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Tamás Perényi
Zoltán André
Adrienn Borbély
Kitti Halász
Regina Nemecz
Alida Szakolczai
Andor Wesselényi-Garay
Anikó Annamária Németh
Péter Brenyó
Albert Máté
Low-Rise, High-Density Housing
by Tamás Perényi
by Katalin Konczné Theisler and Márton Nagy
by Zoltán André, Adrienn Borbély, Kitti Halász, Regina Nemecz, and Alida Szakolczai
by Andor Wesselényi-Garay and Anikó Annamária Németh
by Péter Brenyó and Albert Máté
Abstract
The collection discusses the examples of low-rise, high-density housing from historical estates to contemporary
installations, in international and Hungarian context, concluding with experimental models of sustainable housing
solutions.
Copyright 2013
Table of Contents
1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1
Contemporariness – Presence ................................................................................... 1
Garden ................................................................................................................. 1
Densification and Tracery ....................................................................................... 2
The Structuring of the Present Selection .................................................................... 2
2. The Historic Forms of Low-Rise, High-Density Developments ........................................... 3
The Significance of Historic Projects ........................................................................ 3
The Logic of Historic Examples ............................................................................... 3
Presence in the Past ............................................................................................... 3
The Garden in the Past ........................................................................................... 4
Why is Typology Important? ................................................................................... 4
Fill .............................................................................................................. 4
Growth ........................................................................................................ 4
Pattern ......................................................................................................... 4
Lane ............................................................................................................ 5
Cohesion ...................................................................................................... 5
3. Historic Projects ........................................................................................................ 6
Fill - Cohesion ...................................................................................................... 6
1. Pueblo Bonito, USA ................................................................................... 6
2. Mourabtine Ksar, Tunisia ............................................................................ 9
3. Bath Royal Circus, United Kingdom, 1754-1768 ............................................ 12
4. Kraals, Ghana and Zambia, Africa ............................................................... 16
Fill - Pattern ....................................................................................................... 20
5. Barumini Su Nuraxi, Sardinia, Italy ............................................................. 20
6. Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe, Africa ............................................................ 24
7. Olynthos, Greece ...................................................................................... 29
8. Kasbah, the Kasbah of Algiers, Algeria ........................................................ 34
Fill – Lane .......................................................................................................... 38
9. Bispukin, Poland ...................................................................................... 38
10. Kahun, Illahun, Egypt ............................................................................. 42
11. Fugger Estate, Germany ........................................................................... 47
12. Camaldulian Hermitage, Majk, Hungary ..................................................... 52
Growth - Cohesion ............................................................................................... 56
13. Lake Dwellings, Bodensee (Lake Constance), Germany ................................. 56
14. Chuandixia, China .................................................................................. 60
15. Machu Picchu, Peru, South-America .......................................................... 64
16. Trulli, Alberobello, Italy .......................................................................... 69
Growth - Pattern .................................................................................................. 75
17. Çatal Hüyük, Turkey ............................................................................... 75
18. Ghadames, Libya .................................................................................... 78
19. Dogon Village, Africa ............................................................................. 82
20. Lindos, Greece ....................................................................................... 86
Growth - Lane ..................................................................................................... 91
21. Acoma Pueblo, United States of America .................................................... 91
22. Nyboder Quarter, Copenhagen, Denmark .................................................... 96
23. Henan, Underground Dwellings, China ..................................................... 100
24. Berberian Village, Takrouna, Tunisia ........................................................ 105
4. Low-Rise, High-Density Developments in the 20th Century ........................................... 109
Contemporarineses and Presence in the 20th Century ................................................ 109
The 20th-century Garden ..................................................................................... 110
The Structuring of the Collection of 20th-century Examples ....................................... 110
5. International Projects from the First Half of the 20th Century ......................................... 111
....................................................................................................................... 111
1. Barry Parker - Raymond Unwin, Letchworth Garden City, United Kingdom,
1903 ......................................................................................................... 111
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2. Raymond Unwin, Hampstead Garden City, London, United Kingdom,1905 ........ 115
3. Michael de Klerk, Third Block of Spaarndammerplantsoen, “The Ship”,
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1917 ..................................................................... 119
4. Jacobus Johannes Pieter Oud, Mathenesse Siedlung, Rotterdam, Netherlands,
1922 ......................................................................................................... 124
5. Rudolph M. Schindler, Pueblo Ribera Court, San Diego, California, 1923 .......... 127
6. Bruno Taut, Onkel-Toms-Hütte, Zehlendorf, Berlin, Germany, 1925-27 ............. 132
7. Walter Gropius, Törten Siedlung, Dessau, Germany, 1926-27 .......................... 138
8. Ernst May, Praunheim Housing Estate, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,
1926-30 .................................................................................................... 141
9. Jacobus Johannes Pieter Oud, Weissenhofsiedlung, Stuttgart, Germany, 1927 ..... 145
10. Jacobus Johannes Pieter Oud, Kiefhoek, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 1928-30 ....... 149
11. Adolf Loos, A. Lurcat - J. Hoffmann - R. Bauer - O, Strnad - J. Groag - G.
Guevrakian - G. Rietweld - Holzmeister - Wachberger - Walter Loos - Bieber-
Niedermoster - L. Pilewski - W. Sobotka - Miklós Velits, Werkbundsiedlung,
Vienna, Austria, 1931-32 ............................................................................. 155
12. Frank Lloyd Wright, Quadruple Housing Type, Suntop Homes, Pennsylvania
1938-42 .................................................................................................... 161
13. Alvar Aalto, Terrace Houses, Kauttua, Helsinki, Finland, 1939 ...................... 164
14. Haefeli - Hubacher-Steiger - Moser-Roth - Artaria-Schmidt,
Werkbundsiedlung, Zürich, Switzerland, 1939 ................................................. 166
6. Hungarian Projects from the First Half of the 20th Century ............................................ 172
....................................................................................................................... 172
1. Royal Hungarian Rails, Main Workshop, MÁV Estate, Budapest, 1895 ............. 172
2. Károly Kós - Béla Heintz - Lajos Schodits - Béla Eberling - Dezső Zrumeczky -
Gyula Wälder - Dénes Györgyi, Wekerle Housing Estate, Budapest, 1909-1925 ...... 176
3. Ede Novák - Béla Barát, OTI Estate for Workers and Officials, Albertfalva,
Budapest, 1929-33 ...................................................................................... 184
4. Viktor Böhm, Row Houses of Substandard Apartments, Miskolc-Tapolca,
1933 ......................................................................................................... 189
5. Oszkár Füredi, Mine Retirement House, Sopron, 1933 ................................... 190
6. Lehoczky György, Manor in Káposztásmegyer, Workers’ Housing,
Káposztásmegyer, 1939 ............................................................................... 192
7. International Projects from the Latter Half of the 20th century ........................................ 195
....................................................................................................................... 195
1. Arne Jacobsen, Soholm, Klampenborg, Denmark, 1950–55 ............................ 195
2. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Lafayette Park, Detroit, USA, 1955 ...................... 201
3. Aldo van Eyck, Burgenweeshuis Orphanage, Amsterdam, Netherlands,
1955-59 .................................................................................................... 205
4. Jørn Utzon, Kingo Atrium Houses, Helsingør, Denmark, 1958-60 .................... 210
5. Toivo Korhonen, Jaakko Laapotti, Atrium Houses, Espoo, Finland, 1958 ........... 217
6. Eric Lyons, Corner Green, London, United Kingdom, 1959 ............................ 220
7. Arne Jacobsen, Bellevue Bay, Klampenborg, Denmark, 1960-61 ...................... 224
8. Atelier 5, Halen Estate, Bern, Switzerland, 1961 .......................................... 227
9. Jakob Berend Bakema, Eindhoven’t Hool Housing Estate, Eindhoven,
Netherlands, 1961 ....................................................................................... 232
10. Guy Lagneau - Michel Weil - Jean Dimitrijevic, Cansado, New Town,
Mauritania, 1961 ........................................................................................ 234
11. Jean-François Zevaco, Row Houses with Patios, Agadir, Morocco, 1962-64 ...... 239
12. Inger Exner, Johannes Exner, Hillerød, Denmark, 1962-65 ............................ 243
13. Roland Rainer, Mauerberg, Vienna, Austria, 1963-64 ................................... 247
14. Pentti Ahola, Haka Houses, Tapiola, Helsinki, Finland, 1963-65 .................... 251
15. Herman Hertzberger, Diagoon Experimental Apartments, Delft, Netherlands,
1967-70 .................................................................................................... 255
16. Jan Verhoeven, Atrium and Row House Complex, Kyftenbeltlaan,
Hoevelaken, Holland, 1968 .......................................................................... 260
17. Jørn Utzon, Espansiva Modular Apartment, Hallebeak, Denmark, 1969 ........... 263
18. Piet Blom, Kasbah Complex, Hengelo, Netherlands, 1969-73 ........................ 269
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19. Candilis - Josic - Woods, Le Mirail Estate, Toulouse, France, 1971–73 ............ 273
20. Palle Suensons, Gassehaven Estate, Holte, Denmark, 1973 ............................ 276
21. Kiyonori Kikutake, Terrace Houses, Pasadena, Japan, 1973-73 ...................... 280
22. Toivo Korhonen, El Naranjal Experimental Housing Estate, Lima, Peru,
1976 ......................................................................................................... 283
23. Alvaro Siza, Quinta de Malagueira, Social Housing, Evora, Portugal,
1977-95 .................................................................................................... 285
24. Piet Blom, Cube Houses, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 1984 ............................... 290
8. Hungarian Projects from the Latter Half of the 20th Century .......................................... 296
....................................................................................................................... 296
1. József Szekeres, Farkaslyuk Miners’ Apartments, Ózd, 1957–59 ...................... 296
2. János Szigetvári, Semi-detached Group Houses, Komló, 1960 ......................... 299
3. Géza Pénzes, Row Houses, Csabagyöngye Street, Szentendre, 1962-64 ............. 304
4. Zoltán Veres, Row Houses, Eger, 1968 ....................................................... 306
5. Dr. Péter Gáborjáni, Terraced Houses with Studios, Kálvária Road, Szentendre,
1967-69 .................................................................................................... 310
6. Béla Borvendég - Ferenc Szabó, Artists’ Apartments with Studios,
Hódmezővásárhely, 1970 ............................................................................. 313
7. Tamás Maros - Judit Hámory, Two-storey Terraced Houses, Perbál, 1975 .......... 316
8. Antal Csíkvári - Miklós Novák, Chain Houses, Kápolnásnyék, 1976-77 ............ 321
9. Antal Plesz - József Bihari, Terraced Houses with Studios, Miskolc, 1977 .......... 324
10. Ildikó Sz. Buzás, Jankovits Estate, Atrium Houses, Veszprém, 1977 ................ 326
11. Csaba Bodonyi, Collective House, Miskolc, 1978 ....................................... 328
