Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bobos in Paradise: The New Upper Class and How They Got There
Bobos in Paradise: The New Upper Class and How They Got There
Try to imagine this item from the a dig for the bones of Pleistocene man.
wedding page in 1958 in a newspaper They fall in love on educational vaca-
today: “She is descended from Richard tions in Myanmar or Minsk. But then
Warren, who came to Brookhaven in there is always a troubled moment
1664. Her husband, a descendant of Dr. when they broke up and one of them
Benjamin Treadwell, who settled in went off to arrange the largest merger
Old Westbury in 1767, is an alumnus of in Wall Street history and the other
Gunnery School and a senior at Col- settled for a career in neurosurgery
gate University.” after dropping out of sommelier school.
We no longer talk that way. Today’s When they get back together, it’s in a
New York Times wedding page is a great summer house in a place like Martha’s
clash of résumés. Its devotees call it the Vineyard, surrounded by people with
mergers and acquisitions page: Harvard cheekbones similar to their own, and
marries Yale, Fulbright marries Rhodes, they decide ultimately to share an
Salomon Brothers marries Skadden apartment.
Arps, magna cum laude marries magna The Times doesn’t yet have a forni-
cum laude. You never see a magna cum cation page, so we don’t know what
laude marrying a summa cum laude: their sex life is like, but you can imag-
the tensions in such a marriage would ine what it would be: Jane Doe, Prince-
be too great. ton ’89, Harvard M.B.A. ’93, is now
In the Vows column, they describe sleeping with John Smith, Stanford
one wedding in great detail. The mes- ’87, Berkeley ’92.
sage of this column is always the same: What you see on this page is what
these people may work eighty hours a the new elite looks like: vineyard-tour-
week and pull in $2 million a year, but ing doctors, novel-writing lawyers,
they are not consumed by ambition. tenured gardening buffs, and the
They’re free spirits upon whom success unusually literary real estate agents
just happened to fall. who are upscale America. I spent a few
The wacky wrinkle of each wedding years with these people—going to
ceremony is described in loving detail. Aspen; to Bozeman, Montana; to
A couple may have hired the rock band Marin County, California; to East
Devo to play the Jeopardy! theme song Hampton, New York—because that’s
as they walked up the aisle. A bride the kind of reporter I am: I don’t care
may have taken her bridesmaids to get how long I have to spend in Aspen, I’m
drunk at a Russian bathhouse. A groom going to get the story.
may come up with a snowboard with
his favorite Schiller quotation on it. The Bourgeois Risorgimento
The column will describe the histo- One of the most striking character-
ry of the relationship of the two résumé istics of the new elite is that they’ve
gods. They always seem to have met smashed the old categories. Through
while recovering from marathons or on most of the past 150 years, you could
tell the bourgeoisie from the bohemi- rialistic. The bourgeois liked polite-
ans. The bourgeoisie were the square, ness; the bohemian liked incivility.
practical ones. They worked in corpo- The bourgeois was career-oriented, so
rations, lived in suburbs, went to the bohemian was experience-orient-
church, and had a distinctively bour- ed. The bourgeois pretended to be
geois, Ben Franklin ethos: self-disci- chaste, and the bohemian pretended,
pline, frugality, order, punctuality, at least, to be promiscuous.
moderation, industry, temperance, A hundred years ago, if you read
fidelity, faith. Not grand and heroic, Horatio Alger stories, you were proba-
but good for making money, for suc- bly bourgeois, making money. If you
ceeding in the world. hung around Greenwich Village talk-
The bourgeoisie, the shopkeepers, ing revolution, you were probably
were opposed almost immediately by bohemian. In the 1950s, if you liked
the bohemians, who established them- Ike you were probably bourgeois. If you
selves in Paris in the 1830s with novel- liked the beatniks and Allen Ginsberg,
ists like Flaubert and Stendhal, artist you were probably bohemian.
intellectuals. The intellectuals found Bohemianism turned into a mass
repulsive the merchants and shopkeep- movement in the 1960s with the hip-
ers who had replaced the aristocracy as pies and Woodstock and the counter-
the most important leaders of society. culture. Theodore Roszak described the
Flaubert looked at what he called the hippie assault on the bourgeoisie: “The
stupid grocers and their ilk; he found bourgeoisie is obsessed by greed; its sex
them “plodding and avaricious.” Stend- life is insipid and prudish, its family
hal said hatred of the bourgeoisie was patterns are debased; its slavish confor-
“the beginning of all virtue.” They mities of dress and grooming are
made him “want to weep and vomit at degrading; its mercenary routinization
the same time.” Flaubert actually signed of life is intolerable.”
his letters “Bourgeoisophobus” to show It wasn’t just a quibble. They really
how much he hated these people. had a lot of arguments with it.
