THE

FIRST JEWISH

BID FOR

WORLD POWER
SPECIAL REPRINT EDITION LIMITED TO 500 COPIES

First printed in 1930

Reprinted in 1976

By The Duke of Northumberland, K.C.

Order From:

SONS OF LIBERTY
Box 214
Metairie, Louisiana 70004
2
 3

FOREWORD.

Recent years have seen a stirring among the dry bones

of history and some attempts to rectify errors and supply omis-
sions. The strange reticence of historians generally as to the
part played by the Jews, especially in the Roman Republic and
Empire, has led inevitably to grave misconceptions. It has
come to be believed that the Jewish people, after their partial
return to J udsea from the second captivity, innocently incurred
the hostility of Rome, which culminated in the destruction of
Jerusalem and their final dispersion. We have been induced to
imagine that they subsequently found themselves in scattered
groups, frequently exposed to unmerited persecution, which de-
mands the sympathy of civilised mankind. This impression,
which is eminently advantageous from the Jewish point of view,
especially at the present time, is absolutely false. The Jews
were spread in large colonies over territories which were or came
under the control of Rome long before the Diaspora, and had
made themselves distinctly formidable politically and otherwise.
The remnant, dispersed from Judrea, doubtless, in great part,
joined existing long-established communities, and their descendants
continue to pursue methods inherited during at least twenty-five
centuries.
An important recent work (1927) of 366 pages, profusely
illustrated, finely printed, published by the Oxford University
Press, and highly commended," aptly illustrates the causes of
these persistent misconceptions. The following are the only
allusions to Jewish activities in the Roman world :-
Pompey satisfied the knights by adding to the Eastern Provinces.
-Judeea and .Jerusalem (p. 133).
This [the strengthening of the Euphrates frontier] policy . . . led
in the reign of Nero to a. long and bloody conflict in J udesa, The conquest
* " A History of the Ancient World. Vol. II. Rome." Translated from
the Russian of M. Rostovtzeff, Hon. D.Litt. (Oxon), and Professor of
.Ancient History at Yale University.
 4

of Judllla was carried out by Vespasian and, after he had been proclaimed
Emperor, by his son Titus (p. 223).
Trajan's further designs in the East were arrested by a rebellion in
Mesopotamia, a rising of the Jews in Syria and Egypt, and also complica-
tions in Africa and Britain (p, 237).
The trade carried on within the [Roman] Empire . . . grew steadily ;
the class of traders grew larger, and the Semites-Syrians, Jews and
Aramreans-became more prominent members of it (p. 302).
When the dispersion of the Jews took place in the Hellenistic Age,
the Jewish communities spread far and wide and were followed, under the
IRoman] Empire, by Christianity (p. 340).
The exchange of commodities [in the later Roman Empire] still went
on. . . . Trade . . . dealt chiefly with articles of luxury imported
from Eastern countries, and naturally fell into the hands of Eastern mer-
chants-Syrians, Levantines, and Jews (p. 354).
This and no more! Who could gather from these bare allusions
that the Jews were able to challenge the might of Rome and
to raise widespread revolts of the most dangerous character?
In the hope of drawing attention to facts, pregnant with
meaning to the Gentile world at the present time, the following
brief synopsis has been written.
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THE FIRST JEWISH BID FOR WORLD

POWER.

The Jewish historian, Flavius Josephus, supplies some interest-

ing information regarding the period just before the great rising
of his race which for a time challenged the might of Rome.
Although Josephus suffered from a characteristic tendency to
boastfulness, his works must be accepted as throwing light on
Jewish activities at this critical period, which have been most
imperfectly presented by historians. The following passage is
specially significant :-
" When I was twenty-six it happened that I went up to
Rome on the occasion which I shall now describe. At the
time when Felix was Procurator [or High Commissioner]
of Judeea, there were certain priests of my acquaintance,
very excellent persons, whom on a small and trifling charge,
he had put in irons and sent to Rome to plead their cause
before Csesar [N ero] . These I was desirous to procure
deliverance for. I arrived at Rome after great peril
by sea. I became intimate with Aliturus, an actor
much beloved by Nero, and a Jew by race, and through his
interest became known to Popptea , Nero's wife, and speedily
effected, through her influence, the liberation of the priests.
And having obtained many presents from Poppea besides this
favour, I returned home [Jerusalem]. And now I perceived
that we were on the eve of revolution, and that many were
elated at the idea of a revolt from the Romans. I
therefore endeavoured to put a stop to these tumultuous per-
sons, and to persuade them to change their minds. I
foresaw that the end of such a war would be most unfortu-
nate for us. But I could not persuade them, for the madness
of desperate men carried the day."·
• The Life of Fln'Vi1ts Josephus, §§ 3 and 4. (Whiston's translation
revised by Shillito.)
 6