12. Árpád Weiler, Terraced Apartment Buildings, Pécs, 1979 .............................. 334
13. Károly Jurcsik, Prefab Apartment Buildings, Szabadhegy, Győr, 1983 ............. 335
14. Tamás Dévényi - Péter Hegedűs, Housing Estate for Disabled People,
Budapest, 1987 .......................................................................................... 339
9. Contemporary Low-Rise, High-Density Developments – International Examples ................ 343
....................................................................................................................... 343
1. Peter Zumthor, Spittelhof Estate, Biel-Benken, Basel, Switzerland, 1989-96 ....... 343
2. Eduardo Souto de Moura, Atrium Houses, Mathosinos, Porto, Portugal, 1993 ..... 348
3. West 8, Borneo Island, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1993-96 .............................. 353
4. MVRVD, Hageneiland, Ypenburg, Netherlands, 1998-2001 ............................ 356
5. Peter Barber, Donnybrook Quarter, London, United Kingdom, 2000 ................. 360
6. Maurice Nio, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 2001 ................................................ 365
7. NIO Architects, Groenoord - Zuid, Schiedam, Netherlands, 2001 ..................... 368
8. MVRVD, Patio Island, Ypenburg, Netherlands, 2001 ..................................... 371
9. NKS Architects, Kanoya, Fukuoka, Japan, 2002 ........................................... 376
10. Eustaquio Martinez Garcia - Virgilio Gutierrez Herreros, La Mareta, Tenerife,
2002 ......................................................................................................... 380
11. Joke Vos Arcitecten, Periscope Houses, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 2002 ............ 385
12. Aires Mateus, Bom Successo Group, Obidos, Portugal, 2003 ......................... 390
13. Cano y Escario Arquitectura, Row Houses, Madrid, Spain, 2003 .................... 394
14. Rafael Otero Gonzalez, Row Houses, Cadiz, Spain, 2004 ............................. 398
15. Javier Garcia-Solera, Retirement Home, San Vicente Del Raspeig, Spain,
2005 ......................................................................................................... 402
16. Valero and Jimenez Torrecillas, Social Housing, Alameda, Spain, 2005 ........... 406
17. Schwalm-Theiss & Gressenbauer, Kabelerk, Vienna, Austria, 2005-2006 ......... 412
18. Christian de Portzamparc, Almere, Netherlands, 2006 .................................. 417
19. Peter Barber, Colony Mews, London / Islington, United Kingdom, 2006 .......... 421
10. Contemporary Low-Rise High-Density Developments – Hungarian Projects ..................... 428
....................................................................................................................... 428
1. János Mónus, Zsuzsanna Szőke, Sándor Nagy: Atrium Houses at Víznyelő
Street, Budapest, 1992 ................................................................................ 428
2. Ferenc Cságoly, Ferenc Keller: Terraced Houses, Barlang Street, Budapest,
2001 ......................................................................................................... 434
3. Margit Pelényi: Apartment House, Pécs, 2003 ............................................. 439
4. Tamás Tomay, Csévi Street, Budapest, 2008 ............................................... 444
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5. Tamás Perényi, Gyula Fülöp: Venezia Villa Residence, Velence, 2008 .............. 448
11. Sustainable and Energy-Efficient Low-Rise High-Density Developments ......................... 454
....................................................................................................................... 454
1. Tegnestuen Vandkunsten, Viken, Denmark, 2001 ......................................... 454
2. Marlies Rohmer: Waterwoningen – Floating Houses, Ijburg, Netherlands,
2001 ......................................................................................................... 462
3. Cannatà & Fernandes: Intelligent House, Matosinhos, Portugal, 2003 ............... 465
4. Elemental, Alejandro Aravena, Quinta Monroy Estate, Iquique, Chile .............. 469
5. Álvaro Siza: SAAL Bouça Social Housing, Porto, Portugal, 2004 ................... 474
6. Cubo Arkitekter: Hvide Sande, Denmark, 2004–2006 .................................... 478
7. Anne Lacaton & Jean Philippe Vassal, Social Housing, Mulhouse, France,
2005 ......................................................................................................... 481
8. Koji Tsutsui, Orphanage, Raki, Uganda, 2007 .............................................. 485
9. Anna Heringer, Home-made Houses, Rudrapur, Bangladesh, 2007–2008 ........... 488
10. Riches Hawley, "Clay Field", Elmswell, Suffolk, United Kingdom, 2008 ......... 495
12. Bibliography ........................................................................................................ 500
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Chapter 1. Introduction
Creating a collection like this practically means initiating a dialogue with relics of bygone times,
either of distant or recent past. We treasure their memories – and here we mean those of man-made
environments above all – in our minds when travelling, walking the streets everyday, watching TV, or
even as a random, disorderly mass of visual effects when surfing the Internet. The dialogue is thus the
process of making ourselves aware of these experiences, as well as cataloguing them. A selection of
this kind is especially important for both architects and students of architecture. This is the role which
the present collection is meant to play in this special topic.
Our using the word awareness is both purposeful and important within this textual context and is by
no means to be understood or mistaken as a scientific approach. Undoubtedly, intuition, as opposed
to analytical methods, has been a significant agent when creating this database. If we piled up the
collected experiences (period, material, site and location) on simple and impassionate shelves, we
could easily avoid skipping the most relevant questions and answers applicable in architectural design,
which could contain the most relevant responses.
Our collection is meant to present and systematize low-rise, high-density residential developments.
Thus, we analyse forms of housing in which constituents – typically dwelling units and their
complementary functions – are orchestrated into a certain system to create a harmonious unity, an
integral composition also interpretable in itself. What is actually meant by low-rise, high-density
development? There are numerous interpretations, primarily defining the concept in terms of the
quantity of co-ordinated components contained. Some approaches prioritize housing density, while
others rate certain forms of housing according to the method of development and thus relate them in
the relevant categories. Kálmán Timon uses the expression “modern developments with gardens” in
his book. Contemporary and with a garden. To define the network of classification we have used just
now, it seems necessary to clarify these two concepts.
Contemporariness – Presence
We may approach the concept of contemporariness by interpreting its counterpart or opposite,
which is out-of-date, not in tune with the Zeitgeist, discordant with the requirements of the
period, anachronistic. Accordingly, contemporary (modern) is in line with Zeitgeist and meets the
prevailing requirements of its time. It is important to note here that, in the context of this selection,
contemporariness is by no means the equivalent of novelty (modernness), since it is not driven by
the ambition “to differ by all means” or by the aspiration to innovate, but by presence, the responses
ripened in several stages so as to meet the challenges of “here and now”. In the reality of the present,
it is the ambition to create attachment and bonding – both in time and space – which is the most
important motivation: the way a building meets the challenges of current conditions of time and space
(experienced as a continuum) and gives architectural responses to them driven by practicality and
sensitivity to problems. A need for presence is, of course, a constant factor throughout the history
of architecture. However, as we shall see apropos of certain projects referred to here, it is a most
changeable value rooted in time and space. Thus, we rely upon it as one of the cornerstones of our
classification.
Garden
The garden has been and is present in architecture in numerous formats and ways. Its significance
is far from being a novelty to deal with. The presence of fences is a basic manifestation of each
garden variety. In this respect, the garden essentially differs from landscape, which lacks defined
boundaries. The very act of raising a fence (enclosing) transforms the garden into an architectural
category (enclosure) which is part of every project we have included here as a spiritual and physical
basic need. However, its role and niche within the composition, its rank in the hierarchy, significantly
varies depending on the tracery and density of the development.
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Introduction
2
Chapter 2. The Historic Forms of Low-
Rise, High-Density Developments
The Significance of Historic Projects
As Tamás Tomay argues, “each building is a continuation”. This, in turn, means that the history
of architecture is an evolution of follow-up projects and densifications, not only in the physical,
but also in the conceptual sense. This statement deserves special attention apropos of our selection,
since it focuses on the importance of continuity and the significance of hidden correlations. It is our
aim to present characteristic permanent forms of behaviour, unique variations of the (arche)types
evolving throughout centuries and continuously shaped by the need to respond to challenges of
contemporariness and presence. Each constituent forms part of a process with antecedents, and most
probably they do not represent the end of a journey. Appropriate and moderate changes are only
viable in the knowledge of the foregoing; thus, we approach historic examples as the repositories
of these antecedents. The continuity of architecture is not unlike a unique ontogenesis, a kind of
evolution which features both construction as an activity and the thought creating buildings. Hence,
the significance of historic prototypes for us lies in the relation between permanence and uniqueness:
a logic we hereby clarify.
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The Historic Forms of Low-
Rise, High-Density Developments
Fill
This is a finite and complete system confined within a frame. The geometry defining it may be a faculty
or endowment, but the development itself may also create for itself the form closing in on itself. The
attitude to the frame is varied and versatile. The development by the Fuggers in Augsburg continues
and tidies incomplete gestures in the man-made environment. Bispukin’s fortified marshy island is fed
by topological features. Sardinia, another island, features nuraghi, offering shelter by creating wall-
like enclosures.
Growth
The most significant distinguishing feature of this type is open-endedness. The adjective “growing”
does not necessarily mean any change to the structure. More typically, it refers to the endlessly
reproducible inner logic of the co-ordination of its constituents. There are no exact boundaries and
confines here that could be relied upon as topographical features of the site, and environmental factors
do not force the development to turn away or shut itself up. A fine example of additive, growing
structures is Çatal Hüyük, where the dimensions of the settlement were only limited by the number
of inhabitants.
Pattern
The most significant, vital feature of pattern is that it is a complex multi-layer system. Besides tracery,
its intense spatiality also defines its character. As opposed to the linear nature of the “interstice” or
“direction” type, its infilling nature is more accentuated. Its role is to fill in larger surfaces by smaller
components featuring similar function and scale according to the logic of a certain system. It creates
the development by approaching it from the aspect of built components – either additively, following
the logic of African kasbahs, or negatively, by seizure or cutting-out, like in the case of the town of
Olynthos. The composition often evolves by building in many layers, by dividing the program into
several essential components and grouping them in minor units like fractals, much like Dogon villages
do.
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The Historic Forms of Low-
Rise, High-Density Developments
Lane
Here the inner, interim or intermediate space is essential. More important than the relationship with
the place, it is a special, often arbitrary system, which sometimes creates a new quality, distinguishing
and secluding itself from its environment. More often than not, the new hierarchical situations created
by these “transitory” spaces prove to be the most liveable places. Numerous factors may influence
the geometry, direction and internal system of tracery that these spaces feature – such as orientation,
local climatic features, the preservation of the intimacy of neighbouring buildings, as well as views.
The “directional houses” convey powerful militant architectural character, which is the vital condition
of their lives and functioning. A multitude of houses built in areas with emphatic directions have the
tendency to behave in strikingly similar ways.
Cohesion
This is the type most in tune with the locational factors or the man-made situation. It is a synonym for
adjustment. Adhesion is the means of being nourished from the valuable endowments presupposing a
solid and powerful “enclosure-like” frame as a starting point. Owing to the versatility of this frame,
it is applicable in several situations. By seizing upon existing, traceable, characteristic features, these
developments may climb steep hillsides by adhering to the contour lines and terraces along them, to
the counterforts or winding piers of a waterfront, to the paths and ways, as well as to the loose ends
of fragmentary or frayed urban fabrics.
Organising the components of this matrix in a grid, we could classify six groups for the examples
included in our selection.
