
It wasn't long before tartan became a strong symbol of Scotland. During the late 18th century,
the shorter kilt which we know today, gradually began to replace the belted plaid as the standard
national dress.
During the 19th century, the development of mechanical looms meant that the same patterns could
be easily produced over and over again. It was during this period that most of the family and regional
tartans were designed. All of the old Scottish families, or clans, had their own tartans. In fact most had
at least two different designs; a brightly coloured design for evening wear, and a hunting tartan for
everyday wear. The hunting tartan contained duller brown and green colours that allowed the
wearer to blend into the Scottish moors, when he was out hunting.
These days, the kilt is normally worn with a plain white shirt and a jacket. A sporran,
which is a small leather or fur pouch, is worn around the waist and hangs at the front of
the kilt. This is especially useful since the kilt has no pockets. Socks should either be
white or the same tartan as the kilt. It is also traditional to carry a small knife, or dagger,
in the right sock.
Today, if you spend some time in Scotland, you are bound to see plenty of
people wearing kilts. Although it certainly isn't everyday dress anymore, there
are all sorts of occasions, from formal dinners to football matches, where people will
proudly put on their family tartan.

42 Read the text and mark the statements T (true) or F (false). Then explain the words in bold.

l The kilt is usua lly worn by women . 5 Most families have two different tarta n
2 There are thousands of tartans which designs .
are w idely available. 6 There are pockets in the kilt.
3 The belted plaid was the first type of kilt. 7 Nowadays, people in Scotland rarely w ear
4 Most family tartans were designed during the kilts.
17th century.

• Project
Find out about the national dress of your country and write a short article about it. Collect pictures
to decorate your article. Include:

• description • history • how it is worn • different designs • w ho w ears it today/w hen

114
 Revision &Extension
43 a) In pairs, complete the • Exchanging Goods
dialogue.

A: Where do you think the picture 44 a) Match the ~entences to form a dialogue.

was taken? B
A
B: 1) At an outdoor market .
A: What can you see in the IA I !Hello! How can I help you? Well, yes. As you can see,
picture? the buckle is loose.
B: I can see 2) .. .................. . I BI jls there something wrong 2 Actually, I'd rather exchange
A: Do you prefer shopping at with them, madam? them for another pair.
markets or at supermarkets? IC I jYes, it certainly is. 3 I'd like to return this pair of
B: Well, 13) ......... ......... ... .... shoes.
A Would you like to go shopping ID I !I'm really sorry about this. 4 And that's not all . There's a
in a place like this? Would you like a refund? scratch right here on the back
B Well, 4) ...... ........ . .. . of the heel.

b) Follow the pattern and use the prompts to act out similar
dialogues.
r-
greet/ ask if you can help ~ respond/say what you want
I ask what's wrong ~ . ;:::;~ state problem
respond ~ state other problem
!
1
apologise/ ask about solution ~ state solution
b) Describe the picture. '---~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~

The picture shows an outdoor • pair of jeans/button loose/stain on the knee /refund
market. There are lots of people. • fountain pen/leaking/scratch on the top/refund
• pair of sunglasses/scratched/ arm loose/ exchange
c) In pairs, act out a similar
dialogue as in Ex. 43a.
45 a) In pairs, write five words under each heading.

CLOTHES: shorts, . . .... . .. . .. .. . .. . . . .. .. .... . .. ... . .. ... .. . . .. .. ... . .. . .

ACCESSORIES:

SHOPS:

d) In pairs, discuss the b) In pairs, think of two exchanges for any six of the words
following. you listed.
• Do you enjoy shopping? Why/ A: Could I try these shorts on?
Why not? B: Certainly. The fitting room is over there.
• How often do you go shopping?
Who with?
• Are there shopping centres in • Project
your town? Talk about them.
• Why do you think people Think of one item that your country is famous for. Then, find
prefer doing their shopping information and design a poster about it. Include: its history,
there rather than in the shops in how it is made, how it is used, where it is sold. Collect
their neighbourhood? pictures to decorate your poster.
115
 Beverages
Starters

Main Dishes

..... ................

Desserts
 .........•
. . . . EJ'
········
-·::::::::•
.
·::::::::I •

Vocabulary • Methods of Cooking

• Food
7 a) Match the cooking methods to the definitions.
ITIJ cook over boiling wa ter a roast
6 a) Name the foods, then put [I[] cook in th e oven w ithou t o il b grill
the food under the correct QI] cook in bo ilin g water c fry
headings . Add three more [!I] cook in the ove n w ith oil d poach
items to each list. [I[] cook in hot oi l e bake
~ cook gently in hot water f boil
[ZIJ cook ove r/under strong heat g steam

b) How are the following foods cooked in your country?

• chicken • toma toes • bread • fish • potatoes • apples

• steak • aubergines • carrots • eggs • rice • cheese

In my country, we usually eat either fried or grilled chicken.

• Cooking Utensils

8 a) Match the utensils to the verbs.

! I a c hop c bea t e stir g grate

b roll o ut d peel sieve
I
I
11
11

ro ll ing pin grater wooden sieve kni fe whisk

:I 1 spoon

b) Match the foods below to the utensils in Ex. Sa . Then,

l
i
make up sentences, as in the example.

[IT] eggs IT] potatoes

I
Il Meat/Poultry
I Fish/Seafood
Dairy Products
I
Fruit [I] herbs [[] flour
Vegetables
Cereals/Grains
Other

b) What foods are popular

in your country? What [QI] sou p
fruits/vegetables are grown
We use a rolling pin to roll
in your country? What are
out pastry.
your favourite foods?
118
 ·······
...........·. .
........
...........
..........
EJ..........
..........
• Tastes 11 Match items from columns A and B, then in
pairs, ask and answer, as in the example.
9 a) Match the adjectives to their opposites.
A B
[]]I] sweet ~ a under-cooked I 1 Ig Ihandful a flour
[I[] spicy b stole
121 Iknob b vinegar
QI] tasty c tasteless
I 3 I Ipinch c sugar
[![]fresh d sour
I 4 I Idash d sa lt
[IT] over-cooked e blond e butter
tIEclove
lump garlic
b) Which of the words above could you use 111 Icup g nuts
to describe the following? Make up
A: How many nuts does the recipe call for?
sentences, as in the example.
B: Just a handful.
l a lemon 4 on Indian curry
2 two-day-old bread 5 newly laid eggs
3 honey 6 boiled rice
• Project
A lemon tastes sour. Write a recipe for a traditional dish of your
country to be published in the school
magazine. Include the ingredients and the
10 a) Use the words to complete the recipe. method.
• pou r • chop • beat • bake • heat • peel
• fry • sli ce 12 (\ You will hear people talking in five
'different situations. For questions 1-5, choose
the best answer A, B or C.
2JdetfOnion and
Y/(ushroom Ome.klle You hear port of on interview on the radio .
Who is being interviewed?
• 1 teaspoon of olive oil • 3 eggs A a tour guide
• 112 litre of milk • 200 g mushrooms B a wa itress
• 1 medium-sized onion • fresh parsley or dill C a chef
• salt and pepper 2 At the supermarket you hear these people talking.
What hos the boy put in the bog?
A apples
• 1) .............................. the oven to 180 °C. B tomatoes
2) ........................... the mushrooms, then
3) ..... ...... ... ............ .... .... .. .. the onion and C tinned food
4) .............................. it into small pieces. 3 You hear this advertisement on the radio .
• Lightly 5) ..... .... ........ the mushrooms and What is being advertised?
onion in the olive oil in a pan. A a catering compa ny
• 6) ......................... the eggs, milk and the B a restaurant
herbs together and then add salt and pepper. C a banquet hall
• 7) ..................... the mixture into a baking 4 A man is talking on th e telephone.
dish and add the vegetables.
Who is he talking to?
• 8) ......... ............ ... for 30 minutes until the
A someone who works in a pizzeria
omelette is golden brown.
B a customer
C a family member
5 An employer is talking to his employees.
b) Use the linking words/phrases below to What kind of business does the man hove?
describe the recipe to a partner. A a butcher's shop
B a supermarket
• first• next • then • ofter that • finally C a restaurant
First heat the oven to l B0°C.
119

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -
- - -- - - -
---------- - .

• Idioms and Fixed Phrases

We use .............. / ............ ., .. . .. . ...... ..
with singular countable nouns.
13 a) Fill in: tea, apple, butter, horse. Then
2 We use .............. .. . with plural countable
explain the idioms in bold.
nouns and uncountable nouns in the
One serving of food is never enough for him affirmative .
because he eats like a .. . .... ....... ... ... . .. . .. .... . 3 We use ......... with plural countable nouns
2 He won 't have any problem with the competition and uncountable nouns in the negative and
for him it's like a hot knife through ...... .. ....... . interrogative.
3 She adores her baby brother, Mark . He's the 4 We use .................... for polite requests .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . of her eye .
4 Horror films aren't his cup of .. .. ........ . ........ . c) Use words from Ex. 14a to ask and
He prefers comedies. answer, as in the example.

b) Can you think of idioms that match the A: I'd like some coffee, please.
pictures? What do they mean? B: I'm sorry, there isn't any left, but there is some
orange iuice.
A: Okay.

• Quantifiers
Grammar Reference

15 Fill in: some, any, no, much, many, little or

few.
Grammar in Use
A: How ...................... apples do you need?
• Countable and Uncountable B: Oh, just a ......... .. ............................ ..
Nouns ~ 2 A: There are .. .. .. ... ...... potatoes left, but there
aren't ... .. ............... . carrots.
Grammar Reference
B: Well, I'll go to the shop and buy ........
14 a) Complete the table. How .................... .. .......... do we need?
3 A: We haven't got ............ . .. .. . .. . .. butter left.
• coffee • flour • rice • burger • salad • mea t I used it all yesterday.
• aubergine • spaghetti • pizza • butter • apple B: Why don't you use margarine instead?
• bread • orange juice • water • tea • egg 4 A: There were ................. tomatoes left at the
• sugar • sandwich • potato • tomato • berry greengrocer's this morning so I didn 't buy
• honey • mussel • salt• milk • biscuit• shrimp
B: That's alright. I think I've got .. . ............. . ..
Countable nouns: ...... .. .. .... .. . .. . .. . .. .. ..... . ..... . tinned tomatoes in the cupboard .
5 A: I think you added too ....... salt to this soup.
B: Do you think so? I only added a ........... ..
Uncountable nouns: coffee, . . ... ...................... .

• Containers

16 a) Fill in: packet, carton, iar, box, bar, bag,

b) Study the examples, then complete the bottle, fin, tube
rules.
1 a ....... .. ...... of crisps, sweets; 2 a .............. of
milk, orange juice; 3 a .... .. ..... . of soap , chocolate;
I've got an apple/some money. 4 a ........ : .. .. ........ of beans, tuna, pineapple; 5 a
I've got some bananas. .. .... .. . .... ... of rice, tea, spaghetti; 6 a ......... .
I haven 't got any berries/flour. of lemonade, tomato sauce; 7 a ............. .. of
Have you got any eggs/bread? marmalade, jam, coffee; 8 a ............ .. ...... of
Can I have some coffee, please? chocolates, cereal; 9 a ............... of sugar, flour;
10 a ... .. .. .. . ... of toothpaste, tomato paste
120
 ..........
.•........
. . ...
······
EJ·······
...........
.. .
..

b) Now ask and answer, as 1 Which sentence uses the to- infinitive/that- clause/-ing form?
in the example. 2 Which verbs have been used to introduce them?

A: Can I help you?

B: Yes, please. I'd like a packet 18 Match the sentences to the introductory verbs, then turn the
sentences into reported speech, as in the example.
of crisps and a carton of
orange juice. 1 "Stand to attention!" a agree
2 "Will you come to dinner? " b beg
• Game 3 "Alright. I' ll go to the supermarket." c accuse
4 'Tm sorry I hurt your feelings." d explain
In pairs, think of your
favourite recipe and the 5 "I'll definitely pick you up." e offer
ingredients you need to 6 "No, I didn't break the vase." f order
prepare it. You and your 7 "Please, please be careful." g apologise
partner act out a dialogue 8 "You ate all the chocolate cake." h promise
in front of the class as if you
9 "Would you like a cup of coffee?" invite
were making a shopping list
for this recipe. Students, in 10 "I didn't like the soup because it was too salty." deny
teams, try to guess what the l - f He ordered me to stand to attention.
dish is. The first team to
guess correctly is the
winner. 19 Rewrite the sentences below in reported speech using the
introductory verbs, as in the example.
A: Is there any flour in the
cupboard? • advise • invite • refuse • threaten • complain • encourage
B: No, I think I used it all. • promise • remind • warn • order
A: All right. What about
'Tm not going to wash the dishes!" said Thomas.
sugar? etc
Thomas refused to wash the dishes.
2 "Stop complaining or I'll leave," Betty said to him.
3 "I'll pick you up at the airport," he said .
• Reported Speech -
4 "My feet are sore," Paula said .
Special Introductory
5 "That knife is very sharp," Mum said to us.
Verbs
6 "Let's go to my house for lunch," she said to us.
Grammar Reference
7 "Don't forget to pay the rent ," Gary said to Bill.
17 Study the examples and
8 "Oh, come on! Come to the party," Ann said to Sue.
answer the questions.
9 "I think yo u should apply to this university," Dad said to me.
10 "Pick up those clothes," she said to me .
a "You should lose some
weight," he said to me.
He advised me to lose
some weight. 20 Rewrite the sentences in reported speech using the
appropriate introductory verb.
b "Let's go to that new
Italian restaurant," he said. "I'll give you a lift to school tomorrow," Ann said.
He suggested going to the 2 "Yes, I tore your new blouse," said Karen.
new Italian restaurant.
3 "I didn't take your pen," said Roger.
c "The restaurant will be
closed until further notice," 4 "I can't come to your party because I'll be away," she said to Jim.
she said to us. 5 "Let's eat at the Ashton restaurant tonight," he said to us.
She informed us that the 6 "Go to you r room immediately!" Dad said.
restaurant would be closed 7 "You must try this pie. It's delicious!" Fred said.
until further notice .
8 "Put your hands on your head!" the policeman sa id to the thief .
121
 ............
-.
..
..........
.......
·:::::::==
..
.
........ ...EJ
•

5 "If you don't clea n your room I

Grammar in Use won't let you go to the concert,"
said Dad .
• Open Cloze
stop Dad threatened .. ...

21 Read the text and think of the word that best fits each gap. Use ....... ........ .. to
only one word in each gap. There is an example (0) at the the concert if I didn't
beginning . clean my room.
6 "Don't forget to go to the post
office on your way home," said
John.
rem inded John .. . .. . .

. . . . . . the post office

Many ch ildren nowadays on my way home.
take a packed lunch to school
which more often 0) than not is
• Phrasa l verbs
packed with foods that contain 1)
... .. ......... . much fat, salt and sugar.
2) .. . ....... ..... .. . you encourage healthy
23 Fill in: on with, away with,
eating habits in your children now, 3) .. ... ... ..... .... will carry them through by, over, around, away
into adulthood. 4) ........ .. .. .. .. .. .. the same time, you will be helping them to from , ahead. Then explain
avoid diseases 5) ...... .. .. .. ... as heart disease, obesity and osteoporosis in the phrasal ve rbs in bold .
later life. You can do this 6) ...... .... .... .... making sure they eat a healthy,
nutritious lunch. I rea lly get on with my co-
The key to packing a nutritious and appetising lunch is to pack 7) ... ........ worke rs. In fact, we often go
... ............... variety of foods 8) ..... ... ..... .. ... the four main food groups. These out at th e weekends together.
are; grains, fruit and vegetables, milk products and meats. Choose whole grain 2 To get .. .. .. . . . . . in
bread 9) .. . ........... of white bread and dark green vegetables and fresh fruit advertis ing you have to work
when you can to include more vitamins and minerals; the 10) ......... .... ..... the ve ry long hours.
better. Also, choose low-fat milk and cheese and lean meats, poultry and fish so 3 I can get .. .. .. .. .. . ..... ... much
11) ... .... ... ... ..... you can cut down on fat. It is also a good idea to limit biscuits,
eas ier now I have my own car.
cakes, and sweets to reduce the amount of empty calories.
If you are short 12) ....... ........ .. .. .. .. ideas, try some of these healthy lunches. A
4 Too ma ny cr iminals these days
popular choice is an apple and tuna salad sandwich on wholemeal bread with a get . . . . . .. ... . the ir crimes.
cereal bar and a carton 13) ............ ... .. .... 100% fruit juice. 14) .... .. .. ..... . 5 Tom wen t to the coun tryside at
favourite is a banana and peanut butter sandwich, a small packet of raisins the weekend to get
and a bottle of mineral water. 15) ... ... .. .. ..... ... first, it may take a little extra the city.
time and effort, but later your whole family will feel the benefits. 6 It usua lly takes the elderly, a bit
longer to get ............... .
a bout of the fl u.
7 Ja ne is fi nding it very d ifficult to
I· • Key Word Transformations
get . .. ......... .
l 22 Complete the second sentence using the word in bold . You
on the money she ea rn s.

can use two to five words including the word given. Do not
change the word given. • Game

"I d idn 't eat the la st pi ece of cake ," he said. Choose a phrasal verb and
denied He .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . ...... ... .. . ... . ..... .. .. ... .. of cake. draw a picture about it. In

I 2 There aren 't man y appl es in the basket .

few There .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . . . .. .. .. . ...... appl es in th e basket.
teams, show your picture to
the class. The team which
3 He advised her to eat more fre sh fruit . makes a sentence using the
\l were If .. ... .. .. ... .. ........ .. .. .. . ... . .. . .. .. . eat more fres h fruit. phrasal verb illustrated gets
'I
4 There is onl y a little coffee left in the jar. one point. The team with the
much Th ere ... ..... .. ... .. .. .... .. . ....... .. .... . .. . .. ... .. ... in th e jar. most points is the winner.
122
 .·······. . ........
······
EJ·······
1:::::: ::
..
..

Listening & Speaking • Saying 'no' Politely

24 c\ You will hear a radio interview with a nutritionist. For 27 c\ a) Listen to the
exchanges. Which of them
questions 1-7 mark the statements as T (true) or F (false).
sound impolite?
l The letter 'E' and a three-digit number shows an additive.
2 E numbers we re introduced in Europe . b) In pairs, read the
3 Additives make food delicious. exchanges and underline
4 All flavourings have a spec ial number. the phrases the speaker uses
5 Few add iti ves are natural. to refuse politely.
6 The use of add itives is quite new.
7 Additives are harmless.
A: Wou ld yo u like to go
shopping tom o rrow?
B: I'm afraid I can't come with
25 a) John wants to lose weight. In pairs, decide which of the
you. I'm seeing my dentist.
foods/drinks in the pictures he should avoid eating and why,
2 A : How about having Chinese
as in the example.
food tonight?
B: Sorry, I'm not really fond of
C hinese.
3 A: Why don't we have a
barbecue on Sun day?
B: I'd rather not. I prefer to
relax at th e weeken d s.

c) Use the phrases below to

act out similar exchanges
for the prompts.

• I'm afraid I can't ...

A: I think John should avoid eating cheeseburgers and French • It's not really my idea of .. .
fries. They're much too fattening. • I don't really li ke ...
B: I agree. He 'd better eat ... • I'd rather not ...
• Thank you, but I .. .
b) In pairs, discuss the following: • I'm really fond of .. .
• Why do more and more people enioy eating iunk food?
• What do you cons ider to be a ba lanced diet? • see a film tonight
• Are ready-made meals healthy? Why/Why not? • take a wa lk
• go to the park

26 (\ You are going to listen to some people's opinions on • come to dinner

organic food. Match the speakers (1-4) to the sentences (A-E).

There is one sentence which does not match any of the • Intonation
speakers. (compound nouns)

A We should eat a mixture of organ ic and non-

organ ic food.
Speaker ITO 28 c\ Listen and underline the
syllable that is stressed .
B It is not always easy to find organic food in Speaker [ I ( J
Listen again and repeat.
shops. Speaker r u
C Some organic food may be less healthy than its Speaker ~ • tin opener
non-organic equivalent. • bread bin
D A fam ily can have a healthy diet without eating • take away
organic food. • coffee maker
E Organic food tastes better than non-organic • brown bread
food. • freshly squeezed
123
 ··········m
..
...·······
········
·······
..
::::.......
. . ..:::::1
.
•

Listening & Reading

29 Describe the
picture. What do
the people in the Can you imagine a day when
picture suffer from? you will be able to buy a tomato
an illness? a water the size of a grapefruit or a
strawberry the size of a tennis
shortage? famine?
ball? Believe it or not, that day is
much closer than you may think.
Nowadays, with so much research being done
into Genetically Modified foods, or GM foods,
~
,,. it's very possible that in the very near future our
10 whole way of eating will change.
30 Look at the chart? What do the percentages Research and development into GM foods is
tell you? Can you suggest reasons for the not merely concerned with increasing the size
figures in the chart? of food products. It is also aimed at producing
1996/98 2015 2030
foods which will help fight disease, be resistant
to insects and parasites, and boost the
Sub-Saharan Africa 186 34°0 184 22% 165 15%
medicinal L CIYSHiie already found in fruits and
Near East/North Africa 3a 10% 38 8% 35 6% vegetables. In the US, for example, potatoes
Latin America/Caribbean 55 11% 4 7% 32 5% have been modified in such a way that they
China and India 348 16% 195 7% 98 3% now contain a protein from the Hepatitis B virus.
Other Asia 16d 19% 114 10% 70 5% 20 The protein itself is armless\ but it helps the
Total, Developing Countries 791 18% 576 10% 400 6%
immune system recognize the virus as soon as
it enters the body. In this way the body can
millions of people undernourished begin fighting the disease before it has had a
chance to establish itself. Similar research is
pe rcentage of population undernourished
being conducted on bananas in the fight
against cholera.
31 Which of the following might be the best Some developments have already had very
solution to the problem? successful results. For instance, it has been
found that by using modified crops as animal
• production of larger-sized foodstuffs 30 feed, the animals are not only healthier, but are
• production of foods which can fight disease far better protected against deadly arasites.
• improvement of traditiona l farming methods Other GM foods help people fight disease and
• re sea rch and development of GM foods live longer. There is a margarine made from
genetically modified corn which helps reduce
32 C\ What kinds of GM foods do you think the risk of heart attack by lowering cholesterol
in the blood. Researchers say that very soon
have been developed so far? Tick (.!), then
they will have developed a potato which
listen and check if your answers are correct.
requires very little oil during frying and an
l tomatoes as big as grapefruit onion which will help stop the blood from
2 potatoes that fight disease 40 clotting. People who are at risk from heart
attacks will benefit from both these
3 large bananas
developments.
4 margarine that lowers cholestero l If the advantages of GM foods are so
5 potatoes that need less oi l for frying obvious, why is it that so many people in the
6 onions that stop blood from clotting West, especially in Europe, object to the idea of
7 long lasting apricots
8 poisonous tomatoes

33 a) Read the article about GM foods. For questions 1-5, choose the best answer, A, B, C or D.

Scientists hope GM foods will 2 Some people are not in favour of GM foods
A cure illnesses. because they
B destroy parasites. A aren 't natural.
C help fight disease. B require more cooking time.
D be a source of animal feed. C spoil quickly.
D create food shortages.
124
 .
·........
·· ·
EJI........
•........
11!5:::: ::
GM foods? Could it be that many people feel that 4 Foods produced in the traditional way
nature is being interfered with and believe it is A cou ld offer a solution to food shortages.
harmful to do so? Or, could it simply be fear?
B go bad too quickly.
Many people think that GM foods have been
50 iosuffici~y tested and are unwilling to put their
C are c hea per than GM foods .
faith in them until evidence shows that they D contain additives.
present absolutely no health risk.
5 The w riter believes th a t in the future
It must be said, however, that the majority of
those who are against GM foods are neither living A people w ill ha ve a delicious new diet.
in countries which suffer from food shortages, nor B people w ill be allowed to eat GM foods.
facing starvation. Many scientists believe that C people ma y c ha ng e their minds about GM
without GM foods, the Third World will never foods.
overcom its food problems. At present, over one D mo re people w ill campaign against GM
billion people live on less than one dollar a day.
foods .
tJ) The United Nations hopes that within the next
fifteen years this number will be cut in half. They
b) Read the article again and explain the
know, however, that this will not happen if food
continues to be produced in the conventional words in bold, then, find synonyms for the
manner. Foods produced by traditional farming highlighted words.
methods do not last very long and often spoil
during transport. Many times, food sent by the c) Can you suggest another title for the
West to countries suffering from famine, rots article?
before it reaches its destination. Now, scientists

70
have found ways to preserve foods for much
longer. For example, they have developed a
34 a) Fill in the correct word from the list, then
choose any five and make up sentences
preservative made from vitamins and minerals
which can keep even cut fruit fresh for up to ten using the completed phrases.
days if refrigerated.
• farming • health • medic inal • food
Despite this, there are still people that believe
agricultural research should be moving in a • animal • hea rt • negati ve • successful
different direction. They accept that there is no • immune • deadly
real proof that GM foods are dangerous,
1 ..... ...... ... qualities 6 .. .... .. ........ . attack
however, they believe that the solutions that GM
foods provide are short-term and that it is 2 ..... .. .. . .. . ... . system 7 ..... .... . . . risk
80 necessary to find longer-lasting and natural 3 .. .... ........... results 8 ............ . sho rtag es
means to solve the world's food problems. 4 ... .. .... ......... feed 9 .. .... . .. . .. . methods
It is well-known that people are resistant to 5 . parasites 10 .... . ......... opinio ns
change. It may sound silly now, but in the
nineteenth century it was believed that tomatoes b) Fill in: at, to, in, of, with, or from, then
were poisonous and in New York people were not
choose any five and make up sentences.
allowed to eat them. When a man named Colonel
Robert Johnson announced he was going to eat th e size ..... .. .. . sth ; 2 .... .. ... the future; 3 to be
a whole bag of them, two thousand people came aimed .......... ; 4 to be resistant .. ....... ; 5 to protect
to watch what they thought would be his certain
..... . .. .. sth; 6 to suffer .. .. .. . . .. sth ; 7 to move
90 death. As we know, Johnson proved them wrong
and we now enjoy tomatoes as a delicious part of ... . ... ... a direction; 8 a bag ..... .. ... sth
our diet. Perhaps the same will happen with the
negative opinions about GM foods and they too
will come to be accepted, even by those who are ,Speaking
so actively campaigning against them.
c) Are you in favour of GM foods? Why/
Why not?

• Project
3 Th e ma jority of people w ho do not agree w ith
GM foods Write down all the foods you eat during one
A li ve in poor countries. day, then say which ones are healthy and
B have plenty of food . which ones are unhealthy. Compare your list
C are starving . with your classmates. Then, design a healthy
D have food problems. eating plan for a family of four for one week.
125
 : \. .. ·····•• '
·..·······•
········m
.........
·::::::::=
...

Writing
. (a narrative
1 Who is going to read your article?
2 Tick (.I) the subjects you should include.
descriptive article of a .. .. .. location; .... .. type of goods; . . . . . prices; ...... how to get
visit to a place) there; ...... atmosphere
3 How many paragraphs will your article have?
4 What tenses will you use?
When we write an article 5 In which paragraph would you include your recommendation?
describing a visit to a place we
usually write four paragraphs. 36 a) The paragraphs in the article below are not in the correct
In the first paragraph we give order. Read the article and number the paragraphs correctly,
background information saying then underline all the adjectives and adverbs in the article.
the name and location of the
place and why we chose to go
there.
In the second paragraph
describe the general appearance
of the place.
we
rn Strolling along the many stalls of this colourful and culturally
diverse street market, I soon realised it would be impossible to leave this
In the third paragraph we place empty-handed. Dozens of brightly-dressed traders were selling a vast
describe the place in more detail . range of goods. There were exotic fruit and vegetables, handmade clothes,
We can include details about beautifully crafted jewellery and much more. Behind the stalls, cafes offered
what we can see, hear, smell, feel freshly ground coffee and were playing loud music which instantly gave an
and taste.
In the last paragraph we give our rn
upbeat feel to the place.
After I finished my shopping for the day, I had to drag myself away
carrying lots of heavy bags but feeling quite pleased with myself. Should you
personal comments, general
ever find yourself in Amsterdam, make sure you pay a visit to this fantastic
opinion and say whether or not
market. The combination of a lively atmosphere, delicious food and
we would recommend it and why.
traditional goods makes this an experience not be missed.
Articles like this are found in
magazines, or as parts of letters
nCl When I arrived, the market had just opened, but the hustle and
~of shoppers, traders, tourists and even street musicians had already
or stories . We normally use past
started. There was lots of noisy chatter around and the place was jumping
tenses although we use the
with life. The delicate fragrance of freshly cut flowers was like perfume and
present tense to talk about the
they came in all possible colours, which made the whole place look bright
location. To make our article more
and festive. As I wandered along, looking at the freshly baked cakes and
interesting we can use a variety of smelling the mouth-watering aromas of the many sweet and savoury pies, I
adjectives and adverbs in our , suddenly realized how hungry I was. When I sampled some, they tasted
description. delicious.
,I I I d 1 discovered an amazing, traditional street market while on holiday
C in Amsterdam last year. With its huge variety of goods for sale and its lively
• Analysing the Rubric £ atmosphere, the Albert Cuyp street market stands out from all the others.
£ It is situated in one of the oldest and most characteristic parts of the city
35 Read the rubric below and ~' which adds to its charm and it never fails to attract numerous local and
underline the key words. c& .. .;;,.,.,..,__ .;;.~
.•
Then, answer the questions
that follow.
b) What senses does the writer refer to in the article? In
You work for a tourist
which paragraphs are they mentioned? Give examples.
magazine and your editor
has asked you to write an
article describing a street 37 Fill in words from the article, then make up sentences using
market you have visited. the completed phrases.
Write your article including
1 ........ .... ........ ....... .. . food 5 .... .. .. .. .... ... .. ... .... aromas
I I
a detailed description of the
place and why you
2 ..... ..... .... ... ... ......... music 6 .. .......... . .. . .. .. . .... . .. goods
3 . .... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .... fragrance 7 .. .. .. .. . .... .. ... . .... .... . .. fruit
recommend it.
I I 4 .. .... ...... .. .... ... .... .... . bags 8 .. .. ... . .. . .... ... . atmosphere
II 126
 .......
.......... .
........
······
EJ······ .. ..
'

::::::: :: .
. ..

• Use of the Senses • Discuss & Write

38 a) Match the sentences ( 1-6) to the pictures 40 a) Read the rubric and underline the key
(A-C). What does each phrase in bold refer words. Then answer the questions that
to: sight, smell, sound, touch or taste? follow.

Your teacher has asked you to write an article

describing a visit to your favourite ·restaurant.
Write your article for the school magazine
describing your visit in detail and say why
you recommend it.

l W hat is the reason for w riting ?

