Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Click On 4 Student S Book
Click On 4 Student S Book
Ill
...
:')
Q food & drinks; eating habits food; methods of cooking; cooking countable/uncountable nouns;
0 utensils; tastes; containers quantifiers (some; any; no; a lot of;
:Ii much; many; (a/ little; (a) few) ; reported
speech - specio introductory verbs
Phrasal verbs: get
I MODULE 4 SELF-ASSESSMENT (pp. 132 - 133)
UNIT 9 sports & leisure; activities team sports; qualities; leisure activities; conditionals Type 2 & 3; wishes; would _
entertainment
.,,I
Just for the fun of it rather
(pp. 134 • 147) Phrasal verbs: hit, hold
...
Ill
:')
UNIT 10 the media; disasters the press/newspapers; radio & future perfect & future perfect
Q continuous; linking words & phrases;
0 Breaking News television; disasters
quantifiers (both, neither, all, none,
:Ii (pp. 148 - 161) either, each, every, neither)
Phrasal verbs: keep, knock, look
I MODULE 5 SELF·ASSESSMENT {pp. 162 - 163)
GRAMMAR REFERENCE SECTION 164
IRREGULAR VERBS 174
AMERICAN ENGLISH - BRITISH ENGLISH GUIDE 175
WORD LIST 176
WORD FORMATION l 82
2
READING WRITING LISTENING SPEAKING
The Smart Way to live a letter of invitation to a friend note toking; understanding attitude; requesting services;
(understanding text structure] on advertisement for a house specific information; reaching on agreement;
Culture Clip: A Traditional British True/Folse greetings; introducing
Craft Intonation: in greetings people; renting a house·
elcome to exico on article escri6ing a place multiple choice; multiple matching buying a ticket; problem
(mutiple matching) a promotional poster for your country Intonation: in short answers solving; making a hotel
Culture Clip: Quebec, Winter on article describing a festival in your reservation; prioritising
Festival; Edinburgh Military Tattoo country
Traditional Folk Medicine on assessment report identifying sounds; identifying speakers; expressing preferences;
(multiple matching) on article about a voluntary multiple matching; Yes/No giving advice; making
Culture Clip: The St John organisation in your country Intonation: in expressing emotions spe~~lotions; m~king
dec1s1ons; guessing;
Ambulance Brigade describing symptoms
in danger (gapped text) on article providing solutions to multiple matching; note toking; Yes/No asking for/expressing
from Moby Dick: Or the problems Intonation: key word stress opinions; making
le by Herman Melville a poster about on endangered suggestions
species
SDR-4X: King of the Dance Floor a letter of complaint multiple matching; note-toking; True/Folse reporting problems;
on advertisment for a robot Intonation: stress in lists of adjectives making complaints;
(gapped text)
on inventor's biography reporting lost items
extract from 20,000 Leagues
under the Seo bv_lules Verne
Markets around the World a transactional letter applying for a multiple matching; multiple choice; True/ making a complaint;
(multiple matching) job Folse exchanging goods;
Culture Clip: A proud tradition a short article describing notional Intonation: in questions buying things
dress
a c desc 'bing market
a narrative descriptive article of a multiple matching; listening for specific giving instructions;
visit to a place information; True/Folse saying "no" politely;
a narrative Intonation: compound nouns making
recommendations
Olympic Games: A Human on opinion essay note toking; multiple matching; selection making invitations;
a sports day project from two answers; True/Folse making suggestions;
Success Story (understanding gist)
Intonation: regrets booking a ticket;
Culture Clip: A Magnificent a descriptive article about a stadium
expressing opinions;
Tribute to Sports &Entertainment decision making
3
+ Before you start ...
How long have you been studying English?
Why do you learn English?
What career will you pursue?
There's no place
like home
Ill
UNIT
• houses
• rooms, furniture & appliances
• daily routines
4
1Module1 Units 1-2 1
+ Learn how to ...
A rolling stone •
•
describe your home
talk about your daily routine
gathers no moss •
•
•
rent a house
greet people
ask people for / give directions
• introduce people
'UNIT •
•
reach an agreement
request services
• prioritise
trave l and holidays • mat e a hotel reservation
weather • describe experiences
holiday problem • buy a ticket
means of transport • make suggestions/ agree-disagree
+ Practise ...
• present tenses
• adverbs of frequency
• stative verbs
• adverbs of time
• furture tenses
• conditionals Type 0 & l
• the definite article
+ Phrasal verbs
• break
• build
• call
• check
• an advertisement
• a letter of invitation to a friend
• an article describing a place
• an article describing a festival
•••••••••
•••••••••
•••••••••
•••••••••
•••••••••
••••••••• There's no place lik ome
•••••••••
Lead-in
1 What does the title
mean? How is it
related to the pictures?
Can you think of an
alternative title?
a) Look at the pictures A
2 to C and say as many
words as possible related to
'houses'.
b) Use the prompts to describe
each picture, then describe your house.
00 John: Black and Sons, how can [g Don: Good morning, Homefinders. Don speaking.
I help you? How may I help you?
Mrs Keys: Hello. My name is Mrs Mr Adams: Good morning. I'm calling to enquire
Keys. I've got a serious about renting a summer cottage for the
problem with my roof. month of August.
John: What's the nature of the Don: Right. Which area did you have in mind, sir?
problem? Mr Adams: Well, somewhere quiet by the sea.
Mrs Keys: It leaked during the Don: I see. And how many bedrooms are you
night and now there is a lool<ing for?
large puddle in the Mr Adams: Just one.
middle of my living Don: Alright, let me see what we have ... ah yes,
room. I need the roof we have a aovely, cottage in Portsmouth.
e airea urgently. Mr Adams: How much is it?
John: I see. If you just give me Don: It's £200 a week.
your address, I'll send Mr Adams: That sounds promising! Can you send me
someone round the details?
immeaiate X· Don: Of course.
Mrs Keys: It's 32, Brookside Lane.
John : Alright then, Mrs Keys .
Don't worry, we'll take
6 a) Read the dialogues again and explain the
words in bold, then use them to make up
care of it in no time.
sentences.
Mrs Keys: That would be
wonderful, especially b)Suggest synonyms for the highlighted words.
since the weather
c)ln pairs, read out the dialogues.
I I
I '
• 'I
.............
.·········
......... 1
.:::::::•
.............
. :
. ·····=
b) Use the phrases to make up sentences
Vocabulary using the words in the list, as in the example.
• Houses • as wel l as • besides • also • but • however
7 a) Use the words below to complete the table. There's no central heating in our house, but there
What other words can you add? is a front garden.
Speaking
I live in a modern flat which is centrally located ... • detached house • 2 bedrooms • fireplace
My friend Mary lives in a traditional farmhouse in • garage • front garden • contact: Bob Harkin s
a small village. • Tel: 07815086006 (mobile)
• Locat ion: 2 1, App le Street, Brighton
central wate r
front pool
air staircase
fitted kitche n
private garage
double glazing
,Listening
swimmi ng heating
sp iral
two-car
condit ioning
garden
1Q c\ a) Listen and mark the statements T
(true) or F (false).
running parking
1 The flat has two bedroom s.
~ central heating ,
2 The bedroom is close to the bathroom.
3 There's a washing machine in th e kitchen.
~
4 The rent is £200 a month.
5 The cleaner can clean the flat twice a week .. .. . . .
8
0 ..........
1::::::::
······
······
•.......... ..... ..
: • never • eve ry :
~----------------------------------------~
A : How often do you wash the dishes?
B: I rarely wash the dishes . What about you?
A: I never wash them . I hate doing it.
• Game
• Da ily Routines
A leader thinks of an action and mimes it in
13 Make up sentences about yourself using the
front of the class. Students, in teams, try to
verbs: have, go, make or do .
guess what he/she is doing . Each team can
a shower/ a bath/b rea kfast ask five questions. Choose another leader
2 the was hing-up/ th e iron in g/th e shopp ing and continue the game.
3 home/to school/to work/to bed Team A 5 7: Are you washing something?
4 lunch/the bed
Leader: No, I'm not.
I have a shower every morning. Team B 5 7: Are you mopping the floor ? etc
9
··..........
...
...·.······•
······· 1
..
.
... ······•
Grammar in Use • Adverbs of Frequency ~
Grammar Reference
• Present Tenses ~ 19 Use the prompts and the table to talk about
Grammar Refere nce the things you do/don' t do at the weekend .
You can add your own ideas.
17 Identify the tenses in bold, then match them to
their use. • go out with fri ends • watch TV • do sports
• have swimming lesso ns • go shoppi ng
OD The floor is shiny beca use she has just waxed it. • do the housework • su rf the net
[1IJ It is getting
hotter and hotter every day.
• do th e was hing up • visit relatives
[][]My sister never cleans her room.
[][]Snow melts in the spring. Ql
'i::::f2
[JI] We are looking for bedroo m furniture at the ~ ~--\ CZ; ':--..--\ 0-
.:io .:::,0 <:::-
§' ~ .;,;:
~ ~ ,gi
moment. 6= 2? 0 '?
22 Use the prompts to act out dialogues, as in the A: You look worn out. What have you been
example. doing?
• travel abroad • attend a concert B: I've been cleaning the house.
• stay in a caravan • try Chinese food A: What have you done?
• sleep in a tent • fl y on Conco rde B: Well, I've already mopped the floor and
washed the dishes, but I haven't ironed the
A: Have you ever travelled abroad? clothes yet.
B: Yes, I have.
A: Really? When was that?
B: Two months ago. Have you ever attended a
concert? etc 2 dirty-
A: No, I haven't. etc repair/bicycle
• replace/chain (.I')
• clean/ gears (J')
• check/tyres (X)
• Adverbs of Ti me
Gra mmar Reference
• go to the cinema • watch a video I' m too tired to play tennis today, I . ... .... ... ... .. .
boxes since morning.
I have already cleaned my room . ® have been packing B am packing
I still haven't washed the dishes. C have packed
2 She can 't come . Her car ... .... . .. . down.
24 Use the prompts and the present perfect or A has broken B ha s been breaking C breaks
present perfect continuous to ask and answer,
3 He can 't answer the phone , he . . ... .. . a shower.
as in the example.
A has had B has C is having
• know your best friend • use a PC 4 Raoul is an excellent iournalist. A top newspaper
• learn English • live in this area . him an important job .
A: How long have you known your best friend? A is offering B has offered C offers
B: I have known her for five years. 5 I .. .. . .. . .. . Fred is interested in opera.
A am not thinking B don't think
C haven 't thought
11
:::::::::
. .. .'.······•
.....
........1
. .······•
• 5 . . . . . . ..
• Error Correction
Read the title
27 Read the text below and look
of the text in order to
carefully at each line. If the get an idea of what the text is about. the roof yet.
line is correct put a tick Read the text once, then read it sentence 6 It's the most spectacular film
(.1) . If it has a word that by sentence. Look for mistakes with I've ever seen .
articles, prepositions, pronouns,
should not be there write never I . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
auxiliary/modal verbs, comparative
this word at the end of the forms, etc. The extra words are
line, as in the examples. wrong , not just unnecessary.
a spectacular film
before.
An Unusual Life
Trevor Bag li s is being a true Briti sh eccentric. He is best
0 being
• Phra sal Ve rbs
known as an inventor, a lthough he has had ma ny unusua l 00 .I
iobs. He tra ined as a structura l engi neer but he has a lso l . . .. . .. . .. . 29 a) Complete the
wo rked such as a circus perform er as we ll as runn ing hi s 2 .. .. .... .. . sentences w ith the correct
own busi ness selling swimming pools. As one would be expect 3 ....... .. .. form of the ph rasa l verbs
fro m a n eccentric, Bag li s' house is q uite unu sua l. For 4 .... .. ... .. from the list, as in the
the last thirty years he ha s been lived on Eel Pi e Isla nd , a 5 .. .... .. .. . example.
sandba nk in th e Rive r Tham es a nd ha s a n indoor 6 .......... .
swimming pool iust in side of hi s fro nt door. Th e inve ntio n 7 ... .. .... .. • brea k in( to) • build on
that it made Bag li s fa mous is th e cl ockwo rk ra dio. He 8 ... .. ..... . • build up • break down
heard how hard it was for people in the South Afri ca to 9 .. ....... .. • break off
hear news and hea lth war nings w itho ut have electri city. l0 The thief broke into the shop
Hi s soluti o n to thi s pro bl em was a ve ry successful , w ith 11
a nd stole all the money from
120,000 of his rad ios were be ing made eve ry month . He 12
th e til l. (enter by force)
doesn't wa nt to stop there however. Hi s most latest 13
2 Jane 's fiance ...... .... .. ..
idea is to set up a com pa ny w hich w ill help other in ve nto rs 14 .... .... the engagement right
to get o n their idea s into produ cti o n. 15
before the wedding. (end )
3 Our computer system .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .... .. during the storm .
(stop working)
• Key Word Transformations 4 Kenny's savi ngs have .. .
~- .... ............ .. since he opened
a bank account. (increase
28 Complete the second sentence
using the word in bold .
Read the g radually)
whole sentence
You can use two to then look at the key word . Try to work out 5 Th e new coach helped the
five words including what is being tested (passive, indirect team .. . .. ...... .. .. ... . .
speech, part of speech, etc). Complete the the ir skills. (improve)
the word given . Do not sentences without changing the word given.
change the word Check that you have written two to five
given. words. Also check for spelling.
b) Choose one of the
phrasal verbs from the list
It's th e fi rs t time Sam has eaten Frenc h food . and draw a picture about
never Sam .... .... .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. befo re. it. The class guesses the
2 A smell of gas has been co min g fro m thi s room all week . phrasal verb it illustrates.
smelling Thi s room .................................. .. .......... a ll week.
3 Shauna hasn' t found a fl at yet.
still Shau na .... .. .. .. ............ . ... .. .. .... .... .. .. .. .... .. ... .. a fl at.
4 It's more than a wee k since I spoke to Bri an.
for I have .. .... .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .............. .. . .. .. . .. ..... a week.
12
.•······
..........
.······. .
.........
·······
0 ......... ..
.. .
.. .
30 c\ a) Listen to a
man talking to an
~
-uY"' Read
Exchange
Exchange
1
2
A cafe
B house
estate agent on . eac.h se.ntence
and think of what 1s missing. e.g. Exchange 3 c universi ty
the telephone name, a number, etc. Listen and Exchange 4 D o ff ice
about a house start filling in. You can write up to
he would like to three words. Listen again and fill b) Read the extracts from the conversations.
in the rest of the answers.
rent and complete Which are formal/informal?
Check what you have
the sentences (1 -7) . written.
Greetings
Steve wan ts to live somewhere I
~--=========~:::;-
I1 I A : Hi!
B: O h hi, co me o n in. Like a coffee?
Steve is only interested in I I 21. 2 A: O h hi. Haven't seen you for ages. W hat've
-'==============--~
The estate agent has '--1_ _ _ _ _~1_3_,I a nd you been up to?
basement flats to offer. B: Busy as us ua l. W hat a bout yo u?
Steve does not want anyth ing on A: Me too. Join me for lunch?
Asking for directions
14
•........
··········
••...........
1 ·······
·······
•······
······· ....
Vocabulary Practice
36 Fill in the correct words, then
choose any five collocations to
make up sentences .
• Analysing the Rubric 4Q Read the letter again and underline the
correct word(s) in bold.
38 Read the rubric and underline the key
words. Then answer the questions below. l Marcie/Karen wrote the letter.
2 The letter is formal/informal .
You've decided to throw a housewarming
3 Th e reason for writing is included in the opening/
party. Write a letter to a friend inviting him/her
closing remarks.
to your party. Give information about the party
4 The w riter uses/doesn't use short forms.
as well as directions on how to get there.
I •
1 W ho is going to read the letter?
2 Is it a fo rmal or informa l letter?
Eta S If!\ Q
3 How many paragraphs shou ld yo u include in th e • If there is room in your heart, there is room in
letter? you r house.
4 What openi ng and clos ing remarks can yo u • Th e sun a t ho me warms better.
use? • Home , sweet home.
17
Thatching: A Traditional British Craft
Thatching, which is the use of straw, reeds or
grasses to make a roof for a building, goes back to
the Bronze Age. In Britain especially, thatched
cottages and fannhouses were a common sight in
rural areas for more than a millennium. Thatch was
used because it was cheap and lightweight. Houses
47 a) look at the pictures.
were not built to take a lot of weight and so a thatched
• W ha t do th ese ho uses have in co mmon? roof was the best option.
• W ha t do you thi nk th ey are made of: conc rete The materials used varied from region to region
bri c ks, mud , wood , o r sto ne? ' according to what was available in the area. For
example, in areas such as the south of England where
• W ha t are th e ho uses in yo ur co untry usua lly
made of? wheat was grown, wheat straw was used. The wheat
had to be threshed and the grain removed and then it
was trimmed, combed and cut before it was used for
the roof. A straw roof would last for about twenty years.
In other areas, such as East Anglia and Norfolk, sturdy
reeds were used. Reeds took less preparation and
these roofs lasted for a lot longer, about sixty or
seventy years. Over the years thatching became a
specialised trade performed by skilled craftsmen who
developed a variety of individual styles. Many
craftsmen would finish off the roof with an ornament
such as a bird or a 'dolly' made from straw.
Thatched houses were at their most popular in the
late 18th century and were the subject of many famous
paintings at that time. However, the craft started to
decline when Britain entered the industrial era.
Modem building techniques and the growing railway
network made other materials more available.
Nevertheless, owners today recognise the value of
keeping their cottages thatched. Modem thatch is fire
retardant and wire netting can be used to protect it
from birds and rodents. So, a thatched roof is much
b) Talk about the pictures using the words more than just a roof; it is a traditional, picturesque and
below.
eco-friendly way to cover your house.
• farmh o use • co untrys ide • g ard en • village
• thatched roof • g rass • cottage • chimneys
,Speaking
48 Read the article about a traditional British
craft and mark the sentences 1-6, T (true) or
F (false). Then explain the words in bold.
49 Make notes about the history of thatching
the materials used and why it declined. Then
1 All ho uses in Britain ha ve thatc hed roo fs. use your notes to talk about this craft.
2 Th a tching is a n o ld c raft .
3 In th e pa st the sam e material s we re
used to ma ke roofs. • Project
4 Peo ple in En g land used thatch becau se
Collect _o r draw pictures of various types of
it could be ea sily fo und .
houses rn your country - traditional and
5 The introducti o n of th e rail w ay sys tem
modern - .and prepare a poster for your
meant thatching beca me mo re popular
class. Write a short description of each
6 Thatching is still prac ti sed nowadays.
house. Write: type - location - materials
18 used.
Revision &Extension
50 a) Look at the picture and, in pairs, discuss 53 Complete the table, then use the prompts to
it, as in the example. Then, describe the make up sentences, as in the example.
picture.
A B
OIJ Smith and Sons . How a We ll, it's blocked.
can I help you? b Hello, my name
[}[]Hello, Mrs Green, what is Mrs Green.
can I do for you? c 36, Deepda le
QI] What exactly is the Avenue.
problem? d I've got a
G[J What's your address, problem with my
please? dra in .
[}IJ I'll send someone round e Th ank you, th at
immediately. wou ld be g rea t. A : I think Ann should buy a TV because it is a good
Form of entertainment.
b) Act out similar dialogues for the B: Yes, I agree. I think she should also buy an
problems in Ex. 5 1 . armchair to sit in and relax in front of the TV. etc
19
------
- --- - - - - - - - -- - - -- - -
........•
.: :: :::::1
. ~~! !!!!!
• Can you add to the list? Now gourmet delicious rocky snow-capped
talk about your preferences, as in
the example. 5) . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 6) · · ········ · ····
Q> .......
Ann flight delay, trave l sickness, lost luggage ,
•••
. Tony
sto len passport, suitcase damaged
sma ll room , noisy, no pool , overc harged
snowy sunny rainy cloudy fogg y
Emily puncture, no spare ty re , low battery, rain
Buenos A.1res 25°C -..,.:
..... Montrea l -5°C ~
Bogota l 5°C ~ New Orlea ns l 5°C ~ bl Talk about a bad experience you have
Chicago 5°C ,,... New York - 1°C ~ had while on holiday. Talk about:
la Paz l0°C ~ Phoenix l 5°C 9 • w here it happened
limo 25°( r-.
..... Rio de Janeiro ~·~
30°C -.•••:
• w hen it happened
Mexico Ci ty l 5°C 9 Sa n Franc isco l 0°< 6 • w hat happened in detail
Miami 25°C Va ncouver 5°C 9
Tomorrow, Buenos Aires will be warm and sunny, • Game
with a temperature of 22 °C.
Chain story. In teams continue the story using
bl In pairs, talk about what the weather will words from Ex. 5 to 9. Each correct sentence
be like in your country tomorrow. wins a point. The team with the most points is
the winner. Last year I had the most
• Conditionals Types 0 and 1 6 If we ....... ... . down the rain forests, the worl d 's
Grammar Reference
climate w ill change.
A are cutting B will cut C cut
17 a) Use the correct form ofthe verbs to
7 When we go to Paris next week, we ..
complete the sentences. Then, say which
the Louvre .
type of conditional it is.
A w ill visit B are vis iting C visit
• not go • give • get • tell
1 If I find your key, I ... ........ . ........ ... it to yo u. • The Definite Article
2 If the weather is bad, we . .. ..... .. . .. .... sa iling. Grammar Reference
1
Ben haveeno~fi money I we go-=:_n a picnic
back to 4) ............ 4th century BC. Th e wall is so
huge that it is sa id to be the only man-made structure
that can be seen from 5) . .... . ... .. space. It runs from
If/When the rain stops, we will go on a picnic. Jinwangdao , o n the Bay of Po Hai , which is part of
6) . .... .. .. .. . Ye llow Sea, in 7) ............ East, to
19 Chain Story. Students one after the other, 8) .... ...... . . Gaodai, a town deep in 9) .. ........ .
continue the story using conditional type 1 . cen tral Asia. This course takes it through some
amazing scenery, through 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . Mu Us
5 I: !FTom works hard, he will be promoted.
Desert, along part of 11) ........... Huang He River
52: If he is promoted, he will get a pay rise.
and alongside 12) . . . . Daban, Helan, and
53: If he gets a pay rise, etc.
O uilian mountain ranges w hich include the majestic
13) .. ........ . Mount Ouilian rising to 5,547 m
20 Choose the correct answer.
above 14) . ...... . ... sea level.
If you ........... blue with yellow, you get green. The wall is about nine metres high in most places
A will mix B mix C are mixing a nd every 1 80 metres there are w atchtowers which
are about 12 metres high. The wall is made of
2 "These suitcases are heavy!"
15) ... ... .... .. . earth and stone. 16) ........... eastern
"I .... ... .. .. . you , if you like."
part of the wa ll has been faced w ith brick. Work on
A am going to help B am help in g
the main part of the wall was finished in about
C will help
17) . . . . . . . . . . . 214 BC w hen the first emperor of
3 I .. a party on Satu rd ay. Wou ld you like
18) .......... . China, Shih Huang-ti , ordered that the
to come?
wa ll be built to defend 19) . ... . ... ... . ..... country
A am having _ B have C wil l have
from in vade rs. The wall was widely repaired and
4 If you ........... . that plate , you' ll burn you rse lf. extended during 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ming Dynasty
A are touching B touch C will touch between 1368 and 1644 AD. Th e size and age of
5 If you don't study, you . . . . . . pass your exams. this fanta stic monument makes this an attraction that
A won 't B aren 't C w ill all visitors to China should definitely see.
25
·········
······• 2
: : : :::::1
...
······•
. : ::::::::
...
he leaves school.
5 By the end of the lesso n, we
were more co nfused th a n at the Are you young, 0) energetic and hard working? Do ENERGY
begi nni ng . you want to ski for free this winter? Would you like a
fog We were 1) .... .... ...... ..... ........ . job that lets you earn some money, SEASON
gives you free 2) ..... ... .... .............. .. ....... , and is just five ACCOMMODATE
by the minutes away from the slopes? If the answer to all these
end of th e lesso n. questions is 'yes', then we would love to hear from you .
6 "S ha ll I was h the di shes for yo u The Silver Mountain Ranch, near Aspen, Colorado is
afte r th e meal? " he said . looking for 3) ..... ... .. ..... ....... . to work as waiters, kitchen EMPLOY
offered He .. . ... .. ..... . staff, chambermaids and front desk staff from October
to April. All our staff enjoy 4) ...... .... ..... .. .. benefits. They EXTEND
after th e mea I. receive three free buffet-style meals each day as well as
7 If he doesn 't sa ve up enoug h a 5) .. ....... .. .... ....... room at the ranch. Parties, barbecues SPACE
mon ey, he ca n't go o n ho liday. and other 6) ..... ....... .............. .... . activities are organised ENJOY
saves He ca n't go o n ... ... . for staff throughout the season. Our winter staff earn an
holiday .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . . average 7) .... .. ... .. ...... .. ..... .... wage of $200 and receive WEEK
.. . . enough mo ney. a cash bonus on 8) .... ... .... ... .... .. ..... .... .. completing their SUCCESSFUL
8 N o ma tter w hat happens, I w ill contract. Write or phone for an 9) ...... ... .... ......... .......... . APPLY
go o n hol iday th is year. form today. Send the form back to us by August 15th
rain Co me along with two 10) ......... ..... ... ...... .... ....... . and you could REFER
..... . ... . .. .. .. w ill go combine an excellent job with doing what you love .
on hol iday this year.
26
.........
.•......... .::..
H•........
see::::
b) In pairs, discuss which means of transport
Listening and Speaking you would most like to try and why.
•
•
kind of music?
was built on the site of
an ancient city?
is like a traditional village?
is the capital of the country?
m
I 3I
5
6
• are by the sea? 7 '~I-8~I~
• is an hour away from
the capital by plane? [2IJ
• is for expensive tastes? ITQD
28
........
. . ..
DI ::::::: ·1:::::: :
When we write an
describing a place, we usually
write four paragraphs.
article
. . _n_a_m_;e_~a_~~-~-~-ti_o_n_, ~+H Paros ~
..... 2 + H H• Poro 4H H I
In the first paragraph , we give the
~mukkale
name and location of the place
and the reason for choosing it.
In the second and th ird
paragraphs, we describe the
main aspects of the place. We Situated on the Roman town of
should describe what we can see northern side of the Hierapolis is a must.
and do there. <;i.iri.iksu River valley The town, which is
in the south-western part of Pamukkale,
In the fourth paragraph , we write
part of the country, was founded in the
our comments and feelings about Pamukkale is one of 2nd century BC to
the place, as well as our Turkey's most take advantage of the
recommendation. remarkable sites. natural springs. You
We normally use present tenses to With its rich history can visit the original
and picturesque Roman baths, part of
describe a place . We also use a
natural beauty, which is now used as
variety of adjectives to make our
Pamukkale, is the a museum. Walk
article more inviting to the reader. perfect destination for over the series of along the charming
those interested in the terraces and created streets paved with
past. a fantastic landscape blocks of limestone
• Analysing the Rubric Pamukkale, is one of mineral trees and and lined with stone
of the most waterfalls, which look pillars. The restored
35 Read the rubric and extraordinary natural as if they are made outdoor theatre, with
underline the key words. wonders you will ever out of white cotton. A its fantastic wall
Then, answer the questions see. The main stroll on the terraces paintings and marble
that follow. attraction is an or even a dip in the carvings is also worth
enormous, white cliff- lukewarm waters of a visit.
An international travel face covered with this natural fairyland Don't miss out on a
magazine is running a water-filled pools in is definitely an visit to Pamukkale.
the shape of semi- experience not to be With its long history
travel writing competition.
circles. For thousands missed. and astounding
The prize is a £200 travel For those
of years, these natural beauty, it will
voucher. Write an article calcium-rich waters interested in history, a certainly be
describing a place you have dripped down visit to the ancient unforgettable.
have visited, including
things to see and do there,
b) Underline the topic sentences in the main body
and explaining why you
would recommend it to
paragraphs and suggest other appropriate ones.
other readers. c) Read the article again and replace the words in bold with
appropriate synonyms.
W hat type of article shou ld you
write?
2 Who is going to read it? • Joining Sentences
3 Which of the following points
must be included in yo ur 37 Use the words in brackets to join the sentences, as in the
article? example.
• main sigh ts • climate Pamukkale is the perfect destination for those interested in the past and
• entertainment • population nature. It has got a rich history and picturesque natural beauty. (with)
• bus timetable With its rich history and picturesque natural beauty, Pamukkale is
• museums and art galleries the perfect destination for those interested in the past and nature.
30
··•······.
··· ·
g ······
:::::::: :
11:::::..::.
2 You shou ld visit the ancient city. It has an b) Suggest appropriate topic sentences for
incredibly w ide street . (which) each paragraph, as in the example. Then,
3 You can visit the National Art Ga llery. You can see think about appropriate supporting
a wonderful collection of pain ting s th ere. (where) sentences.
4 The Tate Gallery is on the banks of the River
Valparaiso is a large port city located on the coast
Thames in london. It houses the largest co llection
of Chile .
of British art in the world. (situated)
5 You have visited all the anc ient sites. You can
relax in one of the open air cafes . (when)
• Discuss & Write
6 You can take a bus tour of the city ce ntre. You
can wander through the cobb led streets. (or) 4.Q a) Read the rubric and underline the key
words . Then, answer the questions in the
• Vocabulary plan.
38 In pairs, write the words in the list under the A local newspaper is running a competition
correct headings. You can add ideas of your and has asked its readers to submit articles
own. Then, choose any five to make up about a town/ city worth visiting in their
sentences. country. Write your article for the
competition, describing the town/city and
• naval museum • shopping ce ntre • street ca fe
including things to see and do there.