Fill – Pattern, Fill – Lane, Fill – Cohesion, Growth – Pattern, Growth – Lane, Growth – Cohesion
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Chapter 3. Historic Projects
Fill - Cohesion
1. Pueblo Bonito, USA
Pueblo Bonito is the largest settlement in Chaco Canyon. Surrounded by a semi-circular wall, this
residential block stands in an area between a vertical rock face and a river that is now dried out.
The form defining this development is a directional one. It grows towards the former riverbed in a
straight line, but with a curve in the direction of the rock face. Dwelling units adhere to the inner
side of the solid defensive wall accessible from the roofs, as if descendants of Indian earth houses.
The thick, traversable body of the almost 700 rooms connected to each other grows from the wall,
which functions as a frame. The thick, terraced semicircle of dwellings overlooks a central plaza. The
traversable roofs, terraces, and the plaza next to the two central kivas (ceremonial buildings) cannot
be interpreted as a garden. They are rather areas of access and ceremonial use. The composition is
an exciting integration of characteristic ceremonial structures of the Navajo Indians and traditional
forms of Indian housing. Its masterly stonewall masonry and timbered ceiling evoking a corbelled
dome are evidence of superb, thorough building expertise. Smaller kivas, almost 40 in total, are relics
of a thriving spiritual-intellectual life.
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often than not, it is surrounded with corrals to provide a sheltered area to pen livestock. This is why
we often use the term “corral village” in Hungarian. Developed like a fractal, its upgraded version for
permanent use is found in Ba-ila, a village of the African Ila tribe in Zambia. The smaller kraals of the
tribal families create a monumental circle with a diameter of several hundred metres. Removed from
this framework, like a medal on a necklace, only the house of the chieftain and his family is a free-
standing structure. The houses of families of various sizes and social status form smaller enclosures
within the village in a sequence starting from the focal point to the entrance to the area. Their positions
reflect their relative rank within the hierarchy of the community. The three layers of the fractal form
a nice tracery on schematic floor plan designs. The simple circular ground plan of the hut is echoed
in the kraal of the family, while these horseshoe-shaped units make up the village itself, integrated
as an enclosure.
source: Mary Light, American Geographical Society - Bernard Rudolfsky: Architecture without
architects, New York, 1964
source: Mary Light, American Geographical Society - Bernard Rudolfsky: Architecture without
architects, New York, 1965
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Fill - Pattern
5. Barumini Su Nuraxi, Sardinia, Italy
Nuraghi were cone frustum-type buildings on the island of Sardinia, built from irregular-shaped stones
of various sizes. The wall between the external and internal enclosure concealed passage-like spaces
or internal spiral staircases leading to the roof. A wall was erected around the central nuragh. This
confined framework was filled in by a meandering sequence of small circular huts made of stone.
The pattern integrating arches that cling together envelops the site entirely. This civilisation between
1500-500 B.C.E. used surprisingly advanced building technology. Houses constructed without mortar
or cement feature corbelled domes and contain interiors with highly inspired sections. Subdivided by
curved walls, the area is occupied by exciting, almost labyrinthine gardens which evoke an urban street
system of the more intricate type. The smaller houses around the towers featured irregular oval floor
plans. Elsewhere, rooms were built as additions to extend a central courtyard.
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7. Olynthos, Greece
Observing the general plan of this town which flourished in the Chalkidiki Peninsula in the 5th-3rd
centuries B.C.E., an interesting duality is revealed. The old core of Olynthos still shows the tracery
of an organically growing town, as a system of houses wedged beside each other showing no sign of
deliberate structuring. North of the old town is the new one, which is a classic example of regular,
orthogonal, purposefully developed settlements akin to late Greek towns such as Priene and Miletos.
The strict quadratic grid of the internal domain fills in the framework created by the castle wall,
featuring broken outlines at several points. The simultaneous appearance of the two systems (the
organic and orthogonal structuring) is a specialty of the general plan. Dwellings that fill out the grid
are of a more advanced type. Parallel main routes are connected by narrower and wider by-ways,
providing a more representative and ordinary household access to each residential building. Internal
courtyards face south, while along the full length of their northern side is the pastaz, a transitional area
akin to porches. Although placed eccentrically within the strictly configured ground plan, the garden
is unquestionably the heart of the building.
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Fill – Lane
9. Bispukin, Poland
A fill composition featuring one of the nicest configurations, this was built in the 6th century B.C.E.
in today’s Poland on a marsh as a fortified village with log walls. The 160-metre-long and 110-metre-
wide oval island with a wide perimeter rampart was developed by lanes of buildings with intermediate
areas next to them featuring essential contents. On the southern side of the buildings, lanes 3-4 metres
wide, covered with pergolas, run parallel to the southern sides of the buildings, to double as access and
extend the interior with a space similar to a finely-oriented, quite viable garden. Stretched between the
access routes and featuring exact directions are almost 100 dwelling units with identical floor plans, as
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Historic Projects
a result of careful design work. Accessible exclusively via a bridge from the mainland, this estate was
a most adequate response to the challenges of a turbulent and dangerous world – namely, Europe in the
1st millennium B.C.E. The lanes and streets as intermediate areas do not yet take over the functions of
a garden, but they are interpretable as extensions of the enclosed buildings, owing to their favourable
orientation.
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40
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41
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source: W.M.F. Petrie - W.M.F. Petrie: Illahun, Kahun and Gurob, London, 1891 (Plate XIV; W.M.F.
Petrie, G. Brunton, M.A. Murray, Lahun II, London, 1923, Plates II, XXXIII, XXXVIA; B. J. Kemp,
Ancient Egypt. Anatomy of a Civilization, London, 1989, Fig. 53.)
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source: Vasáros Zsolt-Schunk Szabolcs-Tóth Márton Zoltán - (3D rekonstrukció) Vasáros Zsolt-Schunk
Szabolcs-Tóth Márton Zoltán 2008
source: Vasáros Zsolt-Schunk Szabolcs-Tóth Márton Zoltán - (3D rekonstrukció) Vasáros Zsolt-Schunk
Szabolcs-Tóth Márton Zoltán 2009
source: Vasáros Zsolt-Schunk Szabolcs-Tóth Márton Zoltán - (3D rekonstrukció) Vasáros Zsolt-Schunk
Szabolcs-Tóth Márton Zoltán 2010
44
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45
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source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1980
47
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48
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49
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source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1981
51
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source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1982
52
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53
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54
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Growth - Cohesion
13. Lake Dwellings, Bodensee (Lake Constance),
Germany
A special, but highly characteristic form of growing structures is this cluster of stilt houses built on
the water. Found in several parts of the world, this form of development is a finely reconstructed one
on Bodensee (Lake Constance) in Germany. Buildings connected to a small terrace adhere to winding
piers that branch off above the water. The direction of growth is defined by the tiers serving access,
to which the constituents may connect either one by one or as clusters. The garden is transformed in
this environment. The terrace, set on stilts next to the buildings, and the water between the individual
components may take on this function. The former is a well-functioning living space, the open-air
extension of the building; while the latter could be a means of separation. As we shall see, this kind of
development is once again revived in the Netherlands because of the growth of the city, as a response
to the urgent issue of land shortage.
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57
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58
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59
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60
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61
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/-/ - http://www.chinatourstravel.com/china-travel-photos/china-attraction-pictures/Beijing/
chuandixia-photos_2.html, 2012.06.21. 18:38
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63
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the most intense belongingness, integrity and cohesion. Just like the Chinese village of Chuandixia,
residential buildings and ceremonial ones arranged in rows follow the rhythm of the terraced, cultivated
hillside. However, the direction of growth is different. Closed from the outer world, buildings at the
almost inaccessible ceremonious centre do not climb up the hill (like in the Chinese village), but
flow down from it. Besides masterly carved stones and clearly tectonic construction, the dimensions,
geometry and function of the gardens are also remarkable. Terraces between expanding and narrowing
lines simultaneously integrate sacred zones, a plaza and small, cultivatable vegetable gardens.
65
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source: Paul Oliver - Paul Oliver: Dwellings, The vernacular house World Wide, Phaidon, 2002
source: Paul Oliver - Paul Oliver: Dwellings, The vernacular house World Wide, Phaidon, 2003
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Growth - Pattern
17. Çatal Hüyük, Turkey
A settlement dating from the Neolithic age, it is the best known ancient example of structures growing
in an additive way. Houses featuring quadratic floor plans were built right next to each other. Their
coordination created an extreme degree of density, as it has no street grid in the modern sense. Dwelling
units were accessible through the roof by climbing a ladder. Roofs were sequenced close to each other
on terraces along the slope. The homogenously spreading development lies between the river and
the range of hills like a carpet, thus exposing compositional features of the pattern type. Apartments
featuring one or two rooms included an average floor area of 25 m2. Integrating units adhering to each
other like this served defence purposes. The garden was reduced to a small courtyard as a result of
extremely high density.
75
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76
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much like a pattern in a plaster moulding. A prominent feature of presence is vertical construction.
The system integrating ground-floor shops and upper-floor homes prevails as of today. This creates
not only a living internal sphere, but also protects against the desert sunbeams beating down. Gardens
are distorted into alleys and courtyards serve almost exclusively as circulation. In many cases, they are
contained beneath the upper floors of houses and thus create an underground system of passages. The
roof and the open terrace were reserved for women. Here they could socialise and establish contacts
with their neighbours. The narrow alleys on the ground floors were primarily used by men.
79
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81
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82
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position of the gardens, the fixed reference points of the composition, is defined by trees, elements
of scarce vegetation. Basic units of this composition are flat-roofed quadratic dwellings with adobe
walls and characteristic cone-roofed, circular stores with farm outbuildings built near them. Cells of
versatile dimensions and shapes are divided from each other by small lanes, allowing for thousands
of ways of integrating more and more new components in a growing pattern. The function and use of
individual constituents is strictly defined. Some of the buildings were built exclusively for men, but
there is one also reserved for women having their periods.
83
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84
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85
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86
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87
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88
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Growth - Lane
21. Acoma Pueblo, United States of America
This ancient Indian village is located in New Mexico, a sandstone plateau referred to as the Enchanted
Mesa. This development may be interpreted as a much denser version of the system observed in the
case of the Sittard. The higher density and crowdedness of coordinated components can be explained
by the limited dimensions of the plateau and the fact that the dwelling units of Indian pueblos
are traditionally accessible from above. The unusual placement of the entrance pushes some of the
circulation areas onto roof terraces. The individual building lines are sharply defined despite the growth
structuring. Piles of boxes facing south accumulate along the main access routes and spread in exact,
definite directions. As it is difficult to access the village, defence of dwelling units is a priority concern.
Owing to its location on a plateau, the multi-layered pueblo features a circulation system spread out
in space. As a result, the residential floors are only accessible via ladders, all of which serve the same
function. The lower levels surrounding the intervals were used as businesses, while terraces and upper-
floor gardens functioned as cooking sites.
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93
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94
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95
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96
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97
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98
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source: /-/ - Bernard Rudolfsky: Architecture without architects, New York, 1961
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source: /-/ - Bernard Rudolfsky: Architecture without architects, New York, 1962
101
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source: /-/ - Bernard Rudolfsky: Architecture without architects, New York, 1963
source: /-/ - Bernard Rudolfsky: Architecture without architects, New York, 1964
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living areas. The third, intermediate floor contains a mosque and the tomb of Sidi Abd el Kader, a
local saint. As the village was strategically positioned, troops from New Zealand occupied it in 1943,
causing devastating destruction in the region. As a result, only a fragment of the original development
has survived.