2 W ho w ill read yo ur article?
3 How man y paragraphs should you wri te?
4 In w hich paragraph w ill you include yo ur
recommendati on?
5 What titl e wou ld yo u give you r article?

b) Use your answers from Ex. 40a and your

answers from the plan below to write your
1 The soft lighting gave the restaura nt a warm glow. article. You can use the article in Ex. 37a as
2 The brightly-lit interior gave the restaurant a a model.
lively atmosphere.
3 The light salty breeze from the sea ke pt us coo l
as we enjoyed our barbecue .
4 The breathtaking view added to our enjoyment
of the mea l. Introduction
5 The mouth-watering flavour of th e roa st beef (Para 1) Where is the restaurant? What
dinner was unforgettable. type of restaurant is it? What is .it
6 The air was filled with the busy chatter of the called?
customers and music from th e sound system. Main Body
(Para 2) What was your overall
b) Think of one more sentence to match impression?
each picture . Use one of the senses. (Para 3) What features does it have?
What could you see, hear,
• Recommending
smell? How was the food?
Conclusion
39 Which of the following are positive/ (Para 4) What is your general opinion of
negative? In pairs, think of recommendations the restaurant? Would you
for the restaurants A and C in Ex. 38. recommend it? Why?
If you are ever in the area, make sure that you visit
this unique restaurant. It wil l be an experience you
won' t easily forget.
2 Although the waiters were friendly and courteous, 41 Read the sentences. What do they mean?
the food was just not w hat we had expected.
3 A combination of fast, friendly service, reasonable •
prices and great food make Di no's a restau rant I rJl G
you will want to visit time and time again.
• You are w hat you eat.
4 For a dining experience a little out of the ordinary,
• Eat to li ve, not live to eat.
yo u can't beat D'Angelo's. The great music, lively
• Appetite co mes w ith ea tin g.
atmosphere and delicious vegetarian cuis ine will
• Hunger is the best sauce.
give you and your friends a night to remembe r.
127
 . .m1EJ
······•
..~ ;~giiil •
•
z era recp

a rat Island
RM Ba ll antyne (1825-94) was bo rn in
Scotland and t ravelled to many
countries, includ ing Canada, France,
Italy · and Algeria. Ba ll antyne's
experiences ab road led him to start -~--- by R.M. Ballantyne
writ in g stories. Hi s most famo us
novel is Coral /sand whic h he wrote in
~ 1858. It is t he story of t hree boys who " Well, we must hurry and rejoin P eter ki n," said
get shipwrecked on the Coral Islands of t he J ack. "I t's getting la te." And, with out fu rther
South Seas. The boys have to learn to survive
and overcome many dangers. Ballantyne wrote remark , we threaded our wa y qu ickl y through the
over eighty nove ls altogeth er, all of whi ch we re woods to wa rds the shore. When we reached it, we
extremely popu lar including Ungava, Deep found wood laid out, the fi re lighted and beginning
Down, The Dog Crusoe and The Young Fur
to burn, but Pete rk in was nowhere to be found. W e
Traders.
thought this rather st range, but Jack suggested that
he might have gone to fetch water. He gave a shout
42 a) Read the biography and the title of
the extract. What type of novel is
to let him know tha t we had arrived, and sat down
upon a rock, while I threw off my jacket and seized
Coral Island? What dangers do you the axe, intending to split up one or two pieces of
think the boys had to overcome? wood. I h ad hardly moved from the spot when, in the

c\ b) Listen to the extract and check

your guesses.
distance, we heard a loud shout. "Hurrah!" shouted
Peterkin. We turned quickly towa rds where the
sound had come from a nd soon sa w Peterkin walking
along the beach towa rds us with a little rabbit.

43 a) Read the extract and answer the

questions (1-5). Choose the best
"Well done, my boy!" exclaimed Jack, slapping
him on the shoulder when he came up, " you're the
answer A, B, C or D. best shot amongst us." "Look here Jack!" cried
Peterkin. "Do you recognise that hole? " "And are
W hat has Peterkin bee n d o ing? you familiar with this arrow, eh?" "Well, I say!" said
A hu nti ng Jack. "Y es, you always do," interrupted Peterkin;
B spli ttin g wood 'but, please, be quiet for a while, and let's have
C fetc hing wa ter supper, for I'm terribly hungry, I ca n tell you." We
now set about preparing supper; a nd, truly, a good
D w alkin g al o ng th e bea c h
variety of food we had, when it was all laid out on a
2 W hy does Peterkin th ink th a t o th e r flat rock in the light of the blazing fire.
peo pl e have lived o n th e isla nd ? There was, first of a ll, the rabbit; then there was the
A H e fo und so me sugar-ca ne. taro-root, and the yam, and the potato, and six plums.
To these Peterkin added a bit of sugar-cane, which he
B Th e sugar-cane patc h w a s square .
had cut from a little patch of it that he had found;
C H e saw so me sa va ges.
"and," said he, "the patch was somewhat in a square
D He saw some men p la nting sugar-ca ne .

3 Th e boys ' sup per was

A famili ar.
B q uiet. 5 Peterkin sa id th a t
I C varied. A th e food was better on the ship.

I D fl at. B th e supper was better than the food on the ship .

C he was worr ied about becoming greedy.
II 4 Th e ya m was
A an ova l sha pe.
D Jack was greedy.

11 B a g reyish co lo ur.
1I
C like a n Iri sh po tato. b) Explain the words in bold, then suggest
synonyms for the highlighted words .
II D alm ost ro und.

II 128
 Revision & Extension
a) In pairs, write three more words for
each category.
Food
form, which convinces me it must have been
Q ua lity fres h, rotten, . . . . .. .. . . . . ... . .. . . . .
planted by man." "Very like! y," replied Jack.
"From all we have seen, I'm beginning to C on ta in ers packet, tin, ... . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . ....

think that some of the savages must have lived Tas tes bitter, sweet, .. .. .. . . . .. . . . ... . . .
here long ago." While the food was cooking,
Types mea t, vegetables, .. .. . . . . . .. . . . .
we scraped a hole in the sand and ashes under
the fire, into which we put our vegetables, and b) In pairs, use one word from each
covered them up. category to make up short exchanges,
The taro-root was of an oval shape, about as in the example.
ten inches long. It was of a grey colour, and
had a thick rind. We found it somewhat like A : Could I have a packet of crisps, please?
an Irish potato, and really very good. The yam B: Certainly, sir. Here you are.
was roundish, and had a rough brown skin. It
was very sweet and tasty. The potato, we were 46 a) In pairs, complete the dialogue.
surprised to find, was delicious, as were the
1:
plums; and, indeed, the meat too, when we I
came to taste them. Altogether this was
decidedly the most luxurious supper we had
enjoyed for many a day; and Jack said it was
out-of-sight better than we ever got on board
ship. Peterkin said he feared that if we should
remain long on the island he would surely
become either a glutton or a gourmet: whereat
Jack remarked that he need not fear
that, for he was Both already! A: Where was the photo .... . ..... . .. ........ ?
And so, having eaten our fill, B: I th ink ........... ............. .. .. ............. .
not forgetting to finish A: What can . ......... . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . ..... ?
off with a plum, we laid B: Well , ....... . ... . . ....... ............ . ..... . .. .
ourselves comfortably A: What ty pe of fo od ...... . . .. .. .............. ?
down to sleep upon a B: Let's see . There 's .. . .. . .. . .. .. ... . . .. .. . ... . . .
couch of branches A: Have yo u eve r been .... ... ................ ?
under the overhangin
ledge of a coral rock.
B: ······ ·· ··············· ·· ······ ···· ····· ····· ·· ·
A: What's yo ur fa vou rite ........ . . . . ..... . .. . . ?
B: I'd have to say ....... . ..... ... . . . . . . .. . ... . .
b) Act out a dialogue based on the
picture, similar to that in Ex. 46a .

,Speaking

44 a) Read the extract again and underline the

adjectives used to describe the food, the taro- c) In pairs, discuss the following:
root, the yam, the potatoes and the plums. • What d o young people in your
co un try enjoy eating? Why?
b) Read the extract again and give a short
• Do yo u prefer ho me-cooked or ta ke-
summary of the text.
away food?
129
 Units 7 - 8

4 The fridge is empty.

Vocabulary & Grammar nothing The_re ................... . .................. .
1 Fill in the correct word.
5
the fridge.
That's the hairdresser's where they cut Sue's hair.
1 Can I have .................. more coffee, please? had Sue ................ . ......... .
2 Cheeseburgers and French .............. are iunk food. at that hairdresser's.
(70 marks)
3 Can you buy me a ................. of crisps?
4 Are you ............ . .... . to order, sir?
Listening
5
6
7
Excuse me, do you have this shirt . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . red?
He .................. going out for dinner.
She specialises . ... .... ..... ..... American poetry.
4 c\ Listen to a conversation between a man and a
woman and mark the statements T (true) or F (false).
8 He ...... ... . ........ me he would go shopping.
The man thinks that his parents' wedding
9 How . . . . . . . . . . . . .. sugar would you like in your
anniversary was a disaster.
coffee?
2 The restaurant ran out of chocolate mousse.
10 Bill his car repaired by a mechanic
3 The manager offered all the guests a free
yesterday.
{JO marks} hotel room for the weekend.

2 Circle the correct item.

4
5
The man's parents enioyed the music.
The woman agrees they had fun at Sarah
You should find a way to .......... your fears. and John's reception.
A interfere B overcome C beat D resist 6 The woman is worried that there might be
2 That skirt fits like a ... ..... .. . a problem with the food.
A glove B shoe C belt D tie (72 marks)
3 Can I please ... ....... . on this blouse? Speaking
A wear B put C fit D try
4 There are a lot of strange herbs on ... . ....... in the
5 Complete the exchanges.

market. A: What .............. ......................... ... .... with?

A show B display C the spot D purpose B: I'll have the vegetable soup.
5 She looked so miserable, I really ...... ..... for her. 2 A: Would you like to go window shopping tomorrow?
A fit B got C felt D fell B I'm . . . . . ... . . . . ... . .. .. . . .. I'm working late.
3 A: How .......... . ........................ ?
6 I'm afraid that the supplies won't ........... very long.
B: By credit card, please.
A preserve B go C last D keep
4 A: Is . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . with it, sir?
7 The criminal didn't manage to get ........ with his crime. B: Well, yes. The strap is broken.
A on B away C along D up (8 marks}
8 I can't eat this bread. It's ...
A bland B greasy C mild D stale 6 Tom is visiting relatives for the weekend. In
pairs, discuss what the best present would be for:
9 Can I have a ........... of sugar, please?
A lump B knob C pinch D clove • his uncle (aged 35) • his aunt (aged 32)
10 ........... the onions, then cut them into small pieces. • his cousins (girl 14) (boy l l)
A Slice B Chop C Peel D Beat
(20 marks}

3 Use two to five words to complete the second

sentence using the word in bold.

"If I were you, I'd ioin a gym," Paul said to Ann.

to Paul . .... .................................. .
a gym.
2 "I'm not watching that film again," she said.
watch She .............................. that film again.
3 He doesn't like computer games.
interest He ............... .
.......... .. . .. ...... ... ... .. computer games. (70 marks}

130
 Units 7 - 8

3 What does the reader learn about Fred from the article?
Reading A He wou ld like to own a street stall.

7 Read the text and choose one correct answer. B He wan ts to travel aga in.
C He prefers to work night shift.
My Meals o n W heels D He is p roud of his business.
4 How did he put his business ideas into practice?
Looking back on things now, perhaps my being a 'van-vendor' A With money loaned by his friends.
or a mobile canteen owner was meant to be. I've pretty much B Through purchasing and renovating a van.
always been on the road. My father's work involved moving C By enrolling in a cooking course.
around a lot, so by the time I was fifteen, I had been to six D By red esigning his kitchen . (15 marks)
different schools! When I was at college studying Hospitality, I
began to work part-time for a programme called 'Meals On
Wheels'.
Writing (a letter of compla int)
I was a volunteer who drove a van stocked with prepared
food. I handed out the food to various elderly or ill people who
8 You recently went shopping at 'Zarks' . On
delivery, some of the products were damaged .
couldn't prepare meals for themselves. The meals were really You decide to write a letter of complaint to the
good. All well prepared, with hygiene and nutrition taking priority, manager. Use the plan and the notes to write
and people even had choices of vegetarian, diabetic or particular your letter ( 120-1 80 words).
types of ethnic cuisine.
I had to stop working there when I got a full-time job for a
Plan
catering business I learnt many tricks of the food trade there as
well, but my goal was to become my own boss. I didn't have Introduction
enough money to open up a restaurant though, and I was still (Para l) state problem (date - products damaged)
young and unsure of exactly what I wanted to do. Ma in Body
A trip to Japan was the inspiration for my current mobile food (Para 2) wooden table - wrong type -scratched
business. I loved trying the variety of foods at the 'yatai' or street (Para 3) glasses - some cracked/some wrong pattern
stalls. One of the owners told me that 'yatai' actually means 'a Conclusion
cart with a roof', and I even saw some of these traditional food (Para 4) ask for replacement or refund
pushcarts being towed around. What I also saw were the modern
(15 marks)

let's $ingl ~lol-100~"')

equivalents, large vans that had been converted into mobile
kitchens with a large serving window in their side. Customers
would line up by the dozens to buy their range of offerings .
When I came back home, that was it - I finally knew exactly
what I was going to do. I bought an old van, got it customized by
a carpenter friend of mine and then by a plumber. My van ended
up with benches, cupboards, a microwave, fridge and sink and a
9 c\ ""
Listen and fill in. Listen aga in a nd sing .
Spend ing Power
huge sign proudly sporting 'Fred's Food to You'. I applied to the Walking down the From buying more and more
council for the relevant permits and in no time my business was up l) ..... ... ......... street A huge shopping centre
and running! Shop windows all aglow Is a paradise for me
I visit large companies and factories from early morning The 2) inside And I can 't 6) ......... .. ..... .
through to the afternoon selling sandwiches, fish and chips, cakes cal l to me the chance
and more. I don't even advertise, as 'word of mouth' has my And I just can't say no To have a shopping spree
Maybe I'll see some trousers
business flourishing. At night, I double up as a burger and pie
Or a 3) . . . of shoes I know I spend too much
stand in front of clubs. I open when I please and close when I
And I'll just have to buy them money .. .
want. My customers know me by name and I know most of them.
I never can 4 ) .
Good food and service, that's what people want and that's what It's not materialism
I'm about. I know I spend too much money And I wouldn 't call it greed
But it makes me so happy to But I can 't 7) .. ...
What is the writer's main purpose for writing the article? shop buying things
A To talk about his travels in Asia. Though I'm happy to have Which I don 't really need
B To explain how he got a college diploma. spending power I'm always buying useless things
C To explain how he got into the food trade. I w ish I had the pow er to stop Just because they're there
Like 8) . . . I'll never use
D To advertise the services of his carpe nter friend.
If I see a market And clothes I'll never wear
2 What was Fred's goal? Or a department store
A To work independently. It's hard to 5) . . . . . . . . .. I know I spend too much
B To learn more about preparing food. myself money ...
C To have a good employer.
D To own a restaurant and make money.
 + Before you start ...
What kind of clothes do you like wearing? Why?
How often do you go shopping for clothes? Where?
Is there a street market in your town? Talk about it.
What's your favourite food? How often do you eat it?

+ Listen, read and talk about. ..

Just for the .; :~

;
fun of itl
UNIT
• sports & qualities
• leisure activities
• entertainment
• hobbies

132
 1 Module 5
Breaking Units 9-10 1
+ Learn how to ...
news! • make suggestions • give advice
• express preferences • ask for information

UNIT •
•
book a ticket
give opinions
• demand explanations

• the press/ newspapers

• radi o + Practise ...
• TV
• conditionals Type 2 & 3
• disasters
• wishes & regrets
• wciuld rather
• future perfect
• future perfect continuous
• linking words/phrases
• qu.antifiers (both; neither; either; all; none;
each; every)

+ Phrasat verbs
• hit
• hold
• keep
• knock
• look

+ Write
• an article about an event you
have attended
• a set of rules
• a biography
• a proposal report

133
 .· ........
........ 9
·······
...........
... ······••
. .........
Vocabulary • Qualities

• Sports 8 Fill in the correct word .

6 C:\ a) Listen and complete the table, then make up

• co mpetitive • co-opera tive
• accu rate • daring • careful
sentences, as in the example .
• supple • patient • agile
Sport I Place Equipment
An archer needs to be
1 golf course cl ubs, ball, . .. . .. . ...... . ..
...... in order to hit the
2 ...... ......... range bow, a rrows, . . . .. . .......... ce ntre of the target.
3 c ri cket . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ba t, pads, . . . ............. , ball 2 A gymnast needs to be
I ..... .. . .. ...... so th at he can
4 tab le tennis . ... . . ...... tab le, .. . . . .. • . • . . . . . I ba ts, ba ll
comp lete co mp li cated routines .
5 .. .. .. ... ... .. slope ski s, .. . .. .. ..... . . , sk i boots 3 A c rickete r needs to be
6 fenc ing . ... . . . . .. .. .. . . . ...... . . .. . . . pa d ded jacket, . ... .. .. ...... .. ... so that he can
fenc in g breec hes, gloves, play as a member of a team.
. .. . . . .. . . 4 A football player needs to be ..
. .............. .. .. .... . in order to
We play golf on a golf course using clubs, a ball and tees .
bea t th e other team.
b) What do we call the people who play these sports? 5 A fishe rma n needs to be ...
.. .. .. .. .. ... ... because he may
golf ---+ golfer
have to wa it fo r a long time
7 Match the sports to the pictures . Then use the adjectives to before he ca tches a fish.
talk about the sports, as in the example. 6 A fe ncer needs to be ... .. .
. .. .... in order to avoid
• squash • kayaking • w in dsurfin g • karate • ho rse rid in g
the ir competi tor's sword .
• bu ngee jumping • footba ll • curl ing • fishi ng • snowboardin g
7 A b ungee jumper needs to be
- -~ ~--_
-;. ......... .. .. . ... because he has
to jump from very high places.
8 A sk ie r need s to be ..... ...... .
. . . . . . . so th a t he doesn't run
2 3 4 into other peop le on the slopes.

• Le isure Ac tivities

9 a) Match the verbs to the

5 6 ........ .. .. .. . 7 8 activities. Then add two
more items to each
category.

Verb Activities

9 10 ... ... .. ...... . . co ll ect tennis, golf,

\
. . ...... .... . ... . ..
• exciting • cha lleng in g • thrill ing • relax in g • da ngerous watc h swimming , jogging ,
• competitive • risky • exha ustin g • nerve-rack ing • en joyab le . . . . . .................
I
• de manding • frig htening • peaceful p lay stamps, shells,
A: I'd love to try windsurfing. ... . . ...... . . . . . . . . .

B: Really? Why's that? go models, a cake,

A: It looks really exciting. Don 't you agree? . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. ···· ·

B: Actually, I don 't think I'd like to try windsurfing. It looks too do a fil m, TV,
dangerous for me . · ··········· ....

A : Which sport would you like to try, th en? make karate, a crossword ,
B: Horse riding ... etc . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .......

136
 m. . . ..
..........
••........
•.........
••........
•........
b) Use the vocabulary from Ex. 9a and the [IDflying trapeze, performi ng an imals, fu nny clowns
usefu l language below to ask and answer, as [ I [ J l ive mu sic, deafenin g sound , latest hits
in the exam ple.
[l[J huge screen, sound effects, special effects
Making suggestions Agreeing/ d isag reeing [A[]ta lented pe rformers, co lo urful costumes,
• Why don't we ... ? • Tha t's a good/ grea t/ enterta ining numbers
fantast ic idea. [20th rillin g rid es, exc itin g ro llercoa ster
• How/What about ... ? • Sure, why not.
• Let's... ? • I don 't really fee l like it. b) Use the words/phrases above to make up
• I think we should ... • Tha t sou nds in terestin g/ sentences about each form of entertainment,
great/ boring ... etc as in the example.
• We could always . • It's a good idea, but .
! love going to amusement parks because I can go
I (don't) really like ...
on all the thrilling rides.
A: Why don 't we play golf th is afternoon ?
8: I don 't really feel like it. ,Speaking
A: We ll, we could always watch TV.
8: That's a good idea.
11 Use the phrases below to ask and answer,
• Ente rta inmen t as in the example.

10 a) Label the pictures (A-E) and match them .to

•
•
What/ How about. .. 7
I (don't) fan cy/ li ke/en jqy ....
the words in the list (1-5) .
• I'd prefer/ rather ...
• amusement park • co ncert • circus
• cinema • theatre
A: What would you like to do tonight?
8: How about going to the cinema?
A : I don 't fancy the cinema. I'd prefer to go to
the amusement park.
B: That sounds good.

• Game

One student chooses a sport or leisure activity

and says a sentence. In teams, try to guess
what the sport/leisure activity is. Each correct
guess gets one point. The team with the most
points is the winner.

Team A 51 : I'm using a ball.

Team B 51 : Are you playing basketball?
Team A 51 : No, I'm not. etc
 . ....... 9
.........
.............
.
.....•.
... .......
.
.

Grammar in Use 14 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct

tense, as in the example .
• Idioms and Fixed Phrases
A: Look ! W hat a lovely dress!
12 Fill in: throw, iumped, ball, swing, B: If I had (had) th e money, I would buy (buy) it.
skating, swims. Then explain the 2 A: Why did you miss the start of the game?
idioms in bold. B: If yo u ....................... (tell) me w hat time it
started, I . . . . . . . . (be) on time.
The . . ......... .. . is in your court, now.
3 A: It's the fin als tomorrow!
You' ll have to decide wha t to do .
B: If you ........ ...... . . . (not/ remind)
2 His behaviour is going to get him into
me, I ........... . .. (forget) all about it.
seri ous troub le; he is really ..... ... . .. .
4 A: Oh dear - we lost!
on thin ice.
B: If Pete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (play), we
3 Don't . . . . . . . in the towel th ere's
··········· ............ ... .. ... . ........ (win) !
still time to score two goa ls and draw the
5 A: I need to get in shape.
match.
B: If I ....... .... .. .. . .... (be) you , I
4 John always . . . ......... against the tide
........... ............ ...... (join) a gym.
and never does what everyo ne else does.
5 Jill .... .... ... .... the gun and started ea ting
before everyone was sea ted. 15 Complete the sentences using a type 2 or
6 Work in g here isn't easy, but once yo u get type 3 conditional.
into the . . . . .... . of it you' ll rea lly
start to enj oy it. l If he kicked the ball into the goal, ..... ... ..... . .
2 If Pete was free ,
• Conditionals Type 2 and 3 If I were yo u, . . . ... ....... .. .... ............... .
4 If you had asked me, ..... . .... .... .
Type 3
5 If it hadn 't been rain ing today, .. ... .
G rammar Reference
6 If yo u hadn't dropped the ball, .... .... .......... .
13 a) Read the sentences (A-D) and match them
to their explanations (1-4). Then say what
kind of conditional each is.
16 Read the speech bubbles and make
sentences, as in the example.
A If I had a yac ht, I wo uld
trave l around the world . / If I had studied, I
B If you had stud ied
harder, you wou ldn 't I didn 't study so I wouldn 't have Failed
have fail ed your fa;I ~ my finals .
exams.
C If I were you, I
3
2 I forgot to pay the
would train eve ry
bill. I didn't have
day.
I love film s so I
D If you hadn 't told me , anye~
often go to the
I wou ld never have _,,/"
cinema.
found out.
~ 5
[IDunrea l situation contrary to the fa cts in th e We can' t go for
4 a drive because the
present
/
[lI]gi ving advice
[IDan imaginary situation contrary to the facts in
the pa st
I couldn't play
tenni s because I
-
car has a flat ~

-
[!Dexpressing reg ret or criti cism sprained my ~ I visit the museum
every Sunday
b) Make up four similar sentences about because ~
yourself, giving the explanation for each 6
conditional.
138
 · · ·
m······· ·
•........
······
······ ...
... .
11:::::::
...

• Wishes & Regrets • Would Rather - to express

Grammar Reference preferences
17 a) Read the sentences. Which refers to: the
Grammar Reference

present? the past? 20 a) Use the correct form of spend to complete

the sentences, as in the example.
1 If on ly I had a brother.
I'd rathe r spend th e weeke nd o utdoo rs th o n stay
2 I w ish I were talle r
at ho me.
3 I wish I hadn 't lost my purse.
4 I wis h I could speak Russian.
2 I'd rather . .. . . ... .. .. ... ..... ...... . la st weekend at
the beach.
b) Which sentences: wish for things to be 3 I'd rather Stan . .... .......... . .. his free time
different in the present? express regret about more creatively.
things that happened or did not happen in 4 I'd ra th er Stan ......... . ... . .. . . .. . ..... hi s free time
the past? Write similar sentences about watc hing TV last night.
yourself.
b) Which of the sentences in Ex. 20a refer to
18 Read the sentences and make wishes/ express the present or future? Which refer to the past?
regret about them, as in the example. Compare sentences 1 and 3. Who is the
subject of spend? Who is the subject of spent?
I forgot to ca ll Bob. What is the difference in the structures?
I wish I hadn 't forgotten to call Bob.
If only I hadn't forgotten to call Bob. 21 Read the sentences and put the verbs in
2 It's pouri ng. brackets into the correct form.
3 I ate too many sweets.
4 I'm late for my dance class. A: I'd rather you ... . ........ .
5 I broke my brother 's camera. (not/make) so much noise.
6 I mi ssed the start of the game. B: Sorry. I' ll try to be qu iet .
7 I didn't see Michael Owen score the goal. 2 A: Did yo u enjoy yo urself at the theatre?
B: Not really. I'd rather ... . .. ... .. ... .. .. . .
(stay) at home la st night, to be honest.
19 a) Change Joe's 'wish list' into full 3 A: Did Sa lly ha ve a good tim e in Spain?
sentences, as in the example. B: No . She said she'd rath er they
.......... .... ............ (not/go).
go water- 4 A: Sha ll we go to the c inema tonight?
buy a new
B: I'd rather . . ..... .. . . (watch) a film o n
car s~ TV if you don't mind.
5 A: Ca n I go and play outside now?
B: Well , I'd rath er yo u .... ....... . . (finish)
yo ur homework fir st.

22 Read the question and look at the prompts.

Then, make up sentences about yourself, as
in the example.

What kind of lifestvle do You want?

not lost my ) career
my / wa llet/ family
Joe wishes he could buy a new car.
-
wealth
dwelli.g
b) Write three wishes and three regrets of
your own and tell them to your partner. I'd rather have a big family than be alone.
139
 ..........
.
.
........·····•........... . ...m
... ... ..
..
..
'
4 It's a pi ty she did n't come to
Grammar in Use the party.
only If .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. .
• Error Correction
23 Read the text below and look carefully at each line. If the line is to th e party !
correct put a tick (.1) . If it has a word that should not be there, 5 Ly n wa nts to buy a computer,
write this word on the line, as in the examples . not a new car.
rather Lyn .. .... .. .. ....... .
th a n a new car.
6 I d idn't know it was your
b irthday, so I didn 't buy you a
present .
bought If I'd known it was
yo ur birth day,
you a present.
7 He must be out to lunch since he
isn 't in his office .
would If he wasn 't ou t to lunch,

............... his office

8 Beca use yo u we re driving so
As the cup fin a l drew closer, all of us became more a nd 0 .I fas t yo u cra shed th e car.
much more excited . At last the big day arrived, and as we 00 much been If yo u ...... ...... ...... .
w ere w aiting for the start of the match, our coach told to 1 ... so fast you wouldn 't
us to do ou r best and to enjoy the game . Th e noise of th e 2 have cras hed the car.
crowd w a s deafen ing and I had the butterfl ies in my 3
stomach as I thought about all those people to wa tching me 4
play. As so soon as the game started , thou gh, a ll of th at 5 • Phrasal Verbs
was forg otten. Both teams were being very good , and it 6
w qs clear it was going to be a very close ga me. At half 7 25 Fill in : against, back, off,
time, neither team had been scored. As the match we nt 8 on, up, then explain the
on, it se~med; like .. neither team could win o ut . Fin a lly, 9 phrasal verbs.
though , in the very last minute of the game, I w as tripped 10
John always tries to hit ... ..
up about twenty metres from our opponents' goal . 11
at peopl e w ho cr iticise his
The coach signalled so that he wanted me to ta ke the free ki ck. 12
ideas.
The moment as I hit the ball I knew exactly w here it was 13
2 Tony a nd Jim hit it
going. It curled around the wall of defenders and flew into 14
from the fi rst day they met.
the top corner of the goal. Just then, the referee had blew 15
3 Ben and I both hit .....
the final whistle . It .was over. .We h~d ";1or:l"the cup!
th e same idea fo r the project.
4 Pete mi ssed th e goa l, but
• Key Word Transformations nobody held it .. ........... him.
5 Ta ra fo und it hard to hold ...
24 Complete the second sentence using the word in bold. Use two .......... .... her tears when she
to five words including the word given. Do not change the word heard the terr ible news.
given . 6 Th e game was held . .
for an hou r due to the bad
You had better see a doctor.
wea th er.
were If . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. ... see a doctor.
7 Th e Lakers alm ost scored ten
2 I reg ret be in g la te fo r th e interview .
seco nds before th e end , but the
wish I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . ... . .. .. . ... ... . .. .. . late for th e interview.
Ch icago Bull s managed to
3 He must take lessons in orde r to dance so we ll.
hold th em .... . .
did He would n't d ance so we ll . . .. . ...................... .. . lessons.

140
 m. . . . .
······
·······.'
······
.........
.. .
······ ...... .
'
'

Listening and 28 Each of the people below is interested in taking up a new

sport. Name the activities in the pictures. Then, in pairs,
Speaking decide which activity would suit each person. Give reasons
for your decisions.

26 c\ Listen to the interview

and complete the sentences.
''

This year's Intern ational Extre me

Sports Cha llenge is takin g place for
theIl I Itime.
The I 2 I I ~
will be held in the mountain s.
The street ska tin g even ts w ill be
held in I3 I I.
To be included in the C halleng e,
the even ts must requ ire a lot of
4
The specta tors kn ow that iust one Sally, 27, librarian
I5 I Ican ha ve
ve ry serious resu lts. • Booking a ticket
The organ isers take all the
6
29 c\ a) Listen to the dialogue and fill in the missing questions.

that they ca n. A: Good morning. Booking office. 1) . . . . . . ........... ?

The 7 I I makesI B: Hello . Can you tel l me if there are any tickets left for Saturday's
the events more exciting for everyone. match?
The organise rs decided that the A: I'll iust c heck. Yes, the re are a few seats left behind the goal.
da redevi l 8I I I 2) ... ... ... . .. ... .. .. . .. .... .... .. .. .... ......... . ... ......... ?
was too dangerous for the C hallenge. B: Yes, that wou ld be great! 3) . .. . . .. ... . . .. .. .. .. . .. . . . .. .. . .. ... . ...... . ?
A: They' re £ 10 each.
B: Right - can I buy two, please, and put them on my credit card?
27 Describe the pictures. Then A: Certai nly. 4) Could I have .. .. ... . ............................... . ...... . ?
discuss the following. B: Sure - my number is 5232-422 1-8956-704 1, and my name is
Brian Rowcliffe.
• In wha t way is each sport
A: Thank you very muc h, Mr Rowcliffe.
dangerous?
• Wh ich sports wou ld yo u
B: 5) ...... . ..... ... .. .. ... .. .. .... .. .... .. .. ... .... .
A : You can collect your tickets from the ticket booth outside the
like to try? W hy (not)?
sta dium on Saturday. Eni oy the game.

b) Use the prompts to act out similar dialogues.