Shocking the bourgeoisie became Then something odd happened:
what bohemians did. They wore long conservatives and the bourgeoisie start-
hair, had free sex, liked altered con- ed fighting back. Until the countercul-
sciousness, wore ridiculous clothing, ture became so strong in the 1960s,
and liked pranks. A poet in the 1830s they had just followed the advice on
walked a lobster on a leash—exactly their throw pillows—Living well is the
the hippie sense of humor I saw when I best revenge—and ignored all those
was growing up in Greenwich Village carping artists. They fought back, in
in the 1960s. the 1970s and 1980s, both through
For the next 150 years, there was a religious conservatism, defending tradi-
culture war. The bourgeois was materi- tional family values, and also in an
alistic, so the bohemian was antimate- intellectual sphere. People like Irving
Kristol made a case for the bourgeoisie; named Arthur Finkelstein ran a series
Kristol wrote that bourgeois society is of ads: so-and-so is dangerously liberal,
the most prosaic of all possible soci- scarily liberal; these guys are weird hip-
eties, but it is organized for the comfort pies, so don’t vote for them. For a time
of common men and women. in the 1980s it worked extremely well.
Bourgeois society is not grand and
heroic, but it’s a pretty good context for The Birth of the Bobos
capitalism. It offers foundations like Today, especially in the upscale cul-
family and home and church—a good, ture of the New York Times résumé
decent life. Bourgeois institutions like gods, it is very hard to discern the
the family keep society together. The bourgeois from the bohemian. Bankers
bohemians who talk about freedom and have those teeny-tiny steel-framed
emancipating themselves sometimes glasses—the kind that give you the
just go off into narcissism. The neocon- peripheral vision of a worm, but sud-
servatives pointed out that in spite of denly it’s cooler for bankers to look like
the changes of the nineteenth century, Franz Kafka than like Johnny Carson.
families stayed together. Crime stayed In Wayne, Pennsylvania, where I
down. Society was pretty healthy when went to high school and where The
the bourgeois virtues dominated. Philadelphia Story was set—it’s a very
And then in the 1980s, there was a Republican, conservative town, eighth
bourgeois risorgimento. The yuppies— in the country in the number of social
the young urban professionals—sud- register families—suddenly there are
denly were flourishing, wearing their coffee shops all around. On the takeout
yellow ties, ridiculous suspenders, and cups at Cafe Procopio, it says that the
moussed-back hair. They had a tremen- café is named after a seventeenth-cen-
dous work ethos: if you don’t come in tury Parisian café where artists, rebels,
to work on Saturday, don’t bother com- and intellectuals gathered. Now, in
ing in on Sunday, because you’re not Republican Wayne, there still aren’t a
going to have a job. lot of artists, rebels, and intellectuals,
This culture war made its way into but there are a lot of people who want
the political realm. In 1988, when to drink coffee as if they were, and
George Bush the elder was running that’s not insignificant. In right-wing
against Michael Dukakis, he visited a towns like Wayne and Orange County,
flag factory sixteen days in a row. The California, and in formerly left-wing
Pledge of Allegiance became a big towns like Berkeley and Burlington,
issue. Bush was saying that Dukakis was Vermont, you see the same culture: cof-
a northeastern liberal—they’re not fee shops, gourmet bread stores where
patriotic, they don’t love America, they sell you a spinach feta loaf for
they have countercultural values—and $4.75. The first time I walked into one,
you don’t want to vote for him. It I disgraced myself by asking to have it
worked extraordinarily well. A guy sliced.