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source: Paul Oliver - Paul Oliver: Dwellings, The vernacular house World Wide, Phaidon, 2003
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108
Chapter 4. Low-Rise, High-Density
Developments in the 20th Century
The first half of our selection was devoted to historic examples which we analysed as compositions
to observe general principles and behavioural forms that we also classified as various typologies. In
the latter half of our collection, we present developments as variations on permanent features. These
two aspects of analysis are relevant and applied in each description, illustrating how each architectural
work contains elements of permanence and change simultaneously, and that new structures are also
vehicles of living meaning.
After surveying the possible typological correlations, observable changes (as opposed to what is
“general”) are more emphasised when analysing 20th-century and contemporary examples. The
history of architecture is fostered by the multitudes of such minor deformations in comparison with
permanent features. We seek explanations for these deformations in their correlations with location,
period and cultural context, as opposed to general principles of composition. As a result, the concepts
we have introduced before (such as contemporariness, presence and garden) reoccur. Lessons of the
analyses of these concepts are just as important as the clarity of typology and composition, which
we referred to in detail previously. When perpetuating general behavioural forms, observed and
consciously applied, these areas foster innovative designers’ thinking and guarantee that designs and
works do not fall behind the times and become obsolete. Presence and the garden thus attain key roles
apropos the projects analysed here, and the continuous revision of these two categories are especially
important during design work.
A fascinating example of the latent continuity and renaissance of patterns and types is the terraced
structure featured in 10th-century India, 20th-century and contemporary Japanese architecture, much
in the same way as a genuinely progressive Danish apartment building system. The “miraculous
well” (chand bori) of Abhaneri, the terraced structure of the Japanese Metabolist master Kiyonori
Kikukate near the hills of Mishima, the “Pasadena Heights”, Tadao Ando’s botanical garden on the
island of Awaji, and the mound house of BIG, a team of Danish architects built in Copenhagen in
2007 – all derive from the same centuries-old tracery, which is continued by responding to issues of
presence.
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Developments in the 20th Century
uses. In this introduction, we only have three prominent factors that repeatedly fuel this widespread
housing form, while also giving it new directions.
Breaking away from former stylistic canons, modern architects prioritized function and envisioned
highly viable apartments responding to the changing lifestyle. This approach resulted in the
improvement of housing standards, as well as the quality of life in general. Living spaces bathed in
light brought about issues of the individual’s autonomy. Besides the former practical considerations,
spatial organisation tailor-made to suit a variety of lifestyles became important. Although the strengths
of Modernism permeate architecture even today, the past seventy years saw numerous attempts to
ameliorate its imperfections, thus differentiating these codified residential environments.
A most exciting trend for us is Structuralism, born in the Netherlands, one of the centres of high-
density modern developments featuring gardens. Representatives of this movement realised that the
modern city has broken up into anatomically specialised, lifeless cells. As a result, historic values such
as the plazas, streets, enclosures, courtyards and gardens have been lost. This is the reason why a new
goal set was to restore life’s entirety and the organic nature of developments. Exemplary patterns were
borrowed from indigenous peoples, since their settlements revealed a confluence of simple geometric
order and humanism. As they argue, living streets interspersed with bazaars and systematic order
must be simultaneously present in architecture. As an influence of Dutch Structuralists, functionally
complex organisation evoking that of the kasbahs, combined with “functional mix” and “labyrinthine
order” in today’s interpretation, gave new life to the frozen white sculptures of the Modernism.
Starting millennia ago, tendencies in the spirit of permanence and change are still underway, and
although the proximity in time makes it difficult to assess purely architectural values, dedication to
contemporariness and the quest for presence permeates even the most recent examples of our selection.
Pandemic at the turn of the millennia is the atomization of societies, the total collapse of communities
and the isolation of individuals. Although restoring collective thinking and responsibility is not a task
for architecture exclusively, we believe that participatory ways of thinking and collective design work
may be the most important duties today, besides economic considerations, to reform the basis for
building residential and other micro-communities.
110
Chapter 5. International Projects from
the First Half of the 20th Century
The condition of housing stock seriously deteriorated in the first half of the 20th century because
of the two world wars and the global economic crises in the 1930s. Shortage of housing was
an urgent issue throughout Europe, combined with the high ratio of poor-quality housing lacking
modern conveniences. As masses of people flocked to towns and cities in search of employment, a
demographical boom was underway. The situation required a re-interpretation of housing, as well as
the construction of new apartments.
As several architectural trends responded to housing issues, the developments included here are
exemplary projects of the British garden-city movement, aiming to blend the advantages of rural
and urban lifestyles in the hope of harmony, such as Letchworth and Hampstead; the brick
architecture maisonettes of the Amsterdam School such as the third block of Spaarndammerplantsoen;
developments embodying the German Bauhaus ideals; and exemplary housing estates from the
exhibitions in Vienna, Stuttgart and Switzerland featuring modern contemporary apartments.
These forms of housing were typically meant for workers and sometimes for the middle-class, featuring
identical dwelling units and economical solutions. The external appearance of these ensembles was
deeply influenced by the Modernist movement and thus translate into a vocabulary of unadorned,
decently functional, crystallised forms. Their distinguishing features are best illustrated by J. J. P.
Oud’s Kiefhoek estate or apartment blocks in the Weissenhofsiedlung of Vienna.
Apartments, as a rule, were designed to suit contemporary comfort demands and family models
undergoing changes. As more and more women were employed, the appearance of household
appliances was reflected in floor plans. A novelty of design is the lack of servant’s quarters, as well
as the ambition to improve the convenience and hygienic conditions of workers’ housing. In Western
Europe, there was a strong tendency to create independent private spheres for every member of a
family, while seeking modest dimensions and affordable costs to meet economic concerns. As a result,
living areas tend to be very small as a rule. Laundry and two-way access (a household and a private
one) to apartments appearing in the Weissenhofsiedlung Project prove that household-related activities
still occupied fairly large floor areas.
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in the garden city. As a result, by 1913, more than 30 industries were active on the site, while the
ensemble was inhabited by 9,000 people over the same period of time.
source: Mervyn Miller collection - Mervyn Miller, A. Stuart Gray: Hampstead Garden Suburb,
Phillmore, 1982
source: Mervyn Miller collection - Mervyn Miller, A. Stuart Gray: Hampstead Garden Suburb,
Phillmore, 1983
112
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: Mervyn Miller collection - Mervyn Miller, A. Stuart Gray: Hampstead Garden Suburb,
Phillmore, 1984
source: Mervyn Miller collection - Mervyn Miller, A. Stuart Gray: Hampstead Garden Suburb,
Phillmore, 1985
source: Mervyn Miller collection - Mervyn Miller, A. Stuart Gray: Hampstead Garden Suburb,
Phillmore, 1986
source: Mervyn Miller collection - Mervyn Miller, A. Stuart Gray: Hampstead Garden Suburb,
Phillmore, 1987
113
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: Szelényi Károly - Nagy Gergely, Szelényi Károly: Kertváros-építészet, Az angol példa
Magyarországon, Magyar Képek Kiadó, 2008
source: Mervyn Miller collection - Mervyn Miller, A. Stuart Gray: Hampstead Garden Suburb,
Phillmore, 1988
source: Mervyn Miller collection - Mervyn Miller, A. Stuart Gray: Hampstead Garden Suburb,
Phillmore, 1989
114
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: Mervyn Miller collection - Mervyn Miller, A. Stuart Gray: Hampstead Garden Suburb,
Phillmore, 1990
source: Mervyn Miller collection - Mervyn Miller, A. Stuart Gray: Hampstead Garden Suburb,
Phillmore, 1988
115
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: Mervyn Miller collection - Mervyn Miller, A. Stuart Gray: Hampstead Garden Suburb,
Phillmore, 1989
source: Mervyn Miller collection - Mervyn Miller, A. Stuart Gray: Hampstead Garden Suburb,
Phillmore, 1990
source: Mervyn Miller collection - Mervyn Miller, A. Stuart Gray: Hampstead Garden Suburb,
Phillmore, 1991
116
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: Mervyn Miller collection - Mervyn Miller, A. Stuart Gray: Hampstead Garden Suburb,
Phillmore, 1992
source: Szelényi Károly - Nagy Gergely, Szelényi Károly: Kertváros-építészet, Az angol példa
Magyarországon, Magyar Képek Kiadó, 2004
source: Szelényi Károly - Nagy Gergely, Szelényi Károly: Kertváros-építészet, Az angol példa
Magyarországon, Magyar Képek Kiadó, 2005
117
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: Szelényi Károly - Nagy Gergely, Szelényi Károly: Kertváros-építészet, Az angol példa
Magyarországon, Magyar Képek Kiadó, 2006
source: Szelényi Károly - Nagy Gergely, Szelényi Károly: Kertváros-építészet, Az angol példa
Magyarországon, Magyar Képek Kiadó, 2007
118
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: Szelényi Károly - Nagy Gergely, Szelényi Károly: Kertváros-építészet, Az angol példa
Magyarországon, Magyar Képek Kiadó, 2008
source: Frank den Oudsten, Amsterdam - Wim de Wit, The Amsterdam School, The MIT Press,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1983
119
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: Collection NDB, Amsterdam - Wim de Wit, The Amsterdam School, The MIT Press, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, 1983
source: Franco Panzini, Rome - Wim de Wit, The Amsterdam School, The MIT Press, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, 1983
120
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: Fotografische Dienst Faculteit Bouwkunde TU Delft, Ger van der Vlugt - S. Umberto Barbieri,
Leen van Duin: A Hundred Years of Dutch Architecture 1901-2000, Uitgeverij SUN, Amsterdam, 1998
source: Cooper-Hewitt Museum, New York - Wim de Wit, The Amsterdam School, The MIT Press,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1983
121
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: Cooper-Hewitt Museum, New York - Wim de Wit, The Amsterdam School, The MIT Press,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1984
source: Gemeentelijke Dienst Volkshuisvesting, Amsterdam - Wim de Wit, The Amsterdam School, The
MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1983
122
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: Fotografische Dienst Faculteit Bouwkunde TU Delft, Ger van der Vlugt - S. Umberto Barbieri,
Leen van Duin: A Hundred Years of Dutch Architecture 1901-2000, Uitgeverij SUN, Amsterdam, 1999
source: Fotografische Dienst Faculteit Bouwkunde TU Delft, Ger van der Vlugt - S. Umberto Barbieri,
Leen van Duin: A Hundred Years of Dutch Architecture 1901-2000, Uitgeverij SUN, Amsterdam, 2000
source: Fotografische Dienst Faculteit Bouwkunde TU Delft, Ger van der Vlugt - S. Umberto Barbieri,
Leen van Duin: A Hundred Years of Dutch Architecture 1901-2000, Uitgeverij SUN, Amsterdam, 2001
123
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: Fotografische Dienst Faculteit Bouwkunde TU Delft, Ger van der Vlugt - S. Umberto Barbieri,
Leen van Duin: A Hundred Years of Dutch Architecture 1901-2000, Uitgeverij SUN, Amsterdam, 2002
source: Fotografische Dienst Faculteit Bouwkunde TU Delft, Ger van der Vlugt - S. Umberto Barbieri,
Leen van Duin: A Hundred Years of Dutch Architecture 1901-2000, Uitgeverij SUN, Amsterdam, 2003
124
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: /-/ - Günther Satmm, J.J.P.Oud, Bauten und Projekte 1906 bis 1963, Florian Kupferberg
Verlag, Mainz, 1982
source: /-/ - Günther Satmm, J.J.P.Oud, Bauten und Projekte 1906 bis 1963, Florian Kupferberg
Verlag, Mainz, 1983
source: /-/ - Günther Satmm, J.J.P.Oud, Bauten und Projekte 1906 bis 1963, Florian Kupferberg
Verlag, Mainz, 1984
125
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126
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First Half of the 20th Century
127
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6 constituents varies with each one of them. The organisation permits the optimal utilisation of the
site, which is trapezoid-shaped thanks to the gently bending road. It creates a versatile pattern despite
the identical design of the basic constituents, containing the main functions as well as an internal
spatial domain. The location offers superb views for the apartments, while the shady roof terrace
(covered with a large expanse of pergola to prevent the ground-floor residences from overheating) is
an adequate response to the climatic challenges. Owing to the organisation of the development and
the planted vegetation, the units are U-shaped with gardens at their focus. These are screened from
outside observation without being entirely closed.