Assuming the facts of this simple story to be accurate, they are

peculiarly significant. A young Jew starts for Rome to obtain
the release of his fellow tribesmen, and immediately discovers
another Jew who seems to have been most influential at Nero's
Court. Poppeaa takes him in hand and gives him ,. many
presents." Whether Josephus was acting for the Sanhedrim and,
to facilitate his mission, took a large sum of money with him,
which was shared with the persons who were instrumental in
carrying out his purpose, we are not told. It does not seem pro-
bable that these " very excellent" Jewish "priests" had been
sent to Rome by Felix on " a small and trifling cause," and the
method by which they were released is not unknown in the
present day.
The fierce persecution of Christians by Nero anticipated by
nineteen centuries those of the Bolsheviks; but the Ctesars never
perpetrated any pogroms on the Jews, who were numerous in
many cities of the Empire at this period. It has been held that
the marked immunity enjoyed by the Jews was due to their being
regarded as non-political, and therefore not a danger to the State,
while the Christian sect was accused of the burning of Rome.
It would be exceedingly interesting to discover how these myths
originated in days when the Jews projected and carried out great
rebellions.
Josephus states that, on his return to Palestine, he found the
Jews" on the eve of a revolution," and" elated" at the prospect.
It is most unlikely that he was unaware of the existence of this
far-reaching movement before he started for Rome; but he may
have been surprised by its progress during his absence, and at
this stage the efforts which he claims to have made to calm the
"tumultuous persons." would necessarily be futile
The events described by Josephus must have occurred about
A.D. 65, very shortly before the outbreak of the formidable
Roman-Jewish War ending with the destruction of Jerusalem by
Titus. By a curious coincidence, the first of the great civil wars
which shook the Roman Empire and caused the deaths of four
emperors, immediately followed.
Gibbon thus describes the period during which the Jews made
determined attempts for world power:-
" From the reign of Nero to that of Antoninus Pius, the
Jews discovered a fierce hatred of the dominion of Rome,
which repeatedly broke out in the most furious massacres and
insurrections. Humanity is shocked at the recital of the horrid
cruelties which they committed in the cities of Egypt, of
Cyprus, and Cyrene where they dwelt in treacherous friend-
ship with the unsuspecting natives."
Gibbon quotes Dion Cassius, who stated that 220,000 Greeks were
 '7

massacred by the Jews in Cyrene, 2.40,000 in Cyprus, and" a very

great multitude" in Egypt, and adds some horrible details.
Cassius had a most distinguished career, becoming Roman Pro-
consul of Africa, and Governor successively of Dalmatia and Upper
Pannonia; but only about one-third of his history has descended
t{) us intact. While the authority of Cassius on matters which
occurred in his lifetime can be respected, these dreadful figures
may not bo exact; but it is certain that in these years the Jews
committed wholesale massacres, unparalleled until the Marxian
achievements in Russia some 1,900 years later. The total Bol-
shev.ik figures far exceeded those recorded by Cassius, but were
spread out over several years, and are still mounting.
The idea that the .. Judooans" inhabited Palestine alone is
pure illusion. At the beginning of the Christian era they had
powerful communities widely scattered. The massacres of Greeks
which Gibbon records prove not only that they must have been
numerous, but that they acted on some common plan. The Jewish
historian, Professor H. Graetz ;" gives much valuable information
as to their wide dispersion, and supplies details which Gibbon
omits. The numbers of J'udmans about A.D 50 were .. even
greater" in the Parthian Empire than in Europe, Syria, and
Africa.
" They owned large tracts of country in Mesopotamia and
Babylonia. . . . Just as Naarda and Nisibis became the central
points for the countries of the Euphrates, there arose in every
land a central nucleus from which J udrean colonies spread
themselves . . . from Asia Minor on the one side towards the
Black Sea; on the other, towards Greece and the Islands.
Athens, Corinth, Thessalonica, and Philippi contained Judeasn
communities. There is no doubt that from Rome J udman
colonies went forth westward to the South of France and
Spain." (Vol. II., pp. 203-4.)
The number of Judeeans in Rome itself was so great that the
Emperor Claudius, Nero's predecessor, determined to expel them,
and was .. only deterred through fear." In Egypt there were
"nearly a million. " Cyrenaica contained large numbers. At
Antioch they "formed a considerable proportion of the popula-
tion," and there were 10,000 at Damascus. At the Feast of the
Passover in A.D. 66 there were" nearly three millions" in Jerusa-
lem. These most important facts, usually ignored by historians,
clearly show that when the Jews challenged the Roman power
they were extremely formidable. Professor Graetz even thought.
that "the Daughter of Zion" might have "gained the victory"
* His Hi~tOTY of the Jews was translated by Bella Lowy.
 8