• art gallery • ancient sites • open-air theatre
• ancient monuments • co lourful funfair
• street market • stone castles • souve nir shop
• expensive restaurant • fa shionable boutique
• stone bridge • antique shop • marble statues
• botanical gardens • famous landmarks Introduction
• picturesque buildings • tre ndy shops (Para l) What is the name of the town/city?
•am usement arcade • dance clubs Where is it located? Why have you
chosen to write about it?
Tourist Main Body
Attractions: (Paras 2-3) What is there to see? What can
Places to shop: you visit there? What can you do?
Conclusion
Entertainment: (Para 4) What are your feelings/comments
about the place? How would you
recommend it to the readers?
• Paragraph Planning
39 a) Decide on a town worth visiting in your
local area and complete the spidergram .
b) Use the plan in Ex. 40a and your
Then, make up sentences, as in the example.
answers to Exs 38 and 39 to write your
article (120-180 words). You can use the
location/ reason 2 Tourist Attractions article in Ex. 36a as a model.
for choosing
31
B
I enjoy spending my
holidays by the sea. I ...
I agree. The seaside is ...
Buying a Ti cket
Ma king Suggestions : If I were .. . ; I would
46 a) Match the exchanges.
Perhaps they should ... ; W hy don't they .. . ; A
good idea woul d be ... ; If they ... , then .. . ;
A B
They can/s hould ... ; I think .. .
DIJ Hello. How can I A Thank you.
help you? B That sounds Agreeing : I think you're right.; That's true.; I
[1J] Well, the Intercity perfect. I'd like a quite agree with you.
leaves at 9: 15. ticket, please. Disagreeing : I'm not sure I agree with you.;
Q}] Will that be one C Could you tell me That's true, but ... ; Do you (really) think so?; I' m
way or return 7 what time the next afraid I can't agree with you.
QI]That's £42 train for Edi nburgh
altog ether. leaves? A : The people in Picture A look lost. What do
fil] The tra in departs D Here you are. you think they should do ?
from platform 6 . E One way, please. B: Well, if I were in their position, I would ask
Have a nice trip. How muc h does it someone For directions.
cost? A: Yes, I think you 're right. They could also ....
33
Units 1 - 2
Vocabulary & Grammar 2 If he doesn't come on time , we'll leave without him.
he We'll leave without him ........................ .
1 Fill in the correct word. . ............................................ on time.
3 Tony is sure to be very upset when he finds out.
1 Her flat is centrally .................... .
doubt There's ............................................. .
2 Could you .................... the lawn, please?
................. very upset when he finds out.
3 Hi Rick. Haven't seen you for ........ . ........... .
· 4 He's still working on the project.
4 I'd rather not travel .................... boat.
finished He .............................................. yet.
5 Thieves .................... into her flat and stole all her
5 It's a month since he moved to Prague.
jewellery.
been He . . ........................................ .
6 It's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hot in Madrid today with a
........ ... ....... .. ... ................ for a month.
temperature of 38°C.
7 Where do you want to .. .. .... ..... . .. .. your holiday (10 marks)
this year? Listening
8 I'll call you ..... .. ............. I reach Prague.
9 The city is ............... . .... the heart of the country.
10 Is there central .................... in your house?
4 c\ You will hear a customer service representative
talking to a group of customers about a new
(10 marks} electrical appliances department in a shopping
2 Circle the correct item.
complex. For questions 1 · 6 fill in the missing
information.
A kettle is a household ........... .
A tool B furniture C appliance D gadget 4th floor Electrical Appliances Centre
2 We haven't ........... a hotel room yet. Enquiries
A rented B booked C hired D reached Near the elevators you can find the customer service
desk. You can recognize it from the red
3 The island has got some nice ........... beaches.
A secluded B winding C rocky D narrow I I1 !there.
Products
4 Mexico City is a(n) ........... city with a population of
Different makes and coloured electrical goods like
over 20 million people.
A deserted B unspoilt C mixed D crowded fridges and I I I
2 are found in section 'A'.
Section 'B' consists of items like toasters and electric
5 Los Angeles is ........... for its exciting nightlife.
carving knives, which are referred to as
A maintained C marvelled
I I I
3 by this particular centre.
B renowned D experienced
If you're looking for a present, you will find useful
6 All guests are requested to ........... out before 12 electrical goods in I I4 I.
noon. Payment
A check B call C break D turn Pay in cash and receive a I 5 I I.
7 While on holiday Jim only eats the ........... cuisine. Delivery
A public B national C topical D local
Delivery is I I I
6 if you live within five
8 We ........... Ann tomorrow as usual. kilometers of the shopping centre.
A will be able to meet C will be meeting (12 marks}
B meet D will meet
9 We haven't seen him ... . ... he moved to Ankara.
Speaking
A since B for C when D until 5 Complete the exchanges.
10 I'll talk to him when he ........... .
A:
A comes C will be coming
Mrs Smith 's office is, please?
B will come D has come
B: Yes, of course. Second door on the right.
(20 marks)
2 A: Brown Co. How ....................... . ............... ?
Read ing
Writing (an article describing a hotelJ
7 Read the a rticle and fi ll in the missi ng sentences
from the list. There is one sentence that you do
not need to use.
8 Use the plan and the notes to write an article
describing a hotel (120-180 words).
35
+ Before you start ...
How often do you travel? Where? Why?
Where will you go this year?
Where is your house situated? Describe it.
What is the ideal house for you?
+ Phrasal verbs
• bring
• carry
• come
• die
+ Write
• an article about one of
your country's national
heroes
• a story
• an assessment report
• an article about a
voluntary organisation
Remember days
gone by
A B Lead-in
a) Match the
1 events to the
pictures.
Listening and
Reading
c\ Listen and repeat, then close
your books and try to remember
as many sentences as possible.
39
.........
. ........ 3
..........
........•
-. .......•
. : :::::::1
short blonde
7 a) Match the adjectives to the definitions.
Which best describe: you? your friends?
hair/wide nose/
full lips/round face A B
Maddie has got short DIJ co nfiden t a acts wi th out thinking
blonde hair, a round face, b be lieves th ey a re more
full lips and a wide IT[] optimi stic
impo rtant than others
nose. Q[J flexi ble
c doesn't think a bo ut oth er
[A[] adve nturous people's fee lin gs
[3[J bra ve d thinks pos itively
2 broad smile/ high
e not afrai d in dan gerous
cheekbones/ oval ~ honest
situa ti ons
face/ moustache
[Z[] impu lsive neve r g ives to oth ers
[ ] [ ] in se nsiti ve g no t easi ly upset or worr ied
h prepared to chan ge
[2[J vain
fee ls sure abo ut th emse lves
[IQ[] arrogant j a lways tell s the truth
3 high forehead/thin [I[] easy-go in g k wi lli ng to take ri sks
eyebrows/lines under I ta kes too much pride in
[]][]m ea n
eyes/wavy white th eir appearan ce
hair/pointed
chin I'm an easy-going person. I don't get upset easily.
• Game
• Stages in Life
18 ··· go. lo<o ll :~.~(u ~i ~~ rs ity_ ... . 1Q In pairs, talk about recent experiences you
.....·. ..• .• • •. ;;/~;~i;~ • ••• •.•• .• • • • • •
29 hove th eir fir st child
have had and say how they made you feel.
You can use adjectives from the list, and/or
your own ideas.
Japanese children are usually six when they start A : When was the las t time you felt worried?
elementary school. B: Last week.
A : What happened?
bl Make a similar table for people in your B: I had a Maths test. Sitting for tests always
country. Then, in pa irs ask and answer makes me feel worried. What about you? .. . etc
questions, as in the example.
23 C\ a) You will hear somebody describing 25 c\ a) Listen and match each exchange
{l-4) to its function (A-DJ.
what it is like to be part of a large family.
Listen and mark the sentences T (true) or F Exchange 1 A giving good news
(false). Exchange 2 B g ivin g ba d news
1 There are nine people in Mike's fa mily. Exchange 3 C respo nd in g to good news
2 Mike has three sisters a nd two brothers. Exchange 4 D responding to ba d news
3 Mike's brothers thi nk he is too young
to play footba ll w ith them. b) In pairs, use the expressions in this box
4 Mike doesn't get on wit h his sisters. to act out dialogues about the situations
5 Mike is confide nt and easy-go in g . described in the prompts below.
6 Mike loves sharing hi s things.
Giving News
b) Describe the pictures. What do they have
I've got some good news/ ba d news, I' m afraid.
in common?
Guess wha t!
I wa nted you to be th e fir st to know.
Both pictures
show ... I'm sorry to say . . .
I've got so methin g to tell yo u.
Responding to News
I' m so p lease d for yo u.
Th at's g reat/wo nd erful / terri fic/too bad / a
sh ame/a pity !
Oh dear !
How di sa p po intin g/ sad/terrib le/wo nde rful!
You must be excited/thrilled/ rea lly pleased/very
sad.
c) In pairs, discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of being from a large family.
• your fr iend tell s yo u th ey wo n first prize in a
A: One of the greatest advantages is ... . competitio n
8: That's true but, on the other hand, .. . • your broth er tells you he did n't get acce pted
in to co ll ege
d) Why do you think small families are
• tell yo ur father yo u crashed his car
becoming more common nowadays? Discuss.
• tell you r frie nd you have got engaged
F (false) .
46
........
.........
..........
3 ······
•........
•.........
...
3
In 1854, Britain, France and Turkey were at war To share her knowledge about health care,
with Russia. The public were shocked by reports of Florence wrote Notes on Nursing in 1859. This
the disgraceful conditions that the sick and wounded book has since been translated into eleven
British soldiers had to endure . Florence decided to languages and is still in print today. The following
help, and immediately went to Turkey, in charge of a year, she was able to use public funds to found the
group of thirty-eight nurses, to work in military Nightingale School for Nurses at St. Thomas's
hospitals. The conditions in the army hospitals were Hospital. This was the first ever school for nurses,
appalling. The soldiers were filthy, there were lots of and paved the way for nursing to be accepted as a
rats and fleas, and supplies were limited. suitable profession for young women.
I 41 I 7
Initially, she received very little help from military Florence Nightingale achieved all this despite
officers and doctors. However, her assistance was suffering from poor health herself for most of her life.
greatly needed and they soon changed their minds. In recognition of her hard work, Queen Victoria
Florence quickly managed to organise the hospital, awarded Florence the Royal Red Cross in 1883, and
improve sanitation and greatly increase the survival in 1907 she became the first woman ever to receive
rate of her patients. Every soldier she cared for the Order of Merit. Florence Nightingale died in
respected and admired her. London in August, 1910, at the age of ninety. 'The
5 Lady with the Lamp' was a truly remarkable person,
who changed the nursing profession for ever.
In 1856, Florence returned to England as a
national heroine . She was known as 'The Lady with
the Lamp', a name the wounded soldiers gave her
because of the way she watched over them in
hospital at night. On her return, she began to
campaign for improvements in the standards of
hygiene and health care in military hospitals . A
Royal Commission was appointed and, following
Florence Nightingale's detailed reports, the Army
Medical College was later established in l 857 .
b) Explain the words in bold, then choose any 32 Fill in at, for, in, into, of, on, to, from or with,
six and use them to make up sentences. then make sentences using the completed
phrases.
• Vocabulary Practice
l ..... ...... .. .. .. .. . the field . .. .. ...... .. .. . . .. nursing
30 Match the highlighted words/phrases in the 2 to be opposed . . . . . . . ........ ........ ... . . sth
text to their synonyms below. 3 to be .......... war ............... (another country)
money; dreadful; changed; decided 6 to translate sth ...... . .. . ....... (another language)
7 to be ... .... . .... . .. . ... .. . .. ... ... . ... . ... ... ...... print
31 Fill in the gaps using words from the list, then 8 to suffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. sth
make sentences using the completed phrases. 9 .. recognition ...... .. .............. .
!!Wiii!'••• •• .
• Beginnings - Endings
e ature Clip
fANE EYRE
_ _ _ _ by C harlotte Bronte _ _ __
Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855) was born in the North Yorkshire
town of Thornton. Her father, Patrick Bronte, was a
clergyman and he brought Charlotte and her two sisters That winter afternoon was bright but very
up alone after their mother, Maria, died. Charlotte worked cold. I discovered th at Mrs Fairfax h ad just
fi rst as a teacher and later as a governess before spending written a letter which was waiting to be posted,
some time in Brussels In 1854 she married Arth ur Bell so I offered to tak e it to Hay, a two-mile walk
Nichols, but unfortunately, she died a year later in 1855. from Thornfie ld. I put on my bonnet and cloak
She wrote poetry and a number of novels, including
and set off for a pleasant afternoon walk.
The Professor, Shirley, Vilette and Jane Eyre
At first I walked quickly to get warm and then
Jane is an orphan who is sent to a school to become a governess. I slowed my pace. Though I fo un d the path
When she completes her studies, she obtains a position as difficult and my walk was lonely, I took great
governess at Mr Rochester's house.
pleasure in it. After a while, the path inclined, so
I sat down on a stone wall to catch m y breath.
42 a) What types of stories do you like to read: From my seat I could see Thornfield below me. I
mystery? romance? adventure? Why? stayed there admiring the view until the sun
c\
Eyre is.
b) Listen and say what kind of story Jane
began to set behind the trees, then I continued on
with my journey.
Suddenly, a noise from the road broke the
silence - a noise so eerie that it reminded me of
c) Read the biography of Charlotte Bronte, and the nursery stories I used to hear when I was
the short description of her novel, Jane Eyre. In young. The noise was nearby but not yet in sight,
what ways is Jane Eyre's life similar to Bronte' s? so I sat back down on the wall and nervously
waited for the cause of the disturbance to appear.
43 Look at this picture of a scene from Jane Eyre, A few seconds later, a big black and white dog
with a huge head emerged from behind a tree,
and describe the characters shown. What has
followed by a tall horse with a rider on its back.
just happened? What time of the year is it?
The threesome passed me and I, relieved to
What else can you see in the picture? Read the discover that the source of my anxiety had been
extract and find phrases/sentences which of this world, resumed my walk to Hay.
describe what is shown in the picture. I hadn't gone but a few paces when a loud
thud caught my attention. I turned and saw the
rider and the horse had slipped on a thin sheet of
ice and were both lying on the ground. I rushed
down to the rider, who was trying to free himself
of his horse, and asked him, "Are you injured,
sir?" He was too preoccupied with his efforts to
reply. " Can I do anything?" I asked again.
"You must just stand on one side," he
answered as he finally stood and set about trying
to raise his horse. All the while, the great dog
was running back and forth, barking and braying
until he was silenced with a "Down, Pilot!" from
the rider.
I could see that the man, though not seriously
I I e I IShe heard an eerie no ise. b) Explain the words in bold, then suggest
synonyms for the highlighted words.
I 50
Revision &Extension
hurt, had suffered an injury of some sort, for he
carefully made his way to the stone wall and sat
down. "You are hurt and want help, sir. I can
45 a) Look at the
picture and
fetch someone either from Thornfield Hall or
from Hay,'' I said.
complete the
"Thank you, I shall do. I have no broken dialogue, then
bones, only a sprain,'' he answered, as he stood use the answers
and tried to put his weight on his foot, which to describe the
resulted in a painful moan. It was not yet dark, picture.
and in what was left of the daylight I could see
him clearly. He was of medium height and
although he was wrapped in a riding cloak he
appeared to be well built. He had a dark face,
and his angry eyes and heavy brow gave him a A: Wh ere 1) . . ... .. .. ..... . .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. . .... .. ?
stern appearance. He was not young, and not B: I think it's in 2) .. .... ... . ..... .. .... . .. . .. . . ... .... .. . .
middle-aged, either - I guessed him to be close to
A: W hat are 3) . . . ............ ... .. . . .. . ... . ... .. .. .. ..... ?
thirty-five.
B: Th ey 4) .. .... ....... .. .. .. . . .... .... ........ .. . ... . ... . . .
I stood there but he gestured for me to leave.
A: W hy do yo u thin k th ey are there?
"I cannot think of leaving you, sir, at so late an
hour in this solitary lane, till I see you are fit to B: It seems to me that they 5) . ... .. .. . .. .. . .......... .
mount your horse,'' I said. A: How do yo u ce lebrate your 6) ....... .. ... . .. .. ... ?
He looked at me for the first time - he had B: W e usually 7) ....... .... .. .. .. .. . .. ... .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . .
hardly glanced in my direction until then - and
In this picture there are some people in ....
said, "I think you ought to be at home yourself.
If you have a home in this neighbourhood. b) In pairs, act out a similar dialogue about
Where do you come from?"
the picture below, then describe the picture.
I answered him, "From just below, and I am
not afraid of being out late when it is moonlight.
I will run over to Hay for you with pleasure, if
you wish. Indeed, I am going there to post a
letter."
He stared at me and said, "You live just below
- do you mean at that house with the
battlements?" pointing at Thornfield.
I replied, "Yes, sir."
"Whose house is it?" he asked.
"Mr. Rochester's,'' said I.
c) In pairs, discuss how you celebrate
"Do you know Mr. Rochester?" asked the
man. events such as birthdays, weddings etc.
"No, I have never seen him," I responded. A: We usually celebrate birthdays by having
He looked at my clothes and commented, parties at home. We invite our friends .
"You are not a servant at the hall, of course. You 8: That sounds great. We don 't usually celebrate
are ... "
birthdays like that. We book a ...
My clothing, as usual, was simple - a black
cloak and black bonnet. "I am the governess."
"Ah, the governess!" he repeated. "Deuce take
46 Fill in: fath er, parent, mother
me, if I had not forgotten! The governess!" 1 Eri c re minds me of his dad. But you know what
they say - li ke ... .................... .. ... . , like son.
2 Laura knows four la nguages, but her . .... ........ .
• Project tongu e is Fre nch .
3 Th e hotel gro up ha s a separa te loca l business in
You have decided to enter the Jane Eyre each country, but th ey are al l co ntrolled by a
picture contest being held by your school .... .. .. .. .... .. company in the UK.
magazine. Choose a scene from the
extract and draw it. • Project
Draw your family tree, then describe each
person's appearance and character.
51
Health is Better
than Wealth
A Lead-in
1 Compare and contrast the two sets of pictures. How are
they related to the title? What is your reaction to them?
I often feel tired. I sometimes work long hours. If I could ... , I would .. .
:::::::11
Health Problems I
_,__ Professions
5 sprained
ankle
Id use a special cream
take a cool bath , rub on
t- -- -- -- -----
11l lyou break your arm
I a surgeon 16 I I sore throat I lotion
12 lyou don 't feel well b dentist 17 I I acne e suck a throat lozenge
!13 lyou have a stiff neck ' c orthopaedic I8 I I migraine f use a nasal spray
14 lyou have bad acne surgeon g put on a cold
11s lyou have toothache d chiropractor compress, bandage it
·16 lyou need an e dermatologist h lie down in a dark room
I operation general
If you've got sunburn, you should take a cool bath
17 I lyou need new glasses practitioner (GP)
and rub on lotion.
I8 I lyou have terrible g psychologist
nightmares h optician Speaking
b) Use the phrases to give advice to a friend
You need to see an orthopaedic surgeon if you
who a) can't sleep, b) has a headache,
break your arm.
c) has a sore throat, d) has a cold.
,Listening
7 (\ a) You will hear four people talking
~out their health problems. Listen and
match the problems (A-E) to the speakers A: Are you all right? You don't look well.
( 1-4). There is one extra problem you do B: I can't sleep.
not need to use. A: If I were you, I would have a glass of warm
milk before going to bed.
Speaker A travel sickness
B hay fever • The Medicine Cabinet
Speaker 2
c overtired
Speaker 3 D flu
9 Which of the following have you got in your
medicine cabinet? What are they used for?
Speaker 4 E sunburn
Speaking
b) Match the health problems (A-E) from
Ex. 7a to their symptoms below. Then, in E
pairs, ask and answer, as in the example.
plaster
I 1IE Ired, hot skin I 41 I runny, nose, dressings
I 2I I dizzy, queasy sneezing F
stomach I sI I sleepy, dizzy
. . .-3--.\.----.j
\ fever, body aches
pills
A: What's th e matter? eye drops ointment
B: I've got sunburn. My skin is red and hot. A - We use a thermometer to take our temperature.
54
0 ······
.........
1::::::: :.
.. ...
::::::::
i ····· ...
1Q a) Are you suffering from stress? Do the quiz • Feelings and Experiences
below to find out.
11 a) Study the theory box, then make up true
~ sentences about yourself using the adjectives
stressed 1) in the list.
~~o
Present/Past Participles
When you are doing nothing you usually feel
A guilty. B calm. We use - ed parti c ipl es to describe how we fee l/
felt.
2 When you have lunch or dinner, you usually
I was disappointed when I heard the news.
A eat in a hurry. B take your time.
We use - ing parti c iples to say w hat so mething
3 When you have to make an important decision is/was like .
you are in Th e news was very disappointing.
A a state of panic. B control.
4 You experience a dry mouth, sweaty palms or a • exc ited • terrified • rela xed • d isappo inting
thumping heart
• embarra ssed • annoying • confu sed • bo red
A almost every day. B almost never.
• worri ed • fri g htenin g • pleased • sati sfi ed
5 When at work/school, most of the time you feel • tirin g • thrilled
A tense. B relaxed.
I was excited when I won first prize.
Check your answers.
Mostly As, you are certainly suffering from
stress. You need to make changes in your life to
reduce this stress.
Speaking
Mostly Bs, you are coping well with the stress in
b) In pairs discuss how you would feel if ...
your life.
• yo u had ju st pa ssed a ve ry diffi cult exa m.
• Expressing Preferences • yo u ha d a n a ppo intment w ith yo ur denti st.
• you we re go ing o n ho liday.
b) Look at the pictures . In pairs, discuss ways • yo ur gra ndm o th er was ill.
to help you relax when you are suffering • yo u we re making a speec h.
from stress. You can add your own ideas. • yo u were lost.
• Medals: Obligation - Necessity 15 Jerry has been having back problems because
his schoolbag is extremely heavy. Use the
- Prohibition - Suggestion ~
prompts to give him advice.
Grammar Reference
YES NO
0 The biggest risk is fro m food
and water. 0 D
l You should dri nk bo il ed w ater. D D
2 You should use ice . D D Picture A shows ... whereas Picture B shows ....
3 You should drink lots of milk.
D D
4 b) In pairs, discuss the following.
5
You ca n't eat seafood.
You should have
D D
alw ays 1 Whi c h is your fa vourite form of exercise? Why ?
vaccinations before yo u travel 2 Should peop le exerc ise ? Gi ve rea son s.
abroad. D D
6 Insect bites can cause serious • Guessing
D D
problems .
28 c\ a) Listen and tick the phrases you hear.
60
:::::::::.
4 ......
······ .... .:..
..........
::::::::
charge a fee for their services, although they will accept last ten years, there has been a growth of interest in
small gifts. This is one reason why they are so highly alternative remedies in developed countries. The
valued; many rural Mexicans cannot afford to pay a majority of the population of Great Britain for example,
conventional doctor for treatment. believes that traditional and herbal remedies should be
available via the National Health Service. Many modern
doctors share this belief and increasingly use a
Modern medical practitioners have largely replaced folk combination of traditional folk remedies and
medicine in many parts of the world, but in Mexico it conventional medicines.
continues to flourish. Even in urban areas such as San
Antonio there are a number of curanderos. Many of these
have extensive knowledge of the healing properties of This 'marriage' between the conventional and the
plants and can deal with all types of illnesses. Researchers traditional is not a new idea. Medicinal plants are the
have discovered that many Mexican Americans will oldest known health care products and many of today's
consult a curandero first before trying conventional modern medical remedies are plant based. Local people
medicine. who had the knowledge to administer them have used
many of them for centuries. A good example is aspirin,
which is naturally found in willow bark, and used by
Mexico, however, is not unique in its preservation of Native American people to cure headaches. More
such ancient medical practices. The World Health research is needed, for who knows what miraculous
Organisation (WHO) has estimated that traditional cures might be developed from simple remedies that
midwives assist in up to 95 per cent of rural births in the have been available for generations. One day perhaps we
developing world and 70 per cent of urban births. will all keep a selection of both conventional a folk
Traditional healing methods are still an important part of medicines in our homes.
primary health care in many Asian countries. China's
sophisticated system of health care is based on age-old
herbal remedies and acupuncture, while Japan has the
highest level of consumption of traditional herbal
medicine in the world.
1 sI
Many modern doctors have shown interest in traditional
remedies. At the same time, curanderos and
other traditional healers are beginning to
accept and use modern medical technology. Over the
33 Explain the words in bold, then use any five 35 Fill in: for, as, by, in, of, on or at, then
of them to make up sentences. Finally, choose any five phrases and make up
suggest synonyms for the highlighted words . sentences using them .
Can you find words similar in your language?
to rely sth/ sb; 2 word ..
34 Fill in the correct words, then use any five mouth; 3 to be regarded sth ; 4 to charge a
phrases and make up sentences using them. fee .. .. . .. . sth; 5 to be called upon the ir
serv ices; 6 i nterest . ...... . sth ; 7 ... . .. the same
• miraculous • fo lk • respected • spirits
time; 8 b ased .... sth; 9 to be part ....... sth;
• remedies • highly • methods • serious
l0 . commo n; 11 select io n ....... sth
• conventional • primary
Types of .. ........ ......... , . .. . ..... . ........ . To: Who are you writing
Customers .. ..... ............ I ......... ...... ... . the report for?
From: Who are you?
facilities
I
Pricing ·· · ::: :· ·:: · :·:~t· ::· · : :: : : :: : : : : :: Subject: What are you writing
about?
Introduction
(Para l) Wh y are you
• Formal Style writing the report?
39 Rewrite these sentences in formal style, as in the example. Main Body
(Paras 2-4) What information
1 I'm wr iting this report to tell you about ... will you include?
The purpose of this report is to ... What subheadings
2 There are lots of things to do. will you use?
3 Aswimming poo l would be good , too . Conclusion
4 The gym opens at l Oam and cl o ses at l Opm. (Para 5) What is your
5 It's a bit too pricey for me . overall impression?
6 You can do lots of different things at the gym. What is your
recommendation?
• Content Analysis & Linking Words
4Q a) Rearrange the points into the correct categories.
I
modern equipment time 42 Read the sentences. What
do they mean?
b) Use the prompts to make paragraphs for each subheading. I •
Use appropriate linking words. ha s 1n a
Facilities
• Prevention is better than
There is a wide range of activities available. In addition, the
c ure.
equipment is all new and modern. However, there are not enough
• Early to bed and early to
exercise machines, so customers have to wait for a long time.
rise , makes a man healthy,
w ealthy and w ise.
• Discuss & Write • Laughter is the best
41 a) Read the rubric and underline the key words. medicine .
Then answer the questions in the plan. • A healthy mind in a healthy
body.
Tom Allan, the editor of the • An apple a day keeps the
newspaper you work for as a journalist, doctor a w ay.
has asked you to write a report assessing
the good and bad points of the Bayside
Sports Centre . Write your report describing
the facilities, prices, opening hours, service
and staff.
63
3 There are branches all over the world.
4 They only offer medical services at public events.
5 They also offer first aid training and home
nursing courses. . .. , ..
6 The members are paid by the government.
Describing Symptoms
49 In pairs, match the exchanges, then read out the dialogue.
A B
I 1 I IAre you okay Peter? You a Yes , I'm burning up, and my
look a bit pale. whole body aches.
~I2~1--.1 What's the matter? b What shall I do , then?
I 3 I IHave you got a c Actually, I feel terrible .
temperature? d That's a good idea. I'll do
~I4~1--.l It sounds li ke yo u've got that.
flu . e I've had a headache for days .
5:-.l--.l If I were you , I'd go
.--I
5 Mr Smith is a ....... person; he never spares a penny. A: What's wrong with Steve?
A mean B vain C arrogant D impulsive
B: I'd ................. ........... . ... .. that he's overtired.
6 Alexander Graham Bell ........... the telephone. 2 A: ........... ............... ..... .............................. ?
A pursued B invented C found D discovered B: She's easy-going and honest.
7 Tim has got a .......... nose and he's sneezing. 3 A: Hi Paul. What seems ... . ...... : .... ........ ... ... . ?
A dizzy B hot C aching D runny B: Well, I've got a temperature and a sore throat.
8 Jeremy suffers .... ..... .. headaches. 4 A: It sounds like you all had a great time.
A of B from C with D by B: We certainly did. It .. ............ ..... ... ............. .
missed it.
9 Billy has got a ........... chin. (70 marks)
A pointed B round C full D long
10 John has been ........... Director of Marketing.
A convinced B reformed C appointed D set
6 In pairs, compare and contrast the pictures. How
do young people relax nowadays?
(20 marks)
She didn't start tidying up until after the children had left.
before She waited until the children ................. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tidying up.
2 It was wrong of her not to warn us of the dangers.
should She .... ... .......................... ... ............. . (10 marks)
................... . ..... . ...... ....... the dangers.
66
Units 3 - 4
Be clean, be green
UNIT
• our environment
• environmental problems
• conservation
• endangered species
Module 3
Units 5-6
Necessity is + Learn how to ...
• ask for/ express
the mother of •
opinions
make suggestions
•
•
make complaints
make an inquiry
• ask for a favour
invention •
•
describe objects
report problems
• give advice
+ Pracfi se ...
UNIT • comparisons
• technology • too/ enough
• modern inventions • -ing form/infinitive
• computers • order of adjectives
• the Internet • the passive
• electricity • relative clauses
• robo ti cs • result clauses
+Phrasal verbs
• do
• draw
• give
• go
+Write ...
• a short article about the
endangered flora and fauna
in your country
• an advertisement for a robot
•an article providing solutions
to problems
• a letter of complaint
• an inventor's biography
69
Lead-in Listening & Reading
1 a) Read the title. Can you think of an
alternative one?