source: /-/ - James Steel: R. M. Schindler 1887-1953; An Exploration of Space, Taschen, 2003
128
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: /-/ - James Steel: R. M. Schindler 1887-1953; An Exploration of Space, Taschen, 2004
source: /-/ - James Steel: R. M. Schindler 1887-1953; An Exploration of Space, Taschen, 2005
129
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130
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First Half of the 20th Century
131
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First Half of the 20th Century
132
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: Bruno Taut - Winkler Oszkár, Bruno Taut, Akadémia Kiadó, Budapest, 1980
source: H. Pitz - Heraugsgegeben von Winfried Nerdinger, Kristiana Hartman, Matthias Schirren,
Manfred Speidel, Buno Taut 1880-1938, Deutsche Verlags, Munchen 1997
133
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: H. Pitz - Heraugsgegeben von Winfried Nerdinger, Kristiana Hartman, Matthias Schirren,
Manfred Speidel, Buno Taut 1880-1938, Deutsche Verlags, Munchen 1998
source: H. Pitz - Heraugsgegeben von Winfried Nerdinger, Kristiana Hartman, Matthias Schirren,
Manfred Speidel, Buno Taut 1880-1938, Deutsche Verlags, Munchen 1999
134
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: Arthur Köster - Winkler Oszkár, Bruno Taut, Akadémia Kiadó, Budapest, 1976
source: Arthur Köster - Winkler Oszkár, Bruno Taut, Akadémia Kiadó, Budapest, 1977
source: Arthur Köster - Winkler Oszkár, Bruno Taut, Akadémia Kiadó, Budapest, 1978
135
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: Arthur Köster - Winkler Oszkár, Bruno Taut, Akadémia Kiadó, Budapest, 1979
source: H. Pitz - Heraugsgegeben von Winfried Nerdinger, Kristiana Hartman, Matthias Schirren,
Manfred Speidel, Buno Taut 1880-1938, Deutsche Verlags, Munchen 2000
136
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: H. Pitz - Heraugsgegeben von Winfried Nerdinger, Kristiana Hartman, Matthias Schirren,
Manfred Speidel, Buno Taut 1880-1938, Deutsche Verlags, Munchen 2001
source: Arthur Köster - Winkler Oszkár, Bruno Taut, Akadémia Kiadó, Budapest, 1980
137
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First Half of the 20th Century
138
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: Bauhaus, Dessau - James Marston Fitch: Walter Gropius, Otto Maier Verlag, Ravensburg,
1958
139
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: Bauhaus, Dessau - James Marston Fitch: Walter Gropius, Otto Maier Verlag, Ravensburg,
1959
140
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: Bauhaus, Dessau - James Marston Fitch: Walter Gropius, Otto Maier Verlag, Ravensburg,
1960
source: /-/ -
141
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: nürnbergi Germanisches National-Museum - Preisich Gábor: Ernst May, Akadémia kiadó,
Budapest, 1979
source: nürnbergi Germanisches National-Museum - Preisich Gábor: Ernst May, Akadémia kiadó,
Budapest, 1980
142
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main - Preisich Gábor: Ernst May, Akadémia kiadó,
Budapest, 1983
source: nürnbergi Germanisches National-Museum - Preisich Gábor: Ernst May, Akadémia kiadó,
Budapest, 1981
143
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: nürnbergi Germanisches National-Museum - Preisich Gábor: Ernst May, Akadémia kiadó,
Budapest, 1982
144
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: nürnbergi Germanisches National-Museum - Preisich Gábor: Ernst May, Akadémia kiadó,
Budapest, 1983
145
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First Half of the 20th Century
146
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First Half of the 20th Century
147
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First Half of the 20th Century
148
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First Half of the 20th Century
149
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plan. Counteracting the monotony of the dwelling units, however, are carefully placed and well-
designed details such as the small rounded-off balcony and the curved, projecting roof of the gateway
structure. The Kiefhoek is a mature version of designs offering minimal size, but intimate residential
spaces suited for seclusion. The 2-metre-wide front yard, which functions apart from the garden and
offers bicycle storage, and the 60 m2 back garden complemented with a coal depot to prevent outside
observation are the fruits of precisely calculated dimensions and practicality.
150
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First Half of the 20th Century
151
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First Half of the 20th Century
152
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First Half of the 20th Century
153
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: /-/ - Günther Satmm, J.J.P.Oud, Bauten und Projekte 1906 bis 1963, Florian Kupferberg
Verlag, Mainz, 1984
source: /-/ - Günther Satmm, J.J.P.Oud, Bauten und Projekte 1906 bis 1963, Florian Kupferberg
Verlag, Mainz, 1984
154
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: /-/ - Günther Satmm, J.J.P.Oud, Bauten und Projekte 1906 bis 1963, Florian Kupferberg
Verlag, Mainz, 1984
source: /-/ - Günther Satmm, J.J.P.Oud, Bauten und Projekte 1906 bis 1963, Florian Kupferberg
Verlag, Mainz, 1984
155
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First Half of the 20th Century
156
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First Half of the 20th Century
157
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First Half of the 20th Century
158
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First Half of the 20th Century
159
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First Half of the 20th Century
160
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source: Frank Lloyd Wright - Frank Lloyd Wright: The living city, Bramhall House, 1957
161
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: Frank Lloyd Wright - Frank Lloyd Wright: The living city, Bramhall House, 1958
162
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First Half of the 20th Century
163
International Projects from the
First Half of the 20th Century
source: Alvar Aalto - Alvar Aalto, Synopsis, Painting, Architecture, Sculpture, Birkhauser Verlag,
Basel und Stuttgart, 1970, 98.old
164
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: Welin - Rudolf Flotho, Neue urbane Wohnformen, VERLAG ULLSTEIN GMBH, Frankfurt,
Berlin, Wien, 1952
source: Welin - Rudolf Flotho, Neue urbane Wohnformen, VERLAG ULLSTEIN GMBH, Frankfurt,
Berlin, Wien, 1953
source: Welin - Rudolf Flotho, Neue urbane Wohnformen, VERLAG ULLSTEIN GMBH, Frankfurt,
Berlin, Wien, 1954
source: Welin - Rudolf Flotho, Neue urbane Wohnformen, VERLAG ULLSTEIN GMBH, Frankfurt,
Berlin, Wien, 1955
165
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First Half of the 20th Century
source: Welin - Rudolf Flotho, Neue urbane Wohnformen, VERLAG ULLSTEIN GMBH, Frankfurt,
Berlin, Wien, 1955
166
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First Half of the 20th Century
167
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First Half of the 20th Century
168
International Projects from the
First Half of the 20th Century
169
International Projects from the
First Half of the 20th Century
170
International Projects from the
First Half of the 20th Century
171
Chapter 6. Hungarian Projects from
the First Half of the 20th Century
Highly influential international tendencies of the early 20th century did not leave Hungarian
architecture unaffected. Two of the projects described below – namely, the Wekerle Housing Estate
and that of Albertfalva – were inspired by the principles of the British garden city movement, while
developments designed by Viktor Bőhm and Oszkár Füredi preserve stylistic features of Modernism
with their vocabulary of unadorned forms and crystallised simplicity.
Simultaneous with the birth of the Modernist principles, the first half of the 20th century saw various
attempts made to respond to the housing issues of the working class in Hungary as well. Typical
examples were row house developments usually built in mining neighbourhoods to economise the
utilisation of sites and minimise buildings costs. As a rule, housing complexes meant for employees
of state institutions were facilitated by laws and motivated by tax advantages.
The developments described here were typically realised as public projects under state supervision
with substantial government subsidies. These forms of housing were mainly targeted for the employees
of public companies, while some projects were meant to improve middle-class housing conditions.
The shortage of housing affecting workers flocking to cities from the countryside was a burning issue,
thus spurring new housing projects.
The Wekerle, MÁV (Hungarian State Railways) and Albertfalva projects were large-scale
developments of the housing estate style defined by traditional principles of urban planning,
symmetrical design and centrally placed plazas within a perpendicular system. Early 20th-century
buildings still retained the stylistic features and technologies of fin-de-siècle projects. Additionally,
the MÁV estate reflects the corporate image of the “Royal Hungarian Railways”. With the passage
of time, designers developed a preference for unadorned simplicity, a desire reflected in buildings by
Oszkár Füredi and Viktor Bőhm.
As for apartments, designers intended to develop at least two-room dwelling units with rents that were
affordable for members of the targeted social layers. Accordingly, the Wekerle project was facilitated
by legal regulations. Ground-floor plans typically correspond to small and compact apartments, with
substantially smaller floor size than their equivalents in Western Europe.
172
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First Half of the 20th Century
173
Hungarian Projects from the
First Half of the 20th Century
174
Hungarian Projects from the
First Half of the 20th Century
175
Hungarian Projects from the
First Half of the 20th Century
176
Hungarian Projects from the
First Half of the 20th Century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1979
177
Hungarian Projects from the
First Half of the 20th Century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1980
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1981
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1982
178
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First Half of the 20th Century
179
Hungarian Projects from the
First Half of the 20th Century
180
Hungarian Projects from the
First Half of the 20th Century
181
Hungarian Projects from the
First Half of the 20th Century
182
Hungarian Projects from the
First Half of the 20th Century
183
Hungarian Projects from the
First Half of the 20th Century
184
Hungarian Projects from the
First Half of the 20th Century
source: Nagy Gergely - Nagy Gergely, Szelényi Károly: Kertváros-építészet, Az angol példa
Magyarországon, Magyar Képek Kiadó, 2008
185
Hungarian Projects from the
First Half of the 20th Century
186
Hungarian Projects from the
First Half of the 20th Century
source: Novák Ede, Barát Béla - Budapest Főváros Levéltára, XV-17-d329-Barát Béla, Novák Ede:
Az OTI Építkezésének tervei. Albertfalva.
