Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Air Engine
Air Engine
CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO TITLE
SYNOPSIS
LIST OF FIGURES
NOMENCLATURE
1 Introduction
2 Literature review
3 Description of equipments
3.1 Solenoid Valves
3.2 cam
3.3 Piston
3.4 Compressor
3.5 POT
4 Design and drawing
5 Working Principle
6 Merits and demerits
7 Application
8 List of material
9 Cost Estimation
10 Conclusion
Bibliography
Photography
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Number Title
1 Block Diagram
2 Overall Diagram
NOMENCLATURE
NOMENCLATURE
A = Area of cylinder (m2)
D = Diameter of Piston (m)
F = Force exerted on the piston (N)
H = Height (m)
L = Length (m)
P = Pressure (N/M2)
V = Volume (m3)
SYNOPSIS
SYNOPSIS
The Air Driven Engine is an eco-friendly engine which operates with
compressed air. An Air Driven Engine uses the expansion of compressed air to
drive the pistons of an engine An Air Driven Engine is a pneumatic actuator that
creates useful work by expanding compressed air. There is no mixing of fuel
with air as there is no combustion.
An Air Driven Engine makes use of Compressed Air Technology for its
operation The Compressed Air Technology is quite simple. If we compress
normal air into a cylinder the air would hold some energy within it. This energy
can be utilized for useful purposes. When this compressed air expands, the
energy is released to do work. So this energy in compressed air can also be
utilized to displace a piston.
CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
At first glance the idea of running an engine on air seems to be too good
to be true. Actually, if we can make use of air as an aid for running an engine it
is a fantastic idea. As we all know, air is all around us, it never runs out, it is
non-polluting and it is free. An Air Driven Engine makes use of Compressed
Air Technology for its operation. Compressed Air Technology is now widely
preferred for research by different industries for developing different drives for
different purposes. The Compressed Air Technology is quite simple. If we
compress normal air into a cylinder the air would hold some energy within it.
This energy can be utilized for useful purposes. When this compressed air
expands, the energy is released to do work. So this energy in compressed air can
also be utilized to displace a piston. This is the basic working principle of the
Air Driven Engine. It uses the expansion of compressed air to drive the pistons
of the engine. So an Air Driven Engine is basically a pneumatic actuator that
creates useful work by expanding compressed air. This work provided by the air
is utilized to supply power to the crankshaft of the engine. In the case of an Air
Driven Engine, there is no combustion taking place within the engine. So it is
non-polluting and less dangerous. It requires lighter metal only since it does not
have to withstand elevated temperatures. As there is no combustion taking
place, there is no need for mixing fuel and air. Here compressed air is the fuel
and it is directly fed into the piston cylinder arrangement. It simply expands
inside the cylinder and does useful work on the piston. This work done on the
piston provides sufficient power to the crankshaft
CHAPTER – 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER – 2
2.LITERATURE SURVEY`
A heat engine is a machine, which converts heat energy into mechanical
energy. The combustion of fuel such as coal, petrol, diesel generates heat. This
heat is supplied to a working substance at high temperature. By the expansion of
this substance in suitable machines, heat energy is converted into useful work.
Heat engines can be further divided into
two types:
Cylinder:
Piston:
Piston Rings:
These are made of cast iron on account of their ability to retain bearing
qualities and elasticity indefinitely. The primary function of the piston rings is
to retain compression and at the same time reduce the cylinder wall and piston
wall contact area to a minimum, thus reducing friction losses and excessive
wear. The other important functions of piston rings are the control of the
lubricating oil, cylinder lubrication, and transmission of heat away from the
piston and from the cylinder walls. Piston rings are classed as compression rings
and oil rings depending on their function and location on the piston.
Compression rings are usually plain one-piece rings and are always placed in
the grooves nearest the piston head. Oil rings are grooved or slotted and are
located either in the lowest groove above the piston pin or in a groove near the
piston skirt. Their function is to control the distribution of the lubricating oil to
the cylinder and piston surface in order to prevent unnecessary or excessive oil
consumption ion.
Crankshaft:
This is connected to the piston through the connecting rod and converts
the linear motion of the piston into the rotational motion of the flywheel. The
journals of the crankshaft are supported on main bearings, housed in the
crankcase. Counter-weights and the flywheel bolted to the crankshaft help in the
smooth running of the engine.
Engine Bearings:
The crankshaft and camshaft are supported on anti-friction bearings.
These bearings must be capable of with standing high speed, heavy load and
high temperatures. Normally, cadmium, silver or copper lead is coated on a
steel back to give the above characteristics. For single cylinder
vertical/horizontal engines, the present trend is to use ball bearings in place of
main bearings of the thin shell type.
.
CHAPTER-3
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS
CHAPTER-3
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS
3.1 SOLENOID VALVE:
Commonly known as DCV; this valve is used to control the direction of air flow
in the pneumatic system. The directional valve does this by changing the
This valve was selected for speedy operation and to reduce the manual
effort and also for the modification of the machine into automatic machine by
straight line motion and force. These are also used to operate a mechanical
operation which in turn operates the valve mechanism. Solenoid is one is which
1. Coil
The solenoid coil is made of copper wire. The layers of wire are separated
by insulating layer. The entire solenoid coil is covered with a varnish that is not
affected by solvents, moisture, cutting oil or often fluids. Coils are rated in
sheets, it is magnetized when the current passes through the coil. the magnetized
coils attract the metal plunger to move. The frame has provisions for attaching
the mounting.