3 c\ Listen and repeat, then close your books
and try to remember as many sentences as
possible.
b) Describe the pictures. Which show
ecofriendly activities? • Have yo u heard of us?
• Wou ld you like to join?
c) Which of the following
• W hat's thi s I hear abou t you moving to the
environmental problems do the
country?
pictures relate to? How?
• I'm sick and tired of city life .
• endangered species • defo restati on • I doubt it !
• energ y c ri sis • po llution • What exactly would you like me to do with
• resources in sho rt supply it?
2 a) Which of the phrases below 5 Read the dialogues (A-C) and mark the
would you use to suggest solutions statements ( 1-3) Yes, No or Don 't know.
for the problems above?
Plan et Pa ls is a health o rga nisation.
• plant trees • recycle 2 Ruby is ill.
• start breeding programmes 3 Aluminium can be recycl ed .
• organi se clean-up campaigns
• use alternative energy sources
• save natural resources
Gary: Good afternoon, sir. Could I talk to you
for a moment, please?
It would be a good idea to plant trees, to Chris : Yes, I suppose so.
help solve the problem of deforestation . Gary: I represent Planet Pals. Have you heard
of us?
b) What kind of environmental
Chris : Oh yes! I've read all about your efforts to
protection schemes are taking place
help the environment.
in your country/town? Have you been
Gary: We're looking for new members. Would
involved in any of them? What was
you like to join ?
the problem? What exactly did you
do? What was the result of your
action(sl?
Chris: I'd love to, but I'm afraid I don 't really have the time at the moment.
Gary: I see.
Chris : I'd like to help out though. I think what you're doing is great! Is there
anything else I could do?
Gary: Well, you could subscribe to our monthly newspaper.
Chris: Yes, I can do that.
Gary: Great! Now, let me just tal<e oown some details.
[fil Alice: Hey, Ruby! What's this I hear about you moving to the
country?
Ruby: That's right! I've had enough of living in the city.
Alice: It's not that bad, is it?
Ruby: It's worse! It's too noisy and too crowded - sometimes
can 't even hear myself think!
Alice: Come on, Ruby! I've known you for almost twelve years -
E
there won't be enough action for you out in the country.
Ruby: I'm sick and tired of city life and not having enough clean
air. Living in the country will give me the h n to recharge
my batteries and be c ose~ to nature.
Alice: Yeah, right!
Ruby: You'll see! After a while you'll be so jealous that you'll want to
move to the country as well!
Alice: I doubt it! I'm a city girl.
[9 Mr Black : Why are you throwing that empty tin in the rubbish?
Mr Harris: Well, what exactl would you like me to do with it?
Mr Black: You should put it in the recycling bin, of course.
Mr Harris: The what? Since when did we have a recycling bin?
Mr Black: Not just one bin, Mr Harris. We've got three. One for aluminium, one for
paper, and one for glass. They're out behind the shed.
Mr Harris : Really? What do we do when they' re full?
Mr Black: A lorry comes around every Tuesday to empty them.
Mr Harris: And where do they tak:e all that rubbish?
Mr Black: It's not rubbish, Mr Harris. It's all recyclable, it can all be reused.
Mr Harris: Well, now. Sounds like a great scheme to me.
~ ... ,
. . ; \
rain '. ,\\
Here, there
and everywhere!
Did you know? Stage 1 Condensation happens when
• A 1) . .. . ... .. ... . ...... . .. . ........ .. of water I1I lstart forming in the sky.
consists of two atoms of hydrogen and Stage 2 Precipitation is when I2 I I
one atom of oxygen (H 20) . falls from I3 I I.
• A fully grown tree can drink enough water
Stage 3 Accumulation means that I4 I
each day to fill four 2) .... .. .............. .
• 3) .................... . .... .. . . ........ are not
gathers or I5 I j.
tear-shaped. Scientists have discovered Stage 4 Evaporation happens when
52: Two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of Greenhouse gases are very harmful to the
oxygen. How much water ... environment.
72
........
.....
............ .
..... ..
........
5 !.....
........ ..
,. '
,,.. '
10 Match the columns to make up sentences. b) In pairs, think of other ideas to save
energy and water.
industrial waste damage .- orests, crops --.
and sewage and buildings
• Endangered Species
• global warming cause • the world's
• overhunting and
overfishing affect •
cl imate
extinction of
12 c\ Listen to a wildlife activist talking and
mark the sentences 1-7 Yes or No.
• exhaust fumes rare animal
and pollute l species Mr Sullivan was on a tri .
factory emissions air pollution
Mr Sullivan writes stories.
• aerosol sprays
• acid rain
geoecateL: the ozone layer
rivers, lakes
Th ere are a few Janis left in the Amazon ....... .
• Conservation
• Project
Find out about the endangered flora and
fauna in your country in the library/on the
Internet. Then, design a poster describing
them. Decorate your poster with pictures.
much/many • Game
little
far . . ... ... .... . ...... . .. . . .. .. . . ... .. .. .. .
Geography Quiz: In teams, use the prompts
'------~~~~___L._._~-~~~~..J...-.~~··~-~~--' below to make up sentences related to the
geography in your country. Each correct
15 Put the adjectives in brackets into the correct
sentence gets one point. The team with the
form. Add any necessary words.
most points is the winner.
The Himalayas are much .................. . ... ... .. .
• large • high • remote • long • hot • dry
.. . .. .. .. .. ... ............... . .. (high) than the A lps.
• busy • cold • noisy • deep
2 Driving on the motorway is becoming .. ...... .. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (dangerous) every day. Team A S 1: The largest port in my country is ... .
3 Ch ina has ... .................. . ... .. .. .. .. . ..... .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (large) population in the world.
4 John is . .. . .. .. . ... ............ . .. . ... ... .. .. ............ .
17 Fill in: very, less, by far, much, the more
. . . . . . . . . . . . . (happy) now than he has ever been. Antartica is .. .. ... .. .. . .. . ... the coldest continent
5 A ir pollution seems to be getting .... ... ... . .. . .. . . in the world .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (bad) every day. 2 Water pollution is .. .. ... ....... more serious than
6 Mark lives ............ ... .. . .. .. .... .. . ................ . . we think it is.
(far) away from school than the other students. 3 Instal ling an energy saving device was ......... .
7 ....... ... ... .. .. . ..... (few) people like living in the difficult than I had thought.
city now because the air is ...... . ................ . 4 Recycling has become a ... . ....... . ... . important
.. . . ... .................... (clean) in the countryside. issue nowadays.
8 He is the ............... ... ... . .. .................. .... . 5 . ... .. .. . .. .. ... people get involved in protecting ,
(intelligent) person I have ever met. the environment the better.
74
:,
..........
•······
5 •........
1::::::: :. I
I
•······ ...... .
······~
,, •
Grammar Reference
19 Complete the sentences using too or enough. I love dancing to hip hop music.
24 Read the text and put a tick (.!), if the line is correct. If the
line has a word that should not be there write it, as in the
a recycling scheme?
6 There isn 't a better hotel in the
example. area than this one.
best This is
• Phrasal Verbs
Marshes and
swamps are
both wetlands.
2 Wetlands contain 40% of all • make storage
animal species. conta iners /
3 Wetlands are disappearing due to store toys,
population growth, pollution and shoes, books
over-use. etc
4 The Ramsar Convention aims to • decorate/
create treaties. make vases
5 Countries that signed the Ramsar or lamps
• recycled
Convention cannot be easily identified.
6 'Wise Use' means thinking about the way paper/
clean
we use wetlands and conserving them .
windows
Useful Language
b) Can you name any important wetlands in
your country? Are they protected? How? What • Let 's ... • Have you thought about
are people allowed/not allowed to do there? • It would be a great idea to ...
• We can/ could .. .
b) In pairs, read out the exchanges. b) Now come up with ideas of your own
A: How do you feel about air pollution? about how to reuse:
8: Well, in my opinion, all cars shou ld be • aluminium cans • plastic bags • old clothes
banned from the city centre. • gift wrap
2 A: What's your opinion on eco-warriors?
8: Well, if you ask me, they're doing a fantastic
• Intonation (key word stress)
iob
3 A: What do you think about hunting endangered
spec ies?
30 c\ Listen, then read out the sentences.
8: As far as I'm concerned, the hunters should More and more species are being threatened
be iailed for life . with extinction every day.
4 A: What's your view on last night's nuclear 2 There should be three recycling bins in every home.
explosion? 3 The thing most people worry about is air pollution.
8: Well, it seems to me that nuclear power 4 The most dangerous form of energy is nuclear
stations are very dangerous. energy.
77
.........
.....•.. 5
.......
...........
.. .'
..
.........••
······••
Listening and Reading
31 a) Which of these birds can be found in Birds IN 1>ANGE~
your country? ven if you have never been to Central
32 c\
hi g hly so ught after by col lectors and would sell
Read the title of the article and look at the for b etween £3,400 and £6,800.
pictures. Which bird is the article about? Why C So, w hat can you do to ensure that these
do you think they are in danger? In pairs, beautiful birds don't disappear forever?
think of two reasons. Listen and check. D It is illegal to own a captive Lear 's macaw.
E Even today we can see their exotic, colourful
feathers rep roduced in anc ient tapestries at the
33 In what context do you expect to find the
Go ld Museum, in Lima.
words/phrases below? Read the article and
F Its main sou rce of food is a type of palm nut.
check your answers.
G These programmes include efforts to restrict the
• tropica l • mimi c speech • plumage activities of hunters by imposing hea vy fines and
• loss o f habitat • il leg al hunting even prison sentences.
• yellow marking s • national parks H Today, th ere are sixteen known species in the
• feeding and breeding areas wo rld , and at lea st nine of these are in danger
78 o f extinction.
........
•.......
g •........
..........
•·····
1••.........
[IT] The brilliant blue of its feathers is broken only attempts to protect the feeding and breeding areas of
by a rich golden ring around its eyes. Today, the these beautiful birds. Let's hope these and other
Hyacinth macaw can only be found in three areas. schemes will be successful.
They live in holes in trees in the tropical rainforests 1611 First of all, you can make sure that, if you
and swamps of Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay. The decicre' to have a macaw as a pet, it is one of those
Hyacinth macaw eats a variety ·of seeds, nuts, fruits that are not under the threat of extinction. There are
and vegetables. Today, this species is threatened by ~ still plenty to choose from, such as the red-shouldered
the loss of its habitat and hunting. macaw and the blue-headed macaw. You can also
make sure you don 't buy any products or souvenirs
Of all the macaws, the Indigo macaw, or
made from macaw feathers. Finally, you can make a
leor's macaw, is probably the most endangered. There
contribut ion to one of the many wildlife conservation
are only 1 30 birds left. This macaw is found only in
funds that are working to preserve and protect these
Bahia, Brazil. It is a large bird, about 75 cm from the
unique tropica l b irds. We must all help save this
tip of its bill to the end of its tail. It is deep blue in
species . After all, as L. Ron Hubbard said, 'a person
colour with yellow markings around the eyes.
is either the effect of his environment or is able to have
[]IJ One of the problems this bird faces is the
an effect on his environment. '
shortage of these nuts because of deforestation and the
regular droughts that parch the area.
b) Read the article again and explain the 36 Fill in: in, of, at or under. Then make up
words in bold. Then use them to make up sentences using the phrases.
sentences of your own.
c) Find synonyms for the highlighted words. member . . .. ... ...... a family; 2 a var iety . .. .
3 .. .. ... .... .. danger ............ extinction; 4 because
d) What was the writer's purpose? How has ........... . . deforestation; 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . recent years;
the article achieved this? 6 aimed ... . .. .. .. sth; 7 .......... the wild; 8 ... ....... .
the threat ......... .. .. extinction
........ .
••······.
1
b) Now use the phrases below to make b) What could the conclusion to the article be?
sentences, as in the example.
42 a) Answer the questions in the plan.
Useful Vocabulary
To make suggestions:
A useful suggestion would be to .. .
It would help/be a good idea if .. . Introduction
The situation wo uld be improved if/by ... (Para 1) What is the problem? What has caused
Another way to ... is/would be to .. . it?
To present results and consequences : Main Body
This would .. / In this way ... ; you/ it/ etc wou ld ... (Para 2) What is your first suggestion? What
By doing this, you/we/etc, wou ld ... are its results and/or consequences?
The effect/consequence/resu lt of ... would be ... (Para 3) What is your second suggestion? What
Consequently, ... ; As a result, . are its results and/or consequences?
Conclusion
A useful suggestion would be not to let the water run (Para 4) How would you summarise your
while shaving or washing. In this way, less water suggestions? What is your opinion?
would be wasted in the house.
• Discuss & Write b) Use your answers from Exs. 39, 40, 41
4Q Read the rubric and underline the key words. and 42 to write your article (120-180
Then answer the questions that follow. words). You can use the article in Ex. 38 as
a model.
A local environmental magazine has invited
its readers to offer their suggestions about
how to deal with the water shortage 43 Read the sentences. What do they mean?
82
Revision & Extension
48 Match the animals to the species listed. Can you suggest two
more for each species? Then make up sentences, as in the
example.
• Project
Choose a paragraph
and draw a picture
which illustrates its
meaning . c) In pairs, discuss ways to help protect our environment.
Talk about the problems and ways to solve them .
83
.........
...... ........
.......
······ ,,
..........
...........
.......... ~
'
,
5 a) Read the dialogues A to C and mark the sentences 1 to 6, C Sue: Hello - I'm telephoning
T (true) or F (false). about the advertisement i. :i
in last night's Evening
1 Derek has ar ra nged to meet Stell a . l1
News. Is the CD player
2 Stella owns a camco rder.
that you were selling
3 Steve hasn't received th e fa x ma chine .
still available?
4 The salespe rso n is apo lo g etic.
Ken: Yes, it is.
5 Ken is in need of mo ney.
Sue: Great! Can you tell me a
6 Ke n knows a lot abo ut mu sical equipment
little bit about it?
A Derek: Oh, Stella - Ken: Certainly. What would
H you like to know?
what a
coincidence, Sue: Well ... firstly, is it a
running into single or a multiple disc
you here! player?
Stella: Hello, Derek! Ken: It's a multiple disc
What a nice player. It holds up to five
surprise! Are discs at a time. You can
you and your change four of the discs
parents all ready for your sister's wedding J
on Saturday?
Derek: Well, as ready as we'll ever be, I suppose. I
was going to call you tonight, actually.
Stella: Why? Is there something I can do?
Derek: As a matter of fact there is. You know we've
hired a professional photographer for the "T•iiii.I;;::
wedding, don't you?
Stella: Yes, I remember your sister telling me.
Derek: Well, now Mum thinks it would be nice if we had a home without interrupting the
video as well. fifth disc while it's
Stella: Oh, I think that's a great idea! Home videos seem much playing.
more personal, somehow. Sue: Really? Hmm ... that
Derek: Well, I was hoping you'd record the ceremony with your would be great for
camcorder. parties and dances. Do
Stella: I'd love to! I really wanted to do something, and this would you mind if I ask why
be perfect. you're selling it?
Ken: Well, I've decided to I
Salesperson: Dobson's Office Supplies. Can I help you?
become a DJ full time,
Steve: Yes, hello. My name is Steve Pierce. I was in your
and I'm going to need a
f
shop last week, and I bought a fax machine which !
CD player that holds
was going to be delivered to my office.
and stores more discs.
Salesperson: Is there a problem, Mr Pierce?
Steve: There certainly is ... I've just received the delivery Sue: Oh, I see. Can you tell
me what the asking
and it seems I've been sent the wrong product.
Salesperson : Oh, goodness! Could you give me your invoice price is?
Ken: Actually, it's negotiable.
number, please?
Steve: Yes, of course. I've got the receipt here somewhere. b) In pairs, read out the
Right. The number is S/WL 40-435. dialogues.
Salesperson: And what exactly was it that you ordered?
Steve: The Brother Laser Fax 2800 - but that is certainly not 6 Read the dialogues again
what was in the box. and explain the words in
Salesperson: Oh, dear. It appears that the invoice was filled in bold, then use them to make
incorrectly, Mr Pierce. I'm terribly sorry. We'll send up sentences. Finally, suggest
off your fax machine within the hour. synonyms for the highlighted
Steve: Thanks - I'd appreciate that. words.
85
I,
I ::::::::::
.......... 6
. ........
..........
I
...........
.
.. ·····•·
~
6 f -----
d
··...
A B
a straw/ 2 a yellow/
beige/ tennis/ round
cheap hat ball bag was lost
ask B fo r description of bag g ive descripti on of ba g and
sunflowers a nd co ntents ~~::;;~~=~ co ntents
lo~k an d k~y
\.. I Speaking
12 In pairs, describe the contents of your bag . Your partner
needs to guess what you are describing .
3 a small/ a(an)
A: It's a small round plastic thing. I keep my change in it.
brown/ rectangular/
B: Is it a purse? ...
straw basket old/tool/
box
• Game
Select objects in the classroom and put them on a desk.
Divide into two teams. A leader chooses one of the objects. In
turns, the teams try to guess what the object is by asking five
yes/no questions. The team who guesses the object first gets
one point. Choose another leader and continue the game .
• Idioms and Fixed Phrases b) Answer the questions based on Ex. 14.a:
Grammar in Use She was woken by a loud noise coming from the
cellar.
• The Passive ~ 2 The lock on the door of the lab was broken
Grammar Reference ........ .. ......... a heavy object.
14 a) Fill in: be, is/are, was/were, has/have or 3 The offices are cleaned every evening ....... . . .
had, then identify the passive tenses. a team of cleaners.
4 The first speaker was introduced to the audience
Our company's computer system .... . .. . . .. .... .. .... ...... the president of the club.
updated every two years . 5 It seems the surface was cleaned .... ...... . ... . .
2 The hackers who broke into the bank's computer the wrong cleaning solution.
system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . being questioned
I by the police.
3 Th .1s compu ter mo del ..... .. .. . .... .... . .. invented
17 Look at the signs and rewrite them in the
I: more than twenty years ago.
active. Where would you see these signs?
88
...........
·········
•........
·······
6 ······
•······.......
······· ~.
18 Make complete passive or b) Look at the table again, then rewrite the active sentences
active sentences. below in both the personal and impersonal forms of the passive.
A: my father/admit/hospital last l People say that the Brother 480 is the best laptop on the market.
night 2 Everyone believes that he stole the new design.
My father was admitted to 3 People think that he has escaped from prison.
hospital last night. 4 Most people think she was responsible for the problems.
B: Oh, my! I hope it wasn't 5 Everyone says that technology improves our lives.
anything serious.
2 A: I/report/theft/police • Relative Clauses
B: Did they say when they'll
Grammar Reference
get back to you?
3 A: you/tell/time/meeting? 22 Fill in who, whose or that/which. In which sentences could
B: Not yet. I think I' ll find out you leave out the relative pronoun? Why?
th is afternoon. l The lecture ......... we were going to attend has been cancelled.
4 A: fire / break out/ my block of 2 Tina just bought a new mobile phone ........ .. .. .. is much smaller
flats last week than mine.
B: That's terrible! Were you at 3 Alice, . .. .. .. .... .. .. . .. mother is a typist, wants to go to university.
home? 4 The program ..................... we installed yesterday has a virus.
5 A: Didn't you know about Mr 5 Peter, ........ ............ knows a lot about computers , is coming to
Smith 's resignation? teach me how to use the Internet.
B: No. I/not/give/the news
until late last night 23 Look at the pictures and make up sentences using who or
which, as in the example.
19 Use the verbs in the list to
make passive sentences.
laptop
Active
• People believe Columbus A secretary is a person who works in an office typing letters and
discovered America. answering the phone.,
Passive
24 Join the sentences using a relative pronoun.
• Columbus is believed to
have discovered America. I bought this car from a friend . He's a mechanic.
(personal) I bought this car from a friend who is a mechanic.
• It is believed that Columbus 2 That man is a famous rock star. He is wearing dark glasses.
discovered America . 3 I go to a local school. It's just around the corner from my house.
(impersonal) 4 He is a very good writer. His book was published last week .
5 Sam and Ted are cousins. Their restaurant is doing very well.
89
25 Use the relative adverbs where, when or • Open Cloze
why to complete the sentences.
28 Read the text and think of the word which best
1 That's the cafe . . ... ... .... ... . ... I went last week. fits each gap. Use only ONE WORD in each
2 The day ................ .. .. .. . ... . we toured Malta gap. There is an example at the beginning.
was the best day of our visit.
3 Paris is the city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the Louvre
4
is located.
I don't understand the reason .. .. . .. .. .. . ..... you
Computers in the Classroom
are always late. Over the past twenty years, computers and the
Internet 0) have become steadily more and more
important to us. In fact, how much we rely
1) ................ computer technology continues to
• Key Word Transformations
grow every day. We seem to use computers for
almost everything 2) ................... days. Whether we
26 Complete the second sentence using the
word in bold. You can use two to five words
are shopping at the supermarket, filing our taxes,
driving our car, 3) ................... communicating with
including the word given. Do not change the
relatives and co-workers, it appears that a computer
word given. needs to be a part of 4) ......... .......... scene.
We'll inform you of the results next week. This explosion in computer technology has
resulted in a rush to install computers 5) .................. .
informed You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. ... .. .
every classroom and to 'wire' every school to the
.. . ......... .. . ..... results next week.
Internet. In the USA, 6) ................... September 1984
2 They let Tony talk to the inspector.
and September 1997 alone, the number of
allowed Tony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... ... .. ... .
computers in secondary schools increased to more
.. .................... the inspector. 7) ..................... 8 million units. Both educators and
3 The storm caused severe damage to the airport. students alike have been forced to 8) ................... up
damaged The airport ..................... .. .. ..... . . with this new wave of technology. Teachers have
...... .. .. .. ... . .. ..... . .. .. ..... the storm. found that they are expected to teach students
4 People believe that Shakespeare is one of the computer skills even 9) ................... they themselves
best sonnet writers ever. are still trying to learn the basics.
believed Shakespeare . .. .. .. .. . .. ........ . Few people would question the role that
one of the best sonnet wr iters ever. computers could play in education. Some educators
5 I met my new boss, Mr Smith this morning claim that students 10) ................... are supplied with
computers and given the opportunity to use
whose This morn ing I met my new boss .. ... .
11) ................... in a classroom setting, will get better
.. .. .. .. .. ....... ................. Mr Smith.
grades than those students who learn without having
had 12) ................. computer experience. These
people say that just 13) ................. computer
• Phrasal Verbs
technology has improved the way cars work,
27 Use the phrasal verbs to complete the computers 14) ................... make the classroom a
sentences. better place in which to teach the difficult concepts
and ideas that students need to become
• go into • give out • give up • go under 15) ......................... successful
• give in (to)
• Reporting problems
32 (\ a) Listen to the dialogue. What's wrong
with Mr Harris?
~ectrical safety. For questions 1 to 6, fill in fallen power line. b Have you any
I2 I I something in ~
~
the moment that all Yes, it is. How
my lights went out! can I help you?
Keeping Young Children Safe G>
• never 6 I I I
fallen power line
stay in open areas during electrical storms • table cloth - silk table cloth - white silk table cloth
• carpet - wool carpet - Persian wool carpet
91
··········
::::::::: 6
.......••
:::::::::
35 Look at the title of the article. What do you by Sony. The robot, which goes by the name of
think it will be about? Which of the SDR-4X, is 60 centimetres tall, with a shiny silver
following words and phrases would you body and large, friendly-looking round eyes. Il I
expect to find in the article?
At the moment, though, few homes will be able to
• special sensors • respond to commands afford one, as this miracle of robotics costs about
• have a conversation • do the housework
• battery operated • uneven surfaces
• built-in cameras • human-shaped
SDR-4X:
l is shaped like a human.
2 is quite expensive.
3 falls over a lot.
4 can talk.
5 can recognise all people by face and voice .
d) Find synonyms for the highlighted words. 38 Fill in: between, in, with, to, on, For or of.
Then choose any five phrases and make
sentences using them.
37 Fill in the correct words from the list, then
choose any five and use them to make up .......... . ... perfect time with; 2 to go by the name
sentences. ..... .. . .. , 3 to be programmed ................ sth;
4 to move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the rhythm; 5 to tell the
• perfect • routine • footwork • images
difference . ... .... ...... , 6 great sense ...... ... .. .
• built-in • uneven • advanced • disco
balance; 7 to get back . .. . .. ... .... . its feet 8 to have
• company
a conversation . . sb; 9 produced . ... ... . .. .
home use; 10 ... ... ........ the meantime
1 ... time 6 technologically . . . . ..
2 fancy ·· · · ······ ··· ·· · · · ... . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .
2 Who is going to read your letter? 3 The radio still won't work. although •
3 Would you use a mild or a strong • despite I
tone? Why?
~~l==A=;I He promised he would come today. in spite of I•
4 Wha t style wou ld you use? Why?
BI I put a new battery 1n 11 yesterday.
1 but I•
5 How would you begin/ end your letter?
~'*I =c=:lturned the control to the highest positioit·---- ·
1
6 What kind of problems could the fax 7 C The iron didn't get hot enough even though I turned
machine have? the control to the highest position.
94
•••..... .
······..
1.........
······.''
.........
6 !•........
····· .. ..
b) Use the prompts to express complaints 4 Wha t openi ng a nd closing remarks wo uld yo u
about the items in the pictures. use? Why?
Units 5 - 6
On the market
100
I
1 Module 4 Units 7-8 1
1:
+ Learn how to
First come,
1 1 1
• describe people s • say no politely
clothes • ask for things in a
• make complaints shop
first served •
•
order food
make food choices
•
•
ask for a refund
make recommendations
+ Practise ...
UNIT • reported speech (statements; questions;
requests; orders; suggestions)
• food • reported speech (special introductory
• cooking meth ods & utensils verbs)
• tastes • causative form
• containers • countable/uncountable nouns
• organic food • quantifiers (some; any; no; a lot of;
• GM foods much; many; few/a few; little/a little)
• past & perfect modals (request; ability;
possi bi Iity)
+ Phrasal verbs
• fall
• feel
• get
+ Write ...
• an article describing a market
in your country
• a transactional letter applying
fora job
• an article about the national
dress of your country
• a recipe
• a narrative descriptive
article of a visit to
a place
101
On
.
the Market
La -n
1 Name the pictures A to K. Which of 5 C:\ Listen and circle the correct answer.
these items do you own? Which of Lyn is late because she
them were presents? On what A did her shopping. B had a problem.
occasion did you get them? If you 2 Amy is shopping
bought them yourself, how did you A with friends. B for a present.
pay? In cash? By credit card? 3 Jane's credit card was
A out of date . B in the bank.
2 Look at the pictures again . Which of
these would you buy as a present for: a) Read and match the statements to the
6 speakers A (Amy}, L (Lyn), or J (Jane).
• your best fri end • an elderly aunt
• your younger brother/ sister This/These speaker(s)
• your teacher • your mother /father? Why? • ca n't pay in cash. IlI I
I'd buy my best friend a skateboard because
• felt embarrassed. I2I I
he likes skateboarding.
• is not on time. I3l I
• are going to buy something. I4 l I ~I5~1~
Match the sentences to the pictures.
Who said them : the customer or the
shop assistant? In pairs, think of similar
sentences for the rest of the objects.
Could I have one to fit a photo th is size,
please?
2 You' ll fin d it in the sports section.
3 Do you have the same one with a
different stra p?
4 Th e fi tting roo ms are over there.
5 Wha t kind of fil m do I need ?
6 Could you show me some with a higher
heel?
7 How much is it for 50 mis?
8 Do they have UV protection?
sentences as possible.
• We were meant to meet an hour agof
• You'll never bel ieve it.
• Fancy meetin g yo u he re!
• Any ideas?
• I could use a second op inion.
• How wou ld yo u li ke to pay?
• By cred it card, p lease.
• Have I gone over my limit?
• O h, how embarrassing !
• Never mind.
• No problem whatsoeve r.
.......
......
........
......
.......
'
[!] Lyn: Oh, Mark! I'm so sorry I'm late! [9 Jane: I'll take this book, please.
Mark: Well, I was wondering what had happened to you. Tom: Certainly, madam. How would
We were meant to meet an hour ago! you like to pay?
Lyn: I know. The thing is, I decided to do some Jane: By credit card, please. Here you
shopping on the way here. You'll never believe it, are.
but I got stuck in a fitting room for almost an Tom: I'm sorry madam, but there
hour! seems to be some problem with
Mark: Oh no! How did that happen? your card.
Lyn : The lock on the door broke and I couldn't get out. Jane: Oh! What's wrong? Have I gone
Mark: Oh dear! over my limit?
Lyn : Don't laugh! It wasn't funny! I was really panicking! Tom: No, the machine says that your
Mark: Well, didn't you shout for help? card has expired.
Lyn : Of course I did! The shop assistant came, but she Jane: Oh, how embarrassing! I got a
couldn't let me out because there was no handle new card in the post the other day,
on the outside of the door. but I forgot to put it in my wallet.
Mark: So what did she do? Tom: Never mind. Would you like to pay
Lyn: She called the caretaker, but by the time he in cash?
opened the door I was really terrified . I hate being Jane: I'm afraid I haven't got enough
shut in small spaces. money on me. I'll have to go to the
Mark: Oh well, after all that, I suppose I'll have to forgive bank. Could you keep the book to
you for being late! one side until I come back?
Tom: Of course, madam. No problem
whatsoever.
Jane: Thank you so much.
, Listening
1QC:\ a) Listen and match the speakers to the
problems. There is one extra problem which
105
·········•
·......······
······o
:.••;:••II••••
~
....
:::::=:.
Grammar in Use 15 Change the sentences into
reported speech.
::·~a::~:a~:::k:n~
said John.