over Rome if "she had waited for a more favourable moment,"

and if there had not been internal dissensions.
According to Graetz, the rising which, as we have pointed
out, Josephus found to be imminent was directed against Florua,
the Roman Procurator, who left Jerusalem with part of the garri-
son. A violent revolutionary outbreak at once followed, the J eWB
having
"already formed an alliance with the princely house of
Adiabene [a buffer State between the Roman and Parthian
Empires], and having likewise managed to interest the Par-
thian-Babylonian community in their cause." (Vol. II.,
p. 257.)
Thus early were revolutionary Jews able to enlist Gentiles for
their purposes.
The remnant of the Roman garrison at .Jerusalem was killed ,
and the "expected help" from Adiabene and Babylon was forth-
coming. Cestius Gallus having led "more than 30,000 experi-
enced soldiers from out of Antioch against Judsea," was repulsed
before Jerusalem, and retreated.
Nero now selected Flavius Vespasian , the future Emneror,
to replace Gallus, who had died or was killed; but at Rome
"so great was the alarm felt . . . that Licinius Mucianus
was specially chosen as Governor of Syria . . . and ordered
to quell all dangerous symptoms of disaffection among the
Parthians, "
In A.D. 68 the Roman Empire was threatened by the risings
of Vindex, in Gaul, and of Galba, in Spain, which curiously coin-
cided with the dangerous Jewish revolt in the Near East. Galba
became Emperor, and was killed, being succeeded by Otho, who
committed suicide after his defeat by Vitellius, Vespasian now
assumed the purple, and his son Titus captured Jerusalem,
destroyed the fortifications, and the Temple was burned to the
ground. The Empire had weathered this J udtean storm; but a
more dangerous effort quickly followed.
When the Carthaginians withstood the might of Rome in
the Punic Wars, they may be said to have disappeared as a
nation after the destruction of Carthage by Scipio. The destruc-
tion of Jerusalem by Titus was followed by a much more
dangerous rising of the Judreans, who for a time seemed
.. in imminent danger of falling to pieces. There now appeared
a man [Jochanan, the son of Zakkai], who seemed made to
restore some strength to the nation. ". During the siege of
Jerusalem he went over to the Romans, and-
*Graetz, Vol. II., p. 3'l:l.
 9

"Titus received the fugitive in a friendly manner. . .

Jochanan modestly requested that he might be permitted to
establish a school at Jamnia [near Joppa.] . . . Titus
had nothing to urge against the harmless wish of J ochanan,
for he could not foresee that by this unimportant concession
he was enabling Judaism to outlive Rome
by thousands of years. ".
Thus was the Jewish base of operations transferred by the
unsuspecting Titus, who anticipated the "Balfour Declaration"
in yielding to an astute proposal. At Jamnia , Jochanan "formed a
sort of Synhedrion of which he was at once recognised as the
President," and the Jews were again organised for war, their
greatest effort against Rome.
In A.D. 115 Trajan invaded Parthia apparently with the
object of gripping the trade with India and the East, not only
to increase the supply of luxuries, probably stimulated by the large
Jewish colony in Rome, but in the hope of securing precious
metals, of which, as Tiberius and the Elder Pliny deplored, the
Empire was being depleted. Rome at this period depended upon
her regular army, of the rigid discipline and organisation of
which Josephus gives interesting particulars. The Legions were
on the Rhine, and the Danube, and in Britain, while Rome was
defended mainly by the Prsetorian Guards, and was not then
fortified. Of the population of the Empire, probably from 100
to 150 millions, about half were slaves generally ready to revolt.
The colossus was none too strong, and had the army in
Mesopotamia been cut off by a great rising behind it, Trajan might
have suffered the fate of Crassus at Carrhee. This was the
greatest opportunity of the Jews. 'I'rajan , who ultimately
reached the Persian Gulf, found himself at once involved in a
most dangerous Jewish war.
According to Graetz :-
"Only the Jews under the leadership of the
Prince of the Captivity. . offered resistance to the
Homan conqueror. 'The Babylonian J ews . . . armed them-
selves as if for a holy war. Nisibis could
only be subdued after a lengthy siege. The King of
Adiabene fought bravely against Trajan, but was
overcome. . . . Hardly had Trajan set out . . to
carry into effect his long-cherished plan of conquering the
.Jews . . ' . than the conquered people on the twin rivers
[Euphrates and Tigris] fell away. The Jews had a great
share in this uprising; they spread anarchy through a great
portion of the Roman Empire."
It was at this period that the appalling massacres, recorded by
* Graetz.
 10