• competitio n/poolside/£5/Julie Staves/cash ier at the swimming

pool/ contest
• tennis match/sixth row in the stands/£6/J im Brown/entrance
tennis cou rt/ match

• Intonation - Wishes and Regrets

30 c\ Listen and repeat.

1 If only I'd won th e race!

2 I w ish I hadn 't lost my wallet!
3 I w ish you had ca lled first!
4 I w ish we hadn't decided to go camping l
5 If only I had listened to your advice!
141
 .........
........ 9
...........
.
. ........
. ······•
..........
......•
.

Listening and Reading 33 a) The numbers below refer to items in the

text. Match the numbers in column A to the

31 What do you know about the Olympic

items in column B.

Games? How often a re they held? Are they

always held in the same country? Have they
A B
ever been held in your country? When? In DIJ 776 BC a number of events at the first
which city? modern Games in Athens
[£[] 1892 b number of rings on the
Olympic flag
32 Label the pictures with the Olympic events a D 42 c number of athletes at the
below. Can you name any other O lympic Olympic Games in Sydney
events? @[] 10,6 15 d restarti ng the Games is
proposed
• iaveli n • pole va ult• shot put• hi g h ium p
[3:[J 1924 e O lympian Games officially
• hurdles • hammer
took p lace for the first time
I f
[Q[J 5 first Wi nter Olymp ics

c\ b) Listen and check.

34 a) Read the article and fill in the sentences

(A-1) . There is one extra sentence that you do
not need to use . There is an example (0) at
the beginning.

A It was a fa irly small affair , wi th fewer than 300

athletes from l 3 co untries competing in 42
di ffe re nt events, but the Games were considered
to be a grea t success.
B These are a lso he ld every fou r years and take
p lace two years after th e Summer Games.
C Yo u d o n't have to be a n athl ete to appreciate
the O lympic Games.
D The modern Games da te back to 1896, but the
o ri gina l Olymp ian Games go back much further
still.
E Howeve r, the organisers of the Olympics have
always wanted the event to be more than iust a
3 sporting competition.
F Th e founder of the mode rn Ga mes was a French
spor tsman and educa to r, Baron Pierre de
4 ...... .. .. ...... .
Coubertin.
G Ea c h ring is supposed to represent one of the
con tinents tha t O lymp ic a thl etes come from.
H Amazing ly, th at's over l l 00 years of sporting
competition.
The foca l points of the Olymp ics are usually the
athletic, swimm ing a nd gymn astic events .

b) Read the text again and explain the

words in bold, then make up sentences using
them .
6 ....
c) Find synonyms for the highl ighted words .

142
 A Human Success Story
The Olympic Games are one of the planet's greatest 1924 saw the introduction of the Winter Olympic
sporting spectacles. Every four years, the world focuses its Games. I 5 I I A further addition was the Paralympics, a
attention on the lucky city that is hosting the Games, as championship for disabled athletes, which as
thousands of athletes take part in hundreds of also become more and more popular in
different sports events. recent years. This now takes lace
The Olympic Games have a long and directly after the Summer Games,
I I I
impressive history. 0 D The ancient in the same host city.
Greeks regularly arranged sporting The Olympic motto is
competitions, but by far the most Citius, Altius, Fortius (Latin
famous were the Olympian Games, for "faster, higher,
which took place at Olympia every stronger"), which stresses
four years. The Games were the athletic excellence
officially held for the first time in that all Olympians aim
776 BC, although games had for. Over the years, the
certainly taken place there long Games have certainly
before then. Historians have attracted the world's
discovered lists of winners from the greatest sportsmen and
Games between 776 BC and 217 AD, women . 6 I I I
They insist
and they also know that the Games that taking part is just as
were not abolished until 393 AD.11 I important as w inning.
The Olympian Games were always held in the The best-known symbol of the
summer, and athletes from all the Greek city states Games, the Olympic flag, was designed by
were invited to come and take part. Pierre de Coubertin. The flag is composed of five
This idea of bringing people together was one of the differently coloured rings (blue, yellow, black, green and
main reasons for creating the modern Olympic Games. red) on a white background. j 7 I jThe fact that the rings
[I[] In 1892, he proposed restarting the Games, in the are interlocking is meant to show that the whole planet
hope that this would help bring about peace and encourage can come together in peace for the Olympic competition.
international sporting competition. Just four years later, the The Olympic flame, introduced in 1934, represents the
first modern Olympics took place 1n Athens. purity of the Olympic ideal. The flame is lit at Olympia, the
[[[Jone definite highlight, especially popular with the site of the ancient Games, and carried by relay across the
hosts, was when Louis Spiridon, a Greek shepherd, won globe as a sign of the link between the ancient and
the marathon event. modern Games.
Ever since then, the Games have gone from strength to For sixteen days every four years, the world's greatest
strength. In Paris, in 1900, there were already more than sporting event brings together thousands of the finest
1,000 competitors, including the first women Olympians. sportsmen and women to compete against each other.
By the time the Games reached Sydney, 100 years later, Furthermore, if we consider all those who watch the
199 countries sent athletes. j 4 I I However, more and Games live or on TV, the Olympics can truly be said to unite
more sports are included in the Olympics at each Games, hundreds of millions of people all around the world in
and in Sydney the 10,651 athletes took part in more than celebration of sporting excellence.
300 different events.

35 Fill in the correct word, then choose any five 36 Fill in: over, to, by, for, of, from and in.
phrases to make up sentences. Then make up sentences using the phrases.

• athletic • anc ient • id ea l • disabled .......... ..... far; 2 invited .... .. ... .. .. . .. sth; 3 the
• coloured • who le • city • event reaso n sth; 4 the hope
• great • points that;5 . .. . . .. . . . .. . streng th . . strength; 6 to
1 . ... ..... .. .. ... .. . city 6 . ring s aim .... ...... sth; 7 a sig n ............. sth; 8 the
2 sporting ........ .. 7 focal founder sth ; 9 ........... the years;
3 host ................... . 8 ... success 10 designed sb; 11 to be composed
4 .......... exce ll ence 9 ........ .. .... ath letes
5 the Olympic .......... . 10 the ........ . ... . planet

143
 ..........
··········
.······ 9
........••
. .::::::::
.
........•
.:

Writing (an article giving • Analysing a Model Text

I
11

I
our opinion on a subject) 38 a) Read the article and put the paragraphs into the
correct order.
When we wr ite an op inion essay, we
present our personal opinion on a
particular topic. We must sta te our
II
opinion clearly and support it w ith
appropriate reasons and/or examples.
When we w rite an opinion essay, we
usually write five paragraphs.
In the introduction , we introduce the
subject and state our opinion clearly.
In the second and third paragraphs , we
give our own opinion. Each paragraph
should present a different viewpoint . -
supported by reasons and/ or examples . [60 First of all, schools have a responsibility to educate children
in all areas, no matter where their particular talents might lie. For
In the fourth paragraph , we present
that reason, it is just as important to provide Physical Education
the op po sing op inion, supported by training and sports practice for the professional sportsmen and
reasons/ examples. women of the future as it is to provide academic training to those
In the conclusion, we restate our who will go on to university.
opinion using different words. [[[] In addition, students these days spend long hours studying,
working at their computers or in the library. Therefore, they need
We usually use present tenses when we
the opportunity to do some physical activity during the school day.
write an op inion essay, and phrases
This will not only help to increase their level of fitness and make
such as I believe, I think, It seems to them healthier, it will also mean that they develop better social skills
me, I strongly disagree with, etc to and are able to concentrate on their studies for longer and therefore
express our opinion. We use formal achieve better results.
language and avoid contractions, ~ In conclusion, I strongly believe that sports and Physical
colloquialisms and personal examples. Education should remain a key part of the school curriculum. All
We use appropriate linking words to children have the right to a balanced education, and they should not
list our viewpo ints e.g. first of all, in be denied the opportunity to learn how to play sports.
addition, etc. We can find opinion [Q[J On the other hand, some people believe that the purpose of
schools is to prepare students to become productive members of the
essays in magazines and newspapers
workforce. This means that they have to spend as much time as
as articles or letters to the editor, etc.
possible developing skills that will be of use in their employment.
Consequently, schools have little time to devote to less important
subjects such as Physical Education.
37 Read the rubric and underline the key [I[] The ancient Greeks always held that a healthy mind in a
words, then answer the questions. healthy body is the key to a well balanced life. Nowadays, many
schools are decreasing the amount of time given to sports and
You have had a classroom
Physical Education, and some schools are removing it altogether.
discussion on the new school Although academic subjects are certainly a very important part of
timetable at your school. Your the school curriculum, I am strongly opposed to the complete
teacher has asked you to write an removal of sports and Physical Education
article, giving your opinion on the
following statement : 'There is no
b) Match the linking words in bold to the headings.
place for sports and PE in the
Then add two more to each category.
school curriculum.'
• to list points
• to add more points
1 What type of writing is it?
• to introduce oppos in g viewpoints
2 Who is going to read it?
• to introduce reasons/examples/results
3 Wha t style should you use?
• to conclude
144
 ............
•........
········
•······
9 ······· ..
....
..

• Paragraph Structure businesses/ provide/ staff/ exercise facilities

From my point of view, businesses should
39 a) Match the topics to the viewpoints. Then provide their staff with exercise facilities.
say which topic sentences are in favour of 2 employees/ exercise/health/ own responsibility
sports, and which are against. 3 business/ not/responsible/ staff morale
4 the staff canteen/only/sell/healthy foods
Topic Viewpoint
5 team sports/ develop/ spirit/ cooperation
healthy a The cost of providing sports
and leisure facilities is too high .
• Discuss & Write
2 staff b Exercise is a good way to get rid
relations of all the stress and frustrations of 41 a) Read the rubric, then underline the key
the workplace. words/phrases and answer the questions.
3 expensive c Many people would prefer to
The local newspaper has asked its readers to
spend their free time outside the
submit articles giving their opinion on the
4 private workplace .
following subject:
time d Providing sports and leisure
'Businesses should provide sports and leisure
facilities will result in better
facilities for their staff.'
staff relations and improved
performance. l Who is going to read the article?
b) Read the reasons and match them to the 2 What writing techniques could you use in your
viewpoints in Ex. 39a. Then, write one introduction? Give an example.
additional reason/example for each viewpoint. 3 What style should you use? Why?
4 Do you agree or disagree with the subject? Why
After all, if you spend all your time at (not)?
the office you won't have the chance b) Look at the plan and use your answers from
to relax . Exs. 39, 40 and 41 a to answer the questions.

[l]r consequently, people who exercise regularly

feel better and do not get sick so often.
Introduction
For example, we would have to (Para l) What is your opinion on the topic?
supply space within the building Main Body
as well as special equipment. (Para 2) What is your first viewpoint?
What are your reasons and/or
[A]( For instance, playing team sports
(Para 3)
examples?
What is your second viewpoint?
--..,__ would encourage team spirit .
What are your reasons and/or
c) Write complete paragraphs for each examples?
viewpoint in Ex. 39a, using appropriate
(Para 4) What is the opposing viewpoint?
Conclusion
linking words.
(Para 5)

• Giving Opinions
c) Write your article for the newspaper
4Q Use the useful expressions to make up (120-180 words). You can use the article in
sentences, as in the example. Ex. 38a as an example.

I believe/think/feel that ... ; From my point of view

... ;To my mind/way of thinking ... ;As far as I am
42 Read the proverbs. What do they mean?

concerned ... ; I am totally against ... ; In my

opinion / view ... ; It seems/appears to me that ... ;
I (do not) agree that/with ... ; I (completely) agree/ 1 Fair ploy's a jewel.
disagree that/with ... 2 The one who wins plays the best.
3 Lookers-on see most of the game .
145
 43 Describe the picture using the prompts
below. Which stadium do you think this is?
What sports events can be held there?

• seatin g • grass pitch • goa lposts

• giant TV sc reen s • sliding roof
• spotli g hts

44 Read the text and write T {true) or F

(false) for each statement. Then explain
the words in bold.

The Millenn ium Stadium is centra lly

located.
2 It replaces a previous stad ium.
3 It is 50% smaller than th e o ld stadium.
4 Some seats have better views th an
o thers.
5 Only football is played in th e stadium.
6 The M ill ennium Stadium is most
famous for stagi ng music eve nts.

, Speaking

45 Make notes about Cardiff Stadium under

the following headings: • Project
• loca ti on • history • features • facilities
• sports events • oth er events Find information and write a short article about
a famous stadium in your country. Write about:
Now use your notes to talk about it.
• loca ti o n • history • w hat takes place there

Collect pictures to decorate your article .

146
 ........
•······
•........
.
9 ..........
..
..
•······ ..
Revision & Extension
46 a) Look at the pictures and, in pairs,
complete the dialogue.
49 c\ a) Listen and number the sounds in the
order you hear them.

a water splashing .. .. e ball bouncing

b horses' hooves on court
c racing car engine .. .. ball hitting
d ball hitting bat racquet

A Wha t sport is be ing played in each picture? b) Match the sounds to the sports.
B: In picture A, they are playing baseball , whi le in
picture B l) ......... ........... ... .. ... ................ . • tennis • Fl racing • swimming • cricket
A: Where does each sport take place? • basketball • horse racing
B: Baseball is played on a field and football
2) ....... ... ...... ............ .... ... ... .. ... ... ... • Making Invitations
A What is similar about the p ictu res ?
B They both 3) ................... ........ ..... . .. ..... .. . 50 a) Match the exchanges to make a dialogue.
A Do you play any of these sports?
B: Yes, I play 4) ....... ................... .. ....... ... ./ A B
No , I don 't . I play 5) ........ ..... .. ... ... . .
A: Do you prefer to play team sports or individual [ill Hi , Tina . This is Jo. A Sounds great! Count
spo rts? Why? f i l ] l ' m OK. Are you me in. What do I
B: I prefer 6) ....... ... .............................. . doing anything need to bring?
b) Look at the pictures below and act out next weekend?
[]I]We 're going
B I'll see you then.
similar dialogues.
camping out at the c Great! When do we
lake. Would you leave?
like to come?
[A[]Just a sleeping bag. D Hil How are you?
[illFrida y afternoon at
E No - why?
about 3:30 .
47 In pairs, discuss the following:
• Do you prefer active or passive relaxation? b) Follow the pattern and use the prompts to
• What are the pros/cons of playing sports? act out similar dialogues.
48 a) Complete the table, then make up
greet/introduce ~ return greeting
sentences, as in the example.
yourse lf ~ answer
avai~
Sport Equipment Place
ask if accept/ask about
archery bow, arrows, quiver
- -
range
invite ~ equipment
golf
explain ~~;:.1 ask about time
tennis
answer i.:::--"'--·-·---.,,. say goodbye/ etc
snooker
fencing • ton ight / barbecue- park /sa lad/ 6:30
basketball • next Saturday / horse riding - countryside /
ice hockey nothing / l 0 am
baseball
cricket • Project
-
We need a bow, arrows and a quiver to do
archery. We do archery on an archery range . In pairs prepare a poster for the sports day
your school organises. Write the time and
b) What do we call the people who play
date of the event, then write details. Use the
these sports?
text in Ex. 26 as a model.
archery - archer 147
 I)
D
f8

Lead-in
1 a) How do you keep
up with current
affairs? Use always,
never, sometimes,
usually.
•Watch TV
• Read the newspaper
• Listen to the radio
• Surf the Internet
• Ask friends/ col leag ues

b) How did people learn about the news a

hundred years ago?

2 a) The pictures ( 1-7) show scenes

from the TV news. Which of the
following events are covered?

• a crime • the stock market

• the weather • a disaster
• new technology • a fashion show
• the environment • th e arts
• a sports event • sc ience

Picture 7 is from news coverage of a disaster.

b) Match the sentences to the pictures.

A Firemen are already searc hing the rubble looking for surv ivors .
B Yesterday's stock market crash has left many businesses bankrupt.
C Eastwood's spring co llectio n was well received on the catwalks of Milan.
D La st night's storms have left half the city w ithout power.
E The government has finally put a ban o n hunting in order to protect these animals .
F There have been interesting developments in the field of robotics thi s year.
G The Dodgers played their first match this season ag a in st the Rangers.

In pairs, use the words/phrases in the list to write another sentence to

match each picture.

• co lla psed • league • hea vy rain • top models • natural habitat

• robots • share prices

Listening and Reading

3 c\ Listen and repeat, then close your books and try to
remember as many sentences as possible.

• Oh no! I do n't believe it! • You can say that again!

• Wha t for? • Oh my goodness! • You cheeky thing!
• Ca n you tell us what you saw?
• Some kind of explosion , perhaps?
148
_______
II, ,
 ............
............ ....
..........
cm •......
........ ,.
a .......
[!] John: Oh my goodness! Look at this, Mary.
Mary: What is it?
John : A fashion show in Milan. Look at the
outfits they're wearing. I mean, does
anyone actually buy these clothes?
Mary: Well, you certainly wouldn't catch me
wearing them. I'd look rid1culou walking
round town in something like that. I think
the designers do it to get attention.
John: Well, they must make money from their
designs. They have to pay the models
after all.
Mary: That's true. If I were a supermodel, you 'd
have to pay me a fortune to wear that
stuff.
John : Don't worry, Mary. No one would call

C\ Listen to the dialogues A to C, and

you a supermodel!
Mary: You cheeky thing!
match them to the pictures 1-7.
[9 Sonya: ... across to our reporter, Ken Diaz.
5 a) Read the dialogues Ken: Thank you, Sonya. Yes, I'm standing here at
and mark the sentences the scene right now, and with me is an
(1-6) as T (true) or F eyewitness, June Cross. Can you tell us
(false). what you saw?
June: Well, it all happened so fast ... there was
1 It's wet in Mexico.
this incrediol}l loud noise, and everything
2 Steve ha s changed his
shook ...
holiday destin ation.
Ken: Some kind of explosion, perhaps?
3 Mary likes th e clothes shown.
June: Yes. Yes, it must have been.
4 Mary would like to be a supermodel.
Ken: And then what happened?
5 June was at the scene of the even t.
June: Everyone was screaming and running
6 There are people trapped under the debris.
some people crawled under cars ...
Ken: That's when the building collapsed?
[A] Steve: Oh no! I don't believe it! June: Yes ... there was dust and smoke
Diane: What's the matter? everywhere ... It was awful!
Steve: Have you seen the weather forecast Ken: Thank you. Well, Sonya, behind me you
for Mexico? can hear the sound of sirens as more
Diane: No. It's bound to be hot and sunny rescue workers arrive. Police have
there at this time of year, though, cordoned off the area and firemen are
isn't it? already searching the
Steve: Well, yes, that's what I thought, but rubble ...
the weather reporter has just forecast
rain and thunderstorms .
Diane: Oh dear. It looks like you booked b) Explain the
your Mexican holiday for the wrong words in bold,
week. then suggest
Steve: You can say that again! I'm going synonyms for
upstairs . the highlighted
Diane: What for? words.
Steve: To unpack my shorts and pack some
waterproof clothes instead. c) In pairs, read out
the dialogues then choose
one picture and act out a dialogue based on
it.
 ..........
.
-·..······•
.-
······· I
·······cm
........•
::::::
: ::

Vocabulary
• The Press/Newspapers

6 a) Match the extracts to the features/ sections

found in most newspapers.

• editoria l • situations vacan t • review

• weather • science/techno logy
• classified ads • politics • world news

2 The Prime Minister announced this afternoon • Radio and Television

that no action will be taken by the
}
government. 9 a) Which of the words below would you use
to refer to radio/TV? Add your own ideas.
3 -British
- - scientists
- have soI ve d one of the
world's great mysteries - why lobsters turn • AM/ FM • broadcast • weather forecast
• statio n • portable • channel • frequency
red ~hen cooked. " • a
• co lour/black and white • documentary
EARTHQUAKE ROCKS JAPAN • DJ • news bulleti n • chat show • antenna
• sa tellite • cartoons • guide • transistor
ORDER ~;-:;O TAKE ADVANTAGE OF l • remote co ntro l • ch ildren's programme
• soa p opera • series • battery-operated
THIS SPECIAL OFFER!

6 Rachel Andrews gives a marvellous

performance as Juliet.

7 Tomorrow will be dry with sunny spells.

Just what are the advantages a single

European currency?
b) In pairs, use words/phrases from above
to ask and answer, as in the example.
b) What other sections can you find in a
newspaper? Which is your favourite/least • A : What frequency is your favourite station on?
favourite section? 8: It's on 99. 9 FM.

7 Underline the correct word.

1Q Fill in: commercial, tuned, chat, announcer,
short wave.
Ma ny of the stories printed in th e tabloids/
A: That's a great song! What are we listening to?
broadsheets are just gossip.
B: I've just tuned into the Ethni c Jazz Station.
2 She used to w rite a goss ip column/section for her
2 A: W hy do you need a _. _ .. radio?
loca l newspaper.
B: I want to listen to ove rseas broadcasts.
3 The TV statio n sen t a journalist/reporter to the
3 A: Who is Tom Briggs?
scene of the crime.
B: He's the new radio ...
4 We watched a live programme/broadcast from
4 A: Hurry or you'l l miss th e beginning of the film.
the Houses of Parliament yesterday.
B: It's OK. . ... ... _. _. _ breaks last for hours!
5 Most newspapers are printed/typed in the early
5 A: W hat kinds of programmes are ..
hours of the morning.
shows?
6 There are th ousa nd s of newspapers and
B: Th ey' re programmes th at invite well-known
magazines in circulation/publication.
people to talk about various topics.
150
 .······
.•........
........... .
...... I
cm .........
······~..
...
...

11 a) Look at the TV guide. What types of programmes are on TV

tonight? Choose from the list.
, Speaking I
• documentary • quiz show • the news • soap opera d) Use words from
• comedy programme • drama series • DIY show • cookery prog ramme Ex. 12a, as well as
• sports programme • reality show • gardening show ideas of your own, to
• fashion programme • current affairs programme ask and answer, as in
the example.

A: Did you watch the news

last night?
B: No. What happened?
A: There was a terrible
hurricane in Florida.
B: Really?

13 c\ a) Listen and fill in

the gaps with a word
or short phrase.

New Denham was struck by

a I 11 I
The storm hit at around
I 121
Several l._____~1_3~1
were iniured.
Rescue workers are working
to free those who are

b) In pairs, use the TV guide and ideas of your own to make

I I 4 I in their
homes.
suggestions, as in the example.
Th e government ha s sent
A: What do you feel like watching tonight? rescue equipment,
8: How about Eastenders on BBC 1? It's a good soap opera. I Is I and
medical supplies.
• Disasters
People without
12 a) Which picture shows: a nuclear explosion, a flood, a forest fire, I I I
6 ha ve
a tornado/hurricane, a volcanic eruption? been taken to the mainland.
Experts say that there will be
A
I 111
in the next fe w days.

b) In pairs, ask and

answer questions, as
in the example.

b) Which of these A : What happened?

disasters are B: There was a tropical
natural? Which are storm.
man-made? A: Where was it? etc
c) Can you think of
any other disasters?

151
 --.-...·······
·······cmI
...........
·····•·
·:::::::::
.

Grammar In Use 18 Put the verbs into the future

perfect or the future perfect
continuous .
• Idioms and Fixed Phrases
Hopefu lly we will have fini shed
14 Underline the correct word, then explain each of the idioms, (finish) our exams by next month.
as in the example. 2 By this time next year, we ...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. (live)
I asked her to ca ll if she ran into any trouble. She hasn't been in
touch since, so I guess no news is good/great news . in this house for twe nty years.
2 I already knew you were co ming . It was a ll over town. 3 On our anniversary next week,
we ..... .. .. ... ............. ... ... .
heard/saw it on the grapevine.
(be) married for six years .
3 I have to babysit for my sister tonight. A nyway, to make/cut a
long story short, I'm not go ing to be abl e to come to th e party.
4 I haven' t fixed your bike yet,
but I . .. .. ... ............ .
4 Eve ryo ne kn ows that th e company is in troubl e. I suppose bad
news travels slow/fast. (fix) it by thi s evening .
5 W hen acting out a part, you have to try to read between the 5 By December, he
words/lines to figure out the author 's hidd en pu rpose . .. . . .. . (work)
here for over a decade .
• Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous ~ 6 By midnight, he ....
Grammar Reference .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . (study)

15 Read the sentences A and B and match the tenses in bold to

for over twelve hours.

their functions (1-2).

A We're late. The co nce rt will have already started by the time we • Game
get there.
How will our lives have
B By next July, we will have been living here for ten years.
changed in thirty years' time?
OIJ to express the duration of an action up to a certain time in the futu re In teams, make up sentences
[1IJ to state that an action w ill ha ve happened before a ce rtain tim e for each of the prompts
in the future below. Each correct sentence
gets a point. The team with
16 Use the prompts to say what each of the people below hopes
the most points wins.
they will have done by the time they are 25 years old.
,
• medicine • educa tion
• dwelling • transport
• space exploration
B
Team A S 7: I think that in
Tom / c ross/ Atlanti c
thirty years' time doctors will
A Ocean/ sa iling boat
have found a cure for AIDS.

19 a) Write a list of tasks you

need to have completed by
the end of this week. Swap
lists with your partner, then
c ask and answer questions.

Gabriella / publish / A : Will you have finished your

her first nove l D proiect?
( Alan/ start/ own business) B: Well,_I'm not sure. Will you
have tidied your bedroom? etc
Lyn hopes she will have given her first concert by the time she is 25
years old. b) Tell the class what your
partner thinks he/she will
17 What do you hope you will have done by the time you are 25
have done by the end of the
years old?
week.
152
 [[D........
··········
••........
······
•.......
...
.
•·····.... ...
'

' .

• Quantifiers: Both/Neither - All/None - Either

- Each/Every
Grammar Reference

20 Study the examples, then choose the correct answer, A, B or C,

to complete sentences 1-7.

~ •.
Both Carol and Tim are radio announcers . 2 neither /both/ each
Both of them work for a commerc ial radio statio n. • watch TV
Neither of these actors star/stars in a soap ope ra. • enjoy music
Neither of them perform/ performs wel l enough. • play d ifferent in strument
All of these videos belong to Sara.
All of them were shot in the desert.
None of these books are about psychology.
None of them is/ are w ritten for the non-specialised reader.
You can book tickets for the comedy or the thriller. Either film is
fine with me.
Every student has to wear a uniform.
Each rescue team has twe lve members.
3 all/none
"Which did you like best - the art or the photography exh ibitio n? " • like baseball
........... were great." • feel sa d
A Both B Ea ch C A ll • sho ut

2 The footba ll matc h wasn't good. . .... team played we ll .

A Each B Ei ther C Neither • Linking Words and
3 For security reasons, .... . .. ... of the reporters we re asked to come Phrases
an hour early.
A every B all C either 22 Put the following words/
4 It is the responsibil ity of . employee to turn off th e ir computer. phrases in the correct part
A every B both Call of the table below, then add
further examples of your
5 The train drivers were on strike and .... ... . of the sta ti ons we re
own.
open.
A either B all C none • however • for instance
6 ............ the front and back gardens need weeding . • furthermore • therefore
A Neither B Both C A ll • on the other hand
• nevertheless • besides
7 When the band arrived teenager in the crowd started
• such as • even so
screaming.
A both B all C eve ry
9JJP. .......... . ......... .
addition
21 Use the quantifiers to make up sentences about the pictures,
as in the example . You can use the prompts and/or your
own ideas. contrast/ b.l.!t ............ ... .... .. .
concession
both/ neithe r
• businessmen
• wear casual clothes cause/ ?!'.:?.. .................... .
effect
Both men must be businessmen .
Neither of them is wearing
akll..... ... .. ...... ..... .
casual clothes. examples

153
 .....•. I
-..........
·········cm
.....
.:========
.
.............

2 promise you will have the

Grammar In Use report on Fri day.
Read the following sentences and underline the correct linking given I
23 word or phrase, as in the example. report by Friday.
3 He wi ll have finished the
She was ve ry late for wo rk thi s morning. What is more/Still , she project in ten days.
didn 't even apologise for it. not It
2 I thought th e overa ll performance was very good. Besides/In than ten days to
particular I en joyed the music and the choreography. finish the project
3 She is well aware of the fact that she has n't studied hard enough 4 It is rumoured that the old
to pass the exa m. Nevertheless/While , she doesn't seem to be factory is going to be
will in g to do anything about it. demolished .
4 He has rece ntl y gone into debt. Besides/ In spite of thi s, he is still grapevine I heard .......... ... .
spending a fortune on things he doesn 't really need.
5 Hi s w ife enj oys going abroad during th eir summer ho liday, th e old factory is
whereas/ then he prefers rela xing at home. go ing to be
demolished.
• Open Cloze 5 Despite being great fun ,
24 Fill in the word that best fits each gap. Use only one word in skateboarding can be
each gap. There is an example (0) at the beginning. dangerous.
even Ska teboard in g is
dangerous .

. . great fun
6 It was raining but I went out
anyway.
For many, Cannes in spite I went
France means 'Film ... the rain.
Festival'. What most
people may not be aware 0) of though, are the Cannes Lions awards,
I) .................. the annual International Advertising Festival, held in June
2) .................. honour of advertising.A panel of judges have the tough job of
deciding 3) .................. the winners are from around 16,000 entries. • Phrasal Verbs
4) .................. the main aim of advertising is to sell a product, the way in
5) ................ it is done or is creatively presented receives acknowledgement
here in the 6) .................. of certificates and bronze, silver or gold Lion
26 Fill in: into, out, after,
down, away, up with. Then
trophies.
The Cannes Film festival began in the 1940s, 7) .. :............... it was in 1954 explain the phrasal verbs in
11 that the first ad festival was held here.At 8) .................. there were awards bold.
for ads depending 9) .................. their type, or style I 0) .................. as
:I Would you mind looking after
comedy, etc. Since the late sixties though, it was decided that commercials
should I I) .................. judged according to their product or service my little siste r for an hour or
I category, for 12) .................. , online communications or direct marketing. so?
Apart 13) .................. awarding ads, the Cannes Lions Festival also hosts 2 Keep th e dog . . . . . . . . . from
11
seminars related to advertising. Ads from around the world 14) ................. . th e horse or he'll get kicked.
also screened here, making it an important meeting and learning point for
II people who are interested in becoming more familiar 15) .................. the
3 Police are looking
colourful world of advertising. the murder, but they don 't have
an y lead s.
4 Jack had hurt his foot and
• Key Word Transformations could not keep

25 Complete the second sentence using the word in bold. Use the others .

between two and five words including the word given. Don't 5 Th e boxer was knocked
in the fir st round.
change the word given.
6 Thi s old building is due to be
I don 't think Sarah is still painting the house. knocked . . . . . . . . . . . . tomorrow.
1

11
will I'm sure Sarah . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... the house by now.
154
I'
 . . .
rm······
······.
·······
.
.........
······ ..
······ ........ ....
'

5 Listen to the girl. How does she learn a bout the

Listening and Speaking news?