187
Hungarian Projects from the
First Half of the 20th Century
source: Novák Ede, Barát Béla - Budapest Főváros Levéltára, XV-17-d329-Barát Béla, Novák Ede:
Az OTI Építkezésének tervei. Albertfalva.
188
Hungarian Projects from the
First Half of the 20th Century
source: Novák Ede, Barát Béla - Budapest Főváros Levéltára, XV-17-d329-Barát Béla, Novák Ede:
Az OTI Építkezésének tervei. Albertfalva.
source: Novák Ede, Barát Béla - Budapest Főváros Levéltára, XV-17-d329-Barát Béla, Novák Ede:
Az OTI Építkezésének tervei. Albertfalva.
source: Novák Ede, Barát Béla - Budapest Főváros Levéltára, XV-17-d329-Barát Béla, Novák Ede:
Az OTI Építkezésének tervei. Albertfalva.
source: Novák Ede, Barát Béla - Budapest Főváros Levéltára, XV-17-d329-Barát Béla, Novák Ede:
Az OTI Építkezésének tervei. Albertfalva.
189
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First Half of the 20th Century
houses. The garden is accessible from the terrace outside the room via a few steps, but only the ground-
floor units have the privilege of garden access. Retracted walls of bay windows create the sculptural
quality of the façade, while the more solid volume of the kitchen is projected out of the plane, thus
integrated with the parapets of the terraces and balconies.
190
Hungarian Projects from the
First Half of the 20th Century
buildings is the retirement house built in 1933 in Sopron for the retired miners of nearby Brennberg.
The mass contains two types of dwelling units: two-bedroom ones equipped with a kitchen and single-
room flats. The rhythm of adhesion is reflected by the entrance areas carved out from the mass
and shared by two units respectively. This off-cut runs along the entire height of the façade, deeply
articulating the volume. On the upper level, this recess conceals all the window openings and defines
the characteristic façade design, which is solid at the top and pierced at the bottom part.
191
Hungarian Projects from the
First Half of the 20th Century
192
Hungarian Projects from the
First Half of the 20th Century
193
Hungarian Projects from the
First Half of the 20th Century
194
Chapter 7. International Projects from
the Latter Half of the 20th century
After the devastating world wars, several countries had to face burning issues related to the shortage
of housing in the latter half of the century. The steady growth of the population and the activities of the
architectural movements born in the first half of the century drew the attention of various architectural
teams to housing issues once again.
Architects were engaged in a variety of specific issues depending local features and problems in
different countries. Famous projects in Scandinavian countries, Denmark and Finland reflect both the
traditional respect for nature and a widespread use of prefab technology as a result of the longish winter
season. Experimental apartment systems of Dutch Structuralists illustrate approaches to economical
space utilisation in a small country, while projects from countries outside Europe, those of Morocco
and Mauritania, focus on the challenges of their dry climates: shading and overexposure to sun.
What is striking as a general issue is the ambition to keep the sensitive balance between the private
sphere and communal co-existence. All over Europe, but especially in the West, designs were targeted
to include a separate room for each person, as well as sheltered parks and playgrounds in the centre
of developments. With the spread of motorisation, the storage of cars posed a new challenge, much
in the same way as the separation of motor vehicle traffic and pedestrian access. Both in number and
character, transitional spaces connecting exteriors and interiors show a wide variety. More often than
not, terraces, patios, front gardens and loggias connect the buildings.
Evolution in floor plans resulted in larger apartments and bedrooms compared to those of the first half
of the century, while the dimensions of household rooms and ancillary areas decreased as household
gadgets developed and became widespread. Owing to the scarcity of sunshine, one of the interesting
features of Danish developments is the living room housed upstairs, as well as the integration of
prefab technology to various extents. Example include the modular houses of Hallebaek, which can
be assembled from blocks, and Diagoon houses in Delft, which allow for flexible follow-ups.
195
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Hubert Hoffman - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio
Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1964
source: Hubert Hoffman - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio
Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1965
source: Stürwing - Carsten Thau, Kjeld Vindum: Arne Jacobsen, The Danish Architectural Press /
Arkitektens Forlag, Koppenhága, 1998
196
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: D+W - Carsten Thau, Kjeld Vindum: Arne Jacobsen, The Danish Architectural Press /
Arkitektens Forlag, Koppenhága, 2001
source: Stürwing - Carsten Thau, Kjeld Vindum: Arne Jacobsen, The Danish Architectural Press /
Arkitektens Forlag, Koppenhága, 1999
197
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Hubert Hoffman - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio
Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1966
source: Stürwing - Carsten Thau, Kjeld Vindum: Arne Jacobsen, The Danish Architectural Press /
Arkitektens Forlag, Koppenhága, 2000
198
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Stürwing - Carsten Thau, Kjeld Vindum: Arne Jacobsen, The Danish Architectural Press /
Arkitektens Forlag, Koppenhága, 2001
199
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Hubert Hoffman - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio
Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1967
source: Kjeld Vindum - Carsten Thau, Kjeld Vindum: Arne Jacobsen, The Danish Architectural Press /
Arkitektens Forlag, Koppenhága, 2001
200
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Latter Half of the 20th century
201
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Hubert Hoffman - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio
Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1967
202
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Latter Half of the 20th century
203
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
204
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Archives, Bouw-en Woningtoezicht Amsterdam-Zuid - S. Umberto Barbieri, Leen van Duin: A
Hundred Years of Dutch Architecture 1901-2000, Uitgeverij SUN, Amsterdam, 1995
205
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Archives, Bouw-en Woningtoezicht Amsterdam-Zuid - S. Umberto Barbieri, Leen van Duin: A
Hundred Years of Dutch Architecture 1901-2000, Uitgeverij SUN, Amsterdam, 1996
source: Archives, Bouw-en Woningtoezicht Amsterdam-Zuid - S. Umberto Barbieri, Leen van Duin: A
Hundred Years of Dutch Architecture 1901-2000, Uitgeverij SUN, Amsterdam, 1997
206
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Archives, Bouw-en Woningtoezicht Amsterdam-Zuid - S. Umberto Barbieri, Leen van Duin: A
Hundred Years of Dutch Architecture 1901-2000, Uitgeverij SUN, Amsterdam, 1998
source: Archives, Bouw-en Woningtoezicht Amsterdam-Zuid - S. Umberto Barbieri, Leen van Duin: A
Hundred Years of Dutch Architecture 1901-2000, Uitgeverij SUN, Amsterdam, 1999
207
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Archives, Bouw-en Woningtoezicht Amsterdam-Zuid - S. Umberto Barbieri, Leen van Duin: A
Hundred Years of Dutch Architecture 1901-2000, Uitgeverij SUN, Amsterdam, 2000
source: Archives, Bouw-en Woningtoezicht Amsterdam-Zuid - S. Umberto Barbieri, Leen van Duin: A
Hundred Years of Dutch Architecture 1901-2000, Uitgeverij SUN, Amsterdam, 1999
208
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Archives, Bouw-en Woningtoezicht Amsterdam-Zuid - S. Umberto Barbieri, Leen van Duin: A
Hundred Years of Dutch Architecture 1901-2000, Uitgeverij SUN, Amsterdam, 2001
source: Archives, Bouw-en Woningtoezicht Amsterdam-Zuid - S. Umberto Barbieri, Leen van Duin: A
Hundred Years of Dutch Architecture 1901-2000, Uitgeverij SUN, Amsterdam, 2000
209
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Archives, Bouw-en Woningtoezicht Amsterdam-Zuid - S. Umberto Barbieri, Leen van Duin: A
Hundred Years of Dutch Architecture 1901-2000, Uitgeverij SUN, Amsterdam, 2002
source: Archives, Bouw-en Woningtoezicht Amsterdam-Zuid - S. Umberto Barbieri, Leen van Duin: A
Hundred Years of Dutch Architecture 1901-2000, Uitgeverij SUN, Amsterdam, 2003
210
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Jorn Utzon - Jorn Utzon / Richard Weston, The Countryard Houses, Jorn Utzon Logbook,
Morgens Prip-Buus /Edition Blondal, Hellerup 2001
source: Arne Magnussen - Jorn Utzon / Richard Weston, The Countryard Houses, Jorn Utzon Logbook,
Morgens Prip-Buus /Edition Blondal, Hellerup 2004
source: Ole Rafn - Jorn Utzon / Richard Weston, The Countryard Houses, Jorn Utzon Logbook,
Morgens Prip-Buus /Edition Blondal, Hellerup 2003
211
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Bent Ryberg - Jorn Utzon / Richard Weston, The Countryard Houses, Jorn Utzon Logbook,
Morgens Prip-Buus /Edition Blondal, Hellerup 2004
source: Ole Rafn - Jorn Utzon / Richard Weston, The Countryard Houses, Jorn Utzon Logbook,
Morgens Prip-Buus /Edition Blondal, Hellerup 2004
source: Morgens Prip-Buus - Jorn Utzon / Richard Weston, The Countryard Houses, Jorn Utzon
Logbook, Morgens Prip-Buus /Edition Blondal, Hellerup 2004
212
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Jorn Utzon - Jorn Utzon / Richard Weston, The Countryard Houses, Jorn Utzon Logbook,
Morgens Prip-Buus /Edition Blondal, Hellerup 2002
213
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
214
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Jorn Utzon - Jorn Utzon / Richard Weston, The Countryard Houses, Jorn Utzon Logbook,
Morgens Prip-Buus /Edition Blondal, Hellerup 2003
215
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
216
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Jorn Utzon - Jorn Utzon / Richard Weston, The Countryard Houses, Jorn Utzon Logbook,
Morgens Prip-Buus /Edition Blondal, Hellerup 2004
217
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1982
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1983
218
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Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1984
219
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Latter Half of the 20th century
220
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Owen Lawrence Ltd., London - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace
Houses, Patio Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1963
source: Henk Snoek - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio
Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1967
source: Owen Lawrence Ltd., London - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace
Houses, Patio Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1964
221
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Owen Lawrence Ltd., London - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace
Houses, Patio Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1965
222
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Owen Lawrence Ltd., London - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace
Houses, Patio Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1966
223
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Owen Lawrence Ltd., London - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace
Houses, Patio Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1967
224
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Strüwing, Kopenhagen - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses,
Patio Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1962
source: Strüwing, Kopenhagen - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses,
Patio Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1963
225
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Strüwing, Kopenhagen - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses,
Patio Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1964
source: Strüwing, Kopenhagen - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses,
Patio Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1965
226
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Strüwing, Kopenhagen - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses,
Patio Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1966
227
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
or terrain access for two levels of the three-storey apartments, as well as a terrace with fascinating
views on each level. A public plaza, access routes, terraces, courtyards and patios create venues of
various standards with potentially versatile utilisation. Two types of apartments are contained within,
either 186 or 215 square metres.
source: Albert Winkler - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio
Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1959
source: Albert Winkler - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio
Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1960
228
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Albert Winkler - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio
Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1961
source: Albert Winkler - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio
Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1962
source: Albert Winkler - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio
Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1963
229
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Albert Winkler - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio
Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1964
source: Albert Winkler - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio
Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1965
230
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Albert Winkler - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio
Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1966
source: Albert Winkler - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio
Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1966
231
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Albert Winkler - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio
Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1967
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1976
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1977
232
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Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1978
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1979
233
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1980
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1981
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1982
234
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
masses; while solid fences, small apertures and reflective white finishes define the character of the
streets. The compact volumes of residential buildings feature few cooling surfaces, while only a few
windows pierce the northern façade to protect against wind. A specialty of the first type is that the
rooms of the apartment, the kitchen and the bedrooms open from the roofed patio of the entrance area.