And then there are distressed-furni- and bohemian attitudes all mixed up.
ture stores. The yuppies and the bour- Marx taught that cultures always clash,
geoisie liked polished, new-looking that classes conflict, but sometimes
furniture, or very refined antique furni- they just blur together. That’s what has
ture. Now it’s all chipped and nicked— happened to these two formerly oppos-
distressed. I often wonder what the ing cultures. Is this, I asked myself, a
Asian factory workers who make it cultural consequence of the informa-
think. They make this nice new furni- tion age? In this age, ideas and creativ-
ture, then it goes another step down ity are as important to making money
the assembly line, where another set of as financial capital and natural
workers are banging it and distressing resources.
it. What must they think of us? Information age technologies have
And the organic grocery stores: replaced, or at least been added to,
they’ve got basmati rice, vegetarian extraction industries. The people who
dog biscuits, all-natural hair coloring— are thriving can turn emotions and
because if you’re going to artificially ideas into products. They have one
color your hair, you want it to be all- foot in the world of emotions and ideas
natural. They’ve gotten rid of all the and creativity—the bohemian world—
things from the 1960s, from Berkeley, and another foot in the bourgeois
that were of interest to teenagers, like world of the marketplace. That is what
free love and nudity, and kept the has brought these two things together.
things that were of interest to middle- This new elite is doing what elites
aged hypochondriacs, like whole always do. They have replaced the old
grains. It’s hippiedom brought to the Protestant elite and set up new social
suburbs. codes, new rules about manners and
People who used to tell you that morals, a new pecking order, new atti-
consumerism is a soul-destroying sham tudes about what we should do, how we
have kitchens the size of 747 hangars. should be, how we should treat our
You expect to see a “You are here” sign. kids, and how we should spend money.
The refrigerator is over here, the stove is Bourgeois bohemians—Bobos—are
over there, and there’s a big island that very keen on spending money in ways
seats sixteen in the middle. And there that show they don’t care about money
are Agas, Viking ranges, Sub-Zero and material things, that they’ve risen
refrigerators. I was at the Sub-Zero fac- above all that. There’s a section in my
tory in Madison, Wisconsin—holy book titled “The Code of Financial
ground—where they make these big Correctness” on how to spend money
refrigerators; you could fit an in-law to show you don’t care about the vulgar
suite in one side. things in life. There’s an Aristotelian
If you go deeper into religious life distinction between needs and wants.
and intellectual life, pleasure and work, It’s vulgar to spend money on a lux-
as I did in researching my book, you ury; that’s what rich people do. But it’s
find that these people have bourgeois cool to spend money on a need, some-
except that he’s getting paid $65,000 a The argument that bourgeois con-
speech. Companies have de-bureaucra- servatives are losing and 1960s people
tized themselves and made themselves have taken over America was echoed
much more creative and much more by Robert Bork in Slouching Towards
flexible than they were fifty years ago. Gomorrah.
Sociologist Daniel Bell, in The Cul- I find exactly the opposite to be
tural Contradictions of Capitalism, which true.
he wrote in the early 1970s, said we
had a productive, Puritan culture in Bobo Ballast
America that was about hard work and On the surface, a lot of manners are
making money, and a hedonistic, hip- bohemian. People dress casually when
pie culture that was about instant grat- they go to work. But basically, the core
ification. bohemian complaint was about capital-
Bell thought the hippie culture ism, about commerce. The bohemians
would undermine the hardworking cul- thought that making money was soul-
ture, but the exact opposite has taken destroying. Now, the people who seem
place. Now we have workers who con- bohemian think capitalism is great, as
sider themselves artists but work long as you can wear a black T-shirt to
incredibly hard and very creatively, work. They’ve embraced capitalism.
and we have the economy we now Business has never been as prestigious
enjoy. It looks like the bohemians have as it is now in America. It has never
swept over American life and won the had so few mortal enemies. Ben and
culture war. Jerry—very left-wing, up at Burlington,
A lot of conservatives really do Vermont—have accepted capitalism
think that. Irving Kristol is one who and the virtues of the marketplace.
thinks the cultural war is over and the High-tech business magazines like
bohemian counterculturalists won. Wired and Fast Company and Red Her-
George Gilder, another prominent ring look like Jefferson Starship, they
conservative writer, made a similar look sixties. But ultimately they’re busi-
case. Gilder wrote in Commentary mag- ness magazines, and they accept the
azine in 1995: virtues of the business world. Once you
Bohemian values have come to pre- accept the business world, all sorts of
vail over bourgeois virtue in sexual other bourgeois attitudes come to life.
morals and family roles, arts and let- Bohemians were always talking
ters, bureaucracies and universities, about emancipation from conformity.
popular culture and public life. As a They wanted people to throw off the
result, culture and family life are wide- fetters of custom and tradition. Now
ly in chaos, cities seethe with venere-
social critics talk about community,
al plagues, schools and colleges fall to
obscurantism and propaganda, the
civil society, reestablishing order,
courts are a carnival of pettifoggery. preservation.