Gibbon, and confirmed by Graetz, were perpetrated upon the

.. unsuspecting natives" in-
"Egypt, Cyrenaica, Lybia, and the island of Cyprus .
with the idea of shaking off the Roman yoke. . . . Such
unanimous action presupposes a concerted plan and a power-
ful leader. . . . Trajan had to oppose the Jews on three
sides, and had they united and mutually supported each other,
the colossal Roman Empire would perhaps have received 3r
deadly blow.v'"
Trajan died in A.D. 117, and was succeeded by Hadrian, who-
" was inclined to be yielding; and appears to have granted the
Jews their harmless requests. Jerusalem was to be
rebuilt, but as a pagan city. As long as Hadrian
remained in Syria, "*
further Jewish revolts, "for which they had probably been long
preparing," were postponed.
"Hadrian, lulled into security, only discovered the conspiracy
when it broke out at the various points of the Roman Empire,
so skilfully had the Roman spies been deceived. The
chief hero of the revolt was Bar-Cochiba. . . . It appears
that the whole of Judrea, together with Samaria and Galilee,
were evacuated by the Romans."
These provinces were reconquered by Severus, selected as the
best available general of Rome, and the city of lElia Capitoline
was built on the site of Jerusalem.
Yet another revolt took place in the last year of the Emperor
Antoninus Pius, the successor of Hadrian. This was organised
in connection with the Parthians, on whose assistance the Jews
frequently relied; but it "was soon repressed," and with the
end of the long Jewish wars the Roman Empire reached the
period of rest which Gibbon has described in well-known phrases.
In the previous pages it has been shown that the Jews at the
dawn of the Christian era, possessing large colonies in many
parts of the Roman Empire, able to act on a common plan and to
make alliances with the enemies of Rome, were nearly successful
in wresting the sceptre from the then mistress of the world.
If this had happened, all history would have been changed. It
is, therefore, most remarkable that these vitally important facts
are inadequately treated in our histories. Macaulay's schoolboy
would give an excellent account of the Punic Wars; but would
make a poor showing of the, as dangerous, .. Judrean" Wars
which began some two centuries later.
Jewish power was, however, manifested in the affairs of Rome