In the case of the other types, the living room and the kitchen are accessible from the entrance area,
while the rooms are contained either on the ground floor or upstairs, depending on their size.
source: Coussi Jan, S.E.T.A.P - Gianpiero Aloi: Case di abitazione, prima seria, Dwelling-houses,
Milano, 1960
source: Coussi Jan, S.E.T.A.P - Gianpiero Aloi: Case di abitazione, prima seria, Dwelling-houses,
Milano, 1961
235
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Coussi Jan, S.E.T.A.P - Gianpiero Aloi: Case di abitazione, prima seria, Dwelling-houses,
Milano, 1962
source: Coussi Jan, S.E.T.A.P - Gianpiero Aloi: Case di abitazione, prima seria, Dwelling-houses,
Milano, 1963
source: Coussi Jan, S.E.T.A.P - Gianpiero Aloi: Case di abitazione, prima seria, Dwelling-houses,
Milano, 1964
236
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Coussi Jan, S.E.T.A.P - Gianpiero Aloi: Case di abitazione, prima seria, Dwelling-houses,
Milano, 1965
source: Coussi Jan, S.E.T.A.P - Gianpiero Aloi: Case di abitazione, prima seria, Dwelling-houses,
Milano, 1966
237
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Coussi Jan, S.E.T.A.P - Gianpiero Aloi: Case di abitazione, prima seria, Dwelling-houses,
Milano, 1967
source: Coussi Jan, S.E.T.A.P - Gianpiero Aloi: Case di abitazione, prima seria, Dwelling-houses,
Milano, 1968
source: Coussi Jan, S.E.T.A.P - Gianpiero Aloi: Case di abitazione, prima seria, Dwelling-houses,
Milano, 1969
source: Coussi Jan, S.E.T.A.P - Gianpiero Aloi: Case di abitazione, prima seria, Dwelling-houses,
Milano, 1970
238
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Coussi Jan, S.E.T.A.P - Gianpiero Aloi: Case di abitazione, prima seria, Dwelling-houses,
Milano, 1971
source: J. F. Zavaco - Gianpiero Aloi: Case di abitazione, seonda seria, Dwelling-houses, Milano,
1970
239
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: J. F. Zavaco - Gianpiero Aloi: Case di abitazione, seonda seria, Dwelling-houses, Milano,
1971
source: J. F. Zavaco - Gianpiero Aloi: Case di abitazione, seonda seria, Dwelling-houses, Milano,
1972
240
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Latter Half of the 20th century
241
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
242
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
243
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
244
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
245
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
246
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
247
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
types of design were introduced here by Rainer in various dimensions, but with similar floor plan
configurations. The designer’s residential buildings were defined by his experimentation with prefab
elements and his quest for potentials in economically-realised low-rise residential buildings. This
development in Mauerberg features walls made from durisol bricks filled in with concrete and trussing
that integrates prefab layered and cemented beams. Via the system of stairs enveloping the site, one
arrives in a courtyard carved into the terrain and defined by a small wall. Because of the incline, the
gardens are supported by low counterforts and double as green terraces separated from the access
routes by their shifts in level.
source: Verlag des ÖGB, Wien - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses,
Patio Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1966
source: Verlag des ÖGB, Wien - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses,
Patio Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1967
248
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Hubert Hoffman - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio
Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1960
source: Hubert Hoffman - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio
Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1961
source: Hubert Hoffman - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio
Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1962
249
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Hubert Hoffman - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio
Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1963
source: Hubert Hoffman - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio
Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1964
source: Hubert Hoffman - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio
Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1965
250
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Hubert Hoffman - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio
Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1966
source: Hubert Hoffman - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio
Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1967
251
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: VERLAG GEORG D.W. CALLWEY, München - Paulhans Peters: Neue Atriumhäuser,
VERLAG GEORG D.W. CALLWEY, München, 1961
source: The Museum of Finnish Architecture, Helsinki - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group
Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1965
252
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: The Museum of Finnish Architecture, Helsinki - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group
Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1966
source: VERLAG GEORG D.W. CALLWEY, München - Paulhans Peters: Neue Atriumhäuser,
VERLAG GEORG D.W. CALLWEY, München, 1962
source: VERLAG GEORG D.W. CALLWEY, München - Paulhans Peters: Neue Atriumhäuser,
VERLAG GEORG D.W. CALLWEY, München, 1963
253
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: The Museum of Finnish Architecture, Helsinki - Hubert Hoffmann: Urban Low-Rise Group
Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio Houses, Linked Houses, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1967
source: VERLAG GEORG D.W. CALLWEY, München - Paulhans Peters: Neue Atriumhäuser,
VERLAG GEORG D.W. CALLWEY, München, 1964
254
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: VERLAG GEORG D.W. CALLWEY, München - Paulhans Peters: Neue Atriumhäuser,
VERLAG GEORG D.W. CALLWEY, München, 1965
source: VERLAG GEORG D.W. CALLWEY, München - Paulhans Peters: Neue Atriumhäuser,
VERLAG GEORG D.W. CALLWEY, München, 1966
source: VERLAG GEORG D.W. CALLWEY, München - Paulhans Peters: Neue Atriumhäuser,
VERLAG GEORG D.W. CALLWEY, München, 1967
255
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Latter Half of the 20th century
the houses surround the gardens and the communal area. Their sequence is incomplete and could be
continued endlessly. Reflecting the Modernist slogan of “function follows form”, the building was
defined by Hertzberger as a flexible, semi-ready framework. Houses adhering to each other contain
two basic shifted units – one of them containing the stairs, the other the kitchen and a bathroom as
fixed components. A sequence of half-levels create space for the selected functions, leaving scope for
spatial separation and flowing spatial formation. The name Diagoon refers to the diagonal shift of the
two volumes. Houses feature two and three storeys, with the car park integrated into the building and
the entrance accessible from the street. The daytime and residential rooms are placed on semi-levels.
With variability as a key concept in mind, the designer outlined a total of 32 variations, of which a
few are presented here for illustration.
source: Cliché + Litho AG, Zürich - Architectenburo Herman Hertzbereger: Herman Hertzberger,
Arch-Edition, Den Haag Hollandia, 1987
256
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1981
257
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1982
258
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
259
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
260
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1981
261
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
262
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1982
263
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Per Nagel - Per Nagel: Jorn Utzon Houses, Living Architecture Publishing, Koppenhága, 1995
source: Per Nagel - Per Nagel: Jorn Utzon Houses, Living Architecture Publishing, Koppenhága, 1996
source: Per Nagel - Per Nagel: Jorn Utzon Houses, Living Architecture Publishing, Koppenhága, 1997
264
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Per Nagel - Per Nagel: Jorn Utzon Houses, Living Architecture Publishing, Koppenhága, 1998
source: Per Nagel - Per Nagel: Jorn Utzon Houses, Living Architecture Publishing, Koppenhága, 1999
source: Per Nagel - Per Nagel: Jorn Utzon Houses, Living Architecture Publishing, Koppenhága, 2000
265
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Per Nagel - Per Nagel: Jorn Utzon Houses, Living Architecture Publishing, Koppenhága, 2001
source: Per Nagel - Per Nagel: Jorn Utzon Houses, Living Architecture Publishing, Koppenhága, 2002
266
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Per Nagel - Per Nagel: Jorn Utzon Houses, Living Architecture Publishing, Koppenhága, 2003
267
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
268
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Per Nagel - Per Nagel: Jorn Utzon Houses, Living Architecture Publishing, Koppenhága, 2004
269
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
270
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
271
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
272
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: VERLAG ULLSTEIN GMBH - Rudolf Flotho, Neue urbane Wohnformen, VERLAG ULLSTEIN
GMBH, Frankfurt, Berlin, Wien, 1956
273
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: VERLAG ULLSTEIN GMBH - Rudolf Flotho, Neue urbane Wohnformen, VERLAG ULLSTEIN
GMBH, Frankfurt, Berlin, Wien, 1957
source: VERLAG ULLSTEIN GMBH - Rudolf Flotho, Neue urbane Wohnformen, VERLAG ULLSTEIN
GMBH, Frankfurt, Berlin, Wien, 1958
source: VERLAG ULLSTEIN GMBH - Rudolf Flotho, Neue urbane Wohnformen, VERLAG ULLSTEIN
GMBH, Frankfurt, Berlin, Wien, 1959
274
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: VERLAG ULLSTEIN GMBH - Rudolf Flotho, Neue urbane Wohnformen, VERLAG ULLSTEIN
GMBH, Frankfurt, Berlin, Wien, 1960
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1980
275
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1981
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1982
276
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Keld Helmer - Petersen - Paulhans Peters, Rolf Rosner: Wohn-Häuser, VERLAG GEORG D.
W. CALLWEY, München, 1977
source: Keld Helmer - Petersen - Paulhans Peters, Rolf Rosner: Wohn-Häuser, VERLAG GEORG D.
W. CALLWEY, München, 1978
277
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Keld Helmer - Petersen - Paulhans Peters, Rolf Rosner: Wohn-Häuser, VERLAG GEORG D.
W. CALLWEY, München, 1979
source: Keld Helmer - Petersen - Paulhans Peters, Rolf Rosner: Wohn-Häuser, VERLAG GEORG D.
W. CALLWEY, München, 1980
source: Keld Helmer - Petersen - Paulhans Peters, Rolf Rosner: Wohn-Häuser, VERLAG GEORG D.
W. CALLWEY, München, 1981
278
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Keld Helmer - Petersen - Paulhans Peters, Rolf Rosner: Wohn-Häuser, VERLAG GEORG D.
W. CALLWEY, München, 1982
source: Keld Helmer - Petersen - Paulhans Peters, Rolf Rosner: Wohn-Häuser, VERLAG GEORG D.
W. CALLWEY, München, 1983
source: Keld Helmer - Petersen - Paulhans Peters, Rolf Rosner: Wohn-Häuser, VERLAG GEORG D.
W. CALLWEY, München, 1984
279
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Keld Helmer - Petersen - Paulhans Peters, Rolf Rosner: Wohn-Häuser, VERLAG GEORG D.
W. CALLWEY, München, 1985
source: /-/ - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1979
280
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: /-/ - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1980
281
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: /-/ - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1981
282
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: /-/ - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1982
283
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
form the basis of this open-ended composition. The possible directions of growth are defined by the
streets bordering the site. Each dwelling unit takes up 8 modules of the grid. Using prefab R-C pillars
and boardwalks allowed for more scope within the confined framework. Rooms vary in sizes of one-
half or three-quarters with courtyards, patios, kitchens and wet areas integrated within one grid. An
entrance and stairs the size of a quarter of a grid are the building blocks of the kit. By using these
constituents, at least two bedrooms can be contained. By adding another storey, a maximum of five
can be created. Although the interior rooms are minimal in size, the floor area of living spaces may be
almost doubled, even in the case of the largest apartment type, by integrating the sky-lit patios with
vegetation, the well-separated courtyards connected to the living-rooms (thus suited both for dining
and hosting guests), or joining the kitchen with household functions.