Bowling Alone, a book by Harvard the bay, the theater, something else.
sociologist Robert Putnam, laments the People are more inclined to look back-
demise of bowling leagues as a sign of ward to the past at something they had
loss of community. No 1950s or 1960s forgotten than to look to an emanci-
intellectual would lament the loss of pated utopian future. These places are
bowling leagues. They would have now conservative in the old-fashioned
thought bowling leagues were reac- sense: they distrust change.
tionary. Now we think bowling leagues Edmund Burke said that the owners
are healthy, because we are ultimately of great property are the “ballast in the
bourgeois. We like community. We like vessel of the commonwealth.” The
civil society. We like people getting Bobos are the ballast in the vessel of
together and observing customs. the commonwealth. They don’t want
This translated throughout our great change; they want to preserve,
political life. Universities are much and they look back. They buy books
stricter than when I went to college in called Simple Abundance, looking back
asserting in loco parentis authority on to some simple, yet still wealthy, past.
drinking, hazing, smoking, sexual con- In political life, the Bobos also are
duct. They take a much stricter role conservative in the old-fashioned
now. sense. They distrust change on the left
Legislators seem to pass, or enter- (like Hillary Clinton’s health care
tain passing, any bill with the word plan) and they distrust change on the
control in it: besides guns, they want to right (like Newt Gingrich’s attempt to
control Internet pornography, tobacco, scale back government). They don’t
violent television, campaign spending. like conflict, and they don’t like vehe-
It’s an effort to clamp down and make mence; they just want to keep things
things a little more stable. rolling along as they are.
Summerhill, a book by A. S. Neill That is a fundamental change from
about a school in Britain where there where we were in the 1980s, when we
were no rules except those set by the had a cultural war, a polarization,
students themselves, sold 2 million between Ronald Reagan and Michael
copies in America in the 1970s. Now Dukakis or Walter Mondale. Now we
nothing is as out of fashion as that idea. have the third way. We have Bill Clin-
Now we have parents asserting tremen- ton, who is liberal on some things, like
dous authority, not letting kids out of condoms in schools, and conservative
their sight. Bicycle sales are suffering as on some things, like school uniforms.
a result. Kids are doing all sorts of He takes a little bit from both, mushes
parentally directed activities. it all together, and forms this third way.
Towns like Burlington and Berkeley We see in both Bill Clinton and Tony
that used to be for emancipation are Blair a reconciliation of left and right,
now all for preservation. Every third and it creates a mushy, anti-ideological
bumper sticker says save something: style of politics.
big refrigerators. Business life, too, is around herself because it’s getting a lit-
excellent. Countercultural values have tle cool. Her dogs, Dylan and Joplin,
made American corporations more are sitting by her side.
flexible and more creative. But other She decides to go down to the farm-
aspects of our lives, like intellectual house and have a cup of coffee because
life, religious life, and political life, are night is coming on. She walks carefully
a little flat and a little too moderate around the trees she has planted and
and stifling for me. I spent four and half the wild grasses she has imported from
years in Belgium, and I came back New England, and she goes up to her
warning of the menace of Belgian cul- porch, where she’s put her wood piles.
tural hegemony, in which everything It’s not wood she actually burns, but
lively is made boring. That’s ultimately she has become a devotee of the wood-
what’s happening now. There are worse pile aesthetic, which is simple and vir-
things in the world than a boring soci- tuous and helps her get in touch with
ety or a boring political life in Wash- her inner self. In the house, the sound
ington, but there is a waning of track to the movie The Horse Whisperer
national energy. That is something I is playing on the sound system. Her
worry about. partner is in the study reading memoirs
by South Asian feminists or working
Death of a Bobo on his ladle collection.