27 (\ Listen and fill in the gaps with a word or

A by listening to the radio B by watching TV
C by surfing the net
';tort phrase.
6 Listen to the conversation. What is the woman
go ing to do?
·kornado suirvava1 tfps A
B
respond to an ad for a cleaner
advertise herself as a cleaner
Tornados can form without very much
C advertise for a cleaner
1
Flying debris causes ~I________ _
2_,I _._
I
7 Listen to the man. What is he co mplaining about?
A the TV news B the newspaper
people receive in tornados.
C the radio news
You shou ld make sure your I 3 I is
covered. 8 You overhear this conversation in the newsagent's

The best place to shelter is in a I I4 I . What does the woman buy for her daughter?
A a magazine B a newspaper
If you cannot be underground, go into a room w ithout
C a comic
5
If you are in a vehicle, you should go and lie down
• Asking for information
away from I I6 I .
If you are outside, watch out for ~I----~I_
7_,I . 30 C\ a) Listen to the exchanges. What
information does each person ask for?
• Giving Advice b) Read out the exchanges, then use the
28 Use the expressions below to give advice to phrases to ask for information about:
someone about what to do in case of a • day/show/broadcast • tickets/cost place
tornado. You can use your own ideas. • meeting/held
A: Cou ld you please tell me when the next show is?
You should always ... ; At no time should you ever B: Monday at 7:30.
... ; Never ... ; It would be a good idea to ... ; The 2 A: Do you happen to know where Midnight Fever
most important thing is ... ; Always remember to . are going to perform?
B: In the stadium.
At no time should you go near windows or leave 3 A: I'm calling about the ad published in today 's
the building in the event of a tornado. paper.

29 c\ You are going to listen to people talking in

eight different situations. For each one, circle
4
B: Are you interested in applying for the iob?
A: Could you find out what time the film is on?
B: OK. I'll call the cinema.
the correct answer, A, B or C.
Could you (please) tell me .. ? ; Do you happen
Listen to the couple. What are they going to
to know .. ?; Do you know .. . ?; Could you find
watch on TV?
out. .. ?; I'm calling about/to find out
A a soap opera B a documentary
C a comedy
• Intonation (word stress)
2 Listen to the man talking. Where does he like to
listen to the radio?
A in his car B at home C at work
31 c\ Listen and underline the stressed word.
Listen again and repeat.
3 Listen to the conversation. What kind of • A: Have you seen the headlines in the newspaper?
newspaper is the woman reading? B: Not yet. Anything exciting?
A the local paper B a tabloid • A: Was anyone hurt?
C a broadsheet B Gosh, I hope not.
4 Listen to the news reporter. What has happened? • A: You'll never believe what happened! Laura
A an earthquake B a flood got the role.
C a volcanic eruption B: Are you sure?
155
 ...........·..······•
...... I
.. ...·. ······
. ·····rm
......
.....
. ....
b) Read the article again and explain the
Listening and Reading words in bold, then suggest synonyms for the
32 a) Which is your favourite TV channel; highlighted words. Where could you read
newspaper; magazine? Why? such an article?

b) Which do you think can make the following

successful?

TV/Radio Magazine/Newspaper
• broadcasting to • variety of topics
people of all social • variety of
classes photographs
• serve educational and • wide coverage of
cultural interests events We all enjoy watching television,
• wide variety of • printing gossip/ listening to the radio and reading
programmes embarrassing stories newspapers and magazines. However, not
• reporting serious many of us know about the lives of the
news eople who changed the face of the

33 a) Look at the title of the article. How is it

related to the people mentioned? What
information do you expect to read?

c\ No.
b) Listen and mark the sentences Yes or

1 John Reith was British.

2 John Reith was a knight.
3 Gilbert H Grosvenor was educated in
America.
4 Grosvenor was Bell's brother-in-law.
5 John Walter owned a printing company.
6 The Times contained paid advertisements
only.

34 a) Read the article and match the sentences

( 1-1 0) to the people (A-C).

A Lord Reith
B Gilbert H Grosvenor
C John Walter

Which of the people ...