II; shopping,'
6 Bil l sa id, "I was listening to my
h,-:-e-sa_i_d_. r-:-:-:-:-:: :-:-::::····· ·········a·cake. new CD playe r until midnight. "
sai L_ _ ... .. .. ...... .... .... .. th e shopp ing .
d "Fi o na moved to Italy la st 1 He said th at Fi on a .. .............. ..
L
month ," he said . .. .. to Ita ly the mon th before. Reported Speech -
14 Read the speech bubbles and report what the people said,
as in the example. • "Where did you buy th e
jumper? " she asked me.
She asked me where I had
bought the jumper.
• "Is Alan com ing to the
party?" she asked me.
· that it was She as ked me if/whether
too small. Alan was coming to the
I She told pa rty.
the shop • "Can I go shopp ing w ith
assistant you? " she asked me.
that it was She asked me if/whether
too small. she could come shopping
with me .
106
··········
..........
& ...........
•........
..........
•••••11• . .
. . . . . . ii • • •
a "Let's go shopping," she She suggested going shopping. • To say that we arranged for
said. someone else to do something
b "Shut the window," he said . He told me to shut the w indow . for us, we use: ...... +
c "Can you buy some object+ ............. ..
I
hair/cut
Come back A: When did you last have
for a fitting on your hair cut?
Tuesday. B: I had my hair cut last
month.
2 eyes/test
3 watch/repair
4 trousers/ shorten
5 motorcycle/fix
107
..........
:::::====a
. .........
. ' ..
.. ......
·····:.
. . . .~·····
~
correct price.
6 Our house was painted last
spring.
had We
....... last spring.
7 "Why don't we go to the new
shopping centre?" said Tony.
suggested Tony .. . .......... .
Business 0) owners who are worried about keeping OWN
.. ................. new
their customers happy are now hiring people to come into
shopping centre.
their shops , restaurants and offices pretending to be
customers. These 'mystery shoppers' are l) .. .. ........ .. .. . POSSIBLE
to detect because they are 2) ............. .. .......... .. USUAL
members of the general public working on a part-time • Phrasal Verbs
basis for market research companies. You won't see them
doing anything 3) .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . like taking notes SUSPECT 24 Fill in: behind, in, into,
or talking into tape recorders, so company 4) .............. .. EMPLOY apart, for, over or up to.
do not realise that they are being evaluated. These Then explain the phrasal
shopping 'spies ' are sent to collect 5) ........................ .. INFORM verbs in bold.
on the standard of service they receive including the
6) .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. and attitude of the staff, the APPEAR Pete fell ........... .. in his
7) .... .. ...... .. ... ........ . of the premises and how long they CLEAN schoolwork because he had
had to wait to be served . People in business are been absent for so long.
8) ............................. beginning to realise that if they FINAL 2 This doll is reall y badly made.
want to be 9) .. .... .. ...................... , they should care as SUCCESS It's already falling .
much about the quality of their customer service as they do 3 I'm very busy this week but I'll
about the quality of their 10) .... ... .. .............. . PRODUCE try to fit you . . . . .. .... .. . .
sometime on Monday.
4 He has been ill for weeks so I
don't think he will feel
• Key Word Transformations ..... coming back to work
any time soon.
23 Complete the second sentence using the word in bold. You 5 As she entered the dark house
can use two to five words including the word given. Do not she fell ................... the dog
change the word given. that was asleep in the doorway.
6 While I was waiting to be
"Have you been to the new shopping cen tre?" Steve asked.
served, I fell . .. .......... ..
if Steve asked . .. .... .............. ................... .
conversation with the man in
.... .. .. . . .... . ..... the new shopping centre .
front of me.
2 "Can you buy me some mi lk, please, Susan?" said Tina. 7 She has had a terrible time
asked Tina .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . some mi lk.
since the accident. I really feel
3 That's the shop where they are making my dress.
. ... .... .. .. ...... he~
having I .... .. ........................... .. ......... .. ..... at that shop.
II 108
j I
... .....·.
·······
HI........
,.
······ ..
·····~:::
!!~::
109
......·······
...
.. ..... . D
: : : : ::::11
: : ::::::1
Which market(s):
• is not open on Monday? I 0 IBI
I • are sometimes open on Sunday? j 1j ,,~-2~,~
• requires you to agree on a price? j 3 j j
• is in a c ity that has been making
I
leather goods for more than half
a millennium?
• is inside a building w ith a
special ceiling?
• sells goods made by people
from nearby villages?
• are located in the centre of
the city or town?
• sell different medicines? 9 1101 I
11 • is open for twelve hours a day? 11
• has many animals for sale? 12
• sells a special kind of sweet? 13
• has a name that comes from
another country? j 14 j
l ........... .. . remedies
2 ... ... .. ... ... . .. . .. qual ity
3 ............ ............. ... . scarves
4 . . . ... ... . .. . . .. ... . ... .... .. . aro ma
5 .... . . . . .. . . ....... .. .. .. . .. . . hi sto ry
6 .. .. . ... .. . .. . . ..... .. .. .. trad iti on s
7 .. .. ... .... .. . ... . . .. .. . expe rien ce
8 . . . .. vend o rs
• Project
Think of a market in your
area and write a short
article describing it. Say
where it is, what the
opening hours are and what
you can buy there. Decorate
your project with a picture.
/I .............
..........
...... 7
;;:::::11
I
Writi nq (a transactional Part· Time Salesperson
letter appTying for a job)
II Leading clothing company has a
vacancy for a ~~rt-Time S~lesperson. r es
. . .
f / Fu/~ dnvmg /Jcence
Excellent cond1t1ons. A phcants must - six months
W hen we write a transactional ~ be nthusiastic and able to work as
letter applying for a iob, we are !<Part of a team) Driving . licence
~ essential. Previous sales expenence n
responding to written information
such as an advertisement notes
l advantage. ~·
Two years part-time
Mod fashion Boutique
etc.
'
We usually w rite five
' l Apply in writing to: 1 year Saturday
l Personnel Department, Mornings - Tom/iris
paragraphs. l Global Clothing Co. Ltd. Chemists
In the introduction , we write our · ~ 37 Grayson St, Coventry sales and
opening remarks and the reasons customer service
- questions and
for writi ng . We should include the complaints etc.
title of the iob, and w hen and 1 W ho is going to read your letter?
w here it was advertised . 2 W hy are you writing thi s letter?
In the main body, we give the 3 Wh a t style wi ll you use to write the letter? Why?
information required in separate 4 How shou ld you begin and end the letter?
paragraphs. In the second 5 W hi ch of the fo llowin g pieces of info rmation should you include
paragraph , we write about our in your letter?
age, present iob and qualifications. • sub iects take n a t schoo l • qua lifica ti o ns • plans for the future
In the third paragraph , we write • p rese nt and p rev io us iobs • ab il ity to work as part of a team
about our experience. In the fourth • w heth er or not you have a drivi ng li cence • persona l qua li ties
paragraph, we w rite about the
skills and the personal qualities • Analysing a Model Text
required .
In the conclusion , we write our 36 a) Read the letter and cross out the inappropriate phrases in
closing remarks . We include any bold . Then, complete the paragraph plan.
r------
other important information here
such as when we are ava ilable fo~ Dear Sir/ Maclain,
interview, references we ca n send, I) I am writing to apply for/I've decided to drop you a line about
a remark that we hope our the position of part-time salesperson which was advertised in this
application wi ll be considered. etc. week's Herald.
In closi ng we sign our full name. 2) I go to /I am an eighteen-year-old student at Highgrove Sixth
It is important to cover all the points Form College. I run currently studying for my A-Levels in Business
in the rubric in our own words. We Studies, Law and Economics. 3) I hold a full driving licence/I've got
usually use a formal style in such my licence and have been driving for six months.
pieces of writing . For the past two years, 4) I have been a/I've held the position of
part-time shop assistant at Mod Fashion in High Street. Prior to that, I
worked at Tomlin's Chemist's on Saturday mornings for one year. In
• Analysing the Rubric both of these positions, I was responsible for sales and customer
service, which . included dealing with customers' queries and
35 Read the rubric and
complaints. 5) I feel that my experience in sales makes me well-
underl ine the key words.
suited for this position.II think I'd be great in this job.
Then, answer the questions.
6) Everyone says I'm/I consider myself to be enthusiastic, hard-
working and reliable. I run able to work independently, and as part of a
You saw an advertisement teain.
for a part-time job and 7) I'm sending you a letter/I enclose a reference from my present
have decided to apply. employer. I run available for interview any weekday after 4pm. I would
Read the advertisement and be grateful if you would consider my application. 8) I look forward to
your notes carefully. Then , hearing from you./l'm waiting to get your answer.
write the letter of
Yours faithfully,
application , giving all the
~a'! Jones
ne~y information .
May Jones
11 112
l
Pora 1 Poro 2 Poro 3 Pora 4 Poro 5 b) Change the notes into
formal sentences.
~~:~~~~ l ~ ::::::::::::::1~ :::::::::::::1. :.:::::::::::1.. consider myself to be friendly
reasons for . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . . . . .......... . and hard-working.
writing I
'·
39 a) Read the rubric again,
b) Look at the notes May made next to the advertisement. then answer the questions in
Have all the points been included? Have the exact words the plan.
been used?
Plan
• Style
Dear Sir/ Madam ,
37 Read the sentences below. Which are formal? Which are Introduction
informal? Rewrite the informal sentences in formal style. (Para l) What are your
opening remarks?
With reference to your advertisement in Tuesday's edition of the
What job are you
Daily News, I am interested in applying for the position of senior
applying for? When
clerk.
and where did you
2 I would like to apply for the position of clerk as advertised on
see it advertised?
your website.
Main Body
3 I've had a job in a shop before.
(Para 2) How old are you?
4 I consider myself to be punctual and dedicated.
What is your present
5 I like working with people.
job? What are your
6 Please do not hesitate to contact me if you require any further qualifications/interests?
information. (Para 3) What experience
7 There's a letter from my last boss. have you had?
8 I can talk to you any morning . (Para 4) What skills and
personal qualities are
• Discuss & Write required?
38 a) Read the rubric and underline the key words/phrases.
Conclusion
(Para 5) What are your
Then answer the questions.
closing remarks?
You recently saw an advertisement for a part-time job on the What other
bulletin board of your college and have decided to apply. Read information do you
the advertisement and your notes carefully. Then, write the letter need to include?
of application, giving all the necessary information. Yours faithfully,
(your full name)
A PROUD TRADITION
The tartan kilt is a well-known and very striking part of Scottish national dress. It is a pleated, woollen, knee-
length garment, like a skirt, which is usually worn by men. What makes the kilt so recognisable is
its multi-coloured pattern of squares and stripes. Each distinct pattern is known as a tartan, and
today more than one hundred different tartans are widely available. Many of these are associated
with a certain family, region or organisation.
The modern kilt evolved from the belted plaid, which was a long piece of patterned cloth .
The bottom half was pleated and then wrapped around the wearer's waist, and the top half was
thrown over his shoulder. The belted plaid dates back to the early 17th century, when it was very
common among Scottish Highlanders.
It wasn't long before tartan became a strong symbol of Scotland. During the late 18th century,
the shorter kilt which we know today, gradually began to replace the belted plaid as the standard
national dress.
During the 19th century, the development of mechanical looms meant that the same patterns could
be easily produced over and over again. It was during this period that most of the family and regional
tartans were designed. All of the old Scottish families, or clans, had their own tartans. In fact most had
at least two different designs; a brightly coloured design for evening wear, and a hunting tartan for
everyday wear. The hunting tartan contained duller brown and green colours that allowed the
wearer to blend into the Scottish moors, when he was out hunting.
These days, the kilt is normally worn with a plain white shirt and a jacket. A sporran,
which is a small leather or fur pouch, is worn around the waist and hangs at the front of
the kilt. This is especially useful since the kilt has no pockets. Socks should either be
white or the same tartan as the kilt. It is also traditional to carry a small knife, or dagger,
in the right sock.
Today, if you spend some time in Scotland, you are bound to see plenty of
people wearing kilts. Although it certainly isn't everyday dress anymore, there
are all sorts of occasions, from formal dinners to football matches, where people will
proudly put on their family tartan.
42 Read the text and mark the statements T (true) or F (false). Then explain the words in bold.
l The kilt is usua lly worn by women . 5 Most families have two different tarta n
2 There are thousands of tartans which designs .
are w idely available. 6 There are pockets in the kilt.
3 The belted plaid was the first type of kilt. 7 Nowadays, people in Scotland rarely w ear
4 Most family tartans were designed during the kilts.
17th century.
• Project
Find out about the national dress of your country and write a short article about it. Collect pictures
to decorate your article. Include:
A: Where do you think the picture 44 a) Match the ~entences to form a dialogue.
was taken? B
A
B: 1) At an outdoor market .
A: What can you see in the IA I !Hello! How can I help you? Well, yes. As you can see,
picture? the buckle is loose.
B: I can see 2) .. .................. . I BI jls there something wrong 2 Actually, I'd rather exchange
A: Do you prefer shopping at with them, madam? them for another pair.
markets or at supermarkets? IC I jYes, it certainly is. 3 I'd like to return this pair of
B: Well, 13) ......... ......... ... .... shoes.
A Would you like to go shopping ID I !I'm really sorry about this. 4 And that's not all . There's a
in a place like this? Would you like a refund? scratch right here on the back
B Well, 4) ...... ........ . .. . of the heel.
b) Follow the pattern and use the prompts to act out similar
dialogues.
r-
greet/ ask if you can help ~ respond/say what you want
I ask what's wrong ~ . ;:::;~ state problem
respond ~ state other problem
!
1
apologise/ ask about solution ~ state solution
b) Describe the picture. '---~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~
The picture shows an outdoor • pair of jeans/button loose/stain on the knee /refund
market. There are lots of people. • fountain pen/leaking/scratch on the top/refund
• pair of sunglasses/scratched/ arm loose/ exchange
c) In pairs, act out a similar
dialogue as in Ex. 43a.
45 a) In pairs, write five words under each heading.
ACCESSORIES:
SHOPS:
d) In pairs, discuss the b) In pairs, think of two exchanges for any six of the words
following. you listed.
• Do you enjoy shopping? Why/ A: Could I try these shorts on?
Why not? B: Certainly. The fitting room is over there.
• How often do you go shopping?
Who with?
• Are there shopping centres in • Project
your town? Talk about them.
• Why do you think people Think of one item that your country is famous for. Then, find
prefer doing their shopping information and design a poster about it. Include: its history,
there rather than in the shops in how it is made, how it is used, where it is sold. Collect
their neighbourhood? pictures to decorate your poster.
115
Beverages
Starters
Main Dishes
..... ................
Desserts
.........•
. . . . EJ'
········
-·::::::::•
.
·::::::::I •
• Food
7 a) Match the cooking methods to the definitions.
ITIJ cook over boiling wa ter a roast
6 a) Name the foods, then put [I[] cook in th e oven w ithou t o il b grill
the food under the correct QI] cook in bo ilin g water c fry
headings . Add three more [!I] cook in the ove n w ith oil d poach
items to each list. [I[] cook in hot oi l e bake
~ cook gently in hot water f boil
[ZIJ cook ove r/under strong heat g steam
• Cooking Utensils
I
Il Meat/Poultry
I Fish/Seafood
Dairy Products
I
Fruit [I] herbs [[] flour
Vegetables
Cereals/Grains
Other
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -
- - -- - - -
---------- - .
b) Can you think of idioms that match the A: I'd like some coffee, please.
pictures? What do they mean? B: I'm sorry, there isn't any left, but there is some
orange iuice.
A: Okay.
• Quantifiers
Grammar Reference
• Containers
b) Now ask and answer, as 1 Which sentence uses the to- infinitive/that- clause/-ing form?
in the example. 2 Which verbs have been used to introduce them?
21 Read the text and think of the word that best fits each gap. Use ....... ........ .. to
only one word in each gap. There is an example (0) at the the concert if I didn't
beginning . clean my room.
6 "Don't forget to go to the post
office on your way home," said
John.
rem inded John .. . .. . .
can use two to five words including the word given. Do not
change the word given. • Game
"I d idn 't eat the la st pi ece of cake ," he said. Choose a phrasal verb and
denied He .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . ...... ... .. . ... . ..... .. .. ... .. of cake. draw a picture about it. In
24 c\ You will hear a radio interview with a nutritionist. For 27 c\ a) Listen to the
exchanges. Which of them
questions 1-7 mark the statements as T (true) or F (false).
sound impolite?
l The letter 'E' and a three-digit number shows an additive.
2 E numbers we re introduced in Europe . b) In pairs, read the
3 Additives make food delicious. exchanges and underline
4 All flavourings have a spec ial number. the phrases the speaker uses
5 Few add iti ves are natural. to refuse politely.
6 The use of add itives is quite new.
7 Additives are harmless.
A: Wou ld yo u like to go
shopping tom o rrow?
B: I'm afraid I can't come with
25 a) John wants to lose weight. In pairs, decide which of the
you. I'm seeing my dentist.
foods/drinks in the pictures he should avoid eating and why,
2 A : How about having Chinese
as in the example.
food tonight?
B: Sorry, I'm not really fond of
C hinese.
3 A: Why don't we have a
barbecue on Sun day?
B: I'd rather not. I prefer to
relax at th e weeken d s.
33 a) Read the article about GM foods. For questions 1-5, choose the best answer, A, B, C or D.
Scientists hope GM foods will 2 Some people are not in favour of GM foods
A cure illnesses. because they
B destroy parasites. A aren 't natural.
C help fight disease. B require more cooking time.
D be a source of animal feed. C spoil quickly.
D create food shortages.
124
.
·........
·· ·
EJI........
•........
11!5:::: ::
GM foods? Could it be that many people feel that 4 Foods produced in the traditional way
nature is being interfered with and believe it is A cou ld offer a solution to food shortages.
harmful to do so? Or, could it simply be fear?
B go bad too quickly.
Many people think that GM foods have been
50 iosuffici~y tested and are unwilling to put their
C are c hea per than GM foods .
faith in them until evidence shows that they D contain additives.
present absolutely no health risk.
5 The w riter believes th a t in the future
It must be said, however, that the majority of
those who are against GM foods are neither living A people w ill ha ve a delicious new diet.
in countries which suffer from food shortages, nor B people w ill be allowed to eat GM foods.
facing starvation. Many scientists believe that C people ma y c ha ng e their minds about GM
without GM foods, the Third World will never foods.
overcom its food problems. At present, over one D mo re people w ill campaign against GM
billion people live on less than one dollar a day.
foods .
tJ) The United Nations hopes that within the next
fifteen years this number will be cut in half. They
b) Read the article again and explain the
know, however, that this will not happen if food
continues to be produced in the conventional words in bold, then, find synonyms for the
manner. Foods produced by traditional farming highlighted words.
methods do not last very long and often spoil
during transport. Many times, food sent by the c) Can you suggest another title for the
West to countries suffering from famine, rots article?
before it reaches its destination. Now, scientists
70
have found ways to preserve foods for much
longer. For example, they have developed a
34 a) Fill in the correct word from the list, then
choose any five and make up sentences
preservative made from vitamins and minerals
which can keep even cut fruit fresh for up to ten using the completed phrases.
days if refrigerated.
• farming • health • medic inal • food
Despite this, there are still people that believe
agricultural research should be moving in a • animal • hea rt • negati ve • successful
different direction. They accept that there is no • immune • deadly
real proof that GM foods are dangerous,
1 ..... ...... ... qualities 6 .. .... .. ........ . attack
however, they believe that the solutions that GM
foods provide are short-term and that it is 2 ..... .. .. . .. . ... . system 7 ..... .... . . . risk
80 necessary to find longer-lasting and natural 3 .. .... ........... results 8 ............ . sho rtag es
means to solve the world's food problems. 4 ... .. .... ......... feed 9 .. .... . .. . .. . methods
It is well-known that people are resistant to 5 . parasites 10 .... . ......... opinio ns
change. It may sound silly now, but in the
nineteenth century it was believed that tomatoes b) Fill in: at, to, in, of, with, or from, then
were poisonous and in New York people were not
choose any five and make up sentences.
allowed to eat them. When a man named Colonel
Robert Johnson announced he was going to eat th e size ..... .. .. . sth ; 2 .... .. ... the future; 3 to be
a whole bag of them, two thousand people came aimed .......... ; 4 to be resistant .. ....... ; 5 to protect
to watch what they thought would be his certain
..... . .. .. sth; 6 to suffer .. .. .. . . .. sth ; 7 to move
90 death. As we know, Johnson proved them wrong
and we now enjoy tomatoes as a delicious part of ... . ... ... a direction; 8 a bag ..... .. ... sth
our diet. Perhaps the same will happen with the
negative opinions about GM foods and they too
will come to be accepted, even by those who are ,Speaking
so actively campaigning against them.
c) Are you in favour of GM foods? Why/
Why not?
• Project
3 Th e ma jority of people w ho do not agree w ith
GM foods Write down all the foods you eat during one
A li ve in poor countries. day, then say which ones are healthy and
B have plenty of food . which ones are unhealthy. Compare your list
C are starving . with your classmates. Then, design a healthy
D have food problems. eating plan for a family of four for one week.
125
: \. .. ·····•• '
·..·······•
········m
.........
·::::::::=
...
Writing
. (a narrative
1 Who is going to read your article?
2 Tick (.I) the subjects you should include.
descriptive article of a .. .. .. location; .... .. type of goods; . . . . . prices; ...... how to get
visit to a place) there; ...... atmosphere
3 How many paragraphs will your article have?
4 What tenses will you use?
When we write an article 5 In which paragraph would you include your recommendation?
describing a visit to a place we
usually write four paragraphs. 36 a) The paragraphs in the article below are not in the correct
In the first paragraph we give order. Read the article and number the paragraphs correctly,
background information saying then underline all the adjectives and adverbs in the article.
the name and location of the
place and why we chose to go
there.
In the second paragraph
describe the general appearance
of the place.
we
rn Strolling along the many stalls of this colourful and culturally
diverse street market, I soon realised it would be impossible to leave this
In the third paragraph we place empty-handed. Dozens of brightly-dressed traders were selling a vast
describe the place in more detail . range of goods. There were exotic fruit and vegetables, handmade clothes,
We can include details about beautifully crafted jewellery and much more. Behind the stalls, cafes offered
what we can see, hear, smell, feel freshly ground coffee and were playing loud music which instantly gave an
and taste.
In the last paragraph we give our rn
upbeat feel to the place.
After I finished my shopping for the day, I had to drag myself away
carrying lots of heavy bags but feeling quite pleased with myself. Should you
personal comments, general
ever find yourself in Amsterdam, make sure you pay a visit to this fantastic
opinion and say whether or not
market. The combination of a lively atmosphere, delicious food and
we would recommend it and why.
traditional goods makes this an experience not be missed.
Articles like this are found in
magazines, or as parts of letters
nCl When I arrived, the market had just opened, but the hustle and
~of shoppers, traders, tourists and even street musicians had already
or stories . We normally use past
started. There was lots of noisy chatter around and the place was jumping
tenses although we use the
with life. The delicate fragrance of freshly cut flowers was like perfume and
present tense to talk about the
they came in all possible colours, which made the whole place look bright
location. To make our article more
and festive. As I wandered along, looking at the freshly baked cakes and
interesting we can use a variety of smelling the mouth-watering aromas of the many sweet and savoury pies, I
adjectives and adverbs in our , suddenly realized how hungry I was. When I sampled some, they tasted
description. delicious.
,I I I d 1 discovered an amazing, traditional street market while on holiday
C in Amsterdam last year. With its huge variety of goods for sale and its lively
• Analysing the Rubric £ atmosphere, the Albert Cuyp street market stands out from all the others.
£ It is situated in one of the oldest and most characteristic parts of the city
35 Read the rubric below and ~' which adds to its charm and it never fails to attract numerous local and
underline the key words. c& .. .;;,.,.,..,__ .;;.~
.•
Then, answer the questions
that follow.
b) What senses does the writer refer to in the article? In
You work for a tourist
which paragraphs are they mentioned? Give examples.
magazine and your editor
has asked you to write an
article describing a street 37 Fill in words from the article, then make up sentences using
market you have visited. the completed phrases.
Write your article including
1 ........ .... ........ ....... .. . food 5 .... .. .. .. .... ... .. ... .... aromas
I I
a detailed description of the
place and why you
2 ..... ..... .... ... ... ......... music 6 .. .......... . .. . .. .. . .... . .. goods
3 . .... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .... fragrance 7 .. .. .. .. . .... .. ... . .... .... . .. fruit
recommend it.
I I 4 .. .... ...... .. .... ... .... .... . bags 8 .. .. ... . .. . .... ... . atmosphere
II 126
.......
.......... .
........
······
EJ······ .. ..
'
::::::: :: .
. ..
38 a) Match the sentences ( 1-6) to the pictures 40 a) Read the rubric and underline the key
(A-C). What does each phrase in bold refer words. Then answer the questions that
to: sight, smell, sound, touch or taste? follow.
a rat Island
RM Ba ll antyne (1825-94) was bo rn in
Scotland and t ravelled to many
countries, includ ing Canada, France,
Italy · and Algeria. Ba ll antyne's
experiences ab road led him to start -~--- by R.M. Ballantyne
writ in g stories. Hi s most famo us
novel is Coral /sand whic h he wrote in
~ 1858. It is t he story of t hree boys who " Well, we must hurry and rejoin P eter ki n," said
get shipwrecked on the Coral Islands of t he J ack. "I t's getting la te." And, with out fu rther
South Seas. The boys have to learn to survive
and overcome many dangers. Ballantyne wrote remark , we threaded our wa y qu ickl y through the
over eighty nove ls altogeth er, all of whi ch we re woods to wa rds the shore. When we reached it, we
extremely popu lar including Ungava, Deep found wood laid out, the fi re lighted and beginning
Down, The Dog Crusoe and The Young Fur
to burn, but Pete rk in was nowhere to be found. W e
Traders.
thought this rather st range, but Jack suggested that
he might have gone to fetch water. He gave a shout
42 a) Read the biography and the title of
the extract. What type of novel is
to let him know tha t we had arrived, and sat down
upon a rock, while I threw off my jacket and seized
Coral Island? What dangers do you the axe, intending to split up one or two pieces of
think the boys had to overcome? wood. I h ad hardly moved from the spot when, in the
11 B a g reyish co lo ur.
1I
C like a n Iri sh po tato. b) Explain the words in bold, then suggest
synonyms for the highlighted words .
II D alm ost ro und.
II 128
Revision & Extension
a) In pairs, write three more words for
each category.
Food
form, which convinces me it must have been
Q ua lity fres h, rotten, . . . . .. .. . . . . ... . .. . . . .
planted by man." "Very like! y," replied Jack.
"From all we have seen, I'm beginning to C on ta in ers packet, tin, ... . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . ....
think that some of the savages must have lived Tas tes bitter, sweet, .. .. .. . . . .. . . . ... . . .
here long ago." While the food was cooking,
Types mea t, vegetables, .. .. . . . . . .. . . . .
we scraped a hole in the sand and ashes under
the fire, into which we put our vegetables, and b) In pairs, use one word from each
covered them up. category to make up short exchanges,
The taro-root was of an oval shape, about as in the example.
ten inches long. It was of a grey colour, and
had a thick rind. We found it somewhat like A : Could I have a packet of crisps, please?
an Irish potato, and really very good. The yam B: Certainly, sir. Here you are.
was roundish, and had a rough brown skin. It
was very sweet and tasty. The potato, we were 46 a) In pairs, complete the dialogue.
surprised to find, was delicious, as were the
1:
plums; and, indeed, the meat too, when we I
came to taste them. Altogether this was
decidedly the most luxurious supper we had
enjoyed for many a day; and Jack said it was
out-of-sight better than we ever got on board
ship. Peterkin said he feared that if we should
remain long on the island he would surely
become either a glutton or a gourmet: whereat
Jack remarked that he need not fear
that, for he was Both already! A: Where was the photo .... . ..... . .. ........ ?
And so, having eaten our fill, B: I th ink ........... ............. .. .. ............. .
not forgetting to finish A: What can . ......... . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . ..... ?
off with a plum, we laid B: Well , ....... . ... . . ....... ............ . ..... . .. .
ourselves comfortably A: What ty pe of fo od ...... . . .. .. .............. ?
down to sleep upon a B: Let's see . There 's .. . .. . .. . .. .. ... . . .. .. . ... . . .
couch of branches A: Have yo u eve r been .... ... ................ ?
under the overhangin
ledge of a coral rock.
B: ······ ·· ··············· ·· ······ ···· ····· ····· ·· ·
A: What's yo ur fa vou rite ........ . . . . ..... . .. . . ?
B: I'd have to say ....... . ..... ... . . . . . . .. . ... . .
b) Act out a dialogue based on the
picture, similar to that in Ex. 46a .
,Speaking
130
Units 7 - 8
3 What does the reader learn about Fred from the article?
Reading A He wou ld like to own a street stall.
7 Read the text and choose one correct answer. B He wan ts to travel aga in.
C He prefers to work night shift.
My Meals o n W heels D He is p roud of his business.
4 How did he put his business ideas into practice?
Looking back on things now, perhaps my being a 'van-vendor' A With money loaned by his friends.
or a mobile canteen owner was meant to be. I've pretty much B Through purchasing and renovating a van.
always been on the road. My father's work involved moving C By enrolling in a cooking course.
around a lot, so by the time I was fifteen, I had been to six D By red esigning his kitchen . (15 marks)
different schools! When I was at college studying Hospitality, I
began to work part-time for a programme called 'Meals On
Wheels'.
Writing (a letter of compla int)
I was a volunteer who drove a van stocked with prepared
food. I handed out the food to various elderly or ill people who
8 You recently went shopping at 'Zarks' . On
delivery, some of the products were damaged .
couldn't prepare meals for themselves. The meals were really You decide to write a letter of complaint to the
good. All well prepared, with hygiene and nutrition taking priority, manager. Use the plan and the notes to write
and people even had choices of vegetarian, diabetic or particular your letter ( 120-1 80 words).
types of ethnic cuisine.