* Graetz.
 11

long before the sanguinary revolts which ended in the days of

Antoninus Pius. It is possible here only to give brief examples of
the far-reaching influence exerted by the Jewish people in these
long distant times. "The Judreans [in Babylonia] followed the
victories of Cyrus with great anxiety." • Babylon was captured by
the Persians in B.C. 539, and Cyrus" permitted the Jews to return
to their own country, rebuild Jerusalem, and restore the 'I'emple ':" ;
but the
" disfavour into which the Judeean nation had fallen with the
last Persian king was turned to account by their malevolent
neighbours. ,'.
At this early period, therefore, the Jews had come to be
regarded with hostility, and they may have helped in the conquest
of the Persian Empire by Alexander the Great, who,
" by introducing Hellenic culture into Syria and Egypt, had
probably more influence on the development of Judaism than
anyone individual not a Jew by race." t
Soon after the death of Alexander the Macedonian (B.C. 323)
his empire was split up into the kingdoms of Macedonia, Syria,
and Egypt. The Jews then passed under the rule of the
Ptolemies, Macedonian rulers of Egypt, who, after the defeat of
Pyrrhus, were in friendly relations with the Romans. Josephus
gives an interesting account of the power wielded by one Joseph,
who accumulated great wealth under the Ptolemies, and Jews may
evidently have reached Rome before the outbreak of the First Punic
War. They had been in close contact with Tyre, the metropolis
of Carthage, in the time of David (cire. B.C. 1050), and they may
have assisted the Carthaginians, as did the Greeks. In B.C. 202
they came under the rule of the Macedonian kings of Syria.
Antiochus Epiphanes
" attacked Jerusalem (B.C. 169) . . . forced his way into the
Temple . removing all the treasures. . . . When
the bloody persecution of the J udreans had reached a height
.. a change took place. It was brought about by the
family of the Maccabees."
Judas Maccabreus recovered Jerusalem in B.C. 165, and was
the forerunner of the militant Jewish leaders who challenged the
power of Rome. He
"heard of the fame of the Romans, that they were valiant
men . . . how they had acquired the mines of silver
and gold in Spain.":
Josephus confirms the Judreo-Roman entente, and states that
*Graetz. t Jewish Encyclopeedia, :t 1 Maccabees, 8.
 12

the Senate received the ambassadors of Judas, and made a decree

that-
"If any people attack the Jews, the Romans shall assist
them. If any people attack the Romans, the Jews
shall assist them."
Jerusalem was nevertheless taken by Pompey in B.C. 63, and
Palestine was placed under a Roman Governor, while the Temple
was pillaged by Crassus before he invaded Parthia. In the war
between Csesar and Pompey, the Jews supported Csesar , the demo-
cratic leader, and helped to save him when he was besieged at
Alexandria, receiving in return many privileges.
Herod, whose father was either a .Iew or a .Iudaised Arab,
married a princess of the family of the Maccabees, and was made
King of Judeea by Antony, in B.C. 37, displacing the Mae-
cabean dynasty. He became intimately associated subsequently
with Augustus and Agrippa, the founders of Imperial Rome, and
according to Josephus, when these" two men governed the Roman
Empire,"
.. Augustus preferred no one to Herod after Agrippa, and
Agrippa made no one his greater friend than Herod except
Augustus. "
It is certain that in the time of Cicero (B.C. 106-43) the
Jews had become a formidable political force in Rome itself.
Flaccus hav.ing prohibited the Jews from collecting gold in his
Province for the 'Temple and sent it to Rome instead. was promptly
attacked for oppressing the Jews, and was defended by Cicero,
who recorded his speech in Pro Elacoo, Graetz thus explains the
circumstances :
.• The Boman J udesans were intensely interested in this
trial, and many of them appeared in Court amongst the
audience. The cowardly Cicero was so much afraid of them
that he would have liked to speak in a whisper in order to
have been heard by the Judges alone, but not by the Judseans.
. . . . It requires great decision of character,' he said,
• to oppose the barbaric and superstitious Judreans for the
good of our country, and to show proper contempt towards
these seditions people, who invade our public assemblies.' ,,*
.. A year later," writes Graetz. "Cicero found his retribution
in banishment and his villas were razed to the ground."
'I'hus early was •• the fear of the Jews" present even in
Republican Borne, and Cicero plainly suggested that they exercised
strong political and seditious influences.
.. This is a fail' rendering of the original Latin in " Pro Fiacco."
 13

These brief historical notes serve to prove Lllat most of our

histories require to be rewritten, and that the Jews were a powerful
force some time before the Christian era. How far they deflected
Roman policy, helped to promote revolts, and contributed, by
the methods explained in the Protocols, to the economic downfall
and general decadence which led to the Germans and Huns over-
running the Empire may yet be revealed. We know enough to
have grounds for suspecting more.
The later bids of the Jews for world-power are becoming
more clear. Mrs. Webster has thrown much light on their part
in the French Revolution," and Disraeli claimed for them a domi-
nant role in the European revolutionary movements of the nine-
teenth century. Readers of THE PATRIOT will not fail to realise their
world-wide activities to-day and the immense impetus given to
their schemes by the capture of the resources of Russia. And
" cowardly" Ciceros, who would like .. to speak in a whisper,"
or not at all, where Jewish matters are concerned, were never
more abundant!
." World Revolution" (Constable.) "Secret Societies" (Boswell).
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