• have experience in radio
production? Io[ fa,[
• studied at a college? I 1I I1
r-::-
2 ,---,
I '
• was helped by a relative? I 3I I
• made his living blackmailing
people? 4
• increased sales?
~5~ [6[
• worked in var ious jobs before
he started his own company?
~~~
7 I sI
• helped in scientific research? 9
• had problems at the beginning? 10

156
 =:
[[Q I•s·== . = =:
:::::::
••1111•111• ••. ..
•ll•tJ••...
l •l!I••·

A Lord Reith (1889-1971)

35 Fill in the correct words
from the list, then choose
First Director-General, BBC
any five and make up
John Reith was born in Scotland and graduated as an engineer from sentences using them.
Glasgow Technical College. After World War I, Reith realised he had no • detailed • cultura l
real interest in engineering. In 1922, although he had no training in • coa l • manageria l
radio and knew nothing about broadcasting, he got a managerial job • low • daily
at the newly-established BBC. In 1927, he became the BBC's First • social • printing
Director-General and received a knighthood. Reith's vision of what the
BBC should offer the public included broadcasting to people of all
l ..... .. ..... ..... ..... .... ..... job
social classes, all over Britain, and using radio to serve educational and
2 ....... ... ..... ... .. ... . classes
cultural interests. When he had succeeded in achieving this aim, Reith
3 . in terests
became determined to increase broadcasting overseas. In 1932, he
4 .. . ... . . .. ... ... . .. . . c irc ul a ti o n
started what would later become the BBC World Service, and began
5 . . ... . .. .. ... ... ... . ... . .... maps
the world's first regular TV broadcasts in 1936. He left the BBC in 1938,
6 . .. . .. . .. . ......... ... merchant
and was made Lord Reith in 1940.
7 . ..... . ... ........ ..... company
8 ... . .. . .. . . .. .... ... . ... .. . paper
B Gilb8rt H Grosvenor (1875-1966)
Editor-in-Chief, National Geographic Magazine

Gilbert H Grosvenor is famous as the editor who changed the

National Geographic magazine into the dynamic publication that it is 36 Fill in: with, in, to, then
today. Born in Turkey, he later moved to the USA and attended make up sentences using
Amherst College. He became the first full-time editor of the magazine them .
in 1899, with the support of his future father-in-law, Alexander
Graham Bell, who was president of the National Geographic Society. In
l in terest . .... ..... sth
2 to succeed .. . . ... .. . sth
its early years, National Geographic had a very low circulation.
3 determined ......... .
Grosvenor, who became editor-in-chief in 1903, added beautiful
4 to move .. ........ a place
photographs and detailed maps to the magazine, and raised the
5 .... the support o f
circulation to over 2 million. Using money made from the magazine,
the National Geographic Society has sponsored hundreds of scientific
expeditions and projects.

C John Walter (1739-1812) • Project

Founder/Owner, The Times Think of an important
media man in your
John Walter was a London coal merchant, then an insurance country. Collect
underwriter, before starting his own printing company in 1783. Simply information, then write a
in order to promote this new business, he began to publish a daily short biography. Write:
paper, the Daily Universal Register, which mainly contained paid when/where he was born;
advertisements. His printing business was a disappointing failure, so his early years; his
Walter decided to make the paper more profitable by making it more achievements; date/place
popular. Renamed The Times on 1st January 1788, it reported scandals of death (if he is dead};
involving famous London people, and for years most of its profits came what he is famous for.
from people who paid Walter not to print embarrassing stories about
them! As years went by, Walter began to report more serious news, and
started a foreign news service which later helped The Times become one
of the world's most respected papers.
157
 .........
.......• I
........•
·········cm
........•
.
......
.........
..

I
•Writing (a proposal report)
To: Editor, Blackmill Star
From: Robert Owen, Circulation Manager
We usually w rite a pro posa l report fo r someone in
Subject: Expanding readership by attracting more
au th ority. We present factua l inform a ti o n a nd
young people.
make suggesti o ns abou t future actions. We sho uld
Date: 19th June
a lways beg in our report by sta ting w hom th e-
report is ad d ressed to a nd th eir positio n, th e
1 Introduction
writer's name a nd pos ition, w hat th e report is
The purpose of this report is to explore ways
about a nd the da te. W hen we w rite a pro posa l
in which the circulation of this newspaper
repo rt we usua lly w rite five parag ra phs. In th e
could be increased by attracting more teenage
introduction we sta te th e purpose and co nte nt of
readers.
the repo rt. In th e main body we present each of
2
the to pi cs in detail under suitable subhea dings. In
The format for the front page does not always
th e concl usion we su mmarise o ur po ints and
give a reliable indication of what may be
express ou r opin ion a nd/ or reco mm endati o n. We
found within. In order to attract younger
use a formal , impersonal style a nd fa ctual
readers, photographs on the front page
la nguage in a proposal report. We us ua lly use the
should focus on the main issues that relate to
pass ive vo ice a nd fu ll ver b forms We normally
them specifically.
use would, should, etc in proposa l reports.
3
More use could be made of our younger
contributors, who are well aware of the
• Analysing the Rubric problems and concerns that young people
face. We should invite contributions such as
37 Read the rubric and underl ine the key words,
articles and reports from students on topical
then answer the questions that follow.
issues.
You work for a local daily newspaper. The 4
publisher wants to broaden its readership to We should include a section that is teenager
attract more teenagers. Your editor has asked orientated. This would deal with problems
you to write a report making your suggestions. such as parental relations, schoolwork and
Write your report, including your suggestions. personal relationships. Many youngsters have
fears and worries about what they will do
when they leave school, so we should offer
1 W hat is the ai m of thi s repo rt?
careers advice. This would include hints and
2 W ho is go ing to rea d yo ur repo rt?
tips about further education.
3 W hi c h of th e fo ll owin g wo uld make th e
newspa pe r po pular wi th tee nag ers:
5
To sum up, the front cover needs redesigning
• a n ago ny a unt pag e • free gi fts • spec ial
with colourful photographs depicting young
o ffers fo r subscribe rs • a n a ppealing front page
people's activities. We need to encourage
• ga mes a nd c rossword pu zz les
young contributors and there ought to be a
• featu res co nce rning teena ge rs' pro blems
problem page aimed at young people,
4 In w hi c h parag ra ph w ill yo u give yo ur o pini o n?
offering advice that is tailored to their needs.
5 W ha t style wo uld yo u use in you r repo rt? Wh y ?

• Analysing a Model Text

38 Read the report and choose appropriate 39 Read the report again and answer the
subheadings from below to complete the questions that follow.
blanks.
In w hic h parag raph s does th e w rite r ma ke his
• Me mbership • Introd uctio n • Ad vice Page suggesti o ns?
•J ob Vaca nc ies • Cover Appeal • Purpos e 2 W hat are hi s suggesti o ns?
• Fea tures a nd Arti cles • Conclu sio n 3 Has the w riter used any moda ls ? Fi nd th em and
• Fac il iti es underline them.
158
 cm· · · · ·
•........
•.........
·······
•........
······· ...... .
• Style [1IJ include more cartoons and action films
[][]ad vertise in youth magazines and on local
4Q Which of the expressions would you use to radio
start your report (5) and which to end it (E)? IA[] establish links with local organisations and
chariti es
• I hope/trust that the suggestions presented
in this report .. . [2[J put colourful posters in foyer
• The aim of this report is to present [Q[J matinees on weekends and weekdays

suggestions ... [Z[] adverti seproducts popular with young people

[§"[]reduce ticket prices
• To sum up/conclude .
• As requested, this report is to suggest
• All in all, I feel certain that if we
44 Which of the following subheadings would
you use for the main body paragraphs? Tick
(.I').
• Making Suggestions
• Selection of films D • Advertising D
41 A private TV channel would like to raise the • Discounts D • Work in g hours D
number of its young viewers. Read the • TV commercials D • Matinees D
prompts (1-6) and say which of them you
would use to make suggestions. Then make
up sentences, as in the example.
45 Use your answers from Exs. 42 and 43 as
well as your answers from the plan below to
write your report (120-180 words). You can
1 Increase programmes featuring pop music.
use the report in Ex. 38 as a model.
2 Include comedy programmes aimed at young
adults.
3 Convert building into a community centre.
Plan
4 More live coverage of festivals and concerts.
5 Establish a free creche for parents with children. Introduction
6 Cut down on cookery and gardening (Para l) What is the purpose/content of
programmes - replace them with action films. your report?
Main Body
We should increase programmes featuring pop
(Para 2) What is your first suggestion?
music and include comedy programmes aimed at
Why do you think it is
young adults. important?
(Para 3) What is your second
• Discuss and Write suggestion? Why do you think it
is important?
42 Read the rubric and underline the key words.
(Para 4) What is your third suggestion?
Then answer the questions that follow.
Why do you think it is
You work as a supervisor in a local cinema important?
complex. The manager wants to attract more Conclusion
teenagers aged up to fourteen and has asked (Para 5) What are the main points of
you to write a report making your suggestions. your report? How would you
summarize them? How would
1 What is the aim of your report? you express your opinion
2 Who is going to read it? and/or recommendation?
3 What style would you use? Why?
4 In which paragraph(s) shou ld you include your
suggestions?
5 Would you give your opinion? In which paragraph?
46 Read the sentences. What do they mean?

•
43 Read the prompts below and tick (.!') the filat I U1 a
ones you would use in your report. Justify
your answers. The advertisement is the most truthful part of a
newspaper.
ITO build leisure areas for board games 2 Don't shoot the messenger.
159
 •
iLiterature Clip
Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-
1894) was a Scottish novelist, poet,
and essayist As a child he was
often ill and suffered all his life
from tuberculosis. Forced to stay
My Shadow
in bed as a boy, Stevenson began by Robert Louis Stevenson
writing poetry and stories to fil l his
long lonely hours. He published his first
essays while he was still at university His
I have a little shadow that goes in and out with me,
most popu lar books incl ude Treasure
Island (1883), A Child's Garden of Verses And what can be the use of him is more than I can see.
(1885), and The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll He is very, very like me from the heels up to the head;
and Mr Hyde (1886) And I see him jump before me, when I jump into my bed.

The funniest thing about him is the way he likes to grow -

47 Look at the picture. What has to

Not at all like proper children, which is aiways very slow;
For he sometimes shoots up taller like an india-rubber ball,
happen before we can see a
And he sometimes goes so little that th~re's none of him at all.
shadow of ourselves? Can we
always see our shadows? When
He hasn't got a notion of how children ought to play,
do our shadows grow biggerI
And can only make a fool of me in every sort of way.
smaller than us?
He stays so close behind me, he's a coward you can see;
I'd think shame to stick to nursie as that shadow sticks to me!

One morning, very early, before the sun was up,

I rose and found the shining dew on every buttercup;
But my lazy little shadow, like an arrant sleepy-head,
Had stayed at home behind me and was fast asleep in bed.

49 Read the poem verse by verse and answer the

questions.

1 Wh o is "I" ? How old do you think he is?

2 What does he find funn y about his shadow ?
3 Why d oes he call hi s shad ow 'a coward '? (ve rse 3 )
4 In th e last verse th e writer can 't see hi s shad ow. W hy?
5 How does the w riter feel abo ut hi s shad ow? Gi ve
exampl es .

48 a) What do you expect to read • Project

in the poem? Draw a scene from My Shadow for your class drawing
competition.
c\ b) Listen and check if your
guess was correct.
160
50
Revision & Extension
a) Look at the picture and complete the
. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . ... ' tabloid

dialogue. news pap:~

~ .. . ....... .. .. ... . .

frequency
~
radi o

' .. .. . .......... .. . .

A: W here do yo u thin k th e picture was taken? b) Use any two words from each section to
B: 1) .... ..... ....... ..... ... ..... ........ ... .. ... ... ... ... .. . make up sente~ces.
A: Wha t ca n yo u see in th e p ictu re?
B: 2) .. ............ .................... ..... ... ..... ... ...... . • Demanding Explanations
A: Whe re do yo u thin k she's going ?
B: I' m not su re. Maybe she is 3) .. .... ... .. .... .. .. .. . 52 Use the phrases in the table to act out short
A: Do yo u enj oy rea d ing newspa pers? dialogues, as in the example.
B: 4) ......... ..... ............. .......... ......... ... ... ... .
• not cover opening ce remo ny • fix the TV
• mi ss a n interview • delay w ith a n articl e
b) In pairs, make up a dialogue based on
• fini sh the pro ject on time
the picture below.

C an yo u tell me why . .. ; I don 't real ly understand

w hy .. . ; W hy is it th a t .. . ; How co me ... ; Do you
real ly expect me to believe .. . ; Ca n you expla in
w hy ...

A : How come you weren 't able to cover the

opening ceremony?
B: Sorry, but I was involved in a car accident.

53 In pairs, decide which of the following are

needed in case of an earthquake. G ive
reasons.

c) In pairs, talk about the following:

• How do yo u kee p in fo rmed?

• Wha t is the effect of TV news on c hildren?
• Should the news show violent scenes ?

51 a) Think of four words to complete the

spidergrams.
cha nnel
........... ........ ,~#

• • lo • • • • • • •' ;. • • • •••• •
\ TV

' . .. .. . ..... .. . .. . . .
A: I think the most important thing to have is .. .
B: You 're right. This would help . ...
161
 Units 9 - 10

3 It's a pity she lost her job.

Vocabulary & Grammar had If ..... .. ....... ......... ............ .... ... .
1 Fill in the correct word . her job .
4 She was the only one who failed the exam.
1 "How long does the trip ............ . .... ?" "An hour." apart Everyone
2 The film has excellent special .... . .. . .. ..... . her.
3 She joined a gym to get in .... ..... .... .... . 5 I wish you had worked harder.
4 Can you look ............... my son for an hour, please? rather I
5 You need special ...... . ...... ... .. to do certain sports . harder.
6 If ... ........ .. ..... you hadn't lied to him. (10 marks)
7 An earthquake is a natural . ............... .
8 Hurry up! The film will . . . . . . . . started by the Listening
time we get there.
9 In .. .. .. . ........... of the bad weather, he left for his
house.
10 If you had asked, I'd ...... ..... . .. .. . told you .
4 c\ You will hear a course leader talking about
the course . For questions, 1-6 fill in the missing
(10 marks/ information.

2 Circle the correct item. The summer journalism course

He was so scared, his hands were . ....... viole ntly. Dates : 8th to 22nd I 11 I
A shak ing B moving C tapping D vibrating Place: The Community College
2 I'd rather you . ... ....... now. Course Language workshops, classes on
A leave B have left C left D had left includes : I 12 L
3 Th e ... . .. . . of the Olympic Games is five joined rings. reporting styles and article writing and
A medal B symbol C motto D link development of I 3 I I
4 He couldn't .... ....... back his laughter. Timetable : l 0.00 am - 4.00pm everyday
A knock B keep C hit D hold Workshops take place
5 You'd have to .... .... . me a fortune to wear this dress. I 14 I
A get B offer C pay D give Costs: £ l 00 ( l 0% discount for students under 18)
6 The explosion ........... the buildings miles away. Costs cover I Is I,
A shook B moved C broke D collapsed audio cassettes and notebooks

7 Lord Re ith is someone who ha s changed the . ... ... .

of the media.
Ring the Community College on I I6 I
for enrolment details.
A life B kind C look D face
8 They a ll voted to ......... the death penalty for murder. (10 marks)
A establish B abolish C stress D hold
9 He will have been living here for two years .. ... . Speaking
December.
A from B until C by D since 5 Complete the exchanges.
10 Enterprise Co. has hundreds of scientific projects.
A spo nsored B realised C raised D paid A: I'd like some information about the course.
B: Certainly. What . . . . . . . . . . . .. know?
(20 marks/
2 A: Why . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... circus?
B: I don't really feel like it.
3 Use two to five words to complete the second
sentence using the word in bold. 3 A: Could . . . . . .. the next show is?
B: Tuesday at 6.30.
The police are investigating the case. 4 A: What shall . . . . . . . . . .. ....... ............... tonight?
looked Th e case .... ......... .......... ......... ... . B: Th ere's a good comedy on Channel 4 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . by the police. 5 A: I am not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . karate.
2 He didn't have enough exper ience to get the job. B: Really? Why's that?
experienced He ... ... ... .... .
(10 marks/
........... ....... ... ....... to get the job .
162
 Units 9 - 10

6 In pairs, discuss which fou r of the sports should

be provided in the new sports centre which is
can enjoy stamp collecting. In these days of e-mails, mobile phone
text messages and faxes, letters seem to be becoming less frequent.
As a result, perhaps those colourful, little postage marks known as
opening in your neighbourhood .
stamps may start to fasc inate people once again. Who knows, stamp
collecting might boom, and be once again placed on its former

~
pedestal, as the 'king of hobbies'.

A Tricks of the Trade

B Royalty and Philosophers

/~
,'
C A Special Bookcase for Stomp Albums
D Notional Symbo ls
I \
'. E
I , A 19th Century Globa l Trend

7
I \
\
\

Reading
\
\
I

' t&
Read the article and choose the best heading for
(10 marks)

8
F A Bod Reputation

Writing (a review)
Your teacher has asked you to write a review
about a film you have recently seen for the
( 15 marks}

each pa ragraph. There is one heading which school magazine. Use the plan and the notes to
you do not need to use. write your review ( 120-180 words).
A Royal Hobby
1 Plan
Stamp collecting has an image problem. Let's face it, the thought of it
as rather 'boring' or as a hobby for 'nerds' has probably at one point Introduction
or another crossed the minds of even the most polite and tolerant of (Poro l) title - name of director - type, setting
us. This is not to say that many of us haven't collected stamps at some Main Body
stage of our lives, even if it meant commencing an interest that didn't
(Paro 2) main points of the plot
progress beyond soaking a few of our overseas relatives' letters in
(Paro 3) general comments (actors' performance;
water to try to get those interesting, exotic-looking stamps off. A stamp
directing, sound/special effects}
album or lwo from days gone by, tucked away or probably hidden in
the back of a closet somewhere, isn't unusual either.
Conclusion
2 (Pora 4 ) recommend the film
How times have changed! Stamp collecting was a hobby that (15 marks)
important figures, such as England's King George V proudly admitted
(Total = I 00 marks)
to participating in. It has been referred to as 'the hobby of kings and
the king of hobbies', and at the mere mention of the word 'hobby',
stamp collecting is the most popular one that comes to mind. A word
of ancient Greek origin - 'philately', has even been given to the
practice. 'Philos' meaning friend and 'atelos' referring to free of tax,
as stamps are basically signs meaning that postage, or tax has been
paid. So there you have it - in ancient Greek, stamps are friendly and
9 c\""
Listen and fill in . Listen again and sing .
Daredevil
functional!
On a white water river 3)
3 I'm not l) ....... . at all At lightning speed
Stamps haven't been around since the Parthenon though. The firs!
I love to kayak over The snow flies up
postage stamps were issued in Britain in the year 1840. The United
States followed a few years later while the idea caught on so well, A waterfall Li ke a big white 4) .... ..... ... .
that by l 860 almost every country had a stamp. Catalogues of each It 2) . me with I feel so excited
country's stamps were then published, and stamp enthusiasts and Positive energy That I shout out loud
collectors could ore over these a es with curiosi and deli ht. Althoug h people say I'm a daredevil, daredevil .. .
4 It's sheer lunacy
Things that may seem rather weird to the lay-person, can be normal I love taking part
I'm a daredevil, daredevil
practice amongst stamp collectors. Looking at the way the edges of In a motor race
You know it's true
each stamp are cut is one of these 'inside' activities. Others include Riding so 5) .
looking at different paper that some stamps are printed on, as well as
I love taking risks With the wind in my face
the type of ink used and the printing method. In fact, printing errors on It's a ll I want to do
Dangerous sports
stamps can make them collector's items. Generally, stamps that are I'm a daredevil, daredevil Let me know I'm alive
hard to find, means that they are rare, which in turn means that they're Always trying someth ing new And I always know
worth quite a bit of money.
A snowy mountain That I wi ll 6) ............... . .
5 Is all I need I'm a daredevil, daredevil ...
Monetary values aside, stamps can be seen as representations of art. I can snowboard down the
They serve as social and historical indicators of a country, and its
culture. What is more, people of all ages and from all walks of life
 Grammar Reference
Unit 1 Note:
• The verb en joy can be used in continuous tenses to express a
specifi c preference.
Present Simpl e and Prese nt Continuo us Anna really enioys reading novels . (general preference)
BUT: He's enioying the summer music festival (specific preference)
We use the present simple for:
• The verbs look (when we refer to somebody's appearance), feel
• facts and permane nt states. John works for Smiths ltd. (experience a particular emotion), hurt and ache ca n be used in
• general truths an d laws of na ture. Water boils at I OCl'C. simple or continuous tenses with no difference in meani ng.
• habits and routines (with always , usually etc). She usually does her We feel very angry = We are feeling very angry.
shopping on Fridays. ·
• tim etables and program mes (i n the future). His train leaves at six
o'clock tomorrow morning. Ad verbs of Frequ ency
• sportin g commentaries, reviews and narrations . Beckham wins the
These include always, frequently, often , once, twice , sometimes, never,
ball, crosses and Owen scores. usually, ever, hardly ever, rarely , occasionally etc.
• fee li ngs and emotions. ! love Madrid, it's a beautiful city.
• Adverbs of frequency are normally placed before the ma in verb. I
The time expressions we use with the present simple are: usually, always eat breakfast. I hardly ever drink coffee.
often, always, every day/week/month/year etc, in the morning/ • However, adverbs of frequency are placed after the verb to be
afternoon/evening, at night/the weekend, on Fridays, etc and after auxiliary verbs. Peter is never late for work. I have
always wanted to go to Australia.
We use the present continuous Ito be + verb -ing):
• for actions taking place at or arou nd the moment of speaking. The Prese nt Perfect
kids are sleeping now.
• for temporary situations. I am working at my dad's restaurant this week. We use the present perfect (have + past participle) for:
• for fixed arra ngements in the near futu re. I'm meeting Karen at the • an action that happened at an unstated time in the past. The
cinema tonight. emphasis is on the action, the time that it occurred is unimportant
• for currently chang ing and developing si tuati ons. The world's or unknown. I have cul the grass. Dan has seen the film twice.
population is growing at a fast rate . • an action w hich started in the past and continues up to the present,
• with adverbs such as a lways to express anger or irrita ti on at a especially w ith stative verbs (see above) such as be, have, like,
repeated actio n. He is always promising to take the children to the know, etc. I have studied French for two years.
amusement park. • a recently completed action. She has finished her history essay.
• perso nal experiences or changes. He has shaved his head.
The time expressions we use with the present continuous are: now, at the
moment, at present, these days, nowadays, still, today, tonig ht, etc The time expressions we use with the present perfect are:
for, since, already, always, iust, ever, never, so far, today, this
Stati ve Verbs week/month etc, how long, lately, recently, still {in negations), etc
I
Stative verbs are ve rbs wh ich d escribe a state rather tha n an acti o n, and
so do not usua lly have a continuous tense . Th ese verbs are : Present Perfect C o ntinuou s
I • ve rbs of the senses (see, hear, smell, taste, touch, etc) The fresh
We use the present perfect continuous (have + been + verb -ing):
bread smells delicious .
• verbs of perception (know, believe, understand, realise, • to put emphas is on the duration of an action w hich started in the
remember, forget, etc) I don 't believe anything she says. past and contin ues up to the present. I have been washing dishes
• verbs which express feeli ngs a nd emot ions (like, love, hate, enjoy, all morning.
prefer, detest, desire, want, etc) Diana loves watching old films. • for an action wh ich started in the past which lasted for some time.
• and so me other verbs (be, contain, include, belong, fit, need, It may still be continu ing or has finished already with the result
matter, cost, own , want, own, weigh, wish , have, keep, etc) The visible in th e present. We're fired because we have been painting
price doesn't include sales tax. the house.
• to express anger, irritation, or annoyance. She has been wearing
Some of these verbs ca n be used in continuous te nses but with a my clothes without asking me.
di fference in meani ng. • for repeated actions in the past continuing to the present. They
have lost weight because they have been eating properly.
Present Simple Present Continuous

THINK The time expressions we use w ith the present perfect continuous are:
I think she's a very good W e are thinking about moving for, since, how long ... ?, all day/morning/month etc, lately, recently
dancer. I= bel ieve) house . I= are considerin g )
Note: w ith the verbs live, work, teach and feel we can use the present
HAVE perfect or the present perfect continuous w ith no difference in meaning.
He has a home in Portugal. She is having problems at work. She has lived/ has been teaching in Athens for the last four years.
I= own, possess ) I= is exper iencing )
SEE Prepos ition s of Pla ce
I can see my school from here. I'm seeing the vice-president at
I= it is visible) seven o'clock. I= am meeting ) Prepos iti ons of place are preposi ti ons which describe where someone or
I see your point. I= understa nd) something is. These prepositions include:

TASTE

on/onto ~
The pasta tastes terrible. Pete is lasting the soup to see if if
I= it is, has the flavour of) is salty enough. I= is testing ) into
SMELL
The air smells clean. The police dog is smelling the shirt.
I= has the aroma)
APPEAR
I= is sn iffi ng)
outof
1
'j't past
D
She appears to be saying The band is appearing at the )
something. I= seems to be) cultural centre. I= is perform ing)
FIT
These trousers fit me well. Tina is Fitting a new light in her office. from ~ to - - - 70
I= it's the rig ht size) I= is attaching)

164
 Grammar Reference

towards ~·---D under • D ".:\

··:.i .. . ) . .. . . ·
Time clauses when talking about the future:
When we are using the present simple or present perfect, but NOT
future forms, we use words and expressions such as while, before,
after, until/till, as, when, whenever, once, as soon as, as long as, by

over through .J.. . . .····t ·":f the time, etc ta introduce time clauses. By the time we get there the
concert will have started (NOT: B~· lite i;Wte .. e 1'1il.'§ef ,t/<te1e .. ./
We also use the present simple and present perfect but NOT future forms
alter words and expressions such as unless, ii, suppose/supposing, in case
etc. Buy travel insurance in case something happens. (NOT- ... iii eese } ,·,;//

near •--0 behind

D.....·.·
'
~
. ~.}

We use future forms with:

······ • when - when it is used as a question word. When will you be
leaving for Bali?
in front of along • if/whether - after express io ns which show uncertainty/ ignorance
etc, such as I don't know, I doubt, I wonder, I' m not sure, etc. I
don't know whether my marks will be high enough.

across up
IT Ty pe 0 / l Conditionals
Type 0 conditionals are used to express a general tru th or a scientific
fact. In this type of conditional we can use when instead of if.

down
I
'1t
•
between o to ~
If-clause
If/when + present simple
Main Clause
-+ present simple

If/When you don't water plants they die.

Type l conditionals are used to express a real or very probable situation

Unit 2 in the present or future.

If-clause Main Clause

Future Simple
If+ P,resent future simple, imperative, can/
We use the future simple (will + bare infinitive) for: simple must/may etc+ bare infinitive
• decisions mode at the moment of speaking. It's cold in here, /'II
If I wear these uncomfortable shoes, my feel will/might/etc hurt.
turn off the air conditioner.
• predictions about the future, based on what we think, believe or
When the hypothesis comes before the main clause, we separate them
imagine, using the verbs think, believe, expect etc, the expressions
with a comma. When the main clause comes before the if-clause then
be sure, be afraid etc, and the adverbs probably, certainly, perhaps
we do not use a comma to separate them.
etc. You will probably catch o cold
• promises, threats, warnings, requests, hopes, and offers. Will you Note: With type l cond iti onals we can use unless + affirmative verb (=
help me translate this letter? if+ negative verb). I will not be able lo go on holiday unless I save some
• actions, events, situations which will definitely happen in the future money. I= if I do not save some money, .. )
and which we can't control. Eric will be twenty years old in May .
Clauses of purpose
Be going to Clauses of purpose are used to explain why somebody does something .
We use be going lo: They are introduced with the following words/express ions .
• for plans, intentions or ambitions for the future . I'm going to study • to - infinitive - Colin went to the kiosk to buy some water.
medicine when I'm older. • in order to/so as to + infinitive (formal) - The director requested
• actions we have already decided to do in the near future. I am that everyone cooperate in order to finish the film on time.
going to work at a summer comp during the summer holidays. • so that + can/will (present/future reference) - I will give you my
• predictions based on what we can see or what we know, business card so that you can contact me if you have any more
especially when there is evidence that something will happen . The questions .
sky is very dark, it's going to rain. • so that + could/would (past reference) - They left al 6 o'clock, so
that he would be at the stadium in plenty of time.
• in case + present tense (present or future reference) - Take your
we use with the future simple and be going to are:
The time expressions
mobile phone with you in case there is a change of plan.
tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, tonight, soon, next week/month/ • in case + past tense (past reference) - I had brought a map in
year/summer etc, in a week/ month etc case I got lost.
Note: In case is never used with will or would.
• for+ noun (expresses the purpose of an action) - We went to the
Future Continuous bakery for a cake.
We use the future continuous (will be+ present participle of the verb): • for+ -ing form (expresses the purpose of something or its function)
- Toothbrushes are used for cleaning teeth.
• for actions which will be in progress at a stated future time. I've • with a view to + -ing form - The city bought the old mansion with
found a iob abroad This lime next month I'll be working in Rome. a view to restoring it.
• for actions which will defin itely happen in the future as the result of
a routine or arrangement. The students will be visiting the Arts We can express negative purpose by:
Museum next week.
• when we ask politely about someone's plans for the near future. • in order not to/so as not to+ infinitive - I turned off the water so
Will you be preparing anything for the food fair? as not to waste any.
• prevent+ noun/prq_noun + (from) + -ing form - Please put the ice
For future perfect and future perfect continuous see unit l 0. cream in the fridge to prevent it from melting.

165
 Grammar Reference

The d efinite articl e the Unit 3

We use the :
• with nouns when talking obout something spec ific. Gina owns a Pa st Simpl e
Jag uar and a BM W . The Jaguar is green and the BMW is black. We use the past simple:
• with nouns thot ore unique (the moon, the Earth, etc)
• with names al newspapers (the Gazette), cinemas (the Carlton}, • for an action that occurred ot o definite time (stated or implied) in
theatres (the Centaur}, museums/art galleries (the Guggenheim), the past. Mrs Smith called at 3 o'clock this afternoon
ships (the Queen Elizabeth), organisations (the RSPCA) • for actions that happened immediately after one another in the
• wi th the names of rivers (the Nile}, groups o f isla nds (the past. She turned the key and slowly opened the door.
Philippines), mountain ronges (the Alps}, deserts (the Sahara), • for habits or states which are now finished. Miss Ladd lived in
oceans (the Atlantic), canals (the Panama Canal}, countries when Kenya when she was younger.
they include words such as States, Kingdom, Republic (the UK) Note that used to can also be used instead of the past simple for
ond na mes or nouns with of (the month of August), in habits/repeated actions in the past (seep 168)
geographical terms such os the Antarctic/Arctic/Equator, the
Eastern Hemisphere, the North/East/South/West. The time expressions we use with the past simple are: yesterday,
• with the names of musical instruments and da nces (the trumpet, the then, when, How long ago ?, last night/week/month/year/
flamenco) . Friday/October etc, three days/weeks etc ago, in 1999 etc
• wi th the no mes of famili es (the Smiths) ond na tionali ties en di ng in -
sh , -ch , or -ese (the Portuguese). Other national ities can be used
with or without the /the Canadians/Canadians}. Pas t C o ntinu ous
• with titles {the Pope, the Prime Minister) but not with titles including
a proper na me (Prince William). We use the past continuous :
• w ith ad jectives/ adve rbs in the superlative form {the best pizza I • for an action which was in progress when another action
have ever eaten) but when most is followed by o noun it doesn't interrupted it. We use the past continuous for the action in
toke the (most dogs don't enioy getting wet). progress (the longer action) and the past simple for the action
• with the words day, morning , afternoon and evening . I prefer to which interrupted it (shorter action). We were listening to music
exercise early in the morning . when the doorbell rang.
BUT: at night, at noon, at midnight, by day/night • for two or more simultaneous actions in the past. I was chopping
• with historical periods/events (the 2 lst century, the Korean war) the vegetables while Mary was preparing the sauce.
BUT: World War I • for an action which was in progress at a stated time in the post.
• w ith the word s only , last and first (used as ad jectives). She was the We d on't mention when the action started or finished At 9 o'clock
last one to leave. last night I was watching television .
• with the words station , cinema , theatre , library, shop , coast , • to describe the atmosphere, setting, etc and to give background
sea(side ), beach , country(side), city , jungle , world , ground , information lo a story. The stars were shining and the sea was
weather. The Amazon ju ngle is located in South America. glistening . I was sipping on iced tea outside on the balcony when
I heard someone scream .
W e do not use the :
• with uncountable and plural nouns when ta lking about something Nate: When there are two past continuous forms in a sentence with the
in general . Pineapples grow on trees. I don't like tea . same subject we can ovoid repetition by just using the present participle
• wi th proper nouns . Carlo works in an Internet cafe. (-ing for m) and leave out the ve rb to be. He was iogging, he was
• with the names of sports, games, activiti es, days, months, listening to music. = He was iogging, listening to music.
celebrations, colours, drinks and meals. We are going to play
basketball on Saturday. The time expressions we use with the past continuous are: while,
• with languages unless they are followed by the word language . when, as, all morning/evening/day/week etc
Conn ie sp eaks Greek, French and English fluently BUT: The
Spanish language is spoken by many Americans.
• with the names of countries which don't include the word State , Pas t Perfect
Kingdom or Republic. Switzerland , Morocco , Austria . BUT there We use the past perfect (had + past participle):
are some exceptions: the Netherlands, the Ukraine, the Vatican.