They are usually bolted or welded to the frame. The frame has provisions
for receivers, the plunger. The wear strips are mounted to the solenoid frame,
and are made of materials such as metal or impregnated less Fiber cloth.
3. SOLENOID PLUNGER
The solenoid plunger is the mover mechanism of the solenoid. The plunger
is made of steel laminations which are riveted together under high pressure, so
that there will be no movement of the lamination with respect to one another. At
the top of the plunger a pin hole is placed for making a connection to some
device. The solenoid plunger is moved by a magnetic force in one direction and
Solenoid operated valves are usually provided with cover either the solenoid
or the entire valve. This protects the solenoid from dirt and other foreign matter,
proof solenoids.
5/2Valve.the spool of the 5/2 valve slide inside the main bore according to spool
Position-1
When the spool is actuated towards outer direction port ‘P’ gets
Connected to ‘B’ and ‘S’ remains closed while ‘A’gets connected to ‘R’.
Position-2
When the spool is pushed in the inner direction port ‘P’ and ‘A’
Gets connected to each other and ‘B’ to ‘S’ while port ‘R’remains closed.
The control valve is used to control the flow direction is called cut off valve or
solenoid valve. This solenoid cutoff valve is controlled by the electronic control
unit.
In our project separate solenoid valve is used for flow direction of vice
cylinder. It is used to flow the air from compressor to the single acting cylinder.
3.2 CAM:
Cam arrangement
often a part of a rotating wheel (e.g. an eccentric wheel) or shaft (e.g. a cylinder
with an irregular shape) that strikes a lever at one or more points on its circular
path. The cam can be a simple tooth, as is used to deliver pulses of power to a
steam hammer, for example, or an eccentric disc or other shape that produces a
smooth reciprocating (back and forth) motion in the follower, which is a lever
making contact with the cam. The cam can be seen as a device that rotates from
is the camshaft of an automobile, which takes the rotary motion of the engine
and translates it into the reciprocating motion necessary to operate the intake
and exhaust valves of the cylinders. Cams can also be viewed as information-
storing and transmitting devices. Examples are the cam-drums that direct the
notes of a musical box or the movements of a screw machine's various tools and
Cam Profile
Tracer Point
The point at the knife edge of a follower, or the center of a roller, or the
Pitch Curve
The path of the tracer point.
Base Circle
The smallest circle drawn, tangential to the cam profile, with its center on
the axis of the camshaft. The size of the base circle determines the size of
the cam.
Prime Circle
The smallest circle drawn, tangential to the pitch curve, with its center on
Pressure Angle
The angle between the normal to the pitch curve and the direction of
3.3 PISTON:
both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid through a
pipe. As gases are compressible, the compressor also reduces the volume of a
transport liquids.
The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means using
delivered and the volume expressed is that of that of the air at intake conditions
Clean condition of the suction air is one of the factors, which decides the
life of a compressor. Warm and moist suction air will result increased
2. Turbo compressor
Positive displacement compressors are most frequently employed for
Compressed air plant and have proved highly successful and supply air for
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS:
had is sizes from the smallest capacities to deliver more than 500m3/min.In
single stage compressor, the air pressure may be of 6 bar machines discharge of
obtained with high pressure reciprocating compressors that of three & four
stages. Single stage and 1200 stage models are particularly suitable
For applications, with preference going to the two stage design as soon as
performance of single stage machine at lower costs per driving powers in the
range.
1962 and that found that the product of pressure and volumes of particular
quantity of gas.
In this equation the pressure is the absolute pressured which for free is
APPLICATION OF POTENTIOMETERS
MERITS
APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER – 7
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
Compressed air engines were used in trams and shunters, and eventually
found a successful niche in mining locomotives
Transport category airplanes, such as commercial airliners, use
compressed air starters to start the main engines. The air is supplied by
the load compressor of the aircraft's auxiliary power unit, or by ground
equipment.
There is currently some interest in developing air cars. Several engines
have been proposed for these
CHAPTER – 8
LIST OF MATERIALS
CHAPTER – 8
LIST OF MATERIALS
The various factors which determine the choice of material are discussed
below.
1. PROPERTIES
The material selected must possess the necessary properties for the
proposed application. The various requirements to be satisfied can be weight,
surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand environment attack from chemicals,
service life, reliability etc.
a. Physical
b. Mechanical
c. From manufacturing point of view
d. Chemical
Cast ability
Weld ability
Surface properties
Shrinkage
Deep drawing etc.
2. MANUFACTURING CASE
3. QUALITY REQUIRED
4. AVAILABILITY OF MATERIAL
5. SPACE CONSIDERATION
COST ESTIMATION
CHAPTER – 9
COST ESTIMATION
COST
1. LABOUR COST
2. OVERHEAD CHARGES
3. TOTAL COST
=
CHAPTER – 10
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER – 10
CONCLUSION
PHOTOGRAPHY