I had to stop working there when I got a full-time job for a
Plan
catering business I learnt many tricks of the food trade there as
well, but my goal was to become my own boss. I didn't have Introduction
enough money to open up a restaurant though, and I was still (Para l) state problem (date - products damaged)
young and unsure of exactly what I wanted to do. Ma in Body
A trip to Japan was the inspiration for my current mobile food (Para 2) wooden table - wrong type -scratched
business. I loved trying the variety of foods at the 'yatai' or street (Para 3) glasses - some cracked/some wrong pattern
stalls. One of the owners told me that 'yatai' actually means 'a Conclusion
cart with a roof', and I even saw some of these traditional food (Para 4) ask for replacement or refund
pushcarts being towed around. What I also saw were the modern
(15 marks)
132
1 Module 5
Breaking Units 9-10 1
+ Learn how to ...
news! • make suggestions • give advice
• express preferences • ask for information
UNIT •
•
book a ticket
give opinions
• demand explanations
+ Phrasat verbs
• hit
• hold
• keep
• knock
• look
+ Write
• an article about an event you
have attended
• a set of rules
• a biography
• a proposal report
133
.· ........
........ 9
·······
...........
... ······••
. .........
Vocabulary • Qualities
• Le isure Ac tivities
Verb Activities
\
. . ...... .... . ... . ..
• exciting • cha lleng in g • thrill ing • relax in g • da ngerous watc h swimming , jogging ,
• competitive • risky • exha ustin g • nerve-rack ing • en joyab le . . . . . .................
I
• de manding • frig htening • peaceful p lay stamps, shells,
A: I'd love to try windsurfing. ... . . ...... . . . . . . . . .
B: Actually, I don 't think I'd like to try windsurfing. It looks too do a fil m, TV,
dangerous for me . · ··········· ....
A : Which sport would you like to try, th en? make karate, a crossword ,
B: Horse riding ... etc . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .......
136
m. . . ..
..........
••........
•.........
••........
•........
b) Use the vocabulary from Ex. 9a and the [IDflying trapeze, performi ng an imals, fu nny clowns
usefu l language below to ask and answer, as [ I [ J l ive mu sic, deafenin g sound , latest hits
in the exam ple.
[l[J huge screen, sound effects, special effects
Making suggestions Agreeing/ d isag reeing [A[]ta lented pe rformers, co lo urful costumes,
• Why don't we ... ? • Tha t's a good/ grea t/ enterta ining numbers
fantast ic idea. [20th rillin g rid es, exc itin g ro llercoa ster
• How/What about ... ? • Sure, why not.
• Let's... ? • I don 't really fee l like it. b) Use the words/phrases above to make up
• I think we should ... • Tha t sou nds in terestin g/ sentences about each form of entertainment,
great/ boring ... etc as in the example.
• We could always . • It's a good idea, but .
! love going to amusement parks because I can go
I (don't) really like ...
on all the thrilling rides.
A: Why don 't we play golf th is afternoon ?
8: I don 't really feel like it. ,Speaking
A: We ll, we could always watch TV.
8: That's a good idea.
11 Use the phrases below to ask and answer,
• Ente rta inmen t as in the example.
• Game
-
[!Dexpressing reg ret or criti cism sprained my ~ I visit the museum
every Sunday
b) Make up four similar sentences about because ~
yourself, giving the explanation for each 6
conditional.
138
· · ·
m······· ·
•........
······
······ ...
... .
11:::::::
...
140
m. . . . .
······
·······.'
······
.........
.. .
······ ...... .
'
'
142
A Human Success Story
The Olympic Games are one of the planet's greatest 1924 saw the introduction of the Winter Olympic
sporting spectacles. Every four years, the world focuses its Games. I 5 I I A further addition was the Paralympics, a
attention on the lucky city that is hosting the Games, as championship for disabled athletes, which as
thousands of athletes take part in hundreds of also become more and more popular in
different sports events. recent years. This now takes lace
The Olympic Games have a long and directly after the Summer Games,
I I I
impressive history. 0 D The ancient in the same host city.
Greeks regularly arranged sporting The Olympic motto is
competitions, but by far the most Citius, Altius, Fortius (Latin
famous were the Olympian Games, for "faster, higher,
which took place at Olympia every stronger"), which stresses
four years. The Games were the athletic excellence
officially held for the first time in that all Olympians aim
776 BC, although games had for. Over the years, the
certainly taken place there long Games have certainly
before then. Historians have attracted the world's
discovered lists of winners from the greatest sportsmen and
Games between 776 BC and 217 AD, women . 6 I I I
They insist
and they also know that the Games that taking part is just as
were not abolished until 393 AD.11 I important as w inning.
The Olympian Games were always held in the The best-known symbol of the
summer, and athletes from all the Greek city states Games, the Olympic flag, was designed by
were invited to come and take part. Pierre de Coubertin. The flag is composed of five
This idea of bringing people together was one of the differently coloured rings (blue, yellow, black, green and
main reasons for creating the modern Olympic Games. red) on a white background. j 7 I jThe fact that the rings
[I[] In 1892, he proposed restarting the Games, in the are interlocking is meant to show that the whole planet
hope that this would help bring about peace and encourage can come together in peace for the Olympic competition.
international sporting competition. Just four years later, the The Olympic flame, introduced in 1934, represents the
first modern Olympics took place 1n Athens. purity of the Olympic ideal. The flame is lit at Olympia, the
[[[Jone definite highlight, especially popular with the site of the ancient Games, and carried by relay across the
hosts, was when Louis Spiridon, a Greek shepherd, won globe as a sign of the link between the ancient and
the marathon event. modern Games.
Ever since then, the Games have gone from strength to For sixteen days every four years, the world's greatest
strength. In Paris, in 1900, there were already more than sporting event brings together thousands of the finest
1,000 competitors, including the first women Olympians. sportsmen and women to compete against each other.
By the time the Games reached Sydney, 100 years later, Furthermore, if we consider all those who watch the
199 countries sent athletes. j 4 I I However, more and Games live or on TV, the Olympics can truly be said to unite
more sports are included in the Olympics at each Games, hundreds of millions of people all around the world in
and in Sydney the 10,651 athletes took part in more than celebration of sporting excellence.
300 different events.
35 Fill in the correct word, then choose any five 36 Fill in: over, to, by, for, of, from and in.
phrases to make up sentences. Then make up sentences using the phrases.
• athletic • anc ient • id ea l • disabled .......... ..... far; 2 invited .... .. ... .. .. . .. sth; 3 the
• coloured • who le • city • event reaso n sth; 4 the hope
• great • points that;5 . .. . . .. . . . .. . streng th . . strength; 6 to
1 . ... ..... .. .. ... .. . city 6 . ring s aim .... ...... sth; 7 a sig n ............. sth; 8 the
2 sporting ........ .. 7 focal founder sth ; 9 ........... the years;
3 host ................... . 8 ... success 10 designed sb; 11 to be composed
4 .......... exce ll ence 9 ........ .. .... ath letes
5 the Olympic .......... . 10 the ........ . ... . planet
143
..........
··········
.······ 9
........••
. .::::::::
.
........•
.:
I
11
I
our opinion on a subject) 38 a) Read the article and put the paragraphs into the
correct order.
When we wr ite an op inion essay, we
present our personal opinion on a
particular topic. We must sta te our
II
opinion clearly and support it w ith
appropriate reasons and/or examples.
When we w rite an opinion essay, we
usually write five paragraphs.
In the introduction , we introduce the
subject and state our opinion clearly.
In the second and third paragraphs , we
give our own opinion. Each paragraph
should present a different viewpoint . -
supported by reasons and/ or examples . [60 First of all, schools have a responsibility to educate children
in all areas, no matter where their particular talents might lie. For
In the fourth paragraph , we present
that reason, it is just as important to provide Physical Education
the op po sing op inion, supported by training and sports practice for the professional sportsmen and
reasons/ examples. women of the future as it is to provide academic training to those
In the conclusion, we restate our who will go on to university.
opinion using different words. [[[] In addition, students these days spend long hours studying,
working at their computers or in the library. Therefore, they need
We usually use present tenses when we
the opportunity to do some physical activity during the school day.
write an op inion essay, and phrases
This will not only help to increase their level of fitness and make
such as I believe, I think, It seems to them healthier, it will also mean that they develop better social skills
me, I strongly disagree with, etc to and are able to concentrate on their studies for longer and therefore
express our opinion. We use formal achieve better results.
language and avoid contractions, ~ In conclusion, I strongly believe that sports and Physical
colloquialisms and personal examples. Education should remain a key part of the school curriculum. All
We use appropriate linking words to children have the right to a balanced education, and they should not
list our viewpo ints e.g. first of all, in be denied the opportunity to learn how to play sports.
addition, etc. We can find opinion [Q[J On the other hand, some people believe that the purpose of
schools is to prepare students to become productive members of the
essays in magazines and newspapers
workforce. This means that they have to spend as much time as
as articles or letters to the editor, etc.
possible developing skills that will be of use in their employment.
Consequently, schools have little time to devote to less important
subjects such as Physical Education.
37 Read the rubric and underline the key [I[] The ancient Greeks always held that a healthy mind in a
words, then answer the questions. healthy body is the key to a well balanced life. Nowadays, many
schools are decreasing the amount of time given to sports and
You have had a classroom
Physical Education, and some schools are removing it altogether.
discussion on the new school Although academic subjects are certainly a very important part of
timetable at your school. Your the school curriculum, I am strongly opposed to the complete
teacher has asked you to write an removal of sports and Physical Education
article, giving your opinion on the
following statement : 'There is no
b) Match the linking words in bold to the headings.
place for sports and PE in the
Then add two more to each category.
school curriculum.'
• to list points
• to add more points
1 What type of writing is it?
• to introduce oppos in g viewpoints
2 Who is going to read it?
• to introduce reasons/examples/results
3 Wha t style should you use?
• to conclude
144
............
•........
········
•······
9 ······· ..
....
..
• Giving Opinions
c) Write your article for the newspaper
4Q Use the useful expressions to make up (120-180 words). You can use the article in
sentences, as in the example. Ex. 38a as an example.
, Speaking
A Wha t sport is be ing played in each picture? b) Match the sounds to the sports.
B: In picture A, they are playing baseball , whi le in
picture B l) ......... ........... ... .. ... ................ . • tennis • Fl racing • swimming • cricket
A: Where does each sport take place? • basketball • horse racing
B: Baseball is played on a field and football
2) ....... ... ...... ............ .... ... ... .. ... ... ... • Making Invitations
A What is similar about the p ictu res ?
B They both 3) ................... ........ ..... . .. ..... .. . 50 a) Match the exchanges to make a dialogue.
A Do you play any of these sports?
B: Yes, I play 4) ....... ................... .. ....... ... ./ A B
No , I don 't . I play 5) ........ ..... .. ... ... . .
A: Do you prefer to play team sports or individual [ill Hi , Tina . This is Jo. A Sounds great! Count
spo rts? Why? f i l ] l ' m OK. Are you me in. What do I
B: I prefer 6) ....... ... .............................. . doing anything need to bring?
b) Look at the pictures below and act out next weekend?
[]I]We 're going
B I'll see you then.
similar dialogues.
camping out at the c Great! When do we
lake. Would you leave?
like to come?
[A[]Just a sleeping bag. D Hil How are you?
[illFrida y afternoon at
E No - why?
about 3:30 .
47 In pairs, discuss the following:
• Do you prefer active or passive relaxation? b) Follow the pattern and use the prompts to
• What are the pros/cons of playing sports? act out similar dialogues.
48 a) Complete the table, then make up
greet/introduce ~ return greeting
sentences, as in the example.
yourse lf ~ answer
avai~
Sport Equipment Place
ask if accept/ask about
archery bow, arrows, quiver
- -
range
invite ~ equipment
golf
explain ~~;:.1 ask about time
tennis
answer i.:::--"'--·-·---.,,. say goodbye/ etc
snooker
fencing • ton ight / barbecue- park /sa lad/ 6:30
basketball • next Saturday / horse riding - countryside /
ice hockey nothing / l 0 am
baseball
cricket • Project
-
We need a bow, arrows and a quiver to do
archery. We do archery on an archery range . In pairs prepare a poster for the sports day
your school organises. Write the time and
b) What do we call the people who play
date of the event, then write details. Use the
these sports?
text in Ex. 26 as a model.
archery - archer 147
I)
D
f8
Lead-in
1 a) How do you keep
up with current
affairs? Use always,
never, sometimes,
usually.
•Watch TV
• Read the newspaper
• Listen to the radio
• Surf the Internet
• Ask friends/ col leag ues
A Firemen are already searc hing the rubble looking for surv ivors .
B Yesterday's stock market crash has left many businesses bankrupt.
C Eastwood's spring co llectio n was well received on the catwalks of Milan.
D La st night's storms have left half the city w ithout power.
E The government has finally put a ban o n hunting in order to protect these animals .
F There have been interesting developments in the field of robotics thi s year.
G The Dodgers played their first match this season ag a in st the Rangers.
Vocabulary
• The Press/Newspapers
151
--.-...·······
·······cmI
...........
·····•·
·:::::::::
.
' .
~ •.
Both Carol and Tim are radio announcers . 2 neither /both/ each
Both of them work for a commerc ial radio statio n. • watch TV
Neither of these actors star/stars in a soap ope ra. • enjoy music
Neither of them perform/ performs wel l enough. • play d ifferent in strument
All of these videos belong to Sara.
All of them were shot in the desert.
None of these books are about psychology.
None of them is/ are w ritten for the non-specialised reader.
You can book tickets for the comedy or the thriller. Either film is
fine with me.
Every student has to wear a uniform.
Each rescue team has twe lve members.
3 all/none
"Which did you like best - the art or the photography exh ibitio n? " • like baseball
........... were great." • feel sa d
A Both B Ea ch C A ll • sho ut
153
.....•. I
-..........
·········cm
.....
.:========
.
.............
. . great fun
6 It was raining but I went out
anyway.
For many, Cannes in spite I went
France means 'Film ... the rain.
Festival'. What most
people may not be aware 0) of though, are the Cannes Lions awards,
I) .................. the annual International Advertising Festival, held in June
2) .................. honour of advertising.A panel of judges have the tough job of
deciding 3) .................. the winners are from around 16,000 entries. • Phrasal Verbs
4) .................. the main aim of advertising is to sell a product, the way in
5) ................ it is done or is creatively presented receives acknowledgement
here in the 6) .................. of certificates and bronze, silver or gold Lion
26 Fill in: into, out, after,
down, away, up with. Then
trophies.
The Cannes Film festival began in the 1940s, 7) .. :............... it was in 1954 explain the phrasal verbs in
11 that the first ad festival was held here.At 8) .................. there were awards bold.
for ads depending 9) .................. their type, or style I 0) .................. as
:I Would you mind looking after
comedy, etc. Since the late sixties though, it was decided that commercials
should I I) .................. judged according to their product or service my little siste r for an hour or
I category, for 12) .................. , online communications or direct marketing. so?
Apart 13) .................. awarding ads, the Cannes Lions Festival also hosts 2 Keep th e dog . . . . . . . . . from
11
seminars related to advertising. Ads from around the world 14) ................. . th e horse or he'll get kicked.
also screened here, making it an important meeting and learning point for
II people who are interested in becoming more familiar 15) .................. the
3 Police are looking
colourful world of advertising. the murder, but they don 't have
an y lead s.
4 Jack had hurt his foot and
• Key Word Transformations could not keep
25 Complete the second sentence using the word in bold. Use the others .
between two and five words including the word given. Don't 5 Th e boxer was knocked
in the fir st round.
change the word given.
6 Thi s old building is due to be
I don 't think Sarah is still painting the house. knocked . . . . . . . . . . . . tomorrow.
1
11
will I'm sure Sarah . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... the house by now.
154
I'
. . .
rm······
······.
·······
.
.........
······ ..
······ ........ ....
'
The best place to shelter is in a I I4 I . What does the woman buy for her daughter?
A a magazine B a newspaper
If you cannot be underground, go into a room w ithout
C a comic
5
If you are in a vehicle, you should go and lie down
• Asking for information
away from I I6 I .
If you are outside, watch out for ~I----~I_
7_,I . 30 C\ a) Listen to the exchanges. What
information does each person ask for?
• Giving Advice b) Read out the exchanges, then use the
28 Use the expressions below to give advice to phrases to ask for information about:
someone about what to do in case of a • day/show/broadcast • tickets/cost place
tornado. You can use your own ideas. • meeting/held
A: Cou ld you please tell me when the next show is?
You should always ... ; At no time should you ever B: Monday at 7:30.
... ; Never ... ; It would be a good idea to ... ; The 2 A: Do you happen to know where Midnight Fever
most important thing is ... ; Always remember to . are going to perform?
B: In the stadium.
At no time should you go near windows or leave 3 A: I'm calling about the ad published in today 's
the building in the event of a tornado. paper.
TV/Radio Magazine/Newspaper
• broadcasting to • variety of topics
people of all social • variety of
classes photographs
• serve educational and • wide coverage of
cultural interests events We all enjoy watching television,
• wide variety of • printing gossip/ listening to the radio and reading
programmes embarrassing stories newspapers and magazines. However, not
• reporting serious many of us know about the lives of the
news eople who changed the face of the
c\ No.
b) Listen and mark the sentences Yes or
A Lord Reith
B Gilbert H Grosvenor
C John Walter
156
=:
[[Q I•s·== . = =:
:::::::
••1111•111• ••. ..
•ll•tJ••...
l •l!I••·
I
•Writing (a proposal report)
To: Editor, Blackmill Star
From: Robert Owen, Circulation Manager
We usually w rite a pro posa l report fo r someone in
Subject: Expanding readership by attracting more
au th ority. We present factua l inform a ti o n a nd
young people.
make suggesti o ns abou t future actions. We sho uld
Date: 19th June
a lways beg in our report by sta ting w hom th e-
report is ad d ressed to a nd th eir positio n, th e
1 Introduction
writer's name a nd pos ition, w hat th e report is
The purpose of this report is to explore ways
about a nd the da te. W hen we w rite a pro posa l
in which the circulation of this newspaper
repo rt we usua lly w rite five parag ra phs. In th e
could be increased by attracting more teenage
introduction we sta te th e purpose and co nte nt of
readers.
the repo rt. In th e main body we present each of
2
the to pi cs in detail under suitable subhea dings. In
The format for the front page does not always
th e concl usion we su mmarise o ur po ints and
give a reliable indication of what may be
express ou r opin ion a nd/ or reco mm endati o n. We
found within. In order to attract younger
use a formal , impersonal style a nd fa ctual
readers, photographs on the front page
la nguage in a proposal report. We us ua lly use the
should focus on the main issues that relate to
pass ive vo ice a nd fu ll ver b forms We normally
them specifically.
use would, should, etc in proposa l reports.
3
More use could be made of our younger
contributors, who are well aware of the
• Analysing the Rubric problems and concerns that young people
face. We should invite contributions such as
37 Read the rubric and underl ine the key words,
articles and reports from students on topical
then answer the questions that follow.
issues.
You work for a local daily newspaper. The 4
publisher wants to broaden its readership to We should include a section that is teenager
attract more teenagers. Your editor has asked orientated. This would deal with problems
you to write a report making your suggestions. such as parental relations, schoolwork and
Write your report, including your suggestions. personal relationships. Many youngsters have
fears and worries about what they will do
when they leave school, so we should offer
1 W hat is the ai m of thi s repo rt?
careers advice. This would include hints and
2 W ho is go ing to rea d yo ur repo rt?
tips about further education.
3 W hi c h of th e fo ll owin g wo uld make th e
newspa pe r po pular wi th tee nag ers:
5
To sum up, the front cover needs redesigning
• a n ago ny a unt pag e • free gi fts • spec ial
with colourful photographs depicting young
o ffers fo r subscribe rs • a n a ppealing front page
people's activities. We need to encourage
• ga mes a nd c rossword pu zz les
young contributors and there ought to be a
• featu res co nce rning teena ge rs' pro blems
problem page aimed at young people,
4 In w hi c h parag ra ph w ill yo u give yo ur o pini o n?
offering advice that is tailored to their needs.
5 W ha t style wo uld yo u use in you r repo rt? Wh y ?
38 Read the report and choose appropriate 39 Read the report again and answer the
subheadings from below to complete the questions that follow.
blanks.
In w hic h parag raph s does th e w rite r ma ke his
• Me mbership • Introd uctio n • Ad vice Page suggesti o ns?
•J ob Vaca nc ies • Cover Appeal • Purpos e 2 W hat are hi s suggesti o ns?
• Fea tures a nd Arti cles • Conclu sio n 3 Has the w riter used any moda ls ? Fi nd th em and
• Fac il iti es underline them.
158
cm· · · · ·
•........
•.........
·······
•........
······· ...... .
• Style [1IJ include more cartoons and action films
[][]ad vertise in youth magazines and on local
4Q Which of the expressions would you use to radio
start your report (5) and which to end it (E)? IA[] establish links with local organisations and
chariti es
• I hope/trust that the suggestions presented
in this report .. . [2[J put colourful posters in foyer
• The aim of this report is to present [Q[J matinees on weekends and weekdays
•
43 Read the prompts below and tick (.!') the filat I U1 a
ones you would use in your report. Justify
your answers. The advertisement is the most truthful part of a
newspaper.
ITO build leisure areas for board games 2 Don't shoot the messenger.
159
•
iLiterature Clip
Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-
1894) was a Scottish novelist, poet,
and essayist As a child he was
often ill and suffered all his life
from tuberculosis. Forced to stay
My Shadow
in bed as a boy, Stevenson began by Robert Louis Stevenson
writing poetry and stories to fil l his
long lonely hours. He published his first
essays while he was still at university His
I have a little shadow that goes in and out with me,
most popu lar books incl ude Treasure
Island (1883), A Child's Garden of Verses And what can be the use of him is more than I can see.
(1885), and The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll He is very, very like me from the heels up to the head;
and Mr Hyde (1886) And I see him jump before me, when I jump into my bed.
frequency
~
radi o
' .. .. . .......... .. . .
A: W here do yo u thin k th e picture was taken? b) Use any two words from each section to
B: 1) .... ..... ....... ..... ... ..... ........ ... .. ... ... ... ... .. . make up sente~ces.
A: Wha t ca n yo u see in th e p ictu re?
B: 2) .. ............ .................... ..... ... ..... ... ...... . • Demanding Explanations
A: Whe re do yo u thin k she's going ?
B: I' m not su re. Maybe she is 3) .. .... ... .. .... .. .. .. . 52 Use the phrases in the table to act out short
A: Do yo u enj oy rea d ing newspa pers? dialogues, as in the example.
B: 4) ......... ..... ............. .......... ......... ... ... ... .
• not cover opening ce remo ny • fix the TV
• mi ss a n interview • delay w ith a n articl e
b) In pairs, make up a dialogue based on
• fini sh the pro ject on time
the picture below.
• • lo • • • • • • •' ;. • • • •••• •
\ TV
' . .. .. . ..... .. . .. . . .
A: I think the most important thing to have is .. .
B: You 're right. This would help . ...
161
Units 9 - 10
He was so scared, his hands were . ....... viole ntly. Dates : 8th to 22nd I 11 I
A shak ing B moving C tapping D vibrating Place: The Community College
2 I'd rather you . ... ....... now. Course Language workshops, classes on
A leave B have left C left D had left includes : I 12 L
3 Th e ... . .. . . of the Olympic Games is five joined rings. reporting styles and article writing and
A medal B symbol C motto D link development of I 3 I I
4 He couldn't .... ....... back his laughter. Timetable : l 0.00 am - 4.00pm everyday
A knock B keep C hit D hold Workshops take place
5 You'd have to .... .... . me a fortune to wear this dress. I 14 I
A get B offer C pay D give Costs: £ l 00 ( l 0% discount for students under 18)
6 The explosion ........... the buildings miles away. Costs cover I Is I,
A shook B moved C broke D collapsed audio cassettes and notebooks
~
pedestal, as the 'king of hobbies'.
/~
,'
C A Special Bookcase for Stomp Albums
D Notional Symbo ls
I \
'. E
I , A 19th Century Globa l Trend
7
I \
\
\
Reading
\
\
I
' t&
Read the article and choose the best heading for
(10 marks)
8
F A Bod Reputation
Writing (a review)
Your teacher has asked you to write a review
about a film you have recently seen for the
( 15 marks}
each pa ragraph. There is one heading which school magazine. Use the plan and the notes to
you do not need to use. write your review ( 120-180 words).
A Royal Hobby
1 Plan
Stamp collecting has an image problem. Let's face it, the thought of it
as rather 'boring' or as a hobby for 'nerds' has probably at one point Introduction
or another crossed the minds of even the most polite and tolerant of (Poro l) title - name of director - type, setting
us. This is not to say that many of us haven't collected stamps at some Main Body
stage of our lives, even if it meant commencing an interest that didn't
(Paro 2) main points of the plot
progress beyond soaking a few of our overseas relatives' letters in
(Paro 3) general comments (actors' performance;
water to try to get those interesting, exotic-looking stamps off. A stamp
directing, sound/special effects}
album or lwo from days gone by, tucked away or probably hidden in
the back of a closet somewhere, isn't unusual either.
Conclusion
2 (Pora 4 ) recommend the film
How times have changed! Stamp collecting was a hobby that (15 marks)
important figures, such as England's King George V proudly admitted
(Total = I 00 marks)
to participating in. It has been referred to as 'the hobby of kings and
the king of hobbies', and at the mere mention of the word 'hobby',
stamp collecting is the most popular one that comes to mind. A word
of ancient Greek origin - 'philately', has even been given to the
practice. 'Philos' meaning friend and 'atelos' referring to free of tax,
as stamps are basically signs meaning that postage, or tax has been
paid. So there you have it - in ancient Greek, stamps are friendly and
9 c\""
Listen and fill in . Listen again and sing .
Daredevil
functional!
On a white water river 3)
3 I'm not l) ....... . at all At lightning speed
Stamps haven't been around since the Parthenon though. The firs!
I love to kayak over The snow flies up
postage stamps were issued in Britain in the year 1840. The United
States followed a few years later while the idea caught on so well, A waterfall Li ke a big white 4) .... ..... ... .
that by l 860 almost every country had a stamp. Catalogues of each It 2) . me with I feel so excited
country's stamps were then published, and stamp enthusiasts and Positive energy That I shout out loud
collectors could ore over these a es with curiosi and deli ht. Althoug h people say I'm a daredevil, daredevil .. .
4 It's sheer lunacy
Things that may seem rather weird to the lay-person, can be normal I love taking part
I'm a daredevil, daredevil
practice amongst stamp collectors. Looking at the way the edges of In a motor race
You know it's true
each stamp are cut is one of these 'inside' activities. Others include Riding so 5) .
looking at different paper that some stamps are printed on, as well as
I love taking risks With the wind in my face
the type of ink used and the printing method. In fact, printing errors on It's a ll I want to do
Dangerous sports
stamps can make them collector's items. Generally, stamps that are I'm a daredevil, daredevil Let me know I'm alive
hard to find, means that they are rare, which in turn means that they're Always trying someth ing new And I always know
worth quite a bit of money.
A snowy mountain That I wi ll 6) ............... . .
5 Is all I need I'm a daredevil, daredevil ...
Monetary values aside, stamps can be seen as representations of art. I can snowboard down the
They serve as social and historical indicators of a country, and its
culture. What is more, people of all ages and from all walks of life
Grammar Reference
Unit 1 Note:
• The verb en joy can be used in continuous tenses to express a
specifi c preference.
Present Simpl e and Prese nt Continuo us Anna really enioys reading novels . (general preference)
BUT: He's enioying the summer music festival (specific preference)
We use the present simple for:
• The verbs look (when we refer to somebody's appearance), feel
• facts and permane nt states. John works for Smiths ltd. (experience a particular emotion), hurt and ache ca n be used in
• general truths an d laws of na ture. Water boils at I OCl'C. simple or continuous tenses with no difference in meani ng.
• habits and routines (with always , usually etc). She usually does her We feel very angry = We are feeling very angry.
shopping on Fridays. ·
• tim etables and program mes (i n the future). His train leaves at six
o'clock tomorrow morning. Ad verbs of Frequ ency
• sportin g commentaries, reviews and narrations . Beckham wins the
These include always, frequently, often , once, twice , sometimes, never,
ball, crosses and Owen scores. usually, ever, hardly ever, rarely , occasionally etc.
• fee li ngs and emotions. ! love Madrid, it's a beautiful city.
• Adverbs of frequency are normally placed before the ma in verb. I
The time expressions we use with the present simple are: usually, always eat breakfast. I hardly ever drink coffee.
often, always, every day/week/month/year etc, in the morning/ • However, adverbs of frequency are placed after the verb to be
afternoon/evening, at night/the weekend, on Fridays, etc and after auxiliary verbs. Peter is never late for work. I have
always wanted to go to Australia.
We use the present continuous Ito be + verb -ing):
• for actions taking place at or arou nd the moment of speaking. The Prese nt Perfect
kids are sleeping now.
• for temporary situations. I am working at my dad's restaurant this week. We use the present perfect (have + past participle) for:
• for fixed arra ngements in the near futu re. I'm meeting Karen at the • an action that happened at an unstated time in the past. The
cinema tonight. emphasis is on the action, the time that it occurred is unimportant
• for currently chang ing and developing si tuati ons. The world's or unknown. I have cul the grass. Dan has seen the film twice.
population is growing at a fast rate . • an action w hich started in the past and continues up to the present,
• with adverbs such as a lways to express anger or irrita ti on at a especially w ith stative verbs (see above) such as be, have, like,
repeated actio n. He is always promising to take the children to the know, etc. I have studied French for two years.
amusement park. • a recently completed action. She has finished her history essay.