• for a n action which happened before another past action or
• w ith the names of streets (Sherbrooke Street, Park Avenue
before a stated time in the past. Doug had finished his report by
BUT: the M6, the A42), squares (Times Square}, bridges (London
Bridge BUT: the Golden Gate Bridge}, parks /Hyde Pork), railway eight o'clock.
• for an action which finished in the past and whose result was
stations {Victoria, Paddington), mountains (Mount Kilimaniaro),
visible al a later poin t in the past. He had broken a tooth the day
ind ividual isla nds (Sicily), lakes (Lake M ichigan} an d co ntin e nts
(South America}. before and he was in pain
• for a general situation in the past. The house had seemed empty at
• with possessive adjectives or the possessive case. Those ore my
first.
CDs .
• with the names of restaurants, shops, banks, hotels etc wh ich are
named after th e peop le wh o started them (Harrods ', Cathy's Cafe). The time expressions we use with the past perfect are: be fore, after,
111 • with the words bed , hospital , college , court, prison , school , already, iust, for, since, till/until, when, by the time, never etc
university when we refer to the purpose for wh ich they exist. The
accident victims were taken to hospital. BUT: I went to the hospital
to visit Margaret. Pa st Perfect Continu o us
• with the word work (= place of work). They've hired a new We use the past perfect continuous:
accountant at work.
• to put emphas is on the duration of an action which started and
• with the words home, mother, lather, etc when we talk about our
finished in the past, before another action or stated time in the
own hom e/ parents.
past, usually w ith fo r or since . I had been waiting fo r about half on
• wi th by + means of transport (by bus/ferry/train/car/etc) She
hour when I realised I was in the wrong queue.
travelled to Spain by ship .
• for an action which lasted for some lime in the past and whose
• with the names of illnesses. She's got asthma . BUT: flu/the flu ,
result was visible in the past. The dog had been ploying and she
measles/the measles, mumps/the mumps .
was hot.

The time expressions we use with the past perfect continuous are: for, since,
how long, before, until etc

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 Grammar Reference

Need : It is necessary to. Need I pay the full fee now?

Used to Note: Need can be used as a modal verb or as a main verb with no change
We use used to + infinitive to refer to past habits or states . in meaning. Need I water the plants? (Do I need to water the plants?)
In such cases used to can be replaced by the past simple w ith no change
in meaning. When I was younger I took/used to toke the bus to school. Absence of necessity
But for an action that happened at a definite lim e in the past we use the Needn't/Don't have to/Don 't need to + present infinitive: It isn't
past simple not used to . I swam in the pool yesterday. (NOT. ~ necessary lo do sth (in the present/future) . You needn't shout; I can hear
::aVi \~ ""' 4 yea e ef.a).)
1

you perfectly.

Time expressions to talk about the past: Didn't need to/ Didn't have to: It wasn't necessary to do sth. We don 't
ago I= back in lime from now) is used with the past simple I ate know if it was done or not. You didn 't need to/ have to buy milk. (We
o snack about on hour ago. don't know if she bought it or not. )
since I= from a starting point in the past) is used with the present
perfect (simple and continuous). I haven't seen Joanne Needn't + bare perfect infinitive: It was not necessary to do sth but it
since she moved to Los Angeles. was done. You needn't hove brought dessert. I baked a cheesecake.
for !=over a period of time) is used with the present perfect (You did bring dessert)
(simple and continuous) . They've been discussing the
football game for hours.
already is used in statements and questions Ito show surprise). I
Pro hibiti o n
hove already invited Debbie. Hove you set up your
Mustn't/Can't: It is forbidden lo do sth; it is against the rules/law; you
computer already?
are not allowed lo do sth. You mustn 't/can 't feed the animals at the zoo.
yet is used with the present perfect in questions and negations.
Hove you fed the -fish yet? I haven't sent in my application
yet. Cri ti cism
Cou ld/Should/ Might/Ought to/ + perfect infinitive: Used to criticise
Unit 4 someone's actions or lack of action (in the past). It would have been better
if you had ... (past). They could have offered to give me a lift home.

Present/Past Participles
O uestion Tags
We use prese nt participles ta describe something. It was an exciting
holiday. (H ow was the holiday? Exci ti ng.) Question tags are formed with an auxiliary verb and the appropriate
personal pronoun. They take the same auxi liary as in the statement or,
We use past participles to say how someone felt. We were excited.
if there isn't an auxiliary in the statement they take do/does (present
(How did we feel? Excited )
simple) or did (past simple).
• After affirmative statements we use a negative interrogative tag and
Log ica l Assumpti ons/Deducti ons after negative statemen ts we use an ordinary interrogative tag.
They live in Chicago, don't they?
Must: Sure/Certain that sth is true. He couldn't remember his e-mail address, could he?
Must is used in affirmative sentences and expresses positive logical Note:
beliefs. You've been looking of o computer screen all day, your eyes Let's has the tag shall we? - let's go to the funfair tonight, shall we ?
must be tired! Let me/ him has the tag w ill you/won't you? - You'll /et me apply
your make-up, won 't you ?
Can't/couldn't: Certain that sth is not true/real. I have (possess) hos the tag haven't I? BUT I have (used
Can't and couldn't are used in negati ons and express negative logical idiomatically) has the tag don 't I? - He has two daughters, hasn't
assumptions. That can't be the price of the toaster; it's too expensive . he ? last week he had the flu , didn 't he ?
This/That is hos the tag isn't it? - This hotel is the best in the city,
isn 't it?
Possibi lity I am has the tag aren't I? - I am wrong, aren 't I?
Can + present infinitive: General possibility, sth theoretically possible. A negative imperative has the question tag will you? - Don 't leave
Not used for a specific situation. When visiting London, you can toke o without me, will you ?
tour of Buckingham Palace.

Could/May/Might + present infinitive: It is possible/l ikely, perhaps.

Unit 5
Used to show sth is possible in a specific situation. You should keep that
baseball card, it may be valuable one day. In finitive
Note: we can use can/could/might in questions BUT NOT may. Do you
think that you could come over a little earlier? The to-infinitive is used:
• to express purpose. We visited Liz to see her holiday photos ..
Could/Might/Would + perfect infinitive: Refers to the past, sth that was • after certain verbs (agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan,
possible but didn't happen. He would have come to the party, but he promise, refuse, etc). My son refuses to drink milk.
had made other plans. • after would like, would prefer , would love etc to express a specifi c
preference. I would like to have the seafood pizza, please.
• after adjectives which describe feelings/emotions !happy, sod,
Obligation/Duty / Necessity
glad, etc); express wil lingness/unwillingness (willing, eager,
Must: Expresses duty, strong obligation to do sth. Sth is essenti a l. We reluctant, etc ); refer lo a person's characte r (clever, kind, etc) and
generally use must when the speaker has decided that sth is necessary I the adjectives lucky and fortuna te. I was very lucky to find a iob so
must call my doctor to make on appointment. quickly.
N ote: W ith adjectives that refer to character we can a lso use an
Have to: Expresses strong necessity/ obl igation. We usually use have to impersonal construction. It was kind of you to give such o
when somebody other th an the speaker has decided that sth is generous donation.
necessary. I have to drive my grandfather to the airport tomorrow • after too/enough. It is too dangerous to walk alone of night.
Note: Must and have to have differen t meanings in questions. Do I have • to talk about an unexpected event usually with only. I finally
to wash the dishes now? (Is it necessary for me . ?J Must I wash the arrived at the library only to find that ii was closed
dishes now? (Do you insist that I ?J • with it+ be+ adjective/noun. It is difficult for me to say no to my
mother.
Should/Ought to: Express duty, weak obligation. These are less • after be+ first/second/next/last etc. She is the first woman to win
emphatic than must/have to . You should call your sister to thank her for the award.
the gift.
167
 Grammar Reference

• ofter verbs ond expressions such os ask, learn , explain , decide, • stop + to-infinitive = stop temporarily in order to do something else -
find out, want, want to know etc when they are foll owed by a We stopped to ask for directions to the stadium.
question word. Sharon wanted to know how to get to the stop+ -ing form = fin ish doing something - You shouldn't stop taking
restaurant. your prescribed medicine iust because you feel a little better.
Note: why is followed by subject + verb, NOT an infinitive. I
wonder why she hasn 't phoned yet.
Comparisons
• in the expressions to tell you the truth , to be honest, to sum up , to
begin with etc. To be honest, I think you were unfair.
As / Like
Note: If two to-infinitives are linked by and or or the to of the
second infinitive can be omitted. I need to go and speak to her We use like :
immediately • with nouns/ pronouns/-ing form to express simi lari ty. He treats me
like a queen . (I'm not a queen.}
The infinitive without to is used: • with feel , look, smell , taste . This shampoo smells like strawberries.
• after modal verbs. Beth can speak German and Italian. We use as :
• after the verbs let, make, see , hear, and feel . They mode her take
a blood test. BUT: we use the to-infinitive after be made be
• to say what somebody or something really is. She works as an
architect for a big firm.
heard , be seen etc (passive form). She was made ta take a blood
test.
Note: When see , hear and watch are fallowed by an -ing form Comparatives and Superlatives
there is no change in the passive. I heard Audrey talking to Betty.
Audrey was heard talking to Betty. We use the comparative to compare one person or thing with another
• after had better and would rather. You had better post your lox We use the superlative to compare one person or thing with more than
forms because the deadline's in two days . one person or things of th e same group. We ofte n use than after a
• help can be followed by either the to-infinitive or th e infinitive comparative and the before a superlative. Chihuahuas are smaller than
without to . I helped her (to) paint the clouds on her bedroom dobermans. Chihuahuas are the smallest dogs in the world
ceiling.
Formation of comparatives and superlatives from adjectives and
adverbs:
-ing form
• with one-syllable adjectives, add -(e)r to form the comparative and
The -ing farm is used: -(eJst to form the superlative. close - closer - closest
• as a noun . Sunbathing is very bad for your health. Note: for one syl lable adjectives ending in a vowel + a
• after certain verbs: admit, appreciate, avoid , continue , deny, fancy, consonant , we double the co nso nant. big - bigger - biggest
go (for activities). imagine, mind , miss, quit, save , suggest, practise , • with two-syl lable adjectives ending in -ly, -y, -w, also add -er/ -est.
consider, prevent. Will you continue working after your baby is born? narrow - narrower - narrowest
• after love, like, enjoy, prefer, dislike, hate to express general Note: far adjectives ending in a consonant+ y we replace the -y
preference. Philip doesn 't like writing letters. BUT: for a specific with an -i . tiny - tin ier - tin iest
preference (would like/would prefer/would love) we use a to-infinitive . • with other two-syllable adjectives or adjectives w ith more than two
• after expressions such as be busy, it's no use, it's (no) good , it's (not) syllables, comparatives and superlatives are formed with
worth , what's the use of, can't help, there's no point in , can't stand , more/most. intelligent - more intelligent - most intelligent
have difficulty (in). have trouble etc. Since his stroke he has difficulty • wi th adverbs that have the same form as their adjectives we add -
(in) pronouncing some letters. er/-est. hard - harder - hardest
• after spend , waste , or lose (time, money, etc). He spent a lot of • two-syllable or compound adverbs take more/most. slowly - more
money buying a computer he doesn't even use. slowly - most slowly
• after the preposition to with verbs and expressions such as look Note : clever, common , cruel , friendly , gentle , pleasant, polite ,
forward to , be used to , in addition to , object to , prefer (doing sth shallow , simple , stupid , quiet can form their comparatives and
to sth else) I am used to going to bed at 11 o'clock. superlatives either with -er/-est or with more/most
• after other prepositions I'm good at playing the guitar. Irregular forms:
• after the verbs hear, listen ta , notice , see , watch , and feel to good - better - best / bad - worse - worst /
describe an incomplete action. I watched the group rehearsing for much - more - most / little - less - least /
the play. (I only watched part of the rehearsal.) BUT: we use the far - farther /further - farthest/furthest /
infinitive without to w ith hear, listen to , notice, see , watch , and feel many/lots - more - most
to describe the complete action. I watched the group rehearse for
the play. (I watched the whole rehearsal.} Types of comparisons :
• as + adjective + as (to show that two people or things are similar
Difference in meaning between the to-infinitive and -ing form in some way) In negative sentences we use not as/so .. . as . The
chocolate cake is as expensive as the coconut one.
Some verbs can take either the to-infinitive or the -ing farm with a change • less + adjective + than (expresses th e difference between two
in mean ing. people or thing s) The opposite is more than . Simon is less
• forget + to-infinitive = not remember - I forgot to bring my responsible than Peter.
glasses. the least + adjective + of/in (compares one person or thing to two
forget + -ing form = not recall - I'll never forget riding on a camel or more people or things in the same group.) The oppos ite is most
in Egypt. ... of/in He is the least dependable person I know.
• remember+ to infinitive = not forget - Did you remember to turn off • much/a lot/far/a little/a bit/slightly + comparative (expresses
the oven? th e degree of difference between two people or things) My salary
remember + -ing form = recall - I remember baking cookies with is slightly higher than my husband's.
my grandmother. • comparative and comparative (to show that somethi ng is increasing
• mean + to-infinitive = intend to - I meant to tell you about the or decreasi ng) His condition gets better and better every day.
exhibit but I forgot. the + comparative ... , the + comparative (shows that two things
mean + -ing form = involve - If I accept the iob offer, it will mean ch ange together or that one thing depends on another thing) The
working long hours. more I practised speaking French, the easier it became.
• regret + to-infinitive = be sorry to (normally used in the present by far + the + superlative (emphasises the difference between one
simple with verbs such as say, tell , inform) - We regret to inform you person or thing and two or more peop le or things in the some
that your application was not accepted group) 1986 was by far the highest point of his singing career.
regret + -ing form = feel sorry about - I regret buying such an
expensive car.
• try + to-infinitive = do one's best, attempt - She tried to tell you the
truth, but you wouldn't listen.
try + -ing form = do something as an experiment - I've tried
painting oil paint over water paint, but it doesn't work.

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Unit 6 • W hen we want to fi nd out w ho or what performed an action, the

pass ive question form is Who/What . . . by? Who was the ploy
direc ted by?
The Passive
We form the passive with the verb to be in the appropriate tense and the Relative Clau ses
past participle of the main verb. Only transitive verbs (verbs which take Relative cl au ses are introd uced with either a relative pronoun or a
an object) can be used in the passive. (live does not have a passive relative adverb .
form).
Relative Pronouns
We use the passive:
We use:
when the person or people who do the action are unknown,
i. who(m)/that to re fer to people.
unimportant or obvious from the context. My coffee cup was used.
ii. which/that to refer to things.
{We don't know who used if) The office is being painted. fit's
iii . whose w ith people, animals a nd objects to show possess ion
unimportant who is doing if.) The burglars have been found. fit's
(instead of a possess ive adjective).
obvious that the police found them.)
when the action itself is mare important than the person/people who
• Who , which , and that can be omitted when they are the object of
do it, as in news headlines, newspaper articles, formal notices,
the re la tive clause. She's the singer {who} I saw on the news.
advertisements, instructions, processes etc. A conference on global
• Whom ca n be used instead of who when it is the object of the
warming is scheduled for 8-1 2 May.
relative cl ause. Whom is always used instead of who or that after
when we want to avo id tak ing responsibil ity for an action or when
a prepos ition. That's the man with whom I was practising the
we refer to an unpleasant event and we do not want to say who or
dance steps.
what is to blame. The report has been lost.
• Who , which , or that is not omi tted when it is the sub ject of a
rel a tive cl ause. The woman who lives in that flat is a circus
Changing from the active to the passive:
performer.
the object of the active sentence becomes the subject in the • Whose is never om itted . That's the man whose father won the
passive sentence lottery last week.
the active verb remains in the same tense but changes into a
passive form Relative adverbs
the subject of the active sente nce becomes the agent, and is eithe r
We use:
introduced with the preposition by or is omitted .
when/that to refer to a time (and can be omitted). That was the
Subject Verb Object
year {when/that} we started university.
ii . where to refer to a place . The company where I work is
ACTIVE The police the bu ild in g.
expa nding.
I
ti t
iii. why to give a reason, usually after the word reason (why can be
omi tted). The reason {why) she was fired from her iob is still not clear.
Subject Verb Agent
PASSIVE The building was being surround ed by the pol ice. Identifying and N o n-Identifying Relative Clau ses
Only transitive verbs (verbs that take an ob ject) can be ch anged An identifying rel ative clause gives necessary information essential to the
into the passive Active : Virginia works at the embassy. meaning of the main sentence. It is not put in commas and is introduced
(intransitive verb) no passive form: J:foie e-,;ssaa} '5 "e ~es' s ' S} with who , which , that, whose , where , when , or the reason !why) . The TV
that's in the living room is broken.
~
Note Some transitive verbs (have, be, exist, seem, fit, suit,
resemble, lack etc) can not be changed into the passive. Monica A non-id enti fy in g rel ative cla use g ives extra information and is not
has red hair. NOT: Red Rs:': :'5 Piss' S} A4eR:'es. essentia l to the meaning of the ma in sentence. It is put in commas and is
We can use the verb to get instea d of the verb to be in everyday introduced wi th who , whom , which , whose , where , or when . The
speech when we talk about things that happen by acc ident or cookies, which few people can resist, sell for € I each.
unexpectedly. I got iniured when I was playing hockey. {Instead of
I was iniured. .)
By + the agent is used to say who or what carries out an action. Unit 7
with + instrument/ material / ingredient is used to say what the
agent used. The ice cream was made by Andy. It was made with
fresh cream and peaches.
Cau sative form
The agent can be omitted when the subject is they, he, • We use have + object + past participle to say that we have
someone/somebody, people, one, etc. Somebody told us what to arra nged fo r so meone to do someth ing for us. The past participle
do. = We were told what to do . has a passive meaning. Angela had her hair cut at the hair salon.
The agent is not omitted when it is a specific or important person, (She d idn't cut it herself.)
or when it is essential to the meaning of the sentence. The book • Questions and negations of the verb have are formed with
was written by Anne Rice. do/does (present simple) or did (past simple). Did you have the
With verbs which can take two objects such as bring, tell, send, washing machine repaired yesterday?
show, teach, promise, buy, sell, read, offer, give, lend, etc, we • We also use have something done to talk about an unpleasant
can form two different passive sentences. experie nce that somebody ha d. We had our front window broken
My parents sent a parcel to me. {active} during the storm last night. (= the ir window was broken)
I was sent a parcel by my parents . {passive, more usual} • We can use the verb get instead of have in informal conversation.
A parcel was sent to me by my parents. {passive, less usual) I never get my car washed; it's a waste of money.
If in an active sentence a preposition follows a verb, then in the Note: The word order is very important. Joseph had his ear
passive it is placed immediately alter the verb. The chef cut the pierced and Joseph had pierced his ear have very different
tomatoes up . The tomatoes were cut up by the chef. meanings In the first case Joseph arranged for someone else to
The verbs hear, help, see, and make are followed by the bare pierce his ear whereas in the second case he carried out the
infinitive in the active but by the to-infinitive in the passive My p iercing himself.
mum helped me study for the test. I was helped to study for the test
by my mum.
• Let becomes be allowed to in the passive. The teacher let the children
touch the snake. The children were allowed to touch the snake.
• To ask questions in the passive we follow the same rules as for
statements, keeping in mind that the verb is in the interrogative
form. Have they announced the winner yet? Has the winner been
announced {by them} yet?

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 Grammar Reference

.-. . . Causative form t - Reported speech

Present Simple She washes the She has the dishes Present Simple -+ Past Si mple
dishes . washed 'My plane lands al 9 o'clock. "I He said /that} his plane landed al
Present Continuous She is washing the She is having the 9 o'clock.
dishes . dishes washed. Present Continuous -+ Past Continuous
Past Simple She washed the
dishes.
She had the dishes
washed. "I om working late this evening." I He said {that} he was working
late that evening .
Past Continuous She was washing the She was having the
dishes. dishes washed Present Perfect -+ Past Perfect

Future Simple She will wash the

dishes .
She will have the
dishes washed.
"I hove driven in the desert. " I He said (that} he had driven in
the desert.
She will be washing the She will be having

I
Future Continuous Past Simple -+ Past Simple or Past Perfect
dishes . the dishes washed
"I grew up in Ireland" He said (that} he grew up/he had
Present Perfect She has washed the She has had the grown up in Ireland
dishes. dishes washed

I
Past Continuous-+ Past Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect She has been She has been having
Continuous washing the dishes . the dishes washed "I was parking my car. " He said that he was parking/had
Past Perfect She had washed the She had had the been parking his car.
dishes. dishes washed
Past Perfect
Continuous
She had been
washing the dishes.
She had been having
the dishes washed.
"I will cook supper tomorrow " I
Future (will) -+ Conditional (would)

He said that he would cook

supper the next day.
Infinitive She should wash the She should have the
dishes. dishes washed. • Certain words and time expressions change according to the
-ing form It's worth washing the It's worth having the meaning as follows:
dishes. dishes washed now --> then, immedia tely
today that day
yesterday the day before, the previous day
tomorrow --> the next/following day
Reported Speech - Statements this week that week
last week the week before, the previous week
Reported speech is the exact meaning of what someone said, but not the
next week the week after, the following week
exact words. We do not use quotation marks. The word that can either
ago --> before
be used or omitted after the introductory verb /say, tell, suggest, etc}.
here there
She said (that} she wouldn't be back until 10 o'clock. come --> go
bring --> take
Say-Tell
• The verb tenses remain the same in reported speech when the
• say + no personal object - She said she was bored. in troducto ry verb is in the present, future or present perfect.
• say + to + personal object - She said to us she was bored Penelope has said, "I hate my iob. "
• tell + personal object - She told us she was bored Penelope has said she hates her iob.
• The verb tenses can either change or remain the same in reported
Expressions used with say , tell and ask . speech when repor ting a general truth or law of nature.
The teacher said "The Earth hos one moon. "
hello, good morning/afternoon etc, something/nothing, so, a
The teacher said /that} the Earth has one moon.
prayer, a few wo rd s, no more, for certain/sure etc
the truth, a lie, a story, a secret, a joke, the time, the difference, one Reported Questions
from another, somebody one's name, somebody the way, somebody
• Reported questions are usually introduced with the verbs ask,
so, someone's fortune, etc
inquire, wonder or the expression want to know .
a question, a favour, the price, after somebody, the time, • When the direct question begins wi th a question word (who,
around, for something/somebody, etc where, how, when, what, etc), the reported question is introduced
with the same question word .
What are you doing? (direct question)
Reported Statements She asked me what I was doing. (reported question)
• In reported speech, personal/possessive pronouns and possessive • When the direct question begins with an auxiliary (be , do, have),
adjectives change according to the meaning of the sentence. or a modal verb (can , may, etc), then the reported question is
Carol said, "I'm having my portrait painted" introduced with if or whether.
Carol said /that} she was having her portrait painted Are there many students in your class? (direct question)
• We can report someone's words either a long time after they were He asked me if/whether there were many students in my class.
said (out-of-date reporting) or a short time afte r they we re said (up- (reported question)
to-date repor ting). • In reported questions, the verb is in the affirmative. The question
mark and words/expressions such as please , well, oh , etc are
I omitted. The verb tenses, pronouns and time expressions change
Up-to-date reporting
I The tenses can either change or remain the same in reported speech.
as in statements.
Can you tell me what lime if is, please? (direct question)
Direct speech: Joey said, "I still haven't sold my car." She asked me what time it was. (reported question)
Reported speech: Joey said /that} he still hasn't/hadn't sold his car.
Reported Orders
Out-of-date reporting
To report orders in reported speech, we use the introductory verbs order
The introductory verb is in the past simple and the tenses change as or tell + sb + (not) to - infinitive.
follows: Come out with your hands up! (di rect order)
The police officer ordered them to come out with their hands up
(reported order)
Stop chewing your gum like a cow (direct order)
He told her to stop chewing her gum like a cow (reported order)

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Unit 8 The verbs marked with an asterisk can also be followed by a that-
clause in reported speech. He claimed that he was a film actor.
etc
Reported Commands, Requests and Suggestions etc
Note: To report negative commands and requests we usually use not +
To report commands, requests, suggestions, insfrucfions efc. we use a to-infinitive .
special introductory verb followed by a to-infinitive , -ing form , or that- Direct: Dad said, "Don 't go in the kitchen, the floor's wet."
clause , depending on the introductory verb. Reported : Dad told us not lo go in the kitchen because the floor was wet.

Introductory verb Direct speech Reported speech • In conversation we use a mixture of sfatemenfs, commands and
+ toinfinitive questions. When we turn them info reported speech, we use and ,
"Yes, I'll book the flight
He agreed to book the as , adding that, and he/ she added that , because , but, since efc.
agree
for you." flight for me. Words such as oh , oh dear, well etc ore omiffed in reported
*claim "I'm a film actor." He claimed to be o film speech.
Direct: "Ohl That hat is great," William said lo me, "The style suits
actor.
*demand '/ want to speak lo the He demanded lo speak you well.•
fa the manager. Reported: William said that it was a great hat and added that the
manager.
offer "Would you like me fa He offered ta pick me style suited me well.
pick you up after work?" up after work.
C ountabl e - Un co unta bl e N o uns
*promise "/ promise I'll pay you He promised to pay me
back. back. • Countable nouns are those fhaf can be counted (one rose, two
refuse "Na, I won't take off He refused to take off roses, elc). Uncountable nouns ore those that cannot be counted
my shoes." his shoes. (waler, milk, efc). Uncountable nouns fake a singular verb and are
*threaten "Give me the money or He threatened to tell our nof used with a/an.
I'll tell your secret. " secret if we didn't give
him the money. Groups of un countable nouns include:
+ sb + toinfinitive • mass nouns (apple iuice, homework, fruit, elc)
advise "Yau should get a He advised me to get a • sub jects of study (physics, geography, literature, elc)
second opinion." second opinion. • sports (swimming, tennis, polo)
allow 'Yau can barrow my He allowed me fa barrow • languages (English, German, Russian)
laptop." his laptop. • diseases (chickenpox, malaria, asthma)
ask 'What's your surname?' He asked me ta tell him • natural phenomena (rain, thunder, fog)
my surname. • callecfive nouns (baggage, money, hair)
beg "Please, please, you have He begged me to help • certain other nouns (weather, laughter, camping)
to help me." him.
command 'Close the door now.' He commanded me la So me/ A ny/ N o
close the door immediately.
encourage 'Yau should talk la your He encouraged me la Some , any and no are used with uncaunfable nouns and plural
boss." talk to my boss. countable nouns. some milk, some apples.
forbid 'You cannot smoke in He forbade me fa smoke • Some and ifs compounds (somebody, someone, something,
the workplace." in the workplace. somewhere efc) are normally used in affirmative sentences. There
invife "Will you come la my He invited me fa go lo is some ice cream in the freezer .
birthday party?" his birthday party. • Some and its compounds ore also used in interrogative sentences
order "Stay in bed for the next He ordered me la stay when we expect a positive answer, for example when we make an
two days." in bed far the following offer or request. Would you like something to drink?
two days. • Any and its compounds (anyone, anything efc) are usually used in
*remind "Don't forget to set the He reminded me fa set inferrogafive sentences. Do you have any old clothes lo give
clocks one hour ahead ' the clacks one hour away? Not any is used in negative sentences. There isn't any
ahead spinach left. Any and its compounds can also be used wifh
*warn "Be careful, don't drink He warned me not la negative words such as without, never, rarely . I have never met
the water." drink the water. anyone as funny as her.
• When any and ifs compounds are used in affirmative sentences
+ -ingform there is a difference in meaning. You can order anything you like
accuse sb of "She told Mary my He accused her of telling his from the menu. (if doesn 't maffer what)
secret.' secret to Mary. Anyone can enter the building. (if doesn't maffer who)
*admit (lo) "Yes., I am iealous of He admitted (lo} being • No and ifs compounds are used instead of not any in negative
you. iealous of me. sentences. They didn't say anything. (= They said nothing) There
wasn 't any answer. (=There was no answer)
apologise for 'I'm sorry I ruined the He apologised far Nole: We use a singular verb with compounds of some , any and
evening. ruining the evening. no . There is somebody here lo see you.
*boast about/of 'I'm the best student in He boasted of being the
my class." best student in his class.
*complain (lo sb) "/ feel very thirsty. " He complained (la me) A few / Few - A littl e/ Littl e
of/about of feeling very thirsty.
A few and few are used wifh plural countable nouns. A little and little
*deny '/ didn 't steal the He denied stealing/
are used with uncountable nouns.
money!" having stolen the money.
• A few means nof many buf enough. You have a few more minutes
*ins ist on "I am going to drive you He insisted an driving
to complete the exam. Few means hardly any, almosf none and
lo hospital." me to hospital.
can be used wifh very for emphasis. Few people know every word
*suggest 'Why don 't we go lo He suggested going lo
in the dictionary.
the comedy festival the comedy festival the
• A little means not much, buf enough. I had a little money left to buy
tomorrow?" next day
a bus ticket.
• Little means hardly any, almost none and can be used wifh very for
+ that clause emphasi s. I had very little sleep last night.
explain "The document must be He explained that the
signed by a lawyer." document had lo be
signed by a lawyer.
inform sb "The concert has been He informed us that the
cancelled due fa poor concert had been
ticket sales." cancelled due fa poor
ticket sales.
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 Grammar Reference

Note: • If only is used in exactly the same way as wish but ii is

A lo t of/ lo ts o f - mu ch - ma ny more emphatic or more dramatic.
• A lot of/lots of are used with both plural countable and • We can use were instead of was after wish and if only .
uncountable nouns. They are normally used in affirmat ive I wish we were swimming at the beach now.
sentences . The of is omitted when a lot/ lots are not followed by a
noun . Were there a lot/ lots of people at the beach on Sunday? Had Better/ Wo uld Ra th er
Yes there were lots.
• Much and many are usually used in neg a tive or interrogative Had better I= ii would be good to) is used lo give strong or urgent
sentences . Much is used with uncountable nouns and many is used adv ice. Had better cannot be used in the past or the comparative.
w ith plural countable nouns . There aren 't many public libraries in • had better+ bare infinitive -+ immediate fu ture
the city. Do you watch much television every day? You had better finish your homework .
• How much and how many are used in questions and negations.
How much + uncountable noun -+ amount Would rather I= would prefer to) expresses preference. When the
How many + countable noun -+ number sub ject of would rather is also the subject of the following verb , we use
How much pepper shall I put in the sauce? the following constructions
How many bikes does she have? • would rather + present bare infinitive -+ present/future .
• Too much is used with uncountable nouns . It hos a negative I'd rather tell you about it later.
meaning and shows that there is more of something than is wanted • would rather + present perfect bare infinitive -+ past
or needed. I couldn 't eat my dinner. There was too much salt in it. I stayed home last night but I'd rather have gone out to see a film.
• Too many is used with plural countable nouns. It hos the some • would rather + bare infinitive + than (+ bare infinitive)
negative meaning as too much . I couldn't sleep. I had too many Since it's such a grey day, I'd rather stay indoors than go on a
things on my mind picnic today.
• We use many/ much/some/ any/ most/ (a) few/ (a) little/ several/
one/ two etc. + of followed by the/ that/ this/ these/those and then a When the subject of would rather is different from the subject of the
noun when talking about a specific group. Most of the houses in my following verb, we use the following constructions:
neighbourhood have swimming pools (houses in my neighbourhood) • would rather + past tense -+ present/future
but: Many houses have swimming pools. (houses in general). I'd rather she sold you the bookshelf
• would rather + past perfect -+ past
He 'd rather we had left the restaurant a bit later, then we wouldn 't
Unit 9 have been caught in the storm.

Ty pe 2 an d 3 Co nditi o nal s Unit 10

• Conditionals Type 2 (unreal present) are used lo express
imaginary situations, wh ich are contrary to facts in the present,
and, therefore, are unlikely lo happen in the present or the futu re Future Perfect --+ w ill ha ve + pa st parti c iple
We can use either were or was for all persons in the if-clause. We • We use the future perfect for actions that will have finished before
can also use the structure If I were you . to give advice. a stated time in the future I will have finished my novel by the end
of the year.
If-clause Main Clause

If+ past simple/ past would/could/might+ present The time expressions we use with the future perfect are: before, by, by
continuous -+ bare infinitive then, by the time, until/till (only in negative sentences)

If I eamed more money, I would save more money.

If I were you, I would not move to a new flat.
Future Perfect Continuous--+ w ill have been + verb+ -ing
• Conditionals Type 3 (unreal past) are used to express imag inary