As I was writing my book, I thought She walks into her kitchen, and the
about how Bobos die. Angel of Death is sitting there at the
At the Vatican, there’s a big paint- island. It’s the special Bobo Angel of
ing of the Last Judgment: some people Death, so he’s wearing a North Face
get sent to heaven and some to hell. parka instead of a black robe. And
That seemed so confrontational for the instead of a scythe, he has a Smith &
Bobos. Maybe just a last discussion, Hawken trowel, ergonomically de-
and the recyclers go to a slightly better signed. Apparently he’s been there a
place. while, because he has found one of the
So what does a Bobo death look ceramic mugs she got at the crafts fair
like? How would a University of San in Santa Fe the year before. He asks her
Francisco law professor with a house in about the kitchen renovation, which
Montana die? he’s really interested in. He’s impressed
It’s dusk in August, and she’s up on by the way she has managed to quadru-
her hillside in Montana, looking over ple the size of the kitchen while keep-
the valley with her neighbors. There ing its original character intact. He
are bed and breakfasts all over the likes the warehouse doors she installed
landscape. Some former lawyers are as her cabinet doors, and how they
making chutney over here, and some squeak intentionally for authenticity.
former cardiologists are making pesto Then he says to her, “By the way,
over there. She pulls her fox fiber shirt you’re dead. But there’s going to be no
heaven for you, and no hell. You’ll just Similarly, the Democratic Party
get to stay in this oversized kitchen hasn’t run a true, self-declared liberal
you’ve built for yourself, with your Cal- for president for quite a long time. Peo-
ifornia casual chairs, and every radio ple thought Paul Wellstone would run,
will be tuned to National Public Radio. but he decided not to. Clinton and
You can live here forever.” Gore may be liberal—many of us think
That’s it. She looks out the window they’re quite liberal—but they’re not
and sees him taking her Range Rover self-declared liberals. They talk about
with him off into eternity. That’s the centrism, they talk about free trade.
end for the Bobos. The past eight years have been ter-
rible for the left. Left-wing arguments
really haven’t been heard in the
Following his talk, David Brooks took national debate. Right-wing arguments
questions from the audience. have been heard because conservatives
are more aggressive in promoting them,
Mitch Pearlstein: What does this
but it hasn’t been great since Newt
mean politically and ideologically?
Gingrich fell. This age of prosperity
And what do you take to be some of
and Bobo reconciliation is not good for
the more substantial arguments against
the conservative movement. I’m barely
your thesis?
on speaking terms with people in
David Brooks: So far, there haven’t Washington who used to be my close
been any substantial arguments. Politi- friends because we don’t agree. But a
cally, if you had asked me a year ago sense of a coherent, conservative polit-
who the final two contenders for the ical movement is not something one
Republican nomination would be, I feels the way one did in the Reagan
would have said there would be one years, or even in the Bush elder years.
conservative and one moderate. In the That is the product of the age we’re in,
moderate camp, I would have put Dole, which really has ended the culture war.
McCain, Bush, and maybe Alexander. Conservatives depended on the cul-
In the conservative camp, Quayle, ture war. If you weren’t hating the
Forbes, Buchanan, and Bauer. And it commies, you were hating the sixties.
seemed to me that one conservative Some people—Robert Bork, George
would emerge. I think that would have Gilder, Gertrude Himmelfarb—still do,
been a conventional view, at least in and still think the sixties are danger-
Washington, among my crowd. But it ous. My argument is that the sixties
turned out that no conservatives have been co-opted. They aren’t that
emerged as viable candidates. There dangerous anymore; they’re just a fact
were two moderate conservatives, that happened.
McCain and Bush. That was surprising One other political point is this:
to me, but it’s an example of the fact Who is an anti-Bobo? One main group
that conservatism is weak in an age of is those who are against globalization,
Bobo centrism. like the people I saw getting arrested
reasonable to think that these young god during the day, and at night you’re
people would say Bobos think they can scrubbing the toilet and he’s got a squad
have everything. You can have this of nannies for every kid.
great life and still be great spiritual And then we talk about Paris. He’s
beings, but life ain’t that easy and we’re got an apartment in the Marais district.
going to make the hard choices and I stay in a one-star hotel out in the sub-
live an aesthetic lifestyle. That seems urbs. Nobody feels very sorry for suffer-
to be a natural response to the tremen- ers of this malady, but it’s an effect of
dous spending we see around us. the information age. Intellectuals, jour-
Mitch Pearlstein: Draw a distinc- nalists, media types, professors, and
tion, if you would, between the truly congressmen feel this acutely. They’re
rich folks—those who spend $15,000 for big guys, but they can’t afford anything
a shower—and others who are doing because they have to have two homes
well, but are not at that level you talk on their incomes. Suddenly, they’re
about. Is there tension between those thrown in with bankers whom they
two groups? When you talk about this never would have met in years past
new upper class, it’s not just the folks because there was a sharp distinction
making a couple of million; it’s folks between the world of finance and
who are making real nice salaries but are money and the world of arts and ideas.
having a hard time paying their bills. But in the new economy, all these
things are thrown together.