• perso nal experiences or changes. He has shaved his head.
The time expressions we use with the present continuous are: now, at the
moment, at present, these days, nowadays, still, today, tonig ht, etc The time expressions we use with the present perfect are:
for, since, already, always, iust, ever, never, so far, today, this
Stati ve Verbs week/month etc, how long, lately, recently, still {in negations), etc
I
Stative verbs are ve rbs wh ich d escribe a state rather tha n an acti o n, and
so do not usua lly have a continuous tense . Th ese verbs are : Present Perfect C o ntinuou s
I • ve rbs of the senses (see, hear, smell, taste, touch, etc) The fresh
We use the present perfect continuous (have + been + verb -ing):
bread smells delicious .
• verbs of perception (know, believe, understand, realise, • to put emphas is on the duration of an action w hich started in the
remember, forget, etc) I don 't believe anything she says. past and contin ues up to the present. I have been washing dishes
• verbs which express feeli ngs a nd emot ions (like, love, hate, enjoy, all morning.
prefer, detest, desire, want, etc) Diana loves watching old films. • for an action wh ich started in the past which lasted for some time.
• and so me other verbs (be, contain, include, belong, fit, need, It may still be continu ing or has finished already with the result
matter, cost, own , want, own, weigh, wish , have, keep, etc) The visible in th e present. We're fired because we have been painting
price doesn't include sales tax. the house.
• to express anger, irritation, or annoyance. She has been wearing
Some of these verbs ca n be used in continuous te nses but with a my clothes without asking me.
di fference in meani ng. • for repeated actions in the past continuing to the present. They
have lost weight because they have been eating properly.
Present Simple Present Continuous
THINK The time expressions we use w ith the present perfect continuous are:
I think she's a very good W e are thinking about moving for, since, how long ... ?, all day/morning/month etc, lately, recently
dancer. I= bel ieve) house . I= are considerin g )
Note: w ith the verbs live, work, teach and feel we can use the present
HAVE perfect or the present perfect continuous w ith no difference in meaning.
He has a home in Portugal. She is having problems at work. She has lived/ has been teaching in Athens for the last four years.
I= own, possess ) I= is exper iencing )
SEE Prepos ition s of Pla ce
I can see my school from here. I'm seeing the vice-president at
I= it is visible) seven o'clock. I= am meeting ) Prepos iti ons of place are preposi ti ons which describe where someone or
I see your point. I= understa nd) something is. These prepositions include:
TASTE
on/onto ~
The pasta tastes terrible. Pete is lasting the soup to see if if
I= it is, has the flavour of) is salty enough. I= is testing ) into
SMELL
The air smells clean. The police dog is smelling the shirt.
I= has the aroma)
APPEAR
I= is sn iffi ng)
outof
1
'j't past
D
She appears to be saying The band is appearing at the )
something. I= seems to be) cultural centre. I= is perform ing)
FIT
These trousers fit me well. Tina is Fitting a new light in her office. from ~ to - - - 70
I= it's the rig ht size) I= is attaching)
164
Grammar Reference
over through .J.. . . .····t ·":f the time, etc ta introduce time clauses. By the time we get there the
concert will have started (NOT: B~· lite i;Wte .. e 1'1il.'§ef ,t/<te1e .. ./
We also use the present simple and present perfect but NOT future forms
alter words and expressions such as unless, ii, suppose/supposing, in case
etc. Buy travel insurance in case something happens. (NOT- ... iii eese } ,·,;//
across up
IT Ty pe 0 / l Conditionals
Type 0 conditionals are used to express a general tru th or a scientific
fact. In this type of conditional we can use when instead of if.
down
I
'1t
•
between o to ~
If-clause
If/when + present simple
Main Clause
-+ present simple
165
Grammar Reference
The time expressions we use with the past perfect continuous are: for, since,
how long, before, until etc
166
Grammar Reference
you perfectly.
Time expressions to talk about the past: Didn't need to/ Didn't have to: It wasn't necessary to do sth. We don 't
ago I= back in lime from now) is used with the past simple I ate know if it was done or not. You didn 't need to/ have to buy milk. (We
o snack about on hour ago. don't know if she bought it or not. )
since I= from a starting point in the past) is used with the present
perfect (simple and continuous). I haven't seen Joanne Needn't + bare perfect infinitive: It was not necessary to do sth but it
since she moved to Los Angeles. was done. You needn't hove brought dessert. I baked a cheesecake.
for !=over a period of time) is used with the present perfect (You did bring dessert)
(simple and continuous) . They've been discussing the
football game for hours.
already is used in statements and questions Ito show surprise). I
Pro hibiti o n
hove already invited Debbie. Hove you set up your
Mustn't/Can't: It is forbidden lo do sth; it is against the rules/law; you
computer already?
are not allowed lo do sth. You mustn 't/can 't feed the animals at the zoo.
yet is used with the present perfect in questions and negations.
Hove you fed the -fish yet? I haven't sent in my application
yet. Cri ti cism
Cou ld/Should/ Might/Ought to/ + perfect infinitive: Used to criticise
Unit 4 someone's actions or lack of action (in the past). It would have been better
if you had ... (past). They could have offered to give me a lift home.
Present/Past Participles
O uestion Tags
We use prese nt participles ta describe something. It was an exciting
holiday. (H ow was the holiday? Exci ti ng.) Question tags are formed with an auxiliary verb and the appropriate
personal pronoun. They take the same auxi liary as in the statement or,
We use past participles to say how someone felt. We were excited.
if there isn't an auxiliary in the statement they take do/does (present
(How did we feel? Excited )
simple) or did (past simple).
• After affirmative statements we use a negative interrogative tag and
Log ica l Assumpti ons/Deducti ons after negative statemen ts we use an ordinary interrogative tag.
They live in Chicago, don't they?
Must: Sure/Certain that sth is true. He couldn't remember his e-mail address, could he?
Must is used in affirmative sentences and expresses positive logical Note:
beliefs. You've been looking of o computer screen all day, your eyes Let's has the tag shall we? - let's go to the funfair tonight, shall we ?
must be tired! Let me/ him has the tag w ill you/won't you? - You'll /et me apply
your make-up, won 't you ?
Can't/couldn't: Certain that sth is not true/real. I have (possess) hos the tag haven't I? BUT I have (used
Can't and couldn't are used in negati ons and express negative logical idiomatically) has the tag don 't I? - He has two daughters, hasn't
assumptions. That can't be the price of the toaster; it's too expensive . he ? last week he had the flu , didn 't he ?
This/That is hos the tag isn't it? - This hotel is the best in the city,
isn 't it?
Possibi lity I am has the tag aren't I? - I am wrong, aren 't I?
Can + present infinitive: General possibility, sth theoretically possible. A negative imperative has the question tag will you? - Don 't leave
Not used for a specific situation. When visiting London, you can toke o without me, will you ?
tour of Buckingham Palace.
• ofter verbs ond expressions such os ask, learn , explain , decide, • stop + to-infinitive = stop temporarily in order to do something else -
find out, want, want to know etc when they are foll owed by a We stopped to ask for directions to the stadium.
question word. Sharon wanted to know how to get to the stop+ -ing form = fin ish doing something - You shouldn't stop taking
restaurant. your prescribed medicine iust because you feel a little better.
Note: why is followed by subject + verb, NOT an infinitive. I
wonder why she hasn 't phoned yet.
Comparisons
• in the expressions to tell you the truth , to be honest, to sum up , to
begin with etc. To be honest, I think you were unfair.
As / Like
Note: If two to-infinitives are linked by and or or the to of the
second infinitive can be omitted. I need to go and speak to her We use like :
immediately • with nouns/ pronouns/-ing form to express simi lari ty. He treats me
like a queen . (I'm not a queen.}
The infinitive without to is used: • with feel , look, smell , taste . This shampoo smells like strawberries.
• after modal verbs. Beth can speak German and Italian. We use as :
• after the verbs let, make, see , hear, and feel . They mode her take
a blood test. BUT: we use the to-infinitive after be made be
• to say what somebody or something really is. She works as an
architect for a big firm.
heard , be seen etc (passive form). She was made ta take a blood
test.
Note: When see , hear and watch are fallowed by an -ing form Comparatives and Superlatives
there is no change in the passive. I heard Audrey talking to Betty.
Audrey was heard talking to Betty. We use the comparative to compare one person or thing with another
• after had better and would rather. You had better post your lox We use the superlative to compare one person or thing with more than
forms because the deadline's in two days . one person or things of th e same group. We ofte n use than after a
• help can be followed by either the to-infinitive or th e infinitive comparative and the before a superlative. Chihuahuas are smaller than
without to . I helped her (to) paint the clouds on her bedroom dobermans. Chihuahuas are the smallest dogs in the world
ceiling.
Formation of comparatives and superlatives from adjectives and
adverbs:
-ing form
• with one-syllable adjectives, add -(e)r to form the comparative and
The -ing farm is used: -(eJst to form the superlative. close - closer - closest
• as a noun . Sunbathing is very bad for your health. Note: for one syl lable adjectives ending in a vowel + a
• after certain verbs: admit, appreciate, avoid , continue , deny, fancy, consonant , we double the co nso nant. big - bigger - biggest
go (for activities). imagine, mind , miss, quit, save , suggest, practise , • with two-syl lable adjectives ending in -ly, -y, -w, also add -er/ -est.
consider, prevent. Will you continue working after your baby is born? narrow - narrower - narrowest
• after love, like, enjoy, prefer, dislike, hate to express general Note: far adjectives ending in a consonant+ y we replace the -y
preference. Philip doesn 't like writing letters. BUT: for a specific with an -i . tiny - tin ier - tin iest
preference (would like/would prefer/would love) we use a to-infinitive . • with other two-syllable adjectives or adjectives w ith more than two
• after expressions such as be busy, it's no use, it's (no) good , it's (not) syllables, comparatives and superlatives are formed with
worth , what's the use of, can't help, there's no point in , can't stand , more/most. intelligent - more intelligent - most intelligent
have difficulty (in). have trouble etc. Since his stroke he has difficulty • wi th adverbs that have the same form as their adjectives we add -
(in) pronouncing some letters. er/-est. hard - harder - hardest
• after spend , waste , or lose (time, money, etc). He spent a lot of • two-syllable or compound adverbs take more/most. slowly - more
money buying a computer he doesn't even use. slowly - most slowly
• after the preposition to with verbs and expressions such as look Note : clever, common , cruel , friendly , gentle , pleasant, polite ,
forward to , be used to , in addition to , object to , prefer (doing sth shallow , simple , stupid , quiet can form their comparatives and
to sth else) I am used to going to bed at 11 o'clock. superlatives either with -er/-est or with more/most
• after other prepositions I'm good at playing the guitar. Irregular forms:
• after the verbs hear, listen ta , notice , see , watch , and feel to good - better - best / bad - worse - worst /
describe an incomplete action. I watched the group rehearsing for much - more - most / little - less - least /
the play. (I only watched part of the rehearsal.) BUT: we use the far - farther /further - farthest/furthest /
infinitive without to w ith hear, listen to , notice, see , watch , and feel many/lots - more - most
to describe the complete action. I watched the group rehearse for
the play. (I watched the whole rehearsal.} Types of comparisons :
• as + adjective + as (to show that two people or things are similar
Difference in meaning between the to-infinitive and -ing form in some way) In negative sentences we use not as/so .. . as . The
chocolate cake is as expensive as the coconut one.
Some verbs can take either the to-infinitive or the -ing farm with a change • less + adjective + than (expresses th e difference between two
in mean ing. people or thing s) The opposite is more than . Simon is less
• forget + to-infinitive = not remember - I forgot to bring my responsible than Peter.
glasses. the least + adjective + of/in (compares one person or thing to two
forget + -ing form = not recall - I'll never forget riding on a camel or more people or things in the same group.) The oppos ite is most
in Egypt. ... of/in He is the least dependable person I know.
• remember+ to infinitive = not forget - Did you remember to turn off • much/a lot/far/a little/a bit/slightly + comparative (expresses
the oven? th e degree of difference between two people or things) My salary
remember + -ing form = recall - I remember baking cookies with is slightly higher than my husband's.
my grandmother. • comparative and comparative (to show that somethi ng is increasing
• mean + to-infinitive = intend to - I meant to tell you about the or decreasi ng) His condition gets better and better every day.
exhibit but I forgot. the + comparative ... , the + comparative (shows that two things
mean + -ing form = involve - If I accept the iob offer, it will mean ch ange together or that one thing depends on another thing) The
working long hours. more I practised speaking French, the easier it became.
• regret + to-infinitive = be sorry to (normally used in the present by far + the + superlative (emphasises the difference between one
simple with verbs such as say, tell , inform) - We regret to inform you person or thing and two or more peop le or things in the some
that your application was not accepted group) 1986 was by far the highest point of his singing career.
regret + -ing form = feel sorry about - I regret buying such an
expensive car.
• try + to-infinitive = do one's best, attempt - She tried to tell you the
truth, but you wouldn't listen.
try + -ing form = do something as an experiment - I've tried
painting oil paint over water paint, but it doesn't work.
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Grammar Reference
169
Grammar Reference
Present Simple She washes the She has the dishes Present Simple -+ Past Si mple
dishes . washed 'My plane lands al 9 o'clock. "I He said /that} his plane landed al
Present Continuous She is washing the She is having the 9 o'clock.
dishes . dishes washed. Present Continuous -+ Past Continuous
Past Simple She washed the
dishes.
She had the dishes
washed. "I om working late this evening." I He said {that} he was working
late that evening .
Past Continuous She was washing the She was having the
dishes. dishes washed Present Perfect -+ Past Perfect
I
Future Continuous Past Simple -+ Past Simple or Past Perfect
dishes . the dishes washed
"I grew up in Ireland" He said (that} he grew up/he had
Present Perfect She has washed the She has had the grown up in Ireland
dishes. dishes washed
I
Past Continuous-+ Past Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect She has been She has been having
Continuous washing the dishes . the dishes washed "I was parking my car. " He said that he was parking/had
Past Perfect She had washed the She had had the been parking his car.
dishes. dishes washed
Past Perfect
Continuous
She had been
washing the dishes.
She had been having
the dishes washed.
"I will cook supper tomorrow " I
Future (will) -+ Conditional (would)
170
Grammar Reference
Unit 8 The verbs marked with an asterisk can also be followed by a that-
clause in reported speech. He claimed that he was a film actor.
etc
Reported Commands, Requests and Suggestions etc
Note: To report negative commands and requests we usually use not +
To report commands, requests, suggestions, insfrucfions efc. we use a to-infinitive .
special introductory verb followed by a to-infinitive , -ing form , or that- Direct: Dad said, "Don 't go in the kitchen, the floor's wet."
clause , depending on the introductory verb. Reported : Dad told us not lo go in the kitchen because the floor was wet.
Introductory verb Direct speech Reported speech • In conversation we use a mixture of sfatemenfs, commands and
+ toinfinitive questions. When we turn them info reported speech, we use and ,
"Yes, I'll book the flight
He agreed to book the as , adding that, and he/ she added that , because , but, since efc.
agree
for you." flight for me. Words such as oh , oh dear, well etc ore omiffed in reported
*claim "I'm a film actor." He claimed to be o film speech.
Direct: "Ohl That hat is great," William said lo me, "The style suits
actor.
*demand '/ want to speak lo the He demanded lo speak you well.•
fa the manager. Reported: William said that it was a great hat and added that the
manager.
offer "Would you like me fa He offered ta pick me style suited me well.
pick you up after work?" up after work.
C ountabl e - Un co unta bl e N o uns
*promise "/ promise I'll pay you He promised to pay me
back. back. • Countable nouns are those fhaf can be counted (one rose, two
refuse "Na, I won't take off He refused to take off roses, elc). Uncountable nouns ore those that cannot be counted
my shoes." his shoes. (waler, milk, efc). Uncountable nouns fake a singular verb and are
*threaten "Give me the money or He threatened to tell our nof used with a/an.
I'll tell your secret. " secret if we didn't give
him the money. Groups of un countable nouns include:
+ sb + toinfinitive • mass nouns (apple iuice, homework, fruit, elc)
advise "Yau should get a He advised me to get a • sub jects of study (physics, geography, literature, elc)
second opinion." second opinion. • sports (swimming, tennis, polo)
allow 'Yau can barrow my He allowed me fa barrow • languages (English, German, Russian)
laptop." his laptop. • diseases (chickenpox, malaria, asthma)
ask 'What's your surname?' He asked me ta tell him • natural phenomena (rain, thunder, fog)
my surname. • callecfive nouns (baggage, money, hair)
beg "Please, please, you have He begged me to help • certain other nouns (weather, laughter, camping)
to help me." him.
command 'Close the door now.' He commanded me la So me/ A ny/ N o
close the door immediately.
encourage 'Yau should talk la your He encouraged me la Some , any and no are used with uncaunfable nouns and plural
boss." talk to my boss. countable nouns. some milk, some apples.
forbid 'You cannot smoke in He forbade me fa smoke • Some and ifs compounds (somebody, someone, something,
the workplace." in the workplace. somewhere efc) are normally used in affirmative sentences. There
invife "Will you come la my He invited me fa go lo is some ice cream in the freezer .
birthday party?" his birthday party. • Some and its compounds ore also used in interrogative sentences
order "Stay in bed for the next He ordered me la stay when we expect a positive answer, for example when we make an
two days." in bed far the following offer or request. Would you like something to drink?
two days. • Any and its compounds (anyone, anything efc) are usually used in
*remind "Don't forget to set the He reminded me fa set inferrogafive sentences. Do you have any old clothes lo give
clocks one hour ahead ' the clacks one hour away? Not any is used in negative sentences. There isn't any
ahead spinach left. Any and its compounds can also be used wifh
*warn "Be careful, don't drink He warned me not la negative words such as without, never, rarely . I have never met
the water." drink the water. anyone as funny as her.
• When any and ifs compounds are used in affirmative sentences
+ -ingform there is a difference in meaning. You can order anything you like
accuse sb of "She told Mary my He accused her of telling his from the menu. (if doesn 't maffer what)
secret.' secret to Mary. Anyone can enter the building. (if doesn't maffer who)
*admit (lo) "Yes., I am iealous of He admitted (lo} being • No and ifs compounds are used instead of not any in negative
you. iealous of me. sentences. They didn't say anything. (= They said nothing) There
wasn 't any answer. (=There was no answer)
apologise for 'I'm sorry I ruined the He apologised far Nole: We use a singular verb with compounds of some , any and
evening. ruining the evening. no . There is somebody here lo see you.
*boast about/of 'I'm the best student in He boasted of being the
my class." best student in his class.
*complain (lo sb) "/ feel very thirsty. " He complained (la me) A few / Few - A littl e/ Littl e
of/about of feeling very thirsty.
A few and few are used wifh plural countable nouns. A little and little
*deny '/ didn 't steal the He denied stealing/
are used with uncountable nouns.
money!" having stolen the money.
• A few means nof many buf enough. You have a few more minutes
*ins ist on "I am going to drive you He insisted an driving
to complete the exam. Few means hardly any, almosf none and
lo hospital." me to hospital.
can be used wifh very for emphasis. Few people know every word
*suggest 'Why don 't we go lo He suggested going lo
in the dictionary.
the comedy festival the comedy festival the
• A little means not much, buf enough. I had a little money left to buy
tomorrow?" next day
a bus ticket.
• Little means hardly any, almost none and can be used wifh very for
+ that clause emphasi s. I had very little sleep last night.
explain "The document must be He explained that the
signed by a lawyer." document had lo be
signed by a lawyer.
inform sb "The concert has been He informed us that the
cancelled due fa poor concert had been
ticket sales." cancelled due fa poor
ticket sales.
171
Grammar Reference
If+ past simple/ past would/could/might+ present The time expressions we use with the future perfect are: before, by, by
continuous -+ bare infinitive then, by the time, until/till (only in negative sentences)
Cause/ Reason : • Both .. . and is followed by a plural verb. Both Sarah and her
as, because, because of, since, for this reason , due to, so, as a result mother go lo the market every week.
(of) etc. He had lo take the bus because his car had broken down. Neither .. . nor/ Either ... or are followed by either a singular or
plural ve rb. Neither Tom nor Dave are going to go iogging.
Condition:
if, whethe r, only if, in case of, in case, provided (tha t), p roviding (th at),
unless, os/so long os , otherwise, or (else), on condition (that) etc. He
Every/ Each
could go with them, as long as he is al the airport on lime. Each and every are used with singular countable noun s. We normally
use each when we refer to two people or things and every when we
Purpose: refer to three or more people or things. Vera wears three earrings in
to, so that , so as (not) to, in order (not) to, in order that, in case etc. Her each ear. Every student in the class received an 'A'.
father went lo the school, so that he could talk to the teacher. • The pronouns everyone , everybody , everything and the adverb
everywhere are used in affirmative, interrogative and negative
Effect/Result: sentences, and are followed by a singular verb. We normally use
every when we are thinking of people or th ings together, in a
such/so ... that, so, co nseq uently, as a result, therefore, for this reason ,
group to mean all, everyo ne etc. Every person in the company has
etc. He doesn't really like his new iob, so he might soon start looking for
a computer. (all together). Whereas we normally use each when
something else.
we are thinking of people or things separately, one al a time.
Time:
Each diamond was carefully cut. (one at a time)
when, whenever, as, as soon as, w hi le, before, until/till, alter, since etc. • We use every to show how often something happens.
I won't be ready till after dinner. He works every Saturday.
• We use every but not each with words and expressions such as
Exception: almost, nearly, practically , and without exception . I can identify
except (for), apart from etc. I've done all the housework except For the almost every flower.
ironing.
Relatives:
Rules for Pun ctuati o n
who, whom, whose, which, what, that. That's the boy whose motorbike
is parked outside. Capital Letters
A cap ital letter is used:
Listing points/ events
• to begin a sentence. There is my dog.
To begin: ini tially, first, at firs t, fi rstly, to start/beg in w ith , fi rst of • for d ays of the week, months and public hol idays.
all etc. Firstly, I'll have lo get my homework done. Friday, March, New Year
To continue: second ly, alter th is/that, second, afterwords, then, • for names of people and places. My friend's name is Debra and
next etc. Next she put on her iewellery she's from Sydney, Australia.
To conclude : finally, lastly, in the end, at last, eve ntually, etc. In the • Mr and Mrs Riley; Dr Jones; Professor Georgiou;
for people's titles.
end, we went straight home. etc
Summarising: in concl usion, to sum up, on the whole, all in al l, • for nationalities and languages. They are Dutch. He's fluent in
altogether, in short etc . To sum up, if took me a while Greek and German.
lo learn lo rollerblade, but now it's easy.
Nole : The personal pronoun I is always a capital letter. Tony and I
are going out tonight.
Both / Neither - All / None - Either
Full Stop( .)
• Both refers to two people, things or groups. It has a positive
meaning and is followe d by a pl ural verb. Both students used lo go A ful l stop is used to end a sentence that is not a question or an
to Chelsea College. excl a mation. We're having a wonderful lime. We wish you were here.
• Neither refers to two people , things or groups and has a negative
meaning . It is followed by a si ngular cou ntable noun. However the Comma LI
Neither of+ plural noun phrase structure can be fo ll owed by either A comma is used:
a singular or plural verb in the affirmative. Neither beach had the
type of sand that I was looking for. Neither of them has been to • to separate words in a list. I need crisps, soft drinks and tomatoes.
Disneyland be fore. • to separate a non-identifying relative clause (i .e a clause giving
• All refers to more than two people , things or groups. It has a extra information w hich is not essential to the meaning of the main
positive meaning and is followed by a plural verb. All of the flats clause) from the main cla use.
have gardens and parking. James, who is a doctor, lives in Canada.
• Both/All can go (a) after the verb to be or (b) alter an aux iliary • a fter ce rta in li nking words/phrases (e .g. in addition to this,
verb but before the main verb. They are both/ all excited. They moreover, for example, however, in conclusion, etc). However, she
have a/I/both been looking forward to the party. is thinking of going lo University overseas.
• Whole is used with singular countable nouns. We use a/the/ • when ii-clauses begin sentences. If you have any questions, please
this/my etc+ whole+ noun . Whole is not used with uncountable ask at reception.
nouns. She ate the whole packet of biscuits. She ate all of the Note: No co mma is used however, when the if-clause follows
biscuits. She spent all of her money. NOT: ~Re orie~t t/ie nJ.e/.e ef the main clause.
Re• M a l'i e}. • to separate questi on tags from the rest of the sentence.
All + day/morning/week/year etc = the whole + day/ Daryl is your brother, isn't he?
morning/week/year etc. She's been out looking for work all day/ the
whole day. Question Mark (?)
• None of refers to two or more people , groups or things and ha s a A question mark is used lo end a direct question . Where is Joseph?
negative meaning. It is used w ith nouns or ob ject pronouns and is
followed by either a sin gular or a plural verb. None of the stores Exclamation Mark(!)
ore open .
• Either refers to two people, things or groups and is followed by a An exclamation mark is used to end an exclamatory sentence, i.e. a
singular countable noun. However the Either of + plural noun phrase sen tence showing a d miration, surpri se, joy, anger, etc. That's incredible!
structure can be followed by either a singular or plural verb. Either He caught the biggest fish!
movie is fine. Either of the movies are fine.
We can use not ... either (of) instead of neither (of) Either can
also be used at the end of a nega tive sen tence. "We've never
been to a tropical island. ' '/ haven't been, either. '
173
Grammar Reference
Brackets are used to separate extra information from the rest of the
sentence . The most popular magazines {i e. National Geographic,
Focus, Time, etc) can be found almost anywhere in the world
Irregular Verbs
Infinitive Post Post Participle Infinitive Post Post Participle Infinitive Post Post Participle
174
American English-British English Guide
American English British English American English British English American English British English
A K Gramma r
account bill/ account kerosene paraffin
band aid sticking plaster She just went out./ She has just gone
airplane aeroplane She has just gone out .
antenna aerial out.
lawyer/ attorney soli citor
anyplace, anywhere anywhere lost and found lost property
apartment flat Hello, is th is Ann? Hello, is tha t Ann?
area code dialling code (phone) M
Do )!'OU have a Have )!'OU got a
mail post car?