• We use the future perfect continuous to emphasise the duration of an
situations which are contrary to facts in the past They are also
action up to a certain time in the future. The future perfect continuous is
used to express regrets or criticism.
used with by ... far. By the end ofJuly, George will have been studying
If-clause Main Clause in Manchester for two years.

If+ past perfect/ past would/ could/ might + perfect

perfect continuous -+ bare infinitive _Linking Word s
Li nking words show the logical relationship between sentences or parts
If you had asked for help, I would have helped you .
of sentences.
If he hadn 't been talking on the phone for so long, he would have
got the message earlier.
Positive addition:
and, both and, loo, besides (this/that), moreover, what is more, in
W ishes addition (to), also, as well as (this/that), furthermore etc. The waiter was
both polite and discreet.
• We can use wish / ii only to express a wish.

Verb Tense Negative addition:

neither( ... nor), nor, neither, either etc. Neither my parents nor I went lo
+ past simple/ past If only it was hot. (but To say that we would
Aunt Jeon 's wedding.
continuous it's not) If only we like something to be
were going to Spain. different about a
Contrast:
(but we're not) present situation.
but, although, in sp ite of, despite, wh ile, whereas, however, even
+ past perfect I wish I had finished To express regret though, on the other hand, yet, still etc. In spite of the heat, we beat
my story earlier. (but I about something them at cricket.
didn't) which happened or
If only he hadn't done didn't happen in the Giving examples:
that. (but he did} past. such as, like, for example, for instance, especially, in particular etc. The
food there was superb. The pasta dishes in particular were very tasty.
+ subiect + would+ If only she would stop to express:
bare inf telling lies. • a polite imperative.
If only the bus would • a desire for a
arrive. situation or
person's behaviour
to change.
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 Grammar Reference

Cause/ Reason : • Both .. . and is followed by a plural verb. Both Sarah and her
as, because, because of, since, for this reason , due to, so, as a result mother go lo the market every week.
(of) etc. He had lo take the bus because his car had broken down. Neither .. . nor/ Either ... or are followed by either a singular or
plural ve rb. Neither Tom nor Dave are going to go iogging.
Condition:
if, whethe r, only if, in case of, in case, provided (tha t), p roviding (th at),
unless, os/so long os , otherwise, or (else), on condition (that) etc. He
Every/ Each
could go with them, as long as he is al the airport on lime. Each and every are used with singular countable noun s. We normally
use each when we refer to two people or things and every when we
Purpose: refer to three or more people or things. Vera wears three earrings in
to, so that , so as (not) to, in order (not) to, in order that, in case etc. Her each ear. Every student in the class received an 'A'.
father went lo the school, so that he could talk to the teacher. • The pronouns everyone , everybody , everything and the adverb
everywhere are used in affirmative, interrogative and negative
Effect/Result: sentences, and are followed by a singular verb. We normally use
every when we are thinking of people or th ings together, in a
such/so ... that, so, co nseq uently, as a result, therefore, for this reason ,
group to mean all, everyo ne etc. Every person in the company has
etc. He doesn't really like his new iob, so he might soon start looking for
a computer. (all together). Whereas we normally use each when
something else.
we are thinking of people or things separately, one al a time.
Time:
Each diamond was carefully cut. (one at a time)
when, whenever, as, as soon as, w hi le, before, until/till, alter, since etc. • We use every to show how often something happens.
I won't be ready till after dinner. He works every Saturday.
• We use every but not each with words and expressions such as
Exception: almost, nearly, practically , and without exception . I can identify
except (for), apart from etc. I've done all the housework except For the almost every flower.
ironing.

Relatives:
Rules for Pun ctuati o n
who, whom, whose, which, what, that. That's the boy whose motorbike
is parked outside. Capital Letters
A cap ital letter is used:
Listing points/ events
• to begin a sentence. There is my dog.
To begin: ini tially, first, at firs t, fi rstly, to start/beg in w ith , fi rst of • for d ays of the week, months and public hol idays.
all etc. Firstly, I'll have lo get my homework done. Friday, March, New Year
To continue: second ly, alter th is/that, second, afterwords, then, • for names of people and places. My friend's name is Debra and
next etc. Next she put on her iewellery she's from Sydney, Australia.
To conclude : finally, lastly, in the end, at last, eve ntually, etc. In the • Mr and Mrs Riley; Dr Jones; Professor Georgiou;
for people's titles.
end, we went straight home. etc
Summarising: in concl usion, to sum up, on the whole, all in al l, • for nationalities and languages. They are Dutch. He's fluent in
altogether, in short etc . To sum up, if took me a while Greek and German.
lo learn lo rollerblade, but now it's easy.
Nole : The personal pronoun I is always a capital letter. Tony and I
are going out tonight.
Both / Neither - All / None - Either
Full Stop( .)
• Both refers to two people, things or groups. It has a positive
meaning and is followe d by a pl ural verb. Both students used lo go A ful l stop is used to end a sentence that is not a question or an
to Chelsea College. excl a mation. We're having a wonderful lime. We wish you were here.
• Neither refers to two people , things or groups and has a negative
meaning . It is followed by a si ngular cou ntable noun. However the Comma LI
Neither of+ plural noun phrase structure can be fo ll owed by either A comma is used:
a singular or plural verb in the affirmative. Neither beach had the
type of sand that I was looking for. Neither of them has been to • to separate words in a list. I need crisps, soft drinks and tomatoes.
Disneyland be fore. • to separate a non-identifying relative clause (i .e a clause giving
• All refers to more than two people , things or groups. It has a extra information w hich is not essential to the meaning of the main
positive meaning and is followed by a plural verb. All of the flats clause) from the main cla use.
have gardens and parking. James, who is a doctor, lives in Canada.
• Both/All can go (a) after the verb to be or (b) alter an aux iliary • a fter ce rta in li nking words/phrases (e .g. in addition to this,
verb but before the main verb. They are both/ all excited. They moreover, for example, however, in conclusion, etc). However, she
have a/I/both been looking forward to the party. is thinking of going lo University overseas.
• Whole is used with singular countable nouns. We use a/the/ • when ii-clauses begin sentences. If you have any questions, please
this/my etc+ whole+ noun . Whole is not used with uncountable ask at reception.
nouns. She ate the whole packet of biscuits. She ate all of the Note: No co mma is used however, when the if-clause follows
biscuits. She spent all of her money. NOT: ~Re orie~t t/ie nJ.e/.e ef the main clause.
Re• M a l'i e}. • to separate questi on tags from the rest of the sentence.
All + day/morning/week/year etc = the whole + day/ Daryl is your brother, isn't he?
morning/week/year etc. She's been out looking for work all day/ the
whole day. Question Mark (?)
• None of refers to two or more people , groups or things and ha s a A question mark is used lo end a direct question . Where is Joseph?
negative meaning. It is used w ith nouns or ob ject pronouns and is
followed by either a sin gular or a plural verb. None of the stores Exclamation Mark(!)
ore open .
• Either refers to two people, things or groups and is followed by a An exclamation mark is used to end an exclamatory sentence, i.e. a
singular countable noun. However the Either of + plural noun phrase sen tence showing a d miration, surpri se, joy, anger, etc. That's incredible!
structure can be followed by either a singular or plural verb. Either He caught the biggest fish!
movie is fine. Either of the movies are fine.
We can use not ... either (of) instead of neither (of) Either can
also be used at the end of a nega tive sen tence. "We've never
been to a tropical island. ' '/ haven't been, either. '

173
 Grammar Reference

Quotation Marks (" ") Apostrophe (' )

Quotation marks are used in direct speech to report the exact words An apostrophe is used:
someone said . "The party starts at 9 pm," said Tony. "Where are you • in short forms to show that one or more letters or numbe rs have
going?" she asked him . been left ou t. W e 're(= we are) giving you She left for America
in the summer of '67 (= 1967)
Colon( :) • before or after the possessive -s to show ownership or the
A colon is used to introduce a list. Four of us stayed behind· my sister, relationship between people.
Tom , Tony and I. Julie 's canary, my sister's friend (singu lar noun + 's)
my grandparents ' house (plural noun+')
Brackets () women's shoes (Irregular plural + 's)

Brackets are used to separate extra information from the rest of the
sentence . The most popular magazines {i e. National Geographic,
Focus, Time, etc) can be found almost anywhere in the world

Irregular Verbs

Infinitive Post Post Participle Infinitive Post Post Participle Infinitive Post Post Participle

be was been get got got set set set

bear bore bo rn (e) give gave given sew sewed sewn
beat beat beaten go went gone sliake shook shaken
become became become grow grew grown shine shone shone
begin began begun hang hung hung shoot shot shot
b ite b it bitten (hanged) (hanged) show showed shown
blow blew blown have had had shut shut shu t
break broke broken hear heard heard sing sang sung
br ing brought brought hide hid hidden sit sat sat
bu ild built built hit hit hit sleep slept slept
burn burnt burn t hol d he ld he ld smell smel t smelt
(burned ) (b urned ) hu rt , hurt hurt (smelled) (smelled)
burst burst burst keep kept kept speak spoke spoken
buy bought bought know knew known spe ll spelt spelt
can could (been able to) lay laid laid (spelled) (spelled)
catch caught caught lead led led spend spent spent
choose chose chosen learn learnt learnt split split sp lit
come came come (learned) (learned) spread spread sp read
cost cost cost leave left left spring sprang sp rung
cut cut cut le nd lent lent stand stood stood
dea l dea lt dealt let let let steal sto le stolen
d ig dug dug lie lay lain stick stuck stuck
do d id done light lit lit sting stung stu ng
drea m d reamt drea mt lose lost lost stink stank stunk
(dreamed) (drea med) make made made stri ke struck struck
d ri nk drank drunk mean meant meant swear swore sworn
drive drove driven meet met met sweep swept swept
eat ate ea ten pay paid paid swim swam swum
fol~ fell fallen put pu t put take took taken
feed fed fed rea,d read read teach taught taugh t
feel felt felt ride rode ridden tear tore torn
fig ht fought fought ring rang rung tell told to ld
find · found found I rise rose risen think thought thought
flee fled fled run 1 ra n ru n throw threw thrown
fly flew flow n say sai d sa id understand understood understood
forbid fo rbade forb id den see / saw seen wake woke woken
forget forgot forgotten seek sought sought wear wore worn
forgive forgave forgiven sell sold sold win won won
freeze froze frozen send sent sent write wrote written

174
 American English-British English Guide

American English British English American English British English American English British English

A K Gramma r
account bill/ account kerosene paraffin
band aid sticking plaster She just went out./ She has just gone
airplane aeroplane She has just gone out .
antenna aerial out.
lawyer/ attorney soli citor
anyplace, anywhere anywhere lost and found lost property
apartment flat Hello, is th is Ann? Hello, is tha t Ann?
area code dialling code (phone) M
Do )!'OU have a Have )!'OU got a
mail post car?
B car? /Have )!'OU got
mailman postman a car?
bathrobe dressing gown make a reservat ion book
bathtub bath motorcycle motorbike
bill banknote movie film
billion;thousand billion;million million movie house cinema
million Spelling
broil grill N aluminum aluminium
bureau chest of drawers news stand newsagent analyze analyse
busy engaged (phone)
center centre
0 check cheque
c office (doctor's) surgery color colour
cab taxi one-way (ticket) single (ticket) defense defence
call/phone ring up/ phone
honor honour
can tin
jewelry jewellery
candy sweets p labor labour
candy store sweet shop
pants, trousers trousers proctice(n ,v) practice(n)
check bill (restaurant)
pantyhose/ nylons tights practise(v)
closet cupboard
parka anorak rea lize realise
closet (hang ing clothes) wardrobe
parking lot car park theater theatre
connect (telephone) put through
pass (vehicle, etc) overtake/ pass tire tyre
cookie biscuit
pavement road surface trave(l)ler traveller
corn sweetcorn, maize
pedestrian crossing zebra crossing
crazy mad
(potato) chips crisps
public school state school
D
purse handbag
davenport/ sofa sofa
pocketbook purse Express ions with prepo sitions and particles
delivery truck van
desk clerk receptionist
R
downtown centre (city /business) d ifferent from /tha n different from/to
railroad railway
drapes curtains live on X street live iD X street
rest room toilet
dresser chest of drawers
return (ticket)
on a team iD a team
round trip (ticket)
druggist chemist
drugstore/ pharmacy chemist's (shop)
dungarees jeans/ overalls
s
semi-detached sack lunch packed lunch
duplex
sales clerk shop assistant
schedule ti metable
Scotch tape Sellotape
eggplant aubergine
shorts (underwear) pants
elevator lift
sidewalk pavement
eraser rubber, eraser
stand in line queue
store, shop shop
subway underground
fall autumn
faucet tap T
first floor ground floor
truck lorry, van
flashlight torch
two weeks fortnight
flat (tire) flat tyre, puncture
freeway/highway motorway
french fries chips
v
vacation holiday(s)
front desk (hotel) reception
vacuum (v) hoover
vacuum cleaner hoover
G
vest waistcoat
garbage/trash rubbish
garbage can
gas
dustbin/bin
petrol
w
with or without (milk/ black or white
gas station petrol station
cream in coffee)
grade class
y
yard garden
intermission interval
intersection crossroads
z
(pronounced "zee ") (pronounced "zed")
zero nought
janitor caretaker/ porter zip code postcode
jello jelly
jump rope skipping rope

175
 Word List
UNIT l industrial era (n) /mdi\strial @ra/ thatch in g (n) /SmtJ11J/ coach (n) /koutf/
initiate (v) /m!fieit/ threshed (ad j) /9rsi_fti cobbled (adj) /kQb 0 1d/
large-scale (adj) /lg;'d3 sk§ I/ innovate (v) i!naveit/ tiled (adj) /tmld/ colonial (adj) /ka louni al/
admit (v) /aadm!tl instruction booklet (n) /Jnstri\k)•n too many cooks spoil the broth come rain or shine (idm)
advisable (adj) /aadvmzab 1/ 0 bQklat/ (idm) compensation (n) /kQmpans§)•n/
alternative (adj) /;i;lt~'nativ/ iron (v) /aia'n/ touch pad (n) /ti\tf pmd/ complimentary (ad j)
annoyed (adj) /a nQ!d/ jacket potato (n) /d3mk1t pat§tou/ trim (v) /tr!m/ /kQmphmsi_ntari/
annual (adj ) /mniual/ keep sb up (phr v) /ktp i\P tyre (n) /taia'/ contract (n) /kQntraakt/
attic (n) /mtik/ lawn (n) /l;i;n/ update (v) /Apd§t/ counsellor (n) /ki!Qnsala'/
average (adj) /mvanq3f leak (v) /ltk/ urgently (adv) /~'Q3°ntli / count (n) /ki!Qnt/
baseme.nt (n) /b§smant/ lightweight (adj) 11mtwe1t/ vacuum (v) /vmkiu:m/ cuisine (n) /kw1ztn/
break down (phr v) /br§ k d!!Qn/ look for (phr v) /IQk fa '/ vary (v) /v~ri / date back to (phr v) /d§t bmk ta/
break in(to) (phr v) /br§ k !n(ta)/ melt (v) /msi_lt/ verandah (n) /va rmnda/ desert (n) /dsi_za'ti
break off /br§k QI/ mop (v) /mQp/ warn (v) /w;i;'n/ deserted (adj) /d1z ~'t1d/
Bronze Age (n) /brQnz § d3/ mow (v) /mou/ wash ing-up (n) /wQ)ITJ /\Pi desk staff (n) /dsi_sk stg;f/
build on (phr v) /b!ld Qn/ network (n) /nsi_tw3:'k/ waterfront (n) /w;i;ta 'frAnti destination (n) /dsi_stm§ f•n/
build up (phr v) /b!ld /\Pi obedi ence class (n) /oubtd ian s wax (v) /wmks/ dip lnl idtpi
built in (adj) /b1lt tn/ kla:s/ weakness (n) /wtknas/ display (n) /d1spl§/
caravan (n) /kmra vaa n/ open fire (n) /o upan fa1a'/ wheat (n) i"wtt/ diverse (adj) /dai v~'s/
centrall y located (phr) operate (v) /Qpareit/ windmill (n) iw!ndm1I/ ecosystem (n) /tk ous1stam/
central heating (n) /ssi_ntral htllTJ/ option (n) /Qpf•n/ wi reless (adj) /wa1a'las/ emergency (n) /1m~'d3 °nsi/
c hain (n) itf§ n/ ordinary (adj) /;i;'dmri/ emperor (n) /si_mpara'/
chat (v) /tfmt/ own (v) /oun/ UNIT 2 enormous (adj) /m;i;'mas/
chimney (n) /tf!mni/ passer-by (n) /pg;sa' ba1/ Excuse me, co uld you help me,
coast (n) /koust/ path In) /pg;9/ a rolling stone gathers no moss please? (phr)
comb (v) /koum/ patio (n) /pmtiou/ (idm) fea ture (v) /fttfa'/
compartment (n) /kampg;'tmant/ plumbing (n ) /pli\mlTJ/ all its branches (phr) first aid certifica te (phr)
com p lain (v) /kampl§n/ project (v) /praQ3si_kt/ altogether (adv) /;i;ltagsi_oa'/ found (v) /f!!Qnd/
consist of (v) /kan s!st av/ puddle (n) /pi\d 9 1/ amusement arcade (n) gather (v) l gmoa'I
constantly (adv) /kQnsta ntli/ racket (n) /rmk1t/ /a mj!fzmant a:'k§d/ goggles (n) /gQg 0 1z/
cottage (n) /kQ!id3/ recognise (v) /rsi_ kagnaiz/ ancient ruins (n) /§nfant rl.[mz/ gourmet (adj) /gi;m'mei/
couch potato (idm) reed (n) /rtd/ And another thingl (phr) guest performer (n) /gsi_st
cour ier (n) /kgria'/ regret (v) /rigrsi_t/ annually (adv) /mniuali/ pa'f;i;'ma'/
craft (n) /krg;ft/ remova l co mpan y (n) /rJITT!fV 9 1 apologise (v) /apQlad3a1z/ g uesthouse In) /gsi_sthaus/
decline (n) /d1klmn/ ki\mpani/ applause (n) /a pl;i;z/ harmony (n) /hg;'mani/
detached (adj) /drtmtft/ rent (v) /rsi_nt/ astounding (adj) /ast!!Qnd11J/ highlights (n) /hmla1ts/
disturb (v) /d 1 st~'b/ request (v) /rikwsi_st/ avai lable (adj) /av§!ab•lf horsemanship (n) /h;i;'smanf1p/
dust (v) /di\stl residential (adj) /rsi_z1dsi_nj•11 B&B /bt and bU humidity (n) /hju:m!dJ!i/
eccentric (n) /1kssi_ntnk/ rodent (n) /roud 0 nti b ackpa cking (n) /bmkpaak11J/ hush (n) /hi\f/
eco-friendly (adj) /tkou-frsi_ndli / roomy (adj) /rl.[mi/ battle (n) /bmt•11 I think that's all I need . (phr)
enquire (v) /mkwa1a '/ running waves (n) /ri\nlTJ w§vz/ board (v) /b;i;'d/ I'd like some information (phr)
estate agent (n) /1st§! § d3ant/ rural (adj) /ri;mral/ botanical (a dj) /batmnik 0 1/ I'd like to make a complaint
family-sized (adj) /tmmrli saizd/ sample (n) /sg;mp•I/ buffet-style (adj) /bi\fei-stfill/ (phr)
fence In) /fsi_ ns/ san d bag (n) /smndbaag/ bustling (adj) /bi\ShTJ/ if you look like your passport
fingerprint system (n) /f!T)ga 'pnnt services (n) /s~'v 1s1z / cabin (n) /kmb m/ photo, you're too ill (phr)
S!Slam/ setting (n) /ssi.tiTJ/ call back (phr v) /k;i;I bmk/ imposing (adj) /impouz1T)/
fitted (adj) /f!lldi skilled (adj) /sk!ld/ call for (phr v) /k;i;I fa'/ in a fog (idm)
fligh t of stairs (ph r) skyscraper (n) /skmskreipa'/ call in (phr v) /k;i;I tn/ inconvenience (n) /mkanvtnias/
flood (n) /fli\d/ spac ious (adj) /s p§ /as/ call o ut o n (phr v) /k;i;I !!Qt an/ landscape (n) /lmndskeip/
forward (v) /f;i;'wa 'd/ spec ta cular (adj) /spektmkiula'/ ca lm/peace before the storm laze (v) /l§z/
full y automated (phr) spiral (n) /spaiaral/ (idm) leap (v) /ltp/
gear (n) /g1il/ straw (n) /str;i;/ car ry out (phr v) /kmri !!Qt/ lifeguard (n) /lmtga:'d/
grain (n) /gr§ n/ structural engineer (n) /str,..,ktfaral car ving In) /kg;'v1T)/ lightning never strikes in the
ground floor (n) /gr!!Qnd fl;i;'/ enQ3m@'/ ca sh bonus (n) /kmj bounas/ same place twice (idm)
grow o ut of (phr v) /g rou !!Qt av/ su burb (n) /si\b3:'b/ cast a cloud over (idm) limestone (n) /lmm stoun/
have in mind (exp) sweep (v) /swtp/ chambermaid (n) /!)§ mba'meid/ lined with (pp) /lmnd w10/
health warning (n) /hsi_ l9 w;i;'rnTJ / take part in (ph r) c harm ing (adj) /tfa:'m1T)/ lukewarm (adj) /11.[kw;i;m/
high-tech (adi) Ihm tsi_ k/ terminal (n) /t~'m m •11 c heck in (phr v) /tfsi_k tn/ make hay while the sun shines
hit the roof (idm) terraced (adj) /tsi_rist/ check out on (phr v) /t)si_k !!QI an/ (idm)
idyllic (adj) /idthk/ thatched (adj) /Smtft/ c horus (n) /k;i;ras / march (v) /mg;'ij/

176
 Word List

marvel (v) /mg;'v 0 1/ unspoilt (ad j) /~ns p>1[1t/ disgraceful (adj) /d1 sgr§sfol / public funds (n) /p~bl1 k f~nd z/
medieval (adj) i m!tditv•11 watchtower (n) /wQtjtaoa '/ distress call (n ) /d1 strlts k~I / pursue (v) /pa'Si\f/
memorable (adj) i mltmarab 0 1/ weather the storm (idm) easy-g oing (adj) /tzi goml)/ rat (n) /rret/
mild (adj) i ml!!ld/ W ha t see ms to be th e pro bl em? ee ri e (a d j) /@ri / recover (v) /nk~va'/
mix up (n) /m[ks Ap/ (phr) embark (v) /1mbg;'k/ reform (v) /rif~'m /
natural wonders (n) /n~tJaral What seems to be the trouble? emerge (v) /1m ~'d3/ resume (v) /nz j!,fm/
w~nd a'z/ (p hr) end ure (v) /mdjg£'/ reti re (v) /ntl!!a'/
naval (adj) /n§v•I/ What would you like to know? establish (v) /1St~bllj/ rip off (phr v) /ftp Qf/
on offer (exp) (phr) even tually (adv) iN!tntJuali/ roar (v) /r~'/
on site (exp) windi ng (adj ) iwl!!nd11J/ eyebrows (n) il!!bra oz/ ruined (adj) /r!,fm d/
open air (adj) /oopan 'EE.'/ wonder (n) /w~nd a'/ field (n) /ftld/ rumbling (adj) /r~ m bl 11J /
originally (adv) /a rtd3mali/ filthy (adj) /f[ISi/ sanitation (n) /s~nit§j• n /
originate (v) /artcl3m eit/ UNIT 3 flea (n) !flt/ sanitation practices (n) /s~rn tei J• n
overcharged (adj ) /oova'tjg;' cl3d/ flexible (adj) /fl!tkslb 0 1/ pr~ktl s 1 z/

overlook (v) /oova'lg_k/ acknowledge (v) /reknQl1ci3/ fo rehead (n) /fQnd/ self-assured (adj) /s!tlf aJQ.£'d/
package holiday (n) /p'EE_k1d3 adventurous (adj) /re dv!tntjaras/ free (v) /frt/ servant (n) /s~'v 0 nt/
hQllde!/ against a ll odds (idm) front line (n) /fr~nt ll!!ni set off (phr v) isltt Qf/
participate (v) /pa:'t[sipeit/ appalling (adj) /a p~lllJ/ get engaged (v) /g!tt mg§ d3d/ shake (v) /j§k/
phrase book (n) /fr§ z bok/ appren tice (n) /a prltnt1s/ get stuck (v) /g!tt s t~k / shakily (adj) /J§ k1li/
pillar (n) /p[la'/ arrogant (ad j) /~r agant/ gla nce (v ) /g lg;ns/ sheet of ice (phr)
platform (n) /p l ~tf:J:' m/ assistance (n) /as[stans/ governess (n) /g~v a 'n as/ shiver (v) /Jtva'/
promenade (n) /prQmang;d/ at first sig ht (exp) graceful (ad j) /g r§sfol / show up (phr v) /Joo ~pi
puncture (n) ipMktJa'/ bald (a dj) /b~ld / gra d uation (n) /g r~d3u§J" n i solita ry (adj) /sQlltri/
quaint (adj) /kw§nt/ bandleader (n) /b~ndli:da '/ hailsto nes (n) /h§ lstoonz/ sprain (n) /s pr§ n/
renowned (adj) /rmfilind/ batter (v) /b~t a'/ hea lth care (n) i h!t18kea'/ spy (n) /s pl!!i
restore (v) /r ist~'/ ba ttle (n) /b~t•1 1 howl (v) /haul/ stare (v) /st'EE.'i
return ticket (n) /rit~'n ttkit/ battlements (n) /b ~t•lmant s/ hyg iene (n) i hl!!d3i:n/ stern (adj) /st~'n/
rugged (adj) /r~g 1d/ be appointed (v) /bi apQ1nt1d/ I bet (p hr) stylish (adj) /stl!!llj/
sample (v) /sg;mp•I/ be awarded (v) /bi aw~'d1d/ I can't imagine that (phr) superintendent (n)
scattered (a dj) /sk ~ta'd/ be over the moon (idm) I ca n' t see who yo u mean (p hr) /sbfparmt!tnd ant/
secluded (adj) /slkl!,!;d1d/ be the life of (idm) I'm so rry I couldn't make it to survival rate (n) /sa'vl!!v 0 1 r§t/
shallow (adj) /j~l oo/ birthplace (n) /b~'Spl eis/ the party (phr) tear apart (phr v) /!'EE.' apg;'tl
shoreline (n) /j~'l am/ blow away (phr v) /bl oo aw§/ impulsive (adj) /1mp~l s1 v/ tough (adj) /tM/
shower (n) /Jfilia'/ bonnet (n) /bQrnt/ in p rint (exp) tree house (n) /trt haos/
signal (v) /signal/ brave (a d j) /b r§v/ in the making (exp) tremendous (adj) /trim !tnd as/
sleigh (n) isl§/ bray (v) /br§/ incline (v) /mkll!!ni twilight years (exp)
slope (n) /sloop/ bri ng about (phr v) /brrn ab aot/ influen tial (ad j) /tnflu!tnJ•I/ vain (adj) /v§n/
snow-capped (adj) /snoo k~pt/ bring out (p hr v) /brrn aot/ insensitive (adj) /msltnsit1v/ wealthy (adj) /w!t18i/
sombrero (n) /sombr'i}E.roo/ bring sb ro und (phr v) /bnl) irrespons ible (adj) /[r1SpQnsJb•11 well built (adj) /w!tl b[lt/
some parts of it (phr) raond/ It's a p ity you missed it (phr) Where? I can't see who you
spare (adj) /sp'E£'/ bring up (phr v) /brrn ~pi landowner (n) /l ~ndo o na '/ mean (phr)
stable (n) /st§ b0 1/ campaign (n) /k~mp§n/ lane (n) /l§ n/ wizard (n) /wiza'd/
stand (v) /st~nd/ carry on (phr v) /k~ri Qn/ legend (n) /l!td3°nd/ wound (n) /wu:nd/
street market (n) /strtt mg;'k1t/ carry out (phr v) /k~ri aot/ limited (adj) /ltmit1d/ You certainly can't miss him!
street vendor (n) /strtt V!tnda'/ carry sth off (phr v) /k ~ri Qf/ mean (ad j) /m[ n/ (phr)
stretch (v) /str!ttJ/ catch my breath (exp) military (adj) /mtlitri/ You do surprise me! (phr)
stroll along (v) /strool alQIJ/ cheekbones (n) /tjtkb oo nz/ moan (n) /moo n/
structure (n) /st r~k tja'/ chin (n) /tjm/ mow the lawn (phr) UNIT 4
stunt (n) /st~nt/ cloak (n) /klook/ noble (adj) /noob0 1/
swamp (n) /swQmp/ compassionate (adj) /kamp~J• nat/ open-mi nded (adj) /oo pan acne (n) /~nki/
swirl (v) /sw~'I / composition (n) /kQmpazij•n/ ml!!nd1d/ admin ister (v) /redm[rnsta'/
terrace (n) i tltris/ concerned (adj) /ka n s~'nd/ opposed (adj) /apoozd/ ailment (n) /§lmant/
the wise traveller leaves his confident (adj) /kQnfldant/ optimis tic (adj) /opt1mist1k/ alternative (adj) /:J: lt~'nat1v/
heart at home (idm) convince (v) /kanv[n s/ overnight (adv) /oova'nait/ altogether (adv) /~lt ag!tda'/
tire (v) itl!!a'/ could you point them o ut to me? pace (n) /p§s/ appetite (n) /~p 1t ait/
transform (v) /trren sf~'m/ (p hr) pioneer (n) /pl!!a rn a'/ Are you taking any medicine at
travel (v) /t r~v• I / determination (n) /d it~' mm §!• n / plump (adj) /p l~mp/ the moment? (phr)
travel broadens the mind (idm) devastated (adj) /d!tvasteitid/ pointed (adj) /pQ!ntld/ as right as rain (idm)
trendy (adj) /tr!tdi/ devotion (n) /dNQQ! 0 n/ preoccupied (adj) /priQkjopa1d/ assess (v) /asltsi

177
 Word List _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

cavity (n) /k~v1ti/ look the picture of health (idm) barbarous (adj) /bg;baras/ lynx (n) /lrnks/
chest (n) /tf!!_st/ lozenge (n) /IQ.zmQ3/ breakwater (n) /br§ kw:i:ta'' mammal (n) /mre m•I/
ch iropractor (n) /ka1araprrekta'/ membership fee (n) /m!!_mba'f1p ft/ breeding (adj) /brt d11J/ marsh (n) /mg;f/
coal mine (n) /koul ma.mi mineral (n) /mtnaral / c hang e horses in midstream masterpiece (n) /mg;sta'pi:s/
compress (n) /kQmpres/ move away (phr v) /m!fv aw§/ (id m) merchant ship (n) /m;!'tfant ftp/
consul t (v) /kans,'\lt/ na sa l (adj) /n§z 0 1/ claw (n) /kl:>:/ migra to ry (adj) i ml!!gratari/
consume (v) /kansi!fm/ nigh tmare (n) /nl!!tmea'/ co mme rce (n) /kQma:'s/ mimic (v) /mtm1k/
consumption (n) /kans,'\mpf•n/ nose bleed (n) /nouz bli:d/ co nden sation (n) /kQndens§ f•n/ molecule (n) /mQl1kjul/
conventional doctor (n) o ffend (v) /af!!_nd/ co nservation (n) /kQnsa'v§f•n/ mosquito (n) /moskttou/
/kanv!!_nfan•I dQkta'/ opening hours (n) /o uparnl) auaz/ co nve ntion (n) /kan v!!_nf•n/ nervous breakdown (n) /n;!'vas
dentist (n) /d!!_nl1st/ optometri st (n) /optQmatn st/ co nvert (v) /ka nv;!'t/ br§kdaun/
dermatologist (n) /d;!'matQlaQ31st/ or iginate (v) /artQ3meit/ crew (n) /krl!f noxious (adj) /nQkfas/
d onatio n (n) /doun~•n/ postpone (v) /pouspoun/ crocodil e tears (idm) oil spil l (n) /Q!I spill
Early to bed and early to ri se, presc riptio n (n) /pnskqpf•n/ crustacean (n) /kr11 st~• n / oxygen (n) /Qks1Q3an/
makes a man healthy, pressure (n) /prl!.]a'/ deforestation (n) /dtfonst~•n/ parch (v) /pg;'tf/
weal thy and wise. (phr) Preventi o n is better than c ure. delicate (adj) /d!!_l1kat/ passenger (n) /p~smQ3a'/
ease (v) /tz/ (phr) do out o f (phr v) i d!! fill\ av/ phantom (n) /f~ntam/
equip (v) /1kw[p/ psychologist (n) /saikQlaQ31st/ do up (phr v) i d!! /\Pi plumage (n) /pl!fm1Q3/
estimate (v) /!!_st1 meit/ queasy (adj) /kwtzi/ d o with (p hr v) id!! wio/ prawn (n) /prQ;n/
evil spirit (n) itv•1 sp[nt/ rat race (idm) do without (ph r v) i d!! wiofillt/ precipitation (n) /pns1p1t§ f•n/
expiration date (n) /!!_ksp1reif•n reflect (v) /nfl!!_ktl draw back (phr v) /drQ; b~k/ prefer (v) /pnl;!'/
d§t/ rely on (v) /nil!! an/ d raw on (phr v) /drQ; Qn/ ra ind rop (n) /r§ ndrop/
extend (v) /1ksl!!_nd/ remedy (n) /r!!_madi/ draw ou t (phr v) /drQ; fill!/ rare (adj) /r~'/
false hope (n) /fQ;l s hoop/ restore (v) /nstQ;'/ draw up (phr v) /drQ; /\Pi rarity (n) /r~nti /
fee (n) /ft/ runny (adj) /r,'\ni/ dreary (ad j) /drt!!ri/ recharge (v) /rttfg;'Q3/
feel under the weathe r (idm) scratch (n) /sk r~t// drought (n) /d rfillt/ reflect (v) /nfl!!_ktl
first a id training (phr) share (v) if~'/ eager bea ver (idm) refuse (v) /nfil!zi
fitness level (n) /fttrns l!!_v0 1/ soph isticated (adj) /saftst1keilid/ effort (n) /!!_fa't/ remote (adj) /n mout/
flourish (v) /fli\nf/ sprained (adj) /spr§nd/ emission (n) /1m!.f•n/ represent (v) /r!!_pnz!!_nt/
found (v) /ffillnd/ stiff (adj) /sttf/ endangered (adj) /md§nd3a'd/ resemble (v) /nz!!_mb"I/
foundation (n) /faund§f•n/ stock exchange (n) /stQk evaporation (n) /iv~par~•n/ resource (n) /r1sQ;'s/
general practitioner (n) /Q3!!_nral 1kstf§nQ3/ exceed (v) /iksW run out (phr v) lri\n fillt/
prrekt!.fana'/ surgeon (n) /s;!'Q3°n/ exhaust (adj) /1gzQ;st/ scheme (n) /sktm/
get in shape (exp ) swal low (v) /swQlou/ extinctio n (n) /1kstrnkf0 n/ sea l (n) /stl/
Good for yo u. (exp) sym ptom (n) /stmptam/ fate (n) /f§t/ sewage (n) /s!f1Q3/
growth (n) /grou9/ ta c kle (v) /t~k 0 1/ forbidden (adj) /fa'btd 0 n/ shed (n) if!!_d/
guarantee (v) /g~rantV temperature (n) /t!!_mpratfa'/ fund (n) /f,'\n d/ shelter (n) if~lta'/
ha y fever (n) /h§ ftva'/ Th ere's nothing to wo rry about. generate (v) /d3!!_nareit/ shortage (n) i fQ;'t1Q3/
healer (n) /htla'/ (phr) g reenh o use (adj) /g rt nh aus/ sick and tired (phr)
h!'lglth insurance (n) /h!!_19 turn up (phr v ) /t;!'n /\Pi harsh (adj) /hg;'fi solar (adj) /soula'/
mfQ;!rans/ vet (n) /v!!_t/ Have yo u heard of us? (phr) stora ge conta in er (n) /stQ;nQ3
H ealth is better th an weal th via (prep .) /vma/ hydrogen (n) ihl!!drad3°n/ kanl§na'/
(phr) wate r-borne (ad j) /wQ;ta' b:i:'n/ I doubt it. (phr) subscribe (v) /sa bskrl!!bi
highly respected (phr) Wha t seems to be the problem? I' m sick and tired of city life. sunroom (n) /s,'\n ru:m /
hot fluids (n) /hQt fll!1dz/ (phr) (phr) swa mp (n) /swQmp/
hot spring ( n) /hQt spqlJ/ Why don ' t yo u come with me Ignorance is a form of swa n (n) /swQn/
I feel pretty good . (phr) one day? (phr) environmental polluti o n. tapestry (n) /t~p1stri/
I haven't seen you for ages. wo rd of mouth (idm) (phr) tropical (adj) /trQp1k 0 1/
(phr) work wonde rs (phr) imported (adj) /1mpQ;'lid/ vesse l (n) /v~s 0 1/
imitation (n) /tmit~• n/ Yo u look fantastic! (phr) impose (v) /impouz/ voyage (n) /vQ!1Q3/
increasingly (ad v) /mkrts1l)li/ You should try it! (phr) in stall (v) /mstQ;I/ waste (n) /w§st/
indig estion (n) /tnd1Q3!!_stf•n/ It's better to begin in the wetland (n) /w~tlrend/
industrial (adj) /md,'\strial/ UNIT 5 evening than not at all. (phr) What exactly wou ld you like me
inflamed (adj) /mfl§md/ journey (n) /Q3;!' ni/ to do w ith it? (phr)
injection (n) /mQ3!!_kf 0 n/ absorb (v) /abzQ;'b/ let sleeping dog s lie (idm) What's thi s I hear about you
junior cadet (n) /Q3l!nia' kad!!_tl accumulation (n) akjumjul~•n/ let the ca t o ut of the bag (idm) moving to the country? (phr)
keep their head (idm) aerosol (n) /~rasol / like a fi sh out of water (idm) Whatever you save is also
Laugh ter is by definition , amphibian (n) /remftbian/ limited (ad j) /lim1t1d/ earned. (phr)
healthy. (phr) atom (n) /~tam/ lizard (n) /ltza'd/ Would you like to join? (phr)

178
 UNIT 6 regulate (v) /r~gjolett/ fall apart (phr v) /f;rl apg/t/ stock (n) /st!!_k/
resignation (n) /r~z1gn§J 0 n / fall behind (phr v) /f;rl b1hmnd/ strap (n) /str~p/
agile (adj) /~cJ3ail/ resu lt (n) /nz[llt/ fa ll into (p hr v) /f;rl !nta/ striking (ad j) /strmk11]/
apologetic (adj) /ap!!_lacJ3~t1k/ run into (phr v) /r[\n mta/ fall over (phr v) /f;rl oova'/ suspect (v) /sasp~kt/
audience (n) /;rdians/ sensor (n) /s~nsa'/ Fancy meeting you here ! (phr) symptom (n) /s[mptam/
ballad (n) /b~l ad/ smooth ly (adv) /s ml[oli/ feel for (phr v) /ftl fa'/ take yo ur hat off to sb (idm)
byte (n) /b!![t/ socket (n) /s!!_k1t/ feel up to (phr v) /ft l i'.\P ta/ tartan (n) /ta:t 0 n/
Can you tell me a little bit about source (n) /s;r's/ fit in (phr v) /ftt [n/ tear (v) it~'/
it? (phr) spanner (n) /sp~na'/ fit like a g love (idm) textile (n) /t~ksta1 I /
Can you te ll me what the asking state-of-the-art (adj) /st§ ! av oi fi tting (n) if!tIIJ/ tight (adj) /tmtl
price is? (phr) g/t/ fl oral (adj) /fl;rral / tu xedo (n) /tAkstdoo/
cellar (n) /s~l a'/ steer (v) /st@.'/ fragrance (n) /fr§grans/ vacancy (n) /v§kan si/
coincidence (n) /koo[ns1dans/ tedious (ad1) /ttdias/ genu ine (adj) icJ3~njum/ vaul ted (adj) /v;rlt1d/
compartment (n) /kampg:'tmant/ terrycloth (adj) /t ~rikl o8/ get stuck (v) /g~t st[lk/ waistcoat (n) /w§stkoot/
cross (v) /kr!!_s/ thermostat (n) /8;i:'mastret/ handle (n) /h~nd 0 1/ We were meant to meet an hour
defuse (v) /dtfi![z/ tilt (v) /1!11/ Have I gone over my limit? (exp) ago (ph r)
dinghy (n) /d11)gi/ to make matters worse (exp) heel (n) /htl/ wonder (v) /w[\nda'/
dodge (v) ld!!.d31 tripod (n) /trmpod/ herbs (n) /h;i:'bz/ workshop (n) /w;i:'k/op/
floppy disc (n) lll!!_pi disk/ uneven (adj) /[\ntv 0 n/ hit below th e belt (idm) You'll never believe it. (phr)
footwork (n) /1Qtw3:'k/ vacate (v) /vetk§t/ How would you like to pay?
function (v) /1[11Jk/ 9 n/ virus (n) /vaiaras/ (phr) UNIT 8
fuse (n) /fju:z/ What a coi ncidence running I could use a second op ini on.
give in (to) (phr v) /Q!V !n ta/ into yo u here! (phr) (exp) accuse (v) /akj![z/
give out (phr v) ig!v i!Qt/ What a nice surprise! (phr) ki It (n) 1k11t1 add iti ve (n) /~d1t1 v/
give up (phr v) /Q!v !'.\Pi leggings (n) /l~g 11)z/ advise (v) /redvmz/
go into (phr v) /goo [nta/ UNIT 7 limit (n) /l[mit/ And to start? (phr)
go off (phr v) /goo !!_fl lining (n) /lmm1J/ Appetite comes with eatin g.
go under (phr v) /goo [Inda'/ accessories (n) /rek§!l.sa nz/ lock (n) /l!!_k/ (phr)
hatch (n) /h ~t// advantage (n) /redvg_:nt1d3/ long-stemmed (adj) i l!?.lJ st~md/ apricot (n) /§pnkot/
hesitation (n) /h~z1t§/ 0 n/ announcement (n) /a ni!Qn smant/ loom (n) /l![m/ A re you ready to o rd er, sir?
high-tech (adj) Ihm t~k/ Any ideas? (phr) lose o ne's shirt (idm) (phr)
I think it's a great idea. (phr) baggy (adj) /b~gi/ myste ry (ad j) /m[stari / aubergine (n) /ooba'3tn/
I'd appreciate that. (phr) bargain hunter (n) /bg:'gm h[lnta'/ Never mind. (exp) banquet (n) /b~l)kw1t/
I'm telephoning about the belted (adj) /b~lt1d/ N o problem whatsoever. (phr) beg (v) /b~g/
advertisement. (phr) blend (v) /b l ~nd/ Oh, how embarrass in g! (phr) benefit (v) /b~mf1t/
I'm terribly sorry. (phr) break (n) /br§k/ overcharge (v) /oova't/g:'d3/ bland (ad j) /b l~nd/
invoice (n) /[nvois/ b uckle (n) /b[1k 9 1/ overwhelm (v) /oova'hw~lm/ blazing (adj) /bl§ZIIJ/
Is there a problem? (phr) budget (n) /bi'.\d3Itl pi nstriped (ad j) /p[nstra1pt/ breath taking (adj) /br~8teik11]/
Is there something I can do? bulletin board (n) ibl!litm b;r'd/ pla id (adj n) /p l§d/ butter up (phr v) /b[lta' !'.\Pi
(phr) burn a hole in one's pocket pleated (ad j) /p ltt1d/ Caesar salad (n) /stza' s~lad/
jammed (adj) /d3~md/ (idm) polka-dot (adj) /p!!_lka d!!_tl campaign (v) /k~mp§n/
lab (n) /l~b/ By credit card, please. (phr) properly (adv) /pr!!_pa'li/ ca tering (adj) /k§tanl)/
lead (n) /l~d/ caretaker (n) /k~rteika'/ prune (v) /p r![n/ cereal (n) /[email protected] /
Necessity is the mother of check (adj) it/~k/ pyramid (n) /p[ram1d/ chatter (n) it/~ta '/
invention. (idm) convenien t (adj) /kanvtniant/ qua lificat io n (n) /kw!!_l1!1k§} 9 n/ chef (n) !/~fl
negotiable (adj) /rngQQ/ab 1/ 9 craftsmanship (n) /krg:ftsman/1p/ query (n) /[email protected] cho lesterol (n) /ka l ~starol/
oblige (v) /ablmd3/ customer (n) /k[lstama '/ receipt (n) /nstt/ clot (v) /kl!!_tl
obstacle (n) /!!_bstak 1/ 9 delivery (n) /di l[va ri/ reference (n) /r~farans/ clove (n) /kloov/
outperform (v) /i!Qtpa'f;r'm/ denim (adj) /d~rnm/ remedy (n) /r~mad i / command (v) /ka mg:nd/
panel (n) /p~n 9 1/ distinct (ad j) /d1st!l)kt/ reserved (adj) /nz;i:'vd/ complex (adj) /k!!_mpleks/
patent (v) /p§l nt/9 domed (adj) /doomd/ sample (v) /sg:mp 9 1/ conventional (adj) /kanv~n/a n °1 /
plain (ad1) /pl§n/ Don't laugh! (ph r) shorten (v) i/;r't 9 n/ convince (v) /kanvms/
portable (adj) /p;r'tab 1/ 9 doubt (n) /di!Qt/ sleeveless (ad j) /sltv las/ coral (n) /k!!_ral/
pressure (n) /pr~/a'/ drop sb a line (exp) source (n) /s;r's/ course (n) /k;r's/
printout (n) /prmtaot/ elderly (adj) /~lda'li/ specia lise (v) /sp~/a l a1z/ courteous (adj) /k;i:'t ias/
process (v) /prooses/ evaluate (v) /1v~ljuett/ stain (n) /st§n/ crab (n) /kr~b/
propeller (n) /prap~la'/ exchange (v) /1kst/§nd3/ sta ll (n) /st;rl/ curry (n) /k[lrii
receipt (n) /nstt/ exotic (adj) /1gz!!_t1k/ step into sb's shoes (idm) dash (n) id~/
record (v) /nk;r'd/ expire (v) /1kspa1a'/ stitching (n) /st!t/11J/ deny (v) /dmm/

179
 dessert (n) /d1z~'t/ mod ify (v) /mQd1fai/ to be the apple of sb's eye (idm) flame (n) /fl§ m/
destroy (v) /d1strQ!/ mush room (n) /m[:,jru:m/ under-cooked (adi) /t,nda' kqkt/ flying trapeze (n) /flm11J traptz/
development (n) /d1vsi.lapmant/ mussel (n) /mt,s•I/ undern o uri shed (adi) /t,nda 'nt,n/t/ focus (v) /fooka s/
dilemma (n) /dailsi.ma/ naughty (adil /ng,_ti/ unfamiliar (adi) /t,nfam1l1a'/ football (n) /fqtbo:I/
dill (n) /dtl/ not sb's c up of tea (idm) unique (adi) /ju:nt k/ frustration (n) /fr11str§J•n/
dough (n) /doo/ notice (n) /no ot1s/ virus (n) /vaiaras/ funfair (n) /ft,nfea'/
eat like a horse (idm) nutritionist (n ) /nju:tqJamst/ warn (v) /wg,_'n/ guide (n) /gmd/
establish (v) /lst~bil// obvious (adil /Qbvias/ well-done (adi) /wsi.I dt,n/ gymnast (n) /d31mnmst/
excurs io n (n) /l ksk~'/•n/ omelette (n) /Qmlat/ What's in that? (phr) helmet (n) /hsi.lm1t/
expect (v) /1kspsi.kt1 o rganic (adi) /o:'g~mk/ whisk (n) /hwtsk/ highlight (n) /hmla1t/
experience (n ) /1ksp@rian s/ overhanging (adi) /oova'h ~l)gll) / yam (n) /i~m / hit back (phr v) /h1t b~k/
exquis ite (ad i) /si.kskw1z1t/ parasite (n) /p~rasait/ Yo u are what you eat. (phr) hit it off (phr v) /hit 1t QI/
