TOOL E3 Measurement and Assessment of Overweight and Obesity - ADULTS
TOOL E3 Measurement and Assessment of Overweight and Obesity - ADULTS
BMI is defined as the person’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of their height in metres
(kg/m2). For example, to calculate the BMI of a person who weighs 95kg and is 180cm tall:
95 95
BMI = = = 29.32kg/m2
(1.80 x 1.80) 3.24
body fat).6
*Co-morbidities are the health risks associated with obesity, ie type 2 diabetes, hypertension (high blood pressure), stroke, coronary heart disease,
Source: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2006,6 adapted from World Health Organization, 200021
However, levels of morbidity vary between different Asian populations and for this reason it is
difficult to identify one clear BMI cut-off point.209 Thus in the absence of worldwide agreement,
NICE recommends that the current universal cut-off points for the general adult population (see
table above) be retained for all population groups.6 This is in agreement with the WHO expert
consultation group which also recommends trigger points for public health action for adults of
Asian origin – 23kg/m2 for increased risk and 27.5kg/m2 for high risk.210 NICE has recommended
that healthcare professionals should use clinical judgement when considering risk factors in Asian
population groups, even in people not classified as overweight or obese using the current BMI
classification.6 This approach is supported by the Department of Health and the Food Standards
Agency.
* The proposed cut-offs are 18.5-22.9kg/m2 (healthy weight), 23kg/m2 or more (overweight), 23-24.9kg/m2 (at risk), 25-29.9kg/m2 (obesity I),
30kg/m2 or more (obesity II). 208
TOOL E3 Measurement and assessment of overweight and obesity – ADULTS 205
NICE recommends that waist circumference can be used, in addition to BMI, to assess risk in
adults with a BMI of less than 35kg/m2.6 However, where BMI is greater than 35kg/m2, waist
circumference adds little to the absolute measure of risk provided by BMI.6, 126 This is because
patients who have a BMI of 35kg/m2 will exceed the waist circumference cut-off points (detailed
below) used to identify people at risk of the metabolic syndrome.125
Waist circumference thresholds used to assess health risks in the general population
At increased risk Male Female
Increased risk 94cm (37 inches) or more 80cm (31 inches) or more
Greatly increased risk 102cm (40 inches) or more 88cm (35 inches) or more
Source: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2006, 6 International Diabetes Federation (2005),210 WHO/IASO/IOTF (2000),208
World Health Organization (2000) 21
However, a unique threshold for all Asian populations may not be appropriate because different
Asian populations differ in the level of risk associated with a particular waist circumference. For
example, a study evaluating the average waist circumference of more than 30,000 individuals
from East Asia (China, Hong Kong, Korea, and Taiwan), South Asia (India and Pakistan) and
South-east Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam) found
that there were major differences between regions. Thus, the researchers concluded that the
impact of obesity may begin at different thresholds in different Asian populations.212
Because a globally applicable grading system of waist circumference for ethnic populations has
not yet been developed, NICE does not recommend separate waist circumference cut-offs for
different ethnic groups in the UK.6
* The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the World Health Organization have proposed separate waist circumference thresholds for
adults of Asian origin of 90cm (35 inches) or more for men, and 80cm (31 inches) or more for women. Note that the IDF definition is for South
Asians and Chinese populations only.21, 208, 210
206 Healthy Weight, Healthy Lives: A toolkit for developing local strategies
NICE states that: “The level of intervention should be higher for patients with comorbidities,
regardless of their waist circumference.”6
Combining BMI and waist measurement to assess obesity and the risk of type 2
diabetes and cardiovascular disease – general adult population21, 6, 126
Classification BMI (kg/m2) Waist circumference and risk of
co-morbidities
Men: 94–102cm Men: More than 102cm
Women: 80-88cm Women: More than 88cm
Underweight Less than 18.5 – –
Healthy weight 18.5–24.9 – Increased
Overweight (or pre-obese) 25–29.9 Increased High
Obesity 30 or more High Very high
Source: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 20066
TOOL E3 Measurement and assessment of overweight and obesity – ADULTS 207
Assessment
Assessment of overweight and obesity using BMI and waist circumference
Management should begin with the assessment of overweight and obesity in the patient. BMI
should be used to classify the degree of obesity, and waist circumference may be used in people
with a BMI less than 35kg/m2 to determine the presence of central obesity. NICE recommends
that the assessment of health risks associated with overweight and obesity in adults should be
based on BMI and waist circumference as shown below.6
Assessments also need to include holistic aspects focusing on psychological, social and
environmental issues. There is a need for training for professionals who carry out assessments due
to the sensitive and multifaceted nature of overweight and obesity. Professionals need to be
aware of patients’ motivations and expectations. Effective assessment and intervention require
support, understanding and a non-judgemental approach.
208 Healthy Weight, Healthy Lives: A toolkit for developing local strategies
measurement
Assessment of overweight and obesity using the height and weight chart
The height and weight chart shown on the next page can be used as a crude assessment of
overweight and obesity. To use the chart follow the simple instructions at the top of the chart.
Tool E1 provides further information on NICE and Department of Health guidance for assessing
and managing overweight and obesity in a clinical setting.
Note:
The NHS Local Delivery Plan monitoring line on adult obesity status requires general practices to
monitor and return data on the obesity status (BMI) of GP-registered adults within the past 15
months.
TOOL E3 Measurement and assessment of overweight and obesity – ADULTS 209