B car? /Have )!'OU got
mailman postman a car?
bathrobe dressing gown make a reservat ion book
bathtub bath motorcycle motorbike
bill banknote movie film
billion;thousand billion;million million movie house cinema
million Spelling
broil grill N aluminum aluminium
bureau chest of drawers news stand newsagent analyze analyse
busy engaged (phone)
center centre
0 check cheque
c office (doctor's) surgery color colour
cab taxi one-way (ticket) single (ticket) defense defence
call/phone ring up/ phone
honor honour
can tin
jewelry jewellery
candy sweets p labor labour
candy store sweet shop
pants, trousers trousers proctice(n ,v) practice(n)
check bill (restaurant)
pantyhose/ nylons tights practise(v)
closet cupboard
parka anorak rea lize realise
closet (hang ing clothes) wardrobe
parking lot car park theater theatre
connect (telephone) put through
pass (vehicle, etc) overtake/ pass tire tyre
cookie biscuit
pavement road surface trave(l)ler traveller
corn sweetcorn, maize
pedestrian crossing zebra crossing
crazy mad
(potato) chips crisps
public school state school
D
purse handbag
davenport/ sofa sofa
pocketbook purse Express ions with prepo sitions and particles
delivery truck van
desk clerk receptionist
R
downtown centre (city /business) d ifferent from /tha n different from/to
railroad railway
drapes curtains live on X street live iD X street
rest room toilet
dresser chest of drawers
return (ticket)
on a team iD a team
round trip (ticket)
druggist chemist
drugstore/ pharmacy chemist's (shop)
dungarees jeans/ overalls
s
semi-detached sack lunch packed lunch
duplex
sales clerk shop assistant
schedule ti metable
Scotch tape Sellotape
eggplant aubergine
shorts (underwear) pants
elevator lift
sidewalk pavement
eraser rubber, eraser
stand in line queue
store, shop shop
subway underground
fall autumn
faucet tap T
first floor ground floor
truck lorry, van
flashlight torch
two weeks fortnight
flat (tire) flat tyre, puncture
freeway/highway motorway
french fries chips
v
vacation holiday(s)
front desk (hotel) reception
vacuum (v) hoover
vacuum cleaner hoover
G
vest waistcoat
garbage/trash rubbish
garbage can
gas
dustbin/bin
petrol
w
with or without (milk/ black or white
gas station petrol station
cream in coffee)
grade class
y
yard garden
intermission interval
intersection crossroads
z
(pronounced "zee ") (pronounced "zed")
zero nought
janitor caretaker/ porter zip code postcode
jello jelly
jump rope skipping rope
175
Word List
UNIT l industrial era (n) /mdi\strial @ra/ thatch in g (n) /SmtJ11J/ coach (n) /koutf/
initiate (v) /m!fieit/ threshed (ad j) /9rsi_fti cobbled (adj) /kQb 0 1d/
large-scale (adj) /lg;'d3 sk§ I/ innovate (v) i!naveit/ tiled (adj) /tmld/ colonial (adj) /ka louni al/
admit (v) /aadm!tl instruction booklet (n) /Jnstri\k)•n too many cooks spoil the broth come rain or shine (idm)
advisable (adj) /aadvmzab 1/ 0 bQklat/ (idm) compensation (n) /kQmpans§)•n/
alternative (adj) /;i;lt~'nativ/ iron (v) /aia'n/ touch pad (n) /ti\tf pmd/ complimentary (ad j)
annoyed (adj) /a nQ!d/ jacket potato (n) /d3mk1t pat§tou/ trim (v) /tr!m/ /kQmphmsi_ntari/
annual (adj ) /mniual/ keep sb up (phr v) /ktp i\P tyre (n) /taia'/ contract (n) /kQntraakt/
attic (n) /mtik/ lawn (n) /l;i;n/ update (v) /Apd§t/ counsellor (n) /ki!Qnsala'/
average (adj) /mvanq3f leak (v) /ltk/ urgently (adv) /~'Q3°ntli / count (n) /ki!Qnt/
baseme.nt (n) /b§smant/ lightweight (adj) 11mtwe1t/ vacuum (v) /vmkiu:m/ cuisine (n) /kw1ztn/
break down (phr v) /br§ k d!!Qn/ look for (phr v) /IQk fa '/ vary (v) /v~ri / date back to (phr v) /d§t bmk ta/
break in(to) (phr v) /br§ k !n(ta)/ melt (v) /msi_lt/ verandah (n) /va rmnda/ desert (n) /dsi_za'ti
break off /br§k QI/ mop (v) /mQp/ warn (v) /w;i;'n/ deserted (adj) /d1z ~'t1d/
Bronze Age (n) /brQnz § d3/ mow (v) /mou/ wash ing-up (n) /wQ)ITJ /\Pi desk staff (n) /dsi_sk stg;f/
build on (phr v) /b!ld Qn/ network (n) /nsi_tw3:'k/ waterfront (n) /w;i;ta 'frAnti destination (n) /dsi_stm§ f•n/
build up (phr v) /b!ld /\Pi obedi ence class (n) /oubtd ian s wax (v) /wmks/ dip lnl idtpi
built in (adj) /b1lt tn/ kla:s/ weakness (n) /wtknas/ display (n) /d1spl§/
caravan (n) /kmra vaa n/ open fire (n) /o upan fa1a'/ wheat (n) i"wtt/ diverse (adj) /dai v~'s/
centrall y located (phr) operate (v) /Qpareit/ windmill (n) iw!ndm1I/ ecosystem (n) /tk ous1stam/
central heating (n) /ssi_ntral htllTJ/ option (n) /Qpf•n/ wi reless (adj) /wa1a'las/ emergency (n) /1m~'d3 °nsi/
c hain (n) itf§ n/ ordinary (adj) /;i;'dmri/ emperor (n) /si_mpara'/
chat (v) /tfmt/ own (v) /oun/ UNIT 2 enormous (adj) /m;i;'mas/
chimney (n) /tf!mni/ passer-by (n) /pg;sa' ba1/ Excuse me, co uld you help me,
coast (n) /koust/ path In) /pg;9/ a rolling stone gathers no moss please? (phr)
comb (v) /koum/ patio (n) /pmtiou/ (idm) fea ture (v) /fttfa'/
compartment (n) /kampg;'tmant/ plumbing (n ) /pli\mlTJ/ all its branches (phr) first aid certifica te (phr)
com p lain (v) /kampl§n/ project (v) /praQ3si_kt/ altogether (adv) /;i;ltagsi_oa'/ found (v) /f!!Qnd/
consist of (v) /kan s!st av/ puddle (n) /pi\d 9 1/ amusement arcade (n) gather (v) l gmoa'I
constantly (adv) /kQnsta ntli/ racket (n) /rmk1t/ /a mj!fzmant a:'k§d/ goggles (n) /gQg 0 1z/
cottage (n) /kQ!id3/ recognise (v) /rsi_ kagnaiz/ ancient ruins (n) /§nfant rl.[mz/ gourmet (adj) /gi;m'mei/
couch potato (idm) reed (n) /rtd/ And another thingl (phr) guest performer (n) /gsi_st
cour ier (n) /kgria'/ regret (v) /rigrsi_t/ annually (adv) /mniuali/ pa'f;i;'ma'/
craft (n) /krg;ft/ remova l co mpan y (n) /rJITT!fV 9 1 apologise (v) /apQlad3a1z/ g uesthouse In) /gsi_sthaus/
decline (n) /d1klmn/ ki\mpani/ applause (n) /a pl;i;z/ harmony (n) /hg;'mani/
detached (adj) /drtmtft/ rent (v) /rsi_nt/ astounding (adj) /ast!!Qnd11J/ highlights (n) /hmla1ts/
disturb (v) /d 1 st~'b/ request (v) /rikwsi_st/ avai lable (adj) /av§!ab•lf horsemanship (n) /h;i;'smanf1p/
dust (v) /di\stl residential (adj) /rsi_z1dsi_nj•11 B&B /bt and bU humidity (n) /hju:m!dJ!i/
eccentric (n) /1kssi_ntnk/ rodent (n) /roud 0 nti b ackpa cking (n) /bmkpaak11J/ hush (n) /hi\f/
eco-friendly (adj) /tkou-frsi_ndli / roomy (adj) /rl.[mi/ battle (n) /bmt•11 I think that's all I need . (phr)
enquire (v) /mkwa1a '/ running waves (n) /ri\nlTJ w§vz/ board (v) /b;i;'d/ I'd like some information (phr)
estate agent (n) /1st§! § d3ant/ rural (adj) /ri;mral/ botanical (a dj) /batmnik 0 1/ I'd like to make a complaint
family-sized (adj) /tmmrli saizd/ sample (n) /sg;mp•I/ buffet-style (adj) /bi\fei-stfill/ (phr)
fence In) /fsi_ ns/ san d bag (n) /smndbaag/ bustling (adj) /bi\ShTJ/ if you look like your passport
fingerprint system (n) /f!T)ga 'pnnt services (n) /s~'v 1s1z / cabin (n) /kmb m/ photo, you're too ill (phr)
S!Slam/ setting (n) /ssi.tiTJ/ call back (phr v) /k;i;I bmk/ imposing (adj) /impouz1T)/
fitted (adj) /f!lldi skilled (adj) /sk!ld/ call for (phr v) /k;i;I fa'/ in a fog (idm)
fligh t of stairs (ph r) skyscraper (n) /skmskreipa'/ call in (phr v) /k;i;I tn/ inconvenience (n) /mkanvtnias/
flood (n) /fli\d/ spac ious (adj) /s p§ /as/ call o ut o n (phr v) /k;i;I !!Qt an/ landscape (n) /lmndskeip/
forward (v) /f;i;'wa 'd/ spec ta cular (adj) /spektmkiula'/ ca lm/peace before the storm laze (v) /l§z/
full y automated (phr) spiral (n) /spaiaral/ (idm) leap (v) /ltp/
gear (n) /g1il/ straw (n) /str;i;/ car ry out (phr v) /kmri !!Qt/ lifeguard (n) /lmtga:'d/
grain (n) /gr§ n/ structural engineer (n) /str,..,ktfaral car ving In) /kg;'v1T)/ lightning never strikes in the
ground floor (n) /gr!!Qnd fl;i;'/ enQ3m@'/ ca sh bonus (n) /kmj bounas/ same place twice (idm)
grow o ut of (phr v) /g rou !!Qt av/ su burb (n) /si\b3:'b/ cast a cloud over (idm) limestone (n) /lmm stoun/
have in mind (exp) sweep (v) /swtp/ chambermaid (n) /!)§ mba'meid/ lined with (pp) /lmnd w10/
health warning (n) /hsi_ l9 w;i;'rnTJ / take part in (ph r) c harm ing (adj) /tfa:'m1T)/ lukewarm (adj) /11.[kw;i;m/
high-tech (adi) Ihm tsi_ k/ terminal (n) /t~'m m •11 c heck in (phr v) /tfsi_k tn/ make hay while the sun shines
hit the roof (idm) terraced (adj) /tsi_rist/ check out on (phr v) /t)si_k !!QI an/ (idm)
idyllic (adj) /idthk/ thatched (adj) /Smtft/ c horus (n) /k;i;ras / march (v) /mg;'ij/
176
Word List
marvel (v) /mg;'v 0 1/ unspoilt (ad j) /~ns p>1[1t/ disgraceful (adj) /d1 sgr§sfol / public funds (n) /p~bl1 k f~nd z/
medieval (adj) i m!tditv•11 watchtower (n) /wQtjtaoa '/ distress call (n ) /d1 strlts k~I / pursue (v) /pa'Si\f/
memorable (adj) i mltmarab 0 1/ weather the storm (idm) easy-g oing (adj) /tzi goml)/ rat (n) /rret/
mild (adj) i ml!!ld/ W ha t see ms to be th e pro bl em? ee ri e (a d j) /@ri / recover (v) /nk~va'/
mix up (n) /m[ks Ap/ (phr) embark (v) /1mbg;'k/ reform (v) /rif~'m /
natural wonders (n) /n~tJaral What seems to be the trouble? emerge (v) /1m ~'d3/ resume (v) /nz j!,fm/
w~nd a'z/ (p hr) end ure (v) /mdjg£'/ reti re (v) /ntl!!a'/
naval (adj) /n§v•I/ What would you like to know? establish (v) /1St~bllj/ rip off (phr v) /ftp Qf/
on offer (exp) (phr) even tually (adv) iN!tntJuali/ roar (v) /r~'/
on site (exp) windi ng (adj ) iwl!!nd11J/ eyebrows (n) il!!bra oz/ ruined (adj) /r!,fm d/
open air (adj) /oopan 'EE.'/ wonder (n) /w~nd a'/ field (n) /ftld/ rumbling (adj) /r~ m bl 11J /
originally (adv) /a rtd3mali/ filthy (adj) /f[ISi/ sanitation (n) /s~nit§j• n /
originate (v) /artcl3m eit/ UNIT 3 flea (n) !flt/ sanitation practices (n) /s~rn tei J• n
overcharged (adj ) /oova'tjg;' cl3d/ flexible (adj) /fl!tkslb 0 1/ pr~ktl s 1 z/
overlook (v) /oova'lg_k/ acknowledge (v) /reknQl1ci3/ fo rehead (n) /fQnd/ self-assured (adj) /s!tlf aJQ.£'d/
package holiday (n) /p'EE_k1d3 adventurous (adj) /re dv!tntjaras/ free (v) /frt/ servant (n) /s~'v 0 nt/
hQllde!/ against a ll odds (idm) front line (n) /fr~nt ll!!ni set off (phr v) isltt Qf/
participate (v) /pa:'t[sipeit/ appalling (adj) /a p~lllJ/ get engaged (v) /g!tt mg§ d3d/ shake (v) /j§k/
phrase book (n) /fr§ z bok/ appren tice (n) /a prltnt1s/ get stuck (v) /g!tt s t~k / shakily (adj) /J§ k1li/
pillar (n) /p[la'/ arrogant (ad j) /~r agant/ gla nce (v ) /g lg;ns/ sheet of ice (phr)
platform (n) /p l ~tf:J:' m/ assistance (n) /as[stans/ governess (n) /g~v a 'n as/ shiver (v) /Jtva'/
promenade (n) /prQmang;d/ at first sig ht (exp) graceful (ad j) /g r§sfol / show up (phr v) /Joo ~pi
puncture (n) ipMktJa'/ bald (a dj) /b~ld / gra d uation (n) /g r~d3u§J" n i solita ry (adj) /sQlltri/
quaint (adj) /kw§nt/ bandleader (n) /b~ndli:da '/ hailsto nes (n) /h§ lstoonz/ sprain (n) /s pr§ n/
renowned (adj) /rmfilind/ batter (v) /b~t a'/ hea lth care (n) i h!t18kea'/ spy (n) /s pl!!i
restore (v) /r ist~'/ ba ttle (n) /b~t•1 1 howl (v) /haul/ stare (v) /st'EE.'i
return ticket (n) /rit~'n ttkit/ battlements (n) /b ~t•lmant s/ hyg iene (n) i hl!!d3i:n/ stern (adj) /st~'n/
rugged (adj) /r~g 1d/ be appointed (v) /bi apQ1nt1d/ I bet (p hr) stylish (adj) /stl!!llj/
sample (v) /sg;mp•I/ be awarded (v) /bi aw~'d1d/ I can't imagine that (phr) superintendent (n)
scattered (a dj) /sk ~ta'd/ be over the moon (idm) I ca n' t see who yo u mean (p hr) /sbfparmt!tnd ant/
secluded (adj) /slkl!,!;d1d/ be the life of (idm) I'm so rry I couldn't make it to survival rate (n) /sa'vl!!v 0 1 r§t/
shallow (adj) /j~l oo/ birthplace (n) /b~'Spl eis/ the party (phr) tear apart (phr v) /!'EE.' apg;'tl
shoreline (n) /j~'l am/ blow away (phr v) /bl oo aw§/ impulsive (adj) /1mp~l s1 v/ tough (adj) /tM/
shower (n) /Jfilia'/ bonnet (n) /bQrnt/ in p rint (exp) tree house (n) /trt haos/
signal (v) /signal/ brave (a d j) /b r§v/ in the making (exp) tremendous (adj) /trim !tnd as/
sleigh (n) isl§/ bray (v) /br§/ incline (v) /mkll!!ni twilight years (exp)
slope (n) /sloop/ bri ng about (phr v) /brrn ab aot/ influen tial (ad j) /tnflu!tnJ•I/ vain (adj) /v§n/
snow-capped (adj) /snoo k~pt/ bring out (p hr v) /brrn aot/ insensitive (adj) /msltnsit1v/ wealthy (adj) /w!t18i/
sombrero (n) /sombr'i}E.roo/ bring sb ro und (phr v) /bnl) irrespons ible (adj) /[r1SpQnsJb•11 well built (adj) /w!tl b[lt/
some parts of it (phr) raond/ It's a p ity you missed it (phr) Where? I can't see who you
spare (adj) /sp'E£'/ bring up (phr v) /brrn ~pi landowner (n) /l ~ndo o na '/ mean (phr)
stable (n) /st§ b0 1/ campaign (n) /k~mp§n/ lane (n) /l§ n/ wizard (n) /wiza'd/
stand (v) /st~nd/ carry on (phr v) /k~ri Qn/ legend (n) /l!td3°nd/ wound (n) /wu:nd/
street market (n) /strtt mg;'k1t/ carry out (phr v) /k~ri aot/ limited (adj) /ltmit1d/ You certainly can't miss him!
street vendor (n) /strtt V!tnda'/ carry sth off (phr v) /k ~ri Qf/ mean (ad j) /m[ n/ (phr)
stretch (v) /str!ttJ/ catch my breath (exp) military (adj) /mtlitri/ You do surprise me! (phr)
stroll along (v) /strool alQIJ/ cheekbones (n) /tjtkb oo nz/ moan (n) /moo n/
structure (n) /st r~k tja'/ chin (n) /tjm/ mow the lawn (phr) UNIT 4
stunt (n) /st~nt/ cloak (n) /klook/ noble (adj) /noob0 1/
swamp (n) /swQmp/ compassionate (adj) /kamp~J• nat/ open-mi nded (adj) /oo pan acne (n) /~nki/
swirl (v) /sw~'I / composition (n) /kQmpazij•n/ ml!!nd1d/ admin ister (v) /redm[rnsta'/
terrace (n) i tltris/ concerned (adj) /ka n s~'nd/ opposed (adj) /apoozd/ ailment (n) /§lmant/
the wise traveller leaves his confident (adj) /kQnfldant/ optimis tic (adj) /opt1mist1k/ alternative (adj) /:J: lt~'nat1v/
heart at home (idm) convince (v) /kanv[n s/ overnight (adv) /oova'nait/ altogether (adv) /~lt ag!tda'/
tire (v) itl!!a'/ could you point them o ut to me? pace (n) /p§s/ appetite (n) /~p 1t ait/
transform (v) /trren sf~'m/ (p hr) pioneer (n) /pl!!a rn a'/ Are you taking any medicine at
travel (v) /t r~v• I / determination (n) /d it~' mm §!• n / plump (adj) /p l~mp/ the moment? (phr)
travel broadens the mind (idm) devastated (adj) /d!tvasteitid/ pointed (adj) /pQ!ntld/ as right as rain (idm)
trendy (adj) /tr!tdi/ devotion (n) /dNQQ! 0 n/ preoccupied (adj) /priQkjopa1d/ assess (v) /asltsi
177
Word List _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
cavity (n) /k~v1ti/ look the picture of health (idm) barbarous (adj) /bg;baras/ lynx (n) /lrnks/
chest (n) /tf!!_st/ lozenge (n) /IQ.zmQ3/ breakwater (n) /br§ kw:i:ta'' mammal (n) /mre m•I/
ch iropractor (n) /ka1araprrekta'/ membership fee (n) /m!!_mba'f1p ft/ breeding (adj) /brt d11J/ marsh (n) /mg;f/
coal mine (n) /koul ma.mi mineral (n) /mtnaral / c hang e horses in midstream masterpiece (n) /mg;sta'pi:s/
compress (n) /kQmpres/ move away (phr v) /m!fv aw§/ (id m) merchant ship (n) /m;!'tfant ftp/
consul t (v) /kans,'\lt/ na sa l (adj) /n§z 0 1/ claw (n) /kl:>:/ migra to ry (adj) i ml!!gratari/
consume (v) /kansi!fm/ nigh tmare (n) /nl!!tmea'/ co mme rce (n) /kQma:'s/ mimic (v) /mtm1k/
consumption (n) /kans,'\mpf•n/ nose bleed (n) /nouz bli:d/ co nden sation (n) /kQndens§ f•n/ molecule (n) /mQl1kjul/
conventional doctor (n) o ffend (v) /af!!_nd/ co nservation (n) /kQnsa'v§f•n/ mosquito (n) /moskttou/
/kanv!!_nfan•I dQkta'/ opening hours (n) /o uparnl) auaz/ co nve ntion (n) /kan v!!_nf•n/ nervous breakdown (n) /n;!'vas
dentist (n) /d!!_nl1st/ optometri st (n) /optQmatn st/ co nvert (v) /ka nv;!'t/ br§kdaun/
dermatologist (n) /d;!'matQlaQ31st/ or iginate (v) /artQ3meit/ crew (n) /krl!f noxious (adj) /nQkfas/
d onatio n (n) /doun~•n/ postpone (v) /pouspoun/ crocodil e tears (idm) oil spil l (n) /Q!I spill
Early to bed and early to ri se, presc riptio n (n) /pnskqpf•n/ crustacean (n) /kr11 st~• n / oxygen (n) /Qks1Q3an/
makes a man healthy, pressure (n) /prl!.]a'/ deforestation (n) /dtfonst~•n/ parch (v) /pg;'tf/
weal thy and wise. (phr) Preventi o n is better than c ure. delicate (adj) /d!!_l1kat/ passenger (n) /p~smQ3a'/
ease (v) /tz/ (phr) do out o f (phr v) i d!! fill\ av/ phantom (n) /f~ntam/
equip (v) /1kw[p/ psychologist (n) /saikQlaQ31st/ do up (phr v) i d!! /\Pi plumage (n) /pl!fm1Q3/
estimate (v) /!!_st1 meit/ queasy (adj) /kwtzi/ d o with (p hr v) id!! wio/ prawn (n) /prQ;n/
evil spirit (n) itv•1 sp[nt/ rat race (idm) do without (ph r v) i d!! wiofillt/ precipitation (n) /pns1p1t§ f•n/
expiration date (n) /!!_ksp1reif•n reflect (v) /nfl!!_ktl draw back (phr v) /drQ; b~k/ prefer (v) /pnl;!'/
d§t/ rely on (v) /nil!! an/ d raw on (phr v) /drQ; Qn/ ra ind rop (n) /r§ ndrop/
extend (v) /1ksl!!_nd/ remedy (n) /r!!_madi/ draw ou t (phr v) /drQ; fill!/ rare (adj) /r~'/
false hope (n) /fQ;l s hoop/ restore (v) /nstQ;'/ draw up (phr v) /drQ; /\Pi rarity (n) /r~nti /
fee (n) /ft/ runny (adj) /r,'\ni/ dreary (ad j) /drt!!ri/ recharge (v) /rttfg;'Q3/
feel under the weathe r (idm) scratch (n) /sk r~t// drought (n) /d rfillt/ reflect (v) /nfl!!_ktl
first a id training (phr) share (v) if~'/ eager bea ver (idm) refuse (v) /nfil!zi
fitness level (n) /fttrns l!!_v0 1/ soph isticated (adj) /saftst1keilid/ effort (n) /!!_fa't/ remote (adj) /n mout/
flourish (v) /fli\nf/ sprained (adj) /spr§nd/ emission (n) /1m!.f•n/ represent (v) /r!!_pnz!!_nt/
found (v) /ffillnd/ stiff (adj) /sttf/ endangered (adj) /md§nd3a'd/ resemble (v) /nz!!_mb"I/
foundation (n) /faund§f•n/ stock exchange (n) /stQk evaporation (n) /iv~par~•n/ resource (n) /r1sQ;'s/
general practitioner (n) /Q3!!_nral 1kstf§nQ3/ exceed (v) /iksW run out (phr v) lri\n fillt/
prrekt!.fana'/ surgeon (n) /s;!'Q3°n/ exhaust (adj) /1gzQ;st/ scheme (n) /sktm/
get in shape (exp ) swal low (v) /swQlou/ extinctio n (n) /1kstrnkf0 n/ sea l (n) /stl/
Good for yo u. (exp) sym ptom (n) /stmptam/ fate (n) /f§t/ sewage (n) /s!f1Q3/
growth (n) /grou9/ ta c kle (v) /t~k 0 1/ forbidden (adj) /fa'btd 0 n/ shed (n) if!!_d/
guarantee (v) /g~rantV temperature (n) /t!!_mpratfa'/ fund (n) /f,'\n d/ shelter (n) if~lta'/
ha y fever (n) /h§ ftva'/ Th ere's nothing to wo rry about. generate (v) /d3!!_nareit/ shortage (n) i fQ;'t1Q3/
healer (n) /htla'/ (phr) g reenh o use (adj) /g rt nh aus/ sick and tired (phr)
h!'lglth insurance (n) /h!!_19 turn up (phr v ) /t;!'n /\Pi harsh (adj) /hg;'fi solar (adj) /soula'/
mfQ;!rans/ vet (n) /v!!_t/ Have yo u heard of us? (phr) stora ge conta in er (n) /stQ;nQ3
H ealth is better th an weal th via (prep .) /vma/ hydrogen (n) ihl!!drad3°n/ kanl§na'/
(phr) wate r-borne (ad j) /wQ;ta' b:i:'n/ I doubt it. (phr) subscribe (v) /sa bskrl!!bi
highly respected (phr) Wha t seems to be the problem? I' m sick and tired of city life. sunroom (n) /s,'\n ru:m /
hot fluids (n) /hQt fll!1dz/ (phr) (phr) swa mp (n) /swQmp/
hot spring ( n) /hQt spqlJ/ Why don ' t yo u come with me Ignorance is a form of swa n (n) /swQn/
I feel pretty good . (phr) one day? (phr) environmental polluti o n. tapestry (n) /t~p1stri/
I haven't seen you for ages. wo rd of mouth (idm) (phr) tropical (adj) /trQp1k 0 1/
(phr) work wonde rs (phr) imported (adj) /1mpQ;'lid/ vesse l (n) /v~s 0 1/
imitation (n) /tmit~• n/ Yo u look fantastic! (phr) impose (v) /impouz/ voyage (n) /vQ!1Q3/
increasingly (ad v) /mkrts1l)li/ You should try it! (phr) in stall (v) /mstQ;I/ waste (n) /w§st/
indig estion (n) /tnd1Q3!!_stf•n/ It's better to begin in the wetland (n) /w~tlrend/
industrial (adj) /md,'\strial/ UNIT 5 evening than not at all. (phr) What exactly wou ld you like me
inflamed (adj) /mfl§md/ journey (n) /Q3;!' ni/ to do w ith it? (phr)
injection (n) /mQ3!!_kf 0 n/ absorb (v) /abzQ;'b/ let sleeping dog s lie (idm) What's thi s I hear about you
junior cadet (n) /Q3l!nia' kad!!_tl accumulation (n) akjumjul~•n/ let the ca t o ut of the bag (idm) moving to the country? (phr)
keep their head (idm) aerosol (n) /~rasol / like a fi sh out of water (idm) Whatever you save is also
Laugh ter is by definition , amphibian (n) /remftbian/ limited (ad j) /lim1t1d/ earned. (phr)
healthy. (phr) atom (n) /~tam/ lizard (n) /ltza'd/ Would you like to join? (phr)
178
UNIT 6 regulate (v) /r~gjolett/ fall apart (phr v) /f;rl apg/t/ stock (n) /st!!_k/
resignation (n) /r~z1gn§J 0 n / fall behind (phr v) /f;rl b1hmnd/ strap (n) /str~p/
agile (adj) /~cJ3ail/ resu lt (n) /nz[llt/ fa ll into (p hr v) /f;rl !nta/ striking (ad j) /strmk11]/
apologetic (adj) /ap!!_lacJ3~t1k/ run into (phr v) /r[\n mta/ fall over (phr v) /f;rl oova'/ suspect (v) /sasp~kt/
audience (n) /;rdians/ sensor (n) /s~nsa'/ Fancy meeting you here ! (phr) symptom (n) /s[mptam/
ballad (n) /b~l ad/ smooth ly (adv) /s ml[oli/ feel for (phr v) /ftl fa'/ take yo ur hat off to sb (idm)
byte (n) /b!![t/ socket (n) /s!!_k1t/ feel up to (phr v) /ft l i'.\P ta/ tartan (n) /ta:t 0 n/
Can you tell me a little bit about source (n) /s;r's/ fit in (phr v) /ftt [n/ tear (v) it~'/
it? (phr) spanner (n) /sp~na'/ fit like a g love (idm) textile (n) /t~ksta1 I /
Can you te ll me what the asking state-of-the-art (adj) /st§ ! av oi fi tting (n) if!tIIJ/ tight (adj) /tmtl
price is? (phr) g/t/ fl oral (adj) /fl;rral / tu xedo (n) /tAkstdoo/
cellar (n) /s~l a'/ steer (v) /st@.'/ fragrance (n) /fr§grans/ vacancy (n) /v§kan si/
coincidence (n) /koo[ns1dans/ tedious (ad1) /ttdias/ genu ine (adj) icJ3~njum/ vaul ted (adj) /v;rlt1d/
compartment (n) /kampg:'tmant/ terrycloth (adj) /t ~rikl o8/ get stuck (v) /g~t st[lk/ waistcoat (n) /w§stkoot/
cross (v) /kr!!_s/ thermostat (n) /8;i:'mastret/ handle (n) /h~nd 0 1/ We were meant to meet an hour
defuse (v) /dtfi![z/ tilt (v) /1!11/ Have I gone over my limit? (exp) ago (ph r)
dinghy (n) /d11)gi/ to make matters worse (exp) heel (n) /htl/ wonder (v) /w[\nda'/
dodge (v) ld!!.d31 tripod (n) /trmpod/ herbs (n) /h;i:'bz/ workshop (n) /w;i:'k/op/
floppy disc (n) lll!!_pi disk/ uneven (adj) /[\ntv 0 n/ hit below th e belt (idm) You'll never believe it. (phr)
footwork (n) /1Qtw3:'k/ vacate (v) /vetk§t/ How would you like to pay?
function (v) /1[11Jk/ 9 n/ virus (n) /vaiaras/ (phr) UNIT 8
fuse (n) /fju:z/ What a coi ncidence running I could use a second op ini on.
give in (to) (phr v) /Q!V !n ta/ into yo u here! (phr) (exp) accuse (v) /akj![z/
give out (phr v) ig!v i!Qt/ What a nice surprise! (phr) ki It (n) 1k11t1 add iti ve (n) /~d1t1 v/
give up (phr v) /Q!v !'.\Pi leggings (n) /l~g 11)z/ advise (v) /redvmz/
go into (phr v) /goo [nta/ UNIT 7 limit (n) /l[mit/ And to start? (phr)
go off (phr v) /goo !!_fl lining (n) /lmm1J/ Appetite comes with eatin g.
go under (phr v) /goo [Inda'/ accessories (n) /rek§!l.sa nz/ lock (n) /l!!_k/ (phr)
hatch (n) /h ~t// advantage (n) /redvg_:nt1d3/ long-stemmed (adj) i l!?.lJ st~md/ apricot (n) /§pnkot/
hesitation (n) /h~z1t§/ 0 n/ announcement (n) /a ni!Qn smant/ loom (n) /l![m/ A re you ready to o rd er, sir?