fami ne (n) /f~mm/ parsley (n) /pg;'sli/ hit on (phr v) /h1t Qn/
feed (n) /ftd/ pick le (n) /p1k 0 1/ UNIT9 hold against (phr v) /hoo ld
fetch (v) /fsi.t// picturesque (adi) /p1kt/arsi.sk/ agsi.nst/
force-feeding (n) /fg,_'s ftd11]/ pinch (n) /p1ntf/ ability (n) /a b1l1ti/ hold back (phr v) /hoold b~k/
frequently (adv) /frtkwantli / poach (v) /pool// abolish (v) /a bQll// hold on (phr v) /hool d Qn/
fry (v ) /frm/ poisonous (adil /pQ!z 0 nas/ accurate (adi) /~kjorat/ ho ld up (phr v) /hoold t,p/
genetica lly (adv) /Q3msi.t1kli/ portion (n) /pg,_'f"n/ achieve (v) /atjtv/ hook (v) /hqk/
get ahead (phr v) /gsi.t ah si.d/ poultry (n) /pooltri/ adrena lin (n) /adrsi.nalm/ horse riding (n) /hg,_'s ra1d11J/
get around (phr v) /gsi.t ar!!Qnd/ prawn (n) /prg,_n/ affair (n) /af~'/ I can't believe I iust did that!
get away from (phr v) /gsi.t awl1!_ preservative (n) /pnz~'vallv/ agi le (adi) /~Q3a1I/ (phr)
fr am/ protein (n) /prooti:n/ appreciate (v) /aprt/ieit/ ideal (n) /a1dtal/
get away with (phr v) /gsi.t awl1!_ refuse (v) /nfj![z/ aq uati cs (n) /akw~t1k s/ I'll do that this afternoon. (phr)
Wlo/ resista nt (adi) /nztstant/ balanced (adi) /b ~l anst/ impressive (adi) /1mprsi.s1v/
get by (phr v) /gsi.t bm/ rind (n) /rmnd/ breeches (n) /brtt/1z/ in comparison with (exp)
get on with (phr v) /gsi.t Qn w10/ roast (v) /roost/ bungee iumping (n) /bt,nQ3i increase (v) /mkrts/
get over (phr v) /gsi.t oova'/ rolling pin (n) /rooill) pm/ Q311mp11J/ indefinitely (adv) /mdsi.fm1tli/
g low (n) Igloo/ rot (v) /rQt/ Ca n I help you? (phr) interlocking (adi) /mta'IQk11J/
g rai n (n) /grl1!_n/ sa mple (v) /sg;mp•I/ ca nteen (n) /karnttn/ It's a bit scary. (phr)
gra te (v) /grl1!_t/ scrambled (adi) /skr~mb"ld/ challenging (adi) lt/~lmQ311J/ Just for the fun of it ! (phr)
gra te r (n) /grl1!_1a'/ seasca pe (n) /stsketp/ championship (n) /t/~mpian/1p/ Just the one day, I think. (phr)
greasy (adil /grtsi/ sec luded (adil /s1kll[d1d/ com petitive (a dil /ka mpsi.t1t1v/ karate (n) /kara:ti/
grill (v) /gq/ shipwrec k (n) l /!prek/ compet itor (n) /kampsi.t1ta'/ kayo king (n) /kmmk11J/
handful (n) /h~ndfol/ sho rtage (n) /fg,_'t1Q3/ compose (v) /kampooz/ leisure (n) /1Sl_3a'/
herb (n) /h~' b/ short-term (adi) /Jg,_'t 13:' m/ consequently (adv) /kQns1kwentli/ life iacket (n) /lmt d3mk1t/
How long do yo u think it will sieve (v) /stv/ Count me in. (exp) magnificent (adj) /mmg n[flsant/
be? (phr) sk inl ess (ad il /skmlas/ countless (adil /k!!Qntl as/ mat (n) /m~t/
I can't possibly eat it li ke this. smoked sa lm o n (n ) /smookt course (n) /kg,_s/ morale (n) /marg;I/
(ph r) s~man / cu rling (n) /k~'ill)/ motto (n) /mQtoo/
I' ll b ring you o ne right away. so re (adi) /sg,_'/ cu rriculum (n) /kaqkjolam/ nerve-racking (adi) /n~'v rmk11J/
(phr) sour (adi ) /saoa'/ daring (adil /d~nlJ/ Never mind (exp)
immune system (n) /1mjl[n s1stam/ spicy (adi) /s pmsi/ deafening (adil /dsi.faml) / officially (adv) /at!]•li/
in creas ingly (adv) /mkrts1l) li/ sp lit (v) /sp l[t/ demanding (adil /d1mg;nd11J/ o n solid grou nd (phr)
individual (n) /tnd1vtQ3u•11 squ id (n) /skwtd/ demolition (n ) /dsi.mal!J•n/ opponent (n) /apoonant/
inform (v) /mfg,_'m/ stale (adi) /stl1!_1/ deserted (adi) /d1z ~'t1d/ pitch (n) /p1tf/
ingredient (n) /mgrt diant/ starter (n) /stg;'ta'/ disabled (adj) /d1s§ b"ld/ poolside (n) /pl[lsaid/
inten ti o nal ly (adv) /mtsi.n/an"li/ starvation (n) /stg;'v§J•n/ discoun t (n) /d1skaont/ postpone (v) /poospo on/
interfere (v) /mta'fla'/ stea m (v) /sttm/ Do I need to take any ID with precaution (n) /pnkg,_J•n/
irritati ng (adi) /tnletlil)/ stir-fried (adi) /st~' !raid/ me? (phr) propose (v) /prapooz/
iacket potato (n) /Q3~k1t pat§ too/ sugar-ca ne (n) l/qga' kem/ dwelling (n) /dwsi.lllJ/ puncture (n) /pt,l]kt/a'/
knob (n ) /nQb/ taro-root (n) /tg;roo rl[t/ educator (n) /si.Q3okeita'/ purity (n) /pjQ2.nti/
ledge (n) /lsi.Q3/ taste less (adi) /tl1!_stlas/ exhausti ng (adil /lgzg,_st11J/ range (n) /r§n<13'
lentil (n) /lsi.nt1I/ ta sty (adi) /t§sti/ extravaganza (n) /lkstr~vag~nza/ referee (n) /rsi.fart/
litre (n) /Itta'/ teaspoon (n) /ttspu:n/ fa c ility (n) /fas1ilti/ removal (n) /nml[v 0 1/
lump (n) /lt,mp/ texture (n) /tsi.kst/a'/ fairly (adv) /f~'li/ represent (v) /rsi.pnzsi.nt/
lu xurious (adil /l11g3Q2.rias/ thread (v) /Srsi.d/ fe ncing (n ) /fsi.ns11) / risky (adi) /!]ski/
margarine (n) /mg;'Q3artn/ threaten (v) /Srsi.t•n/ fin al (n) llmn°1! signal (v) /signal/
mineral water (n) /m1naral wo:ta'/ tin ope ner (n) /t1n oopana'/ fis hing (n) /f!J11J/ sk ilful (ad i) /s k1lfol/

180
. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Word List

skydiving (n) /sk!l)da1v11)/ apply (v) /apl!lJ/ eyewitness (n) /ruw 1tnas/ reliable (adj) /nlruab 0 1/
slope (n) /sloop/ arrant (adj) /~rant/ foyer (n) /f::y,a'/ rubble (n) ir6b 0 1/
snowboarding (n) /snoobo:'d11J/ attend (v) /at,,nd/ frequency (n) /frtkwansi/ screen (v) /skrtn/
Sounds like my kind of thing. bankrupt (adj) /b~l)krApt/ headline (n) /h,,dlam/ seminar (n) /s,,mma:'/
(exp) be bound to (phr) hear sth on the grapevine (idm) shadow (n) i/~doo/
special effects (n) /sp,,/ 0 1 1f,,kts/ blackmail (v) /bl~kmeil/ heel (n) /htl/ shoot up (phr v) //!,!;! /'.\Pi
spectacle (n) /sp,,ktak 0 1/ broaden (v) /brQ;d 0 n/ inform (v) /infQ;'m/ short wave (n) i/Q;'t w§v/
squash (n) /skwQ// broadsheet (n) /brQ;d/i:t/ judge (n) ict56d.3i social c lass (n) /sou/ 0 1 klg;s/
stadium (n) /st§d iam/ buttercup (n) ib61a'kAp/ keep sb/ sth away from sb/ sth Some kind of explosion
stage (v) /st<;!!d3/ Can you tell us what you saw? (phr v) /ktp awfil_fram/ perhaps? (phr)
stress (v) /str,,s/ (phr) keep up with sb/ sth (phr v) /ktp stick (v) /st!ki
supple (adj) /si'.\p 0 1/ casual (adj) /k~ua l / 1'.\P w1a/ strike (n) /strruk/
talent (n) /t~la nt/ category (n) /k~t1gri/ knock sb out (phr v) /nQk fil!t/ subscriber (n) /sabskrruba'/
That's line. (phr) catwalk (n) /k~two:k/ knock sth down (phr v) /nQk supermodel (n) /s!,!;pa'mod 0 1/
thrill (n) /6r!I/ choreography (n) /kQriQgrnfi/ dfil!n/ survivor (n) /sa'vruva'/
train (v) /trmn/ circulation (n) /s~'kjulm/9ni look alter sb (phr v) /IQk g;fta'/ tabloid (n) /t~b l 01d/
tribute (n) /tqbju:t/ contributor (n) /kantqbjuta'/ look into sth (phr v) /IQk !nta/ The advertisment is the most
viewpoint (n) /vj!,!;p01nt/ convert (v) /kanv~'t/ manageria l (adj) /m~rnd3!£n 9 1/ truthful part of a newspaper.
weightlifting (n) /w§tl 1ft11J/ cordon off (phr v) /kQ;'d n Qf/
0
matinee (n) /m~tme1/ (phr)
white water rafting (n) /hwillt coverage (n) /k6vand3/ media (n) /mtdia/ to cut a long story short (exp)
wo:ta' rg;f!ITJ/ coward (n) /kfil!a'd/ no news is good news (phr) train in g (n) /tr§rnl)/
windsurfing (n) /wmds3:'f11J/ crawl (v) /krQ;I/ Nobody likes the man who transistor (n) /trrenz1sta'/
workforce (n) /w~'kfo:'s/ creche (n) /kr,,// brings bad news. (phr) tuberculosis (n) /tju:b~'kjul ous1s/
yacht (n) /jQt/ debris (n) /dmbri/ notion (n) /nQQj 0 n/ tune (v) /tjl,!;n/
You're unbelieveablel (phr) debt (n) /d"t/ Oh my goodness ! (exp) underwriter (n) i6nda'ra1ta'/
destination (n) /d,,stmm/ 0 n/ Oh nol I don't believe it! (phr) watch the world go by (phr)
UNIT 10 dew (n) /dj!,!;/ orientated (adj) /Q;ria nte1t1d/ waterproof (adj) /wQ;ta'pru:f/
disaster (n) /d1zg;sta'/ overseas (adj) /ouva'stz What for? (ph r)
acknowledgment (n) documentary (n) /dQkjam,,ntri/ panel (n) /p~n°1/ You can say that again! (exp)
/rek nQl1d3mant/ editorial (n) 1,,d1tQ;n°1/ present (v) /pnz,,nt/ You cheeky thing ! (exp)
advantage of (phr) /re dvg;nt!d3/ engineer (n) 1,,nd3m!£'/ profitable (adj) /prQfltab 0 1/
agony aunt (n) /~gani ant/ expedition (n) 1,,ksp1d1/0 n/ promote (v) /pra maut/
announcer (n) /anfil!nsa'/ explosion (n) /1ksplQQ.3 9 n/ read between the lines (idm)

181
 Word Formation
• Forming Nouns and Adjectives 2 Fill in the correct form of the words in
brackets.
from Verbs
After I fini shed the gardening, my shoes were
Some verbs fo rm their nou ns w ith the endings
......... ... ... .......... ..... rn1~1 .
-ion/-ation and their adjectives w ith -ive/-ative.
2 John argued .. ... .. .. .. . .. .. ......... (bitter) w ith his
impress impression impressive
brother yesterday.
in fo rm information informative
3 Ja ne was ....... ......... .. .. .. .. ..... (surprise) when
NB: Nouns go before verbs as subiects or after
she received a bouquet of flowers in her office.
verbs as obiects. Adiecfives normally go before
4 I felt ve ry ....... .. .. ..... .. .. ..... (guilt) about wha t
nouns .
I sa id to Tom.
5 The doctor examined the baby . .. .... .. . .. . .. ... . .
1 Fill in the correct form of the words in (careful) and then prescribed medication for hi s
brackets. cough.
6 Th e children were having a great time sli d ing
Sara h is not a very ....................... ............ ... . . down the ..... ....... .. .. ......... .. .. (snow) slopes .
(act) person. She prefers reading to playing sports. 7 The book you gave me was so ..... ... ... ....... . .
2 Maria is a ve ry .... .. ..... .. . .. . . .... .... .... (attract) (interest) that I cou ldn 't put it down.
girl. She could be a model. 8 ..................... ... . (fortunate), no one was hurt
3 He had no ...... .. .. ................. ... ..... (explain) in the accident .
for the missing files. 9 After the cleaner left, th e house was . ... ... .... .. .
4 She gave a . . .. . .... .. .. .. . .. ........ . ..... (describe) . ... ... ... .......... (spotless) clean.
of the thief to the pol ice. l 0 I co uldn 't see .. .. .. ... .. ... ......... (clear) w ithout
5 I thought the lecture was ve ry . .... ... .. ..... ....... . my glasses.
(inform) .
6 James has no sense of . .... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... . ..... .
(direct). He could get lost in a shopping centre.
7 Thi s book has got an ... .. . . . ... .. .. .. .. . ... .......... . • Forming Adjectives from
(imagine) storyline. Nouns and Verbs
8 Hi s car is his most va luable .... . ...... . ..... . ... . .. .
(possess). Common endings for ad jectives formed from
9 Tina enjoys ................ .. ... ... . ... . ... .. .. (create) nouns and ve rbs are:
pa stimes like pottery and painting. -able enioy - enioyable -ible sense - sensible
10 The chairman of the company is under ..... -al education - educational -ic optimist - optimistic
. ... ... . .... ....... (investigate) for ta x fraud . -ant distance - distant -ical psychology -
-ar circle - circular psychological
-ate temper - temperate -ious ambition - ambitious
• Forming Adjectives from Nouns -ial commerce - commercial -ish self - selfish
-ent differ - different -ous danger - dangerous
and Adverbs from Adjectives
• Some co mmon adjectives end in -y .
dirt - dirty, dust - dusty, etc
3 Fill in the correct form of the words in
brackets.
• Most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to
adjectives. There was a ........ . ........... .. .. .. .. .. (spectacle)
quick - quickly, proper - properly fireworks display at the end of the concert.
• Present parti c iples and past participles can be 2 I enjoy sampling ........... ............ .. ... ... ... .... .
used as adjecti ves. (tradition) dishes whe n I go abroad.
bored - boring 3 We should encourage o ur children to explore
Present parti ciples (-ing) describe what or how their .... ..... ..... .. ...... .... ........... (art) abilities.
so mebody or something is and past 4 Sonia wan ts to be a ... ..... ..... . .... ... .. .. (fame)
participles (-ed) describe how people feel. actress one day.

182
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Word Formation
5 He has made ............ .. ............... . .. (remark) 7 She was so shocked at the news that she was
progress at school this year. .................... .. ..... (speech).
6 You'd better take off your watch before diving 8 Don't be afraid of the dog - he's ....... . ......... .
into the sea, unless you're sure it is water (harm) .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (resist). 9 Unless he works harder, it is ..... .. . . ... .... . ...... .
7 Mr Smith is the most ....... ...................... .. ... . (doubt) that he' ll get promoted this year.
(consider) teacher we've ever had. He's always 10 Thousands of people were left ................. . ... .
there to answer our questions and help us with (home) as a result of the tornado.
our problems.
8 You shouldn't be so .. ........................... ..... . .
(depend) on your parents at the age of thirty. • Forming Adjectives with
9 He spent all of his savings to buy a very Negative Meaning
expensive ................ ... .. .... .. ... (convert) car.
10 The city centre is full of ....................... .. ..... . Negative adjectives are often formed with the
(history) buildings which attract a lot of tourists prefix un- able - unable (not able).
every year.
Other prefixes commonly used to make negative
11 She became very ... .. ................... (suspicion)
forms are: in- (inconsistent); dis- (disused}; mis-
of John when she heard him whispering on the
(mistaken}; anti (antiseptic}; non- (non-stop}; over-
phone late at night .
(overcrowed)
12 His behaviour is really ...... . .......... .. . . . (child),
NB: mis- is generally used in negative forms to
even though he is 25 years old.
mean that something has been done incorrectly or
badly.

• Adjectives ending in -ful and

-less 5 Fill in the correct form of the words in
brackets.
Adjectives ending in -ful show that the My dog is very .... . ............ . . .. . .. .. (obedient);
person/thing being described has or displays he won't do anything I say.
that quality. 2 John must be the ... .. ................ . . ...... ... ... .. .. .
a beautiful woman (indicates beauty) (luckiest) person I know. Everything always goes
Adjectives ending in -less show that the person/ wrong for him.
thing being described doesn't have or display 3 Mary is always late; she's so ........ ... ... . . .. . ... .
that quality. (reliable).
a useless object (not useful) 4 Spending hours on the Internet and not speaking
to others is very . ... ... .... . . .............. . . . (social)
behaviour.
4 Fill in the correct form of the words in 5 She got her dog from an animal shelter. He had
brackets. been .... . ................... . (treated) in the past,
but he's happy with her.
Tom is a ve ry ... . ......... .. .. . .. .. .. ...... .. (success)
6 The doctor told him that he was rather .. ...... .. .
businessman.
. ...... ........... (weight) and should start a diet
2 Tina was thrilled to hear the ................. .. . .. . . .
immediately.
(delight) news .
7 He finally got a job after being .. .. .. .... ... ... .. . .
3 Jim is a .......... . .... ..... .......... (care) driver; he
(employed) for six months.
will cause an accident one day.
8 Please, put out your cigarette. This is a ......... .
4 We found our teacher's advice very ........ . .. .. .
. ....... ............... ~mo~ng)araa .
(help).
9 The buses are on strike today which is very
5 It was very .... .. .. .................. (thought) of you
... .......... ... .. . . . ... . ..... ...... (convenient).
not to invite Tom to the party. You'd better call
10 The advertisers were criticised for giving
him and apologise.
. ....... ... . ....... .............. (leading) information.
6 I've got a ..... ........... (pain) bruise on my arm.

183
 Word Formation

Many negative adjectives are formed by doubling 4 The ........................ .. (attend) at last week's
the first letter of the word and placing an i before it, meeting was the highest ever recorded.
especially words beginning w ith r, I or m (irreversible 5 A TV appeal was launched after the little girls'
= not reversible, illogical = not logical, immoral =
....................... (disappear).
not moral}. 6 This building looks like a hotel, but it's actually
a private ......... .. ...... ... . (reside) .
Root words beginning w ith p usually form
7 Her last employer gave her such a good .
negatives w ith the prefix im (impatient = not
.... .................. (refer), I don't think she will
patient, imperfect = not perfect}.
ha ve a problem getting another job .
8 I haven 't got a .... .. ........ (prefer); you choose.
6 Fill in the correct form of the words in
brackets.

It is . . . . (responsible) not to • Revision Box

put out your campf ire properly w hen you are
camping in the woods 8 Fill in the correct form of the words in
2 Tom's handwriting is so bad that it is almost brackets .
.. ... .... .... .... ..... ...... (legible) .
1 Tom 's brother is a ................ (fame) singer.
3 I don't reall y wa nt to go to the party, but it
2 Simon never studies, so it is
wou ld be . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... (polite) to
(doubt) that he wi ll pass his exams.
refu se the invitation.
3 Advertisements should not give ... ........... . . .
4 It is . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .. ... .. . .. . (possible) for
(leading) information about a produ ct.
unauthorised people to get past our new security
4 We realised that we had been driving in the
system.
wrong ................. (direct) for half an hour.
5 It is . .............. . ... . ........ (legal) not to wear a
5 James felt very ........ .. (guilt) about lying
seat belt w hen you are driving in Britain .
to his boss.
6 Nick's suggestion was we ll-meaning but
6 The video w as so ........ . .. ....... (interest) that
............. . (practical).
I watched it twice.
7 Bob is ve ry ... ....... ........ ..... ...... (mature); he
7 The actress was weari ng a ...... .
acts li ke a teenager at times, not a grown man
(spectacle) dress at the awards ceremony.
of forty.
8 It was very foggy, so we co uldn't see .
8 Th e seminar was a waste of tim e because a lot
(clear).
of th e information was ... .... . ... .
9 There is ve ry little . .. . .. .. .. ... (differ)
(relevant).
between the two shirts. They are almost
identical.
10 You shou ld take ou t tra ve l ..... .. ... .. ... (insure)
• Forming Nouns from Verbs
in case anything goes wrong on your trip.
11 It is .................... (legal) to park on double
Some verbs form nou ns wh ich end in -ance or -ence. yellow lines in Britain.
accept - acceptance, exist - existence 12 The door is locked. It will be ... ...... .... .... .
(possible) to open it without a key.
7 Fill in the correct form of the words in 13 Daisy is good at painting . She has a lot of
brackets. . ............ (art) talent.
14 Read the instructions (careful) so
Helen gave an amazing ..... . .. . ........ .. . ........ . that you don't make any mistakes.
(perform) in th e play. 15 All restaurants in Britain ha ve a .. . ... . ... .. .. .. .
2 I w ish I had more . .. (smoking) area.
(confide) in my own abilities.
3 Th e twins are so alike it's hard to tell the
.. .... ... .... (differ) between them .

184
- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Word Formation
9 Use the words in capitals to form a word that fits on the space in the same line.

w In 1999, the U.S. Surgeon General sta ted that the

number of OJ overweight Amer ican children had
increased by an 1J ...... . .... . . . ....... . 50 percent in just
WEIGHT
AlARM
Couch
one generation. Children spend an 2J ..... ..... ..... ... ... .
amount of time in front of the television, ea ting th eir
3J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . snacks. They keep them selves
busy du rin g 4J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . breaks by playing
INCREASE

FAVOUR
COMMERCE
Potato
computer games. Th ey need 5J .... ....... ....... . to get
up off the sofa and do some exercise. Parents sho uld
.. do different 6J .. ............... .... w ith their children and
ENCOURAGE

ACTIVE
Kids
',show them that exercise can be 7J .. .. ..... .... ...... . ENJOY
Th ey shou ld set goa ls for their children, such as cycl ing
a ce rtain 8J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in a set tim e, and make DISTANT
sma ll changes to their '9),... .. ... .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . routine DAY
such as wa lking instead of taking the car or bus. The~
shou ld also try to set a good example; they ca n't expect
the ir kid s to change th eir 1OJ ..... ........ ...... . .... if they BEHAVE
wo n't make changes th emselves.

w
Feng Iii Feng Shui (pronounced 'phung schway'J OJ actually
means "wind water' and is part of an ancient Chinese
philosophy of nature. It is a way of understanding the
1J ............................. between nature and ourselves so that
ACTUAL

RELATION
we might live 2J ....................... within our environment. It PEACE
follows the idea that our lives are deeply affected,
not only by our physical environment, but also by our
3J ........................... surroundings. For example, if we EMOTION
surround ourselves with noise and 4J ...................... , we will UGLY
be 5J .................... , but if we surround ourselves with MISERY
6J ......................... objects and colours, we will enrich our BEAUTY
lives and our environment. Making Feng Shui work
7J ................... in your own home involves controlling the SUCCESS
BJ .......................... in which positive energy ('chi") and DIRECT
negative energy ["sha"J flow. This can cause you
SJ ....................... , as filling your home with positive energy DIFFICULT
could involve a change of 10J .................... , or even DECORATE
serious building work if it turns out that your
doorways and windows are in the wrong positions.

185
 Word Formation

In 1957, a group of music 0) professionals in Los PROFESSION

Angeles decided to create an 1) ................... ..... .... . ORGANISE
which would represent people who worked in the
recording business. They wanted to celebrate the
2) ................... ........... achievements, not only of ART
3) ......... ................ .. ... and singers, but also of the MUSIC
people who work behind the scenes, such as
producers and 4) .. ... .... .. ....... ...... ........ . This was ENGINE
the 5) .. ... ... ............... .. of the GRAMMY awards. BEGIN
Almost half a century 6) ................... , the awards LATE
ceremony has an annual audience of
7) ........................... two billion people, who tune APPROXIMATE
in to see who will be judged the best in the
worldwide music community. These days the
GRAMMYs are a 8) ................................ live show SPECTACLE
and the most popular music awards show on
television. Just about every
9) .. .. ........... ................. recording artist has FAME
appeared on this programme which will
10) .................... .. .. ... ..... entertain the public for PROBABLE
many years to come.

~
'The()pen If you are looking for a flexible way to study, or a way
to learn a new skill while still earning a 0) living, then the
Open University may be the perfect 1) .. ... ...... .... ... .. ... .. .
LIVE
SOLVE

Ulivmiy The Open University hosts a number of events each year

which 2) ........... .. ......... . you to meet with staff and find
out what courses may be 3) .. ..... ... ......... .. for your
needs. You can learn about the OU's study methods and
ABLE
SUIT

get 4) ... .. ... ... ...... ..... on the availability of the subjects. INFORM
The main study area is Europe, but Open University
courses are 5) ...... ..... ....... .... .. to students all around AVAIL
the world. An Open University degree is a
6) ....... ... ..... .. .. ........ asset and meets with the VALUE
7) .. ... . ... . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. of thousands of employers APPROVE
all over Britain. In fact , many companies are
more than happy to sponsor their
8) . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . ... to study for an Open EMPLOY
University 9) . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . It is a great QUALIFY
way to improve your 10) .......... .. ... ...... .. . EDUCATE
without putting your career on hold.

186
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Word Formation

w A new report has sh~wn that there could be a

huge 0) reduction in the number of deaths from REDUCE
cancer if people would 1) ....................... follow SIMPLE
the strategies for the 2) . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . of PREVENT
cancer described by 3) ......................... Quitting RESEARCH
smoking, taking regular exercise, maintaining a
4) ............................... weight and having regular HEALTH
cancer screening could result in an
5) ............................... decrease, not only in the IMPRESS
amount of people who die from cancer, but also
in the number of people who develop the disease.
This is 6) .......................... surprising news, as we HARD
BEHAVE
Cutting
all recognise that certain 7) ........ .............. ... .. can
be 8) ............................... to our health. So why
do health experts keep telling us the same things?
DANGER Out
Well, 9) ... .............. ...... ........ , the message is still
not getting through. Many people are still taking
APPARENT
Cancer
the same risks and making no effort to change
their 10) ........................... habits. Isn't it time we DESTRUCT
started listening to the people who know best?

Sugar is the 0) provider of around 13 PROVIDE

percent of the energy we get from food. It can
be found in many plants, but the only
1) .............................. important sources of sugar COMMERCIAL
are sugar beet and sugar cane. Sugar beet
2) ............................. takes place in temperate or PRODUCE
cold countries. Sugar beet is grown
3) ...................................... in Russia, Poland and EXTENSIVE
Germany. Sugar cane is grown in
4) ............................. climates and provides more TROPIC
than half of the world's sugar supply. Among
the countries with the largest sugar
production are Brazil and Mexico. People are
still uncertain about how 5) ....................... sugar VALUE
is to our diet. Although it is used to
6) ........................... many foods, there are those SWEET
who believe that sugar is 7) ....................... and HEALTHY
that we should not add it to food products. For
this reason, there has 8) ............................. been RECENT
an increase in the sales of sugar-free foods.
However, taken in 9) ............................. , sugar is MODERATE
a harmless and 10) ............................. part of our TASTE
diet.

187
 Word Formation

People all over the world have discovered the 0) pleasure PLEASE
of owning gold. It is a 1) ...................... . mineral and, of BEAUTY
course, an extremely valuable one. An 2) ....................... fact INTEREST
about gold is that it is also almost 3) ....................... to POSSIBLE
destroy. In fact, it is so strong, that the amount of gold
which exists today is equal to all the gold which has been
mined. It has 4) ........................... been used over and over
again throughout the centuries. Gold makes great
5) ....................... , as it does not lose its shine. There are
several minerals named "Fool's Gold", because only a
6) ....................... person would believe that they are gold!
To tell the 7) ....................... , it is easy to see
8) ........................... , gold-coloured flakes in a piece of rock
and think that you have struck it rich. Real, 9) ..................... . NATURE
gold specimens, on the other hand, can be a
10) ....................... investment, as the value of gold never PROFIT
seems to decrease.

Pet Perks
Recent research has shown that having a pet can
0) strengthen children's immune systems, and make them STRENGTH
less I) ....................... to have days off school with LIKE
2) ....................... than those without animals in the home. ILL
Researchers discovered that children of families who were
cat or dog 3) ....................... had more health problems, but OWN
as they grew older, their immune systems were given a
boost. These children attended an 4) ............................ . AMAZE
average of nine days more school than children who didn't
have pets. These 5) ............................. seem to support the FIND
"dirty hypothesis". This theory suggests that being too clean
in early childhood can 6) ....................... the immune system. WEAK
However, despite contributing to better school
7) ........................... , pets can also put children's health at ATTEND
risk. One of the most 8) ....................... problems is DANGER
roundworm, which infects dogs and can cause stomach ache
and even eye damage in children. Even so, three out of ten
children questjoned answered that they 9) ................... share HAPPY
food with their pets, and a I 0) ....................... 21 % let their SHOCK
pets lick their fingers!

188
i:---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Word Formation

Do you tremble at the O) th o ught of getting on a THINK

plane? Do you want to overcome your fear of flying?
Don't worry. There are certain methods which can
1) .. .... .......... .. .. ... you to forget your fear and take to ABLE
the skies. 2) ............ .......... . is the key, and there are RELAX
many 3) ... .. .. ........ .. .. .. .. exercises which can calm you HELP
down . However, it is 4) ...... .. ..... .... ...... to remember ESSENCE
that it is no use waiting until just before you board the
plane . You should use these methods long before you
arrive at the airport if you want them to be fully
5) ......................... . Firstly, start replacing your EFFECT
6) ... ...... .............. thoughts with positive and calm NERVE
ones . If this doesn 't stop the Jeelings of 7) ................ , ANXIOUS
try breathing with the 8) .. .. .. ........ .... ..... part of your UP
chest, inhaling and exhaling rhythmically. This leaves
your body with no 9) ........ .. ... .... ...... but to calm CHOOSE
down. Once you are 10) .. .. ........ .. ......... about using CONFIDENCE
these techniques, your fear will simply disappear.

w •-------------------~
The polar bear is a magnificent animal measuring
around 1.6 m in 0) height and with an average HIGH
I) ....................... of 2.5 m from nose to tail. Adult LONG
males weigh between 300-800 kg but females are
2) ....................................... smaller, weighing 150-300 CONSIDERABLE
.kg and measuring 1.8 - 2 m in length. Their fur is
3) ......................... white, but it can appear yellowish, GENERAL
or even brown or grey. Polar bears are solitary
creatures, with the 4) ....................... of mothers who EXCEPT
are nursing their cubs. The bears may also come
into 5) ................... ... . with one another over food. COMPETE
However, in 6) ....................... where bears meet SITUATE
each other, the smaller bear will 7) ...................... . USUAL
run away. A female bear with cubs, on the other
hand, will charge much larger males, as she is
8) ...... ...... .. ..... .... of her young or the food they are PROTECT
eating. Polar bears are thought to be
9) .. ........ ............. to humans, although humans and DANGER
bears 10) ....................... come into contact as the RARE
human population in areas where the bears live is
very low.

189
 Word Formation

If you are setting up your own business, it can be

0) tempting to hire friends. After all, working with
friends means fewer 1) ......................... and a much
TEMPT
ARGUE
Mixing Business
more 2) ..................... atmosphere in the workplace. COMFORT
Friends are also likely to work 3) ........................ , put
in longer hours, and want the business to be just as
CHEAP
and Pleasure
4) .......................... as you do. However, employing SUCCESS
friends can also be rather 5) ... ........... ........ What DANGER
happens when one of your friends has a 6) .............. . DIFFER
idea about how you should run the business? What if
one of your friends simply can't do the job? Firing
them will 7) ....................... damage your friendship. CERTAIN
How would you tell your friends if their 8) ............... . BEHAVE
is not what you expect from your staff? Being an
9) .......... and a friend is not easy. Perhaps it is better EMPLOY
to hire 10) ..................... after all. STRANGE

Looking for a job is a job in itself. It takes 0) careful CARE

planning and a lot of thought. First of all, it is important to
think about your 1) ..................... You need to decide what PERSON
kind of work appeals to you. What kind of 2) .................... do ACTIVE
you enjoy doing? What type of position do you want? What
kind of 3) ....................... is right for you? When you have EMPLOY
answered these questions, it is time to prepare your resume,
cover letters and letters of 4) ............................ You will INQUIRE
also need to ask people you have worked for in the past to
write letters of 5) ........................ for you. Make sure that all RECOMMEND
of these documents look 6) .................... . Then, it is time to PROFESSION
send your documents to companies and businesses where
you would like to work. When you attend interviews, be sure
to dress 7) ............................ APPROPRIATE
Smile and speak 8) ....................... to everyone you meet POLITE
before and after your interview. Always write and thank the
9) ............................. for their time and reply to all letters of
10) ............................. or rejection you are sent. Finally, be
optimistic. The perfect job could be just around the corner!

190
 W e all li ke to get aw ay, but sometimes go ing
abroad can be very 0) expensive . However, th ere are EXPENSE
ways to cut costs and still have an 1) ... ..... .. ..... .. . ENJOY
holiday. First of a ll , you can avo id paying tra vel agents '
fees a nd book yo ur hol iday yourself. There are
2) .... .. ... ...... ... bargain s to be found o n the Intern et,
from cheap 3) ......... ......... to great hotel deal s, as
recent pri ce w ars are makin g co mpa nies mo re and
WONDER
FLY Bargain
more 4) ......... ...... ...... ... . . Also, some co lleges a nd
unive rsities offer cheap roo ms to 5) ..... ..... .. ....... .
during the holidays. C heck o ut schools in the area yo u
ACCOMMODATE
plan to visi t a nd save a fo rtune o n 6) ........ .. ..... .. ..... .
COMPETE
TRAVEL
Breaks
Staying in Youth Hostels is an 7) ..... ......... .... . o pti o n. ALTERNATE
O f cou rse , these are hardly 8) .... .... ..... .. .... ., but th ey LUXURY
are certainly kinder to yo ur w allet th a n the average
hotel. Th ose w ho love the great o utdoors ca n alw ays
take a te nt a nd sleep under the stars . Remember,
however, it is a lways 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to book a
cam psite , as in many co untries, it is 10) ... ....... ....... . .
to ca mp in publi c places such as beaches a nd parks.

King of Cooking on a barbecue is 0) definitely not as

easy as it looks. You may have all the right
1) ............... , and you may be a great chef in the
DEFINITE

EQUIP

the Grill kitchen, but things are very 2) ............. . . in the

open air. When we think of barbecues, we think of
3) .... ... .......... . burgers, steaks and sausages -
DIFFER

TASTE
juicy, tender and grilled to 4) ...... .. .. ............. In PERFECT
reality, however, we always seem to end up
putting out fires, dropping the meat through the
grill onto the coals, and 5) .......... .. ........ . , serving EVENTUAL
meat which is burnt black on the outside and pink
and 6) .... ...... ... .. ...... ... . on the inside. The only COOKED
thing that can equal our 7) . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . at EMBARRASS
serving such terrible food is the worry that we may
be poisoning our family and friends. Yet, despite
the same 8) ....... ..... ....... ... year after year, we FAIL
dust off the barbecue every summer, full of
9) .. ..... ............... . that this year, we will master the CONFIDENT
flames and cook a 10) ... .. .............. meal on the SUCCESS
barbecue.

191
 Word Formation
Complete the missing words .

Abstract noun Person noun Verb Adjective Adverb

act actor/ actress act actively

art artistic artistically
attendant attend
attraction attract lun)attractively
bitterness bitter
care carer care carefully/ carelessly
childhood child childish
clarity clear iun)clear
confidence confide lin)confident/ confidential confidently/ confidentially
consideration consider considerably
convenience lin)conveniently
conversion convert convert
creation create creative creatively
delight delight delightfully
dependent depend dependable/lin)dependent dependab~ /lin)dependent~
description describe descriptively
differ lin)different lin)differently
direction director direct lin)direct
disappear
doubt doubter doubt doubtfully/ doubtlessly
employment ............... ./employee employ iun)employed
explain explanatory
fame famously
fortune lun)fortunately
guidance guide guide
guilt guilty
harm harm harmful/ harmfully /harmlessly
help help Iun) helpful/helpless helpfully /helplessly
history historian historic/ . historically
imagination imagine lun)imaginative/imaginary
informer inform informative informatively
insure
investigator investigate investigative
lead lead leading
legality legalise lil)legally
luck iun)luckily
modesty lim)modestly
obedience obey ldis)obediently
pain pain .... ... ..... ..... /pai nless painful ly/ painlessly
performance perform
politeness lim)politely
possessor possess possessive possessively
possibility lim)possibly
practicality I practice practise lim)practically
prefer preferable preferably
reference refer
relevance lir)relevant lir)relevantly
rely lun)reliable/ reliant reliably
remark remark remarkably
residence reside residential residentially
resistance resister resist lir)resistably
lir)responsible lir)r~sponsibly
spectacle spectacular spectacularly
speech speaker speak
spot spotter spot . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . I spotlessly
successor succeed lun)successful iun)successfully
surprise surprise surprisingly
susp icion suspect suspect suspiciously
thinker think thoug htfu I/thoughtless though~ully /thoughtlessly
tradition traditional
treatment trea t
weigh weighty weightily

192
ISBN-13: 978-1-84558-996-7
ISBN-10: 1-84558-996-3

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9 781845 589967