David Brooks: The cultural gap
between these two groups is no longer Jim Van Houten: You indicated
that great. The Bill Gateses of the world that you thought there was a lot of
dress in worn chinos and don’t want you prestige for people who are successful
to think they’re rich; they want you to in business. But there also seems to be a
think they’re just graduate students. But great willingness, even among the mid-
then there’s the problem for those of us dle class, for lawsuits brought against
who are confronted by their wealth, businesses and basic attacks on business
those of us—this hit me, especially, by very diverse groups. How can you
when I was at the Wall Street Journal — reconcile that?
with high-status, low-income jobs. David Brooks: There is distrust of
I call it status-income disequilibri- some businesses. If you’re in the tobac-
um. You’re off at lunch palling around co industry, and soon the gun industry,
with millionaire Wall Street brokers, you’re in the target. But it’s not accom-
and after lunch one of them says, “I’ve panied by the real hatred of all business
got my car. Can I give you a lift home? that one used to see, on television and
I’m going up to Park Avenue.” You in books. In Babbitt and Death of a
don’t live on Park Avenue; you live over Salesman, businesses were horrible.
in some crappy little apartment. They That was the mainstream; that was
lead one sort of life, and I take the sub- every novel and every TV show. But
way to my other sort of life. So you’re a now, people don’t detest even Bill
Gates, who is thought to be rapacious. casting off old traditions. The eighties
There aren’t a lot of people who say were about economic freedom.
capitalism is a monstrous system. In Now there is a counterreaction.
that sense, the cold war really has The Bobo mission is in many ways to
changed things. restore community authority, to put lit-
There is a still a lot of distrust, and tle brakes on freedom to make life
there are still lawsuits, but the lawsuits more civil and more orderly. One way
are supermillionaire lawyers suing to do that is by imposing health and
supermillionaire businessmen. It’s not a safety regulations, environmental regu-
class conflict, like workers striking lations, nanny-state regulations on
against the rich; it’s extremely rich guys what kids can own, what people can
suing one another. The homes on the own, on guns and things like that.
north shore of Chicago that were built This socialism takes the form not of
in the 1920s look like fortresses; control of the workplace, not control
they’ve got thick walls. You get the of the means of production, the way
sense that the people who built them the old socialists were in opposition,
feared riots and union activity. You but control of zoning. Anti-sprawl leg-
don’t feel that in the culture now. I islation. The new regulations in many
don’t think working-class people or ways preserve the order that affluent
middle-class people feel hostile toward people enjoy. I have mixed emotions
the people who own AOL or the peo- about sprawl, but I don’t see a great
ple at Ford Motor Company, although deal of counterforce against it. So far,
they’re quite willing to sue them if they people who might be bothered by
can make a buck out of them. sprawl legislation don’t seem to rise up
Mike Wigley: We have creeping against it. People who are bothered by
socialism here in Minnesota. How does the Million Mom March for gun con-
your analysis of Bobos play into that, trol— I myself am ambivalent, being a
and what do you suggest to conserva- Bobo—don’t seem to rise up against it.
tives to counteract it? In part, that’s because of the cultural
power of the Bobos. The people who
David Brooks: There are two want sprawl legislation and gun control
opposing impulses. One is the individ- legislation are sitting atop society.
ualistic impulse, but that’s on the They control the media, and that’s an
wane. Creeping socialism, which incredibly dominant force. And so, it
comes not so much as socialism any- seems to me, that sort of regulation is
more but as protection for this and going to continue to spread.
that, is still going to be a dominant
force, for two reasons. One thing that Doug Cody: How do the Internet
the 1960s and the 1980s had in com- and Internet shopping fit into the
mon was individualism and unleashing Bobo philosophy?
individual freedom. The sixties were David Brooks: It’s incredibly indi-
about personal and social freedom, vidualistic shopping. One of the things