high-tech (adj) Ihm t~k/ Any ideas? (phr) lose o ne's shirt (idm) (phr)
I think it's a great idea. (phr) baggy (adj) /b~gi/ myste ry (ad j) /m[stari / aubergine (n) /ooba'3tn/
I'd appreciate that. (phr) bargain hunter (n) /bg:'gm h[lnta'/ Never mind. (exp) banquet (n) /b~l)kw1t/
I'm telephoning about the belted (adj) /b~lt1d/ N o problem whatsoever. (phr) beg (v) /b~g/
advertisement. (phr) blend (v) /b l ~nd/ Oh, how embarrass in g! (phr) benefit (v) /b~mf1t/
I'm terribly sorry. (phr) break (n) /br§k/ overcharge (v) /oova't/g:'d3/ bland (ad j) /b l~nd/
invoice (n) /[nvois/ b uckle (n) /b[1k 9 1/ overwhelm (v) /oova'hw~lm/ blazing (adj) /bl§ZIIJ/
Is there a problem? (phr) budget (n) /bi'.\d3Itl pi nstriped (ad j) /p[nstra1pt/ breath taking (adj) /br~8teik11]/
Is there something I can do? bulletin board (n) ibl!litm b;r'd/ pla id (adj n) /p l§d/ butter up (phr v) /b[lta' !'.\Pi
(phr) burn a hole in one's pocket pleated (ad j) /p ltt1d/ Caesar salad (n) /stza' s~lad/
jammed (adj) /d3~md/ (idm) polka-dot (adj) /p!!_lka d!!_tl campaign (v) /k~mp§n/
lab (n) /l~b/ By credit card, please. (phr) properly (adv) /pr!!_pa'li/ ca tering (adj) /k§tanl)/
lead (n) /l~d/ caretaker (n) /k~rteika'/ prune (v) /p r![n/ cereal (n) /[email protected] /
Necessity is the mother of check (adj) it/~k/ pyramid (n) /p[ram1d/ chatter (n) it/~ta '/
invention. (idm) convenien t (adj) /kanvtniant/ qua lificat io n (n) /kw!!_l1!1k§} 9 n/ chef (n) !/~fl
negotiable (adj) /rngQQ/ab 1/ 9 craftsmanship (n) /krg:ftsman/1p/ query (n) /[email protected] cho lesterol (n) /ka l ~starol/
oblige (v) /ablmd3/ customer (n) /k[lstama '/ receipt (n) /nstt/ clot (v) /kl!!_tl
obstacle (n) /!!_bstak 1/ 9 delivery (n) /di l[va ri/ reference (n) /r~farans/ clove (n) /kloov/
outperform (v) /i!Qtpa'f;r'm/ denim (adj) /d~rnm/ remedy (n) /r~mad i / command (v) /ka mg:nd/
panel (n) /p~n 9 1/ distinct (ad j) /d1st!l)kt/ reserved (adj) /nz;i:'vd/ complex (adj) /k!!_mpleks/
patent (v) /p§l nt/9 domed (adj) /doomd/ sample (v) /sg:mp 9 1/ conventional (adj) /kanv~n/a n °1 /
plain (ad1) /pl§n/ Don't laugh! (ph r) shorten (v) i/;r't 9 n/ convince (v) /kanvms/
portable (adj) /p;r'tab 1/ 9 doubt (n) /di!Qt/ sleeveless (ad j) /sltv las/ coral (n) /k!!_ral/
pressure (n) /pr~/a'/ drop sb a line (exp) source (n) /s;r's/ course (n) /k;r's/
printout (n) /prmtaot/ elderly (adj) /~lda'li/ specia lise (v) /sp~/a l a1z/ courteous (adj) /k;i:'t ias/
process (v) /prooses/ evaluate (v) /1v~ljuett/ stain (n) /st§n/ crab (n) /kr~b/
propeller (n) /prap~la'/ exchange (v) /1kst/§nd3/ sta ll (n) /st;rl/ curry (n) /k[lrii
receipt (n) /nstt/ exotic (adj) /1gz!!_t1k/ step into sb's shoes (idm) dash (n) id~/
record (v) /nk;r'd/ expire (v) /1kspa1a'/ stitching (n) /st!t/11J/ deny (v) /dmm/
179
dessert (n) /d1z~'t/ mod ify (v) /mQd1fai/ to be the apple of sb's eye (idm) flame (n) /fl§ m/
destroy (v) /d1strQ!/ mush room (n) /m[:,jru:m/ under-cooked (adi) /t,nda' kqkt/ flying trapeze (n) /flm11J traptz/
development (n) /d1vsi.lapmant/ mussel (n) /mt,s•I/ undern o uri shed (adi) /t,nda 'nt,n/t/ focus (v) /fooka s/
dilemma (n) /dailsi.ma/ naughty (adil /ng,_ti/ unfamiliar (adi) /t,nfam1l1a'/ football (n) /fqtbo:I/
dill (n) /dtl/ not sb's c up of tea (idm) unique (adi) /ju:nt k/ frustration (n) /fr11str§J•n/
dough (n) /doo/ notice (n) /no ot1s/ virus (n) /vaiaras/ funfair (n) /ft,nfea'/
eat like a horse (idm) nutritionist (n ) /nju:tqJamst/ warn (v) /wg,_'n/ guide (n) /gmd/
establish (v) /lst~bil// obvious (adil /Qbvias/ well-done (adi) /wsi.I dt,n/ gymnast (n) /d31mnmst/
excurs io n (n) /l ksk~'/•n/ omelette (n) /Qmlat/ What's in that? (phr) helmet (n) /hsi.lm1t/
expect (v) /1kspsi.kt1 o rganic (adi) /o:'g~mk/ whisk (n) /hwtsk/ highlight (n) /hmla1t/
experience (n ) /1ksp@rian s/ overhanging (adi) /oova'h ~l)gll) / yam (n) /i~m / hit back (phr v) /h1t b~k/
exquis ite (ad i) /si.kskw1z1t/ parasite (n) /p~rasait/ Yo u are what you eat. (phr) hit it off (phr v) /hit 1t QI/
fami ne (n) /f~mm/ parsley (n) /pg;'sli/ hit on (phr v) /h1t Qn/
feed (n) /ftd/ pick le (n) /p1k 0 1/ UNIT9 hold against (phr v) /hoo ld
fetch (v) /fsi.t// picturesque (adi) /p1kt/arsi.sk/ agsi.nst/
force-feeding (n) /fg,_'s ftd11]/ pinch (n) /p1ntf/ ability (n) /a b1l1ti/ hold back (phr v) /hoold b~k/
frequently (adv) /frtkwantli / poach (v) /pool// abolish (v) /a bQll// hold on (phr v) /hool d Qn/
fry (v ) /frm/ poisonous (adil /pQ!z 0 nas/ accurate (adi) /~kjorat/ ho ld up (phr v) /hoold t,p/
genetica lly (adv) /Q3msi.t1kli/ portion (n) /pg,_'f"n/ achieve (v) /atjtv/ hook (v) /hqk/
get ahead (phr v) /gsi.t ah si.d/ poultry (n) /pooltri/ adrena lin (n) /adrsi.nalm/ horse riding (n) /hg,_'s ra1d11J/
get around (phr v) /gsi.t ar!!Qnd/ prawn (n) /prg,_n/ affair (n) /af~'/ I can't believe I iust did that!
get away from (phr v) /gsi.t awl1!_ preservative (n) /pnz~'vallv/ agi le (adi) /~Q3a1I/ (phr)
fr am/ protein (n) /prooti:n/ appreciate (v) /aprt/ieit/ ideal (n) /a1dtal/
get away with (phr v) /gsi.t awl1!_ refuse (v) /nfj![z/ aq uati cs (n) /akw~t1k s/ I'll do that this afternoon. (phr)
Wlo/ resista nt (adi) /nztstant/ balanced (adi) /b ~l anst/ impressive (adi) /1mprsi.s1v/
get by (phr v) /gsi.t bm/ rind (n) /rmnd/ breeches (n) /brtt/1z/ in comparison with (exp)
get on with (phr v) /gsi.t Qn w10/ roast (v) /roost/ bungee iumping (n) /bt,nQ3i increase (v) /mkrts/
get over (phr v) /gsi.t oova'/ rolling pin (n) /rooill) pm/ Q311mp11J/ indefinitely (adv) /mdsi.fm1tli/
g low (n) Igloo/ rot (v) /rQt/ Ca n I help you? (phr) interlocking (adi) /mta'IQk11J/
g rai n (n) /grl1!_n/ sa mple (v) /sg;mp•I/ ca nteen (n) /karnttn/ It's a bit scary. (phr)
gra te (v) /grl1!_t/ scrambled (adi) /skr~mb"ld/ challenging (adi) lt/~lmQ311J/ Just for the fun of it ! (phr)
gra te r (n) /grl1!_1a'/ seasca pe (n) /stsketp/ championship (n) /t/~mpian/1p/ Just the one day, I think. (phr)
greasy (adil /grtsi/ sec luded (adil /s1kll[d1d/ com petitive (a dil /ka mpsi.t1t1v/ karate (n) /kara:ti/
grill (v) /gq/ shipwrec k (n) l /!prek/ compet itor (n) /kampsi.t1ta'/ kayo king (n) /kmmk11J/
handful (n) /h~ndfol/ sho rtage (n) /fg,_'t1Q3/ compose (v) /kampooz/ leisure (n) /1Sl_3a'/
herb (n) /h~' b/ short-term (adi) /Jg,_'t 13:' m/ consequently (adv) /kQns1kwentli/ life iacket (n) /lmt d3mk1t/
How long do yo u think it will sieve (v) /stv/ Count me in. (exp) magnificent (adj) /mmg n[flsant/
be? (phr) sk inl ess (ad il /skmlas/ countless (adil /k!!Qntl as/ mat (n) /m~t/
I can't possibly eat it li ke this. smoked sa lm o n (n ) /smookt course (n) /kg,_s/ morale (n) /marg;I/
(ph r) s~man / cu rling (n) /k~'ill)/ motto (n) /mQtoo/
I' ll b ring you o ne right away. so re (adi) /sg,_'/ cu rriculum (n) /kaqkjolam/ nerve-racking (adi) /n~'v rmk11J/
(phr) sour (adi ) /saoa'/ daring (adil /d~nlJ/ Never mind (exp)
immune system (n) /1mjl[n s1stam/ spicy (adi) /s pmsi/ deafening (adil /dsi.faml) / officially (adv) /at!]•li/
in creas ingly (adv) /mkrts1l) li/ sp lit (v) /sp l[t/ demanding (adil /d1mg;nd11J/ o n solid grou nd (phr)
individual (n) /tnd1vtQ3u•11 squ id (n) /skwtd/ demolition (n ) /dsi.mal!J•n/ opponent (n) /apoonant/
inform (v) /mfg,_'m/ stale (adi) /stl1!_1/ deserted (adi) /d1z ~'t1d/ pitch (n) /p1tf/
ingredient (n) /mgrt diant/ starter (n) /stg;'ta'/ disabled (adj) /d1s§ b"ld/ poolside (n) /pl[lsaid/
inten ti o nal ly (adv) /mtsi.n/an"li/ starvation (n) /stg;'v§J•n/ discoun t (n) /d1skaont/ postpone (v) /poospo on/
interfere (v) /mta'fla'/ stea m (v) /sttm/ Do I need to take any ID with precaution (n) /pnkg,_J•n/
irritati ng (adi) /tnletlil)/ stir-fried (adi) /st~' !raid/ me? (phr) propose (v) /prapooz/
iacket potato (n) /Q3~k1t pat§ too/ sugar-ca ne (n) l/qga' kem/ dwelling (n) /dwsi.lllJ/ puncture (n) /pt,l]kt/a'/
knob (n ) /nQb/ taro-root (n) /tg;roo rl[t/ educator (n) /si.Q3okeita'/ purity (n) /pjQ2.nti/
ledge (n) /lsi.Q3/ taste less (adi) /tl1!_stlas/ exhausti ng (adil /lgzg,_st11J/ range (n) /r§n<13'
lentil (n) /lsi.nt1I/ ta sty (adi) /t§sti/ extravaganza (n) /lkstr~vag~nza/ referee (n) /rsi.fart/
litre (n) /Itta'/ teaspoon (n) /ttspu:n/ fa c ility (n) /fas1ilti/ removal (n) /nml[v 0 1/
lump (n) /lt,mp/ texture (n) /tsi.kst/a'/ fairly (adv) /f~'li/ represent (v) /rsi.pnzsi.nt/
lu xurious (adil /l11g3Q2.rias/ thread (v) /Srsi.d/ fe ncing (n ) /fsi.ns11) / risky (adi) /!]ski/
margarine (n) /mg;'Q3artn/ threaten (v) /Srsi.t•n/ fin al (n) llmn°1! signal (v) /signal/
mineral water (n) /m1naral wo:ta'/ tin ope ner (n) /t1n oopana'/ fis hing (n) /f!J11J/ sk ilful (ad i) /s k1lfol/
180
. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Word List
skydiving (n) /sk!l)da1v11)/ apply (v) /apl!lJ/ eyewitness (n) /ruw 1tnas/ reliable (adj) /nlruab 0 1/
slope (n) /sloop/ arrant (adj) /~rant/ foyer (n) /f::y,a'/ rubble (n) ir6b 0 1/
snowboarding (n) /snoobo:'d11J/ attend (v) /at,,nd/ frequency (n) /frtkwansi/ screen (v) /skrtn/
Sounds like my kind of thing. bankrupt (adj) /b~l)krApt/ headline (n) /h,,dlam/ seminar (n) /s,,mma:'/
(exp) be bound to (phr) hear sth on the grapevine (idm) shadow (n) i/~doo/
special effects (n) /sp,,/ 0 1 1f,,kts/ blackmail (v) /bl~kmeil/ heel (n) /htl/ shoot up (phr v) //!,!;! /'.\Pi
spectacle (n) /sp,,ktak 0 1/ broaden (v) /brQ;d 0 n/ inform (v) /infQ;'m/ short wave (n) i/Q;'t w§v/
squash (n) /skwQ// broadsheet (n) /brQ;d/i:t/ judge (n) ict56d.3i social c lass (n) /sou/ 0 1 klg;s/
stadium (n) /st§d iam/ buttercup (n) ib61a'kAp/ keep sb/ sth away from sb/ sth Some kind of explosion
stage (v) /st<;!!d3/ Can you tell us what you saw? (phr v) /ktp awfil_fram/ perhaps? (phr)
stress (v) /str,,s/ (phr) keep up with sb/ sth (phr v) /ktp stick (v) /st!ki
supple (adj) /si'.\p 0 1/ casual (adj) /k~ua l / 1'.\P w1a/ strike (n) /strruk/
talent (n) /t~la nt/ category (n) /k~t1gri/ knock sb out (phr v) /nQk fil!t/ subscriber (n) /sabskrruba'/
That's line. (phr) catwalk (n) /k~two:k/ knock sth down (phr v) /nQk supermodel (n) /s!,!;pa'mod 0 1/
thrill (n) /6r!I/ choreography (n) /kQriQgrnfi/ dfil!n/ survivor (n) /sa'vruva'/
train (v) /trmn/ circulation (n) /s~'kjulm/9ni look alter sb (phr v) /IQk g;fta'/ tabloid (n) /t~b l 01d/
tribute (n) /tqbju:t/ contributor (n) /kantqbjuta'/ look into sth (phr v) /IQk !nta/ The advertisment is the most
viewpoint (n) /vj!,!;p01nt/ convert (v) /kanv~'t/ manageria l (adj) /m~rnd3!£n 9 1/ truthful part of a newspaper.
weightlifting (n) /w§tl 1ft11J/ cordon off (phr v) /kQ;'d n Qf/
0
matinee (n) /m~tme1/ (phr)
white water rafting (n) /hwillt coverage (n) /k6vand3/ media (n) /mtdia/ to cut a long story short (exp)
wo:ta' rg;f!ITJ/ coward (n) /kfil!a'd/ no news is good news (phr) train in g (n) /tr§rnl)/
windsurfing (n) /wmds3:'f11J/ crawl (v) /krQ;I/ Nobody likes the man who transistor (n) /trrenz1sta'/
workforce (n) /w~'kfo:'s/ creche (n) /kr,,// brings bad news. (phr) tuberculosis (n) /tju:b~'kjul ous1s/
yacht (n) /jQt/ debris (n) /dmbri/ notion (n) /nQQj 0 n/ tune (v) /tjl,!;n/
You're unbelieveablel (phr) debt (n) /d"t/ Oh my goodness ! (exp) underwriter (n) i6nda'ra1ta'/
destination (n) /d,,stmm/ 0 n/ Oh nol I don't believe it! (phr) watch the world go by (phr)
UNIT 10 dew (n) /dj!,!;/ orientated (adj) /Q;ria nte1t1d/ waterproof (adj) /wQ;ta'pru:f/
disaster (n) /d1zg;sta'/ overseas (adj) /ouva'stz What for? (ph r)
acknowledgment (n) documentary (n) /dQkjam,,ntri/ panel (n) /p~n°1/ You can say that again! (exp)
/rek nQl1d3mant/ editorial (n) 1,,d1tQ;n°1/ present (v) /pnz,,nt/ You cheeky thing ! (exp)
advantage of (phr) /re dvg;nt!d3/ engineer (n) 1,,nd3m!£'/ profitable (adj) /prQfltab 0 1/
agony aunt (n) /~gani ant/ expedition (n) 1,,ksp1d1/0 n/ promote (v) /pra maut/
announcer (n) /anfil!nsa'/ explosion (n) /1ksplQQ.3 9 n/ read between the lines (idm)
181
Word Formation
• Forming Nouns and Adjectives 2 Fill in the correct form of the words in
brackets.
from Verbs
After I fini shed the gardening, my shoes were
Some verbs fo rm their nou ns w ith the endings
......... ... ... .......... ..... rn1~1 .
-ion/-ation and their adjectives w ith -ive/-ative.
2 John argued .. ... .. .. .. . .. .. ......... (bitter) w ith his
impress impression impressive
brother yesterday.
in fo rm information informative
3 Ja ne was ....... ......... .. .. .. .. ..... (surprise) when
NB: Nouns go before verbs as subiects or after
she received a bouquet of flowers in her office.
verbs as obiects. Adiecfives normally go before
4 I felt ve ry ....... .. .. ..... .. .. ..... (guilt) about wha t
nouns .
I sa id to Tom.
5 The doctor examined the baby . .. .... .. . .. . .. ... . .
1 Fill in the correct form of the words in (careful) and then prescribed medication for hi s
brackets. cough.
6 Th e children were having a great time sli d ing
Sara h is not a very ....................... ............ ... . . down the ..... ....... .. .. ......... .. .. (snow) slopes .
(act) person. She prefers reading to playing sports. 7 The book you gave me was so ..... ... ... ....... . .
2 Maria is a ve ry .... .. ..... .. . .. . . .... .... .... (attract) (interest) that I cou ldn 't put it down.
girl. She could be a model. 8 ..................... ... . (fortunate), no one was hurt
3 He had no ...... .. .. ................. ... ..... (explain) in the accident .
for the missing files. 9 After the cleaner left, th e house was . ... ... .... .. .
4 She gave a . . .. . .... .. .. .. . .. ........ . ..... (describe) . ... ... ... .......... (spotless) clean.
of the thief to the pol ice. l 0 I co uldn 't see .. .. .. ... .. ... ......... (clear) w ithout
5 I thought the lecture was ve ry . .... ... .. ..... ....... . my glasses.
(inform) .
6 James has no sense of . .... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... . ..... .
(direct). He could get lost in a shopping centre.
7 Thi s book has got an ... .. . . . ... .. .. .. .. . ... .......... . • Forming Adjectives from
(imagine) storyline. Nouns and Verbs
8 Hi s car is his most va luable .... . ...... . ..... . ... . .. .
(possess). Common endings for ad jectives formed from
9 Tina enjoys ................ .. ... ... . ... . ... .. .. (create) nouns and ve rbs are:
pa stimes like pottery and painting. -able enioy - enioyable -ible sense - sensible
10 The chairman of the company is under ..... -al education - educational -ic optimist - optimistic
. ... ... . .... ....... (investigate) for ta x fraud . -ant distance - distant -ical psychology -
-ar circle - circular psychological
-ate temper - temperate -ious ambition - ambitious
• Forming Adjectives from Nouns -ial commerce - commercial -ish self - selfish
-ent differ - different -ous danger - dangerous
and Adverbs from Adjectives
• Some co mmon adjectives end in -y .
dirt - dirty, dust - dusty, etc
3 Fill in the correct form of the words in
brackets.
• Most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to
adjectives. There was a ........ . ........... .. .. .. .. .. (spectacle)
quick - quickly, proper - properly fireworks display at the end of the concert.
• Present parti c iples and past participles can be 2 I enjoy sampling ........... ............ .. ... ... ... .... .
used as adjecti ves. (tradition) dishes whe n I go abroad.
bored - boring 3 We should encourage o ur children to explore
Present parti ciples (-ing) describe what or how their .... ..... ..... .. ...... .... ........... (art) abilities.
so mebody or something is and past 4 Sonia wan ts to be a ... ..... ..... . .... ... .. .. (fame)
participles (-ed) describe how people feel. actress one day.
182
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Word Formation
5 He has made ............ .. ............... . .. (remark) 7 She was so shocked at the news that she was
progress at school this year. .................... .. ..... (speech).
6 You'd better take off your watch before diving 8 Don't be afraid of the dog - he's ....... . ......... .
into the sea, unless you're sure it is water (harm) .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (resist). 9 Unless he works harder, it is ..... .. . . ... .... . ...... .
7 Mr Smith is the most ....... ...................... .. ... . (doubt) that he' ll get promoted this year.
(consider) teacher we've ever had. He's always 10 Thousands of people were left ................. . ... .
there to answer our questions and help us with (home) as a result of the tornado.
our problems.
8 You shouldn't be so .. ........................... ..... . .
(depend) on your parents at the age of thirty. • Forming Adjectives with
9 He spent all of his savings to buy a very Negative Meaning
expensive ................ ... .. .... .. ... (convert) car.
10 The city centre is full of ....................... .. ..... . Negative adjectives are often formed with the
(history) buildings which attract a lot of tourists prefix un- able - unable (not able).
every year.
Other prefixes commonly used to make negative
11 She became very ... .. ................... (suspicion)
forms are: in- (inconsistent); dis- (disused}; mis-
of John when she heard him whispering on the
(mistaken}; anti (antiseptic}; non- (non-stop}; over-
phone late at night .
(overcrowed)
12 His behaviour is really ...... . .......... .. . . . (child),
NB: mis- is generally used in negative forms to
even though he is 25 years old.
mean that something has been done incorrectly or
badly.
183
Word Formation
Many negative adjectives are formed by doubling 4 The ........................ .. (attend) at last week's
the first letter of the word and placing an i before it, meeting was the highest ever recorded.
especially words beginning w ith r, I or m (irreversible 5 A TV appeal was launched after the little girls'
= not reversible, illogical = not logical, immoral =
....................... (disappear).
not moral}. 6 This building looks like a hotel, but it's actually
a private ......... .. ...... ... . (reside) .
Root words beginning w ith p usually form
7 Her last employer gave her such a good .
negatives w ith the prefix im (impatient = not
.... .................. (refer), I don't think she will
patient, imperfect = not perfect}.
ha ve a problem getting another job .
8 I haven 't got a .... .. ........ (prefer); you choose.
6 Fill in the correct form of the words in
brackets.
184
- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Word Formation
9 Use the words in capitals to form a word that fits on the space in the same line.
FAVOUR
COMMERCE
Potato
computer games. Th ey need 5J .... ....... ....... . to get
up off the sofa and do some exercise. Parents sho uld
.. do different 6J .. ............... .... w ith their children and
ENCOURAGE
ACTIVE
Kids
',show them that exercise can be 7J .. .. ..... .... ...... . ENJOY
Th ey shou ld set goa ls for their children, such as cycl ing
a ce rtain 8J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in a set tim e, and make DISTANT
sma ll changes to their '9),... .. ... .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . routine DAY
such as wa lking instead of taking the car or bus. The~
shou ld also try to set a good example; they ca n't expect
the ir kid s to change th eir 1OJ ..... ........ ...... . .... if they BEHAVE
wo n't make changes th emselves.
w
Feng Iii Feng Shui (pronounced 'phung schway'J OJ actually
means "wind water' and is part of an ancient Chinese
philosophy of nature. It is a way of understanding the
1J ............................. between nature and ourselves so that
ACTUAL
RELATION
we might live 2J ....................... within our environment. It PEACE
follows the idea that our lives are deeply affected,
not only by our physical environment, but also by our
3J ........................... surroundings. For example, if we EMOTION
surround ourselves with noise and 4J ...................... , we will UGLY
be 5J .................... , but if we surround ourselves with MISERY
6J ......................... objects and colours, we will enrich our BEAUTY
lives and our environment. Making Feng Shui work
7J ................... in your own home involves controlling the SUCCESS
BJ .......................... in which positive energy ('chi") and DIRECT
negative energy ["sha"J flow. This can cause you
SJ ....................... , as filling your home with positive energy DIFFICULT
could involve a change of 10J .................... , or even DECORATE
serious building work if it turns out that your
doorways and windows are in the wrong positions.
185
Word Formation
~
'The()pen If you are looking for a flexible way to study, or a way
to learn a new skill while still earning a 0) living, then the
Open University may be the perfect 1) .. ... ...... .... ... .. ... .. .
LIVE
SOLVE
get 4) ... .. ... ... ...... ..... on the availability of the subjects. INFORM
The main study area is Europe, but Open University
courses are 5) ...... ..... ....... .... .. to students all around AVAIL
the world. An Open University degree is a
6) ....... ... ..... .. .. ........ asset and meets with the VALUE
7) .. ... . ... . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. of thousands of employers APPROVE
all over Britain. In fact , many companies are
more than happy to sponsor their
8) . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . ... to study for an Open EMPLOY
University 9) . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . It is a great QUALIFY
way to improve your 10) .......... .. ... ...... .. . EDUCATE
without putting your career on hold.
186
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Word Formation
187
Word Formation
People all over the world have discovered the 0) pleasure PLEASE
of owning gold. It is a 1) ...................... . mineral and, of BEAUTY
course, an extremely valuable one. An 2) ....................... fact INTEREST
about gold is that it is also almost 3) ....................... to POSSIBLE
destroy. In fact, it is so strong, that the amount of gold
which exists today is equal to all the gold which has been
mined. It has 4) ........................... been used over and over
again throughout the centuries. Gold makes great
5) ....................... , as it does not lose its shine. There are
several minerals named "Fool's Gold", because only a
6) ....................... person would believe that they are gold!
To tell the 7) ....................... , it is easy to see
8) ........................... , gold-coloured flakes in a piece of rock
and think that you have struck it rich. Real, 9) ..................... . NATURE
gold specimens, on the other hand, can be a
10) ....................... investment, as the value of gold never PROFIT
seems to decrease.
Pet Perks
Recent research has shown that having a pet can
0) strengthen children's immune systems, and make them STRENGTH
less I) ....................... to have days off school with LIKE
2) ....................... than those without animals in the home. ILL
Researchers discovered that children of families who were
cat or dog 3) ....................... had more health problems, but OWN
as they grew older, their immune systems were given a
boost. These children attended an 4) ............................ . AMAZE
average of nine days more school than children who didn't
have pets. These 5) ............................. seem to support the FIND
"dirty hypothesis". This theory suggests that being too clean
in early childhood can 6) ....................... the immune system. WEAK
However, despite contributing to better school
7) ........................... , pets can also put children's health at ATTEND
risk. One of the most 8) ....................... problems is DANGER
roundworm, which infects dogs and can cause stomach ache
and even eye damage in children. Even so, three out of ten
children questjoned answered that they 9) ................... share HAPPY
food with their pets, and a I 0) ....................... 21 % let their SHOCK
pets lick their fingers!
188
i:---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Word Formation
w •-------------------~
The polar bear is a magnificent animal measuring
around 1.6 m in 0) height and with an average HIGH
I) ....................... of 2.5 m from nose to tail. Adult LONG
males weigh between 300-800 kg but females are
2) ....................................... smaller, weighing 150-300 CONSIDERABLE
.kg and measuring 1.8 - 2 m in length. Their fur is
3) ......................... white, but it can appear yellowish, GENERAL
or even brown or grey. Polar bears are solitary
creatures, with the 4) ....................... of mothers who EXCEPT
are nursing their cubs. The bears may also come
into 5) ................... ... . with one another over food. COMPETE
However, in 6) ....................... where bears meet SITUATE
each other, the smaller bear will 7) ...................... . USUAL
run away. A female bear with cubs, on the other
hand, will charge much larger males, as she is
8) ...... ...... .. ..... .... of her young or the food they are PROTECT
eating. Polar bears are thought to be
9) .. ........ ............. to humans, although humans and DANGER
bears 10) ....................... come into contact as the RARE
human population in areas where the bears live is
very low.
189
Word Formation
190
W e all li ke to get aw ay, but sometimes go ing
abroad can be very 0) expensive . However, th ere are EXPENSE
ways to cut costs and still have an 1) ... ..... .. ..... .. . ENJOY
holiday. First of a ll , you can avo id paying tra vel agents '
fees a nd book yo ur hol iday yourself. There are
2) .... .. ... ...... ... bargain s to be found o n the Intern et,
from cheap 3) ......... ......... to great hotel deal s, as
recent pri ce w ars are makin g co mpa nies mo re and
WONDER
FLY Bargain
more 4) ......... ...... ...... ... . . Also, some co lleges a nd
unive rsities offer cheap roo ms to 5) ..... ..... .. ....... .
during the holidays. C heck o ut schools in the area yo u
ACCOMMODATE
plan to visi t a nd save a fo rtune o n 6) ........ .. ..... .. ..... .
COMPETE
TRAVEL
Breaks
Staying in Youth Hostels is an 7) ..... ......... .... . o pti o n. ALTERNATE
O f cou rse , these are hardly 8) .... .... ..... .. .... ., but th ey LUXURY
are certainly kinder to yo ur w allet th a n the average
hotel. Th ose w ho love the great o utdoors ca n alw ays
take a te nt a nd sleep under the stars . Remember,
however, it is a lways 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to book a
cam psite , as in many co untries, it is 10) ... ....... ....... . .
to ca mp in publi c places such as beaches a nd parks.
EQUIP
TASTE
juicy, tender and grilled to 4) ...... .. .. ............. In PERFECT
reality, however, we always seem to end up
putting out fires, dropping the meat through the
grill onto the coals, and 5) .......... .. ........ . , serving EVENTUAL
meat which is burnt black on the outside and pink
and 6) .... ...... ... .. ...... ... . on the inside. The only COOKED
thing that can equal our 7) . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . at EMBARRASS
serving such terrible food is the worry that we may
be poisoning our family and friends. Yet, despite
the same 8) ....... ..... ....... ... year after year, we FAIL
dust off the barbecue every summer, full of
9) .. ..... ............... . that this year, we will master the CONFIDENT
flames and cook a 10) ... .. .............. meal on the SUCCESS
barbecue.
191
Word Formation
Complete the missing words .
192
ISBN-13: 978-1-84558-996-7
ISBN-10: 1-84558-996-3
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9 781845 589967