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1979
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1980
284
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1981
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán: Korszerű kertes beépítések, A sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1982
285
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: /-/ - Philip Jodido: Alvaro Siza, Taschen GmbH, Köln, 2000
286
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
287
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
288
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: /-/ - Philip Jodido: Alvaro Siza, Taschen GmbH, Köln, 2001
source: /-/ - Philip Jodido: Alvaro Siza, Taschen GmbH, Köln, 2002
289
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
source: /-/ - Philip Jodido: Alvaro Siza, Taschen GmbH, Köln, 2003
290
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
291
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
292
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
293
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
294
International Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th century
295
Chapter 8. Hungarian Projects from
the Latter Half of the 20th Century
The Communist system of the post-war era heralded the representation of the working class and thus
artificially swelled this social layer. With workplaces offered in towns and cities, masses of people
flocked from the countryside, while the majority of town- and city-dwellers typically lived in poor-
quality flats and tenements, owing to the housing shortage caused by war damage. In response to the
burning issues of housing, projects were launched from the 1950s on when the economy and building
industry started to grow again. The government-managed housing projects were centralised as a rule.
Low-rise high-density developments were rare and less of a priority than high-rise multi-apartment
buildings with prefab technology, since they were easier to produce within short notice. Low-rise high-
density developments became more widespread after resolving issues related to the housing shortage
and the increase of housing dimensions.
Although the country was separated from Western Europe by the Iron Curtain, architectural trends still
influenced designs – as is illustrated by the separate parking areas and the ambition to keep communal
and private spaces in balance, which are featured in the projects described here (e. g., the estate made
up of two-storey terraced houses in Perbál). The majority of the developments included in this chapter
were realised as projects of building societies and the OTP (National Savings Bank), as opposed to
public projects under state supervision.
These projects typically offered dwellers a garden of their own and apartments with configurations
guaranteeing privacy, free of outside observation. However, developments were usually realised on
one site as a result of legal restrictions imposed on housing projects all over the country. As a result,
estate-style developments were few, as opposed to the mushrooming “group houses” that contained
few dwelling units and developed as “patch sites”. During the Communist era, the political system
favoured and supported certain branches of arts, resulting in the proliferation of “artist’s apartments”,
such as the terraced houses equipped with studios in Szentendre and Miskolc, or apartments featuring
studios in Hódmezővásárhely.
As an adjustment to contemporary demands, the size of dwelling units was on the increase, but floor
sizes were still modest in comparison to western standards. Apartments were increasingly equipped
with modern conveniences; and as their size grew, communal areas and private bedrooms were
separated, while the kitchen retained its household functions and was separated from the living room
as such.
296
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1982
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1983
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1984
297
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1985
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1986
298
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1987
source: /-/ -
299
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Szigetvári János - Gianpiero Aloi: Case di abitazione, seonda seria, Dwelling-houses, Milano,
1961
source: Szigetvári János - Gianpiero Aloi: Case di abitazione, seonda seria, Dwelling-houses, Milano,
1962
source: Szigetvári János - Gianpiero Aloi: Case di abitazione, seonda seria, Dwelling-houses, Milano,
1963
300
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Szigetvári János - Gianpiero Aloi: Case di abitazione, seonda seria, Dwelling-houses, Milano,
1964
301
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Szigetvári János - Gianpiero Aloi: Case di abitazione, seonda seria, Dwelling-houses, Milano,
1965
302
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Szigetvári János - Gianpiero Aloi: Case di abitazione, seonda seria, Dwelling-houses, Milano,
1966
source: Szigetvári János - Gianpiero Aloi: Case di abitazione, seonda seria, Dwelling-houses, Milano,
1967
source: Szigetvári János - Gianpiero Aloi: Case di abitazione, seonda seria, Dwelling-houses, Milano,
1968
303
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Szigetvári János - Gianpiero Aloi: Case di abitazione, seonda seria, Dwelling-houses, Milano,
1969
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1976
304
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1977
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1978
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1979
305
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1980
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1981
306
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
natural surrounding landscape define the internal structuring of dwelling units. As a result of half-level
shifts, three planes have been created – that of the entrance from the direction of the street, containing
the ancillary rooms, and two others towards views of the valley with the general rooms. Dwellers
had an option to choose from two variations in floor plan: to have either a dining area doubling as a
kitchen, or a separate kitchen plus a dining area. Upstairs there are two bedrooms, and downstairs the
living room connects to the garden via a roofed terrace. Observation between the neighbouring units
is blocked by cross-walls framing the terraces and horizontal shifts.
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1981
307
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1982
308
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
309
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
310
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1982
311
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1983
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1984
312
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
313
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
314
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
315
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1976
316
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Lelkes László, Móser Zoltán - Magyar Építőmúvészet 1975/2, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1977
317
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Lelkes László, Móser Zoltán - Magyar Építőmúvészet 1975/2, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1978
318
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1979
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1980
319
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Lelkes László, Móser Zoltán - Magyar Építőmúvészet 1975/2, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1981
320
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1982
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1975
321
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1976
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1977
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1978
322
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1979
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1980
323
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1981
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1982
324
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Latter Half of the 20th Century
to receive fellow artists. Each apartment has a car park area accessible from the street via a roofed
driveway connected to the house. Flanked by a breast wall, the stairs leading to the entrance accentuate
the boundaries between the apartments. A smaller garden connects to the houses at the rear.
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1978
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1979
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1980
325
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1981
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1982
326
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1978
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1979
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1980
327
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1981
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1982
328
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Bodonyi Csaba, Golda János, Pirity Attila, Rudolf Mihály - Kollektív Ház, Miskolc '79-'09,
Miskolc Galéria, 2008
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1979
329
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Bodonyi Csaba, Golda János, Pirity Attila, Rudolf Mihály - Kollektív Ház, Miskolc '79-'09,
Miskolc Galéria, 2009
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1980
330
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Latter Half of the 20th Century
331
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
332
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1981
source: Mózer István - Timon Kálmán, Korszerű kertes beépítések, a sorháztól a lakódombig, Műszaki
Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1982
333
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Latter Half of the 20th Century
334
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
335
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
336
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
337
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
338
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: /-/ -
source: Magyari Róbert, Réz Mihály - Magyar Építőművészet 1987/1, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest
339
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Magyari Róbert, Réz Mihály - Magyar Építőművészet 1987/1, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest
source: Magyari Róbert, Réz Mihály - Magyar Építőművészet 1987/1, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest
340
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Magyari Róbert, Réz Mihály - Magyar Építőművészet 1987/1, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest
source: Magyari Róbert, Réz Mihály - Magyar Építőművészet 1987/1, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest
341
Hungarian Projects from the
Latter Half of the 20th Century
source: Magyari Róbert, Réz Mihály - Magyar Építőművészet 1987/1, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest
source: Magyari Róbert, Réz Mihály - Magyar Építőművészet 1987/1, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest
342
Chapter 9. Contemporary Low-
Rise, High-Density Developments –
International Examples
The revolution in communications technology brought about global trends in the contemporary
architectural community as well. It sped up the intellectual mobilisation of cross-pollinating cultures,
global trends appeared, and local circumstances were temporarily relegated to the background. At the
same time, we can observe an approach that stresses the individual; instead of architectural schools,
we rather speak of star architects. Besides trends in globalisation, the characteristics of a given area
and its local issues, inherited over generations, still remain – hence, the sculptural nature of Spanish
examples, closed off from the sky to provide protection from the sun; the density and the inherited
inclination to experiment in Dutch examples; as well as English architect Peter Barber’s constructions,
which are unique and monolithic, while still conforming to the formal world of London.
Globally speaking, a common demand is to break the monotony that arises from repetition or to fortify
that very rhythm. Among the examples for breaking monotony, different techniques were used to
establish an identity. In the case of the Borneo Island construction in Amsterdam, a different architect
was involved with each plot; in the case of Kabelwerk, colourful façades were employed; and for
Hageneiland, diverse cladding on buildings. Examples of emphasis upon the uniform rhythm of units
include the Cyclops Row designed by Maurice Nio in Rotterdam or the Spanish row houses in Cadiz.
Due to the increased spread of automobile usage in the new millennium, the placement of parking
spaces has become a significant design question. The demand for privacy and seclusion has grown in
direct proportion with a prosperous society, while demand for common spaces and their areas have
decreased. The majority of construction is in apartments that are valued on the market; social housing
and rental flats are built more rarely. The floor area of dwelling units has not grown in comparison
with the past. Not without precedent, a demand for flexible, adjustable spaces has reasserted itself.
With the further development of household appliances, we can observe the reduction of spaces (even
the size of cabinets) to a minimum. American kitchen designs are common.
343
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High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Héléne Binet - Lars Müller, Peter Zumthor: Peter Zumthor Works, Lars Müller Publishers, Baden, 1998
Héléne Binet - Lars Müller, Peter Zumthor: Peter Zumthor Works, Lars Müller Publishers, Baden, 1999
344
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Héléne Binet - Lars Müller, Peter Zumthor: Peter Zumthor Works, Lars Müller Publishers, Baden, 2000
Héléne Binet - Lars Müller, Peter Zumthor: Peter Zumthor Works, Lars Müller Publishers, Baden, 2001
345
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Héléne Binet - Lars Müller, Peter Zumthor: Peter Zumthor Works, Lars Müller Publishers, Baden, 2002
Héléne Binet - Lars Müller, Peter Zumthor: Peter Zumthor Works, Lars Müller Publishers, Baden, 2003
346
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Héléne Binet - Lars Müller, Peter Zumthor: Peter Zumthor Works, Lars Müller Publishers, Baden, 2004
Héléne Binet - Lars Müller, Peter Zumthor: Peter Zumthor Works, Lars Müller Publishers, Baden, 2005
Héléne Binet - Lars Müller, Peter Zumthor: Peter Zumthor Works, Lars Müller Publishers, Baden, 2006
347
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Héléne Binet - Lars Müller, Peter Zumthor: Peter Zumthor Works, Lars Müller Publishers, Baden, 2007
Héléne Binet - Lars Müller, Peter Zumthor: Peter Zumthor Works, Lars Müller Publishers, Baden, 2007
Héléne Binet - Lars Müller, Peter Zumthor: Peter Zumthor Works, Lars Müller Publishers, Baden, 2007
348
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High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Between the solid roof-top strips, the order is broken up by smaller-scale elements. Roofed areas and
illuminated patios succeed one another. The apartments can be divided into five strips according to
the pattern. The first is the arrival strip, where a guest room is located beside the parking area and a
smaller welcoming courtyard. The second is for sitting rooms, while the third contains a work area
complemented by a passageway that looks onto an inner courtyard. The fourth contains the kitchen
and living room, and the fifth houses the garden. The strictly designed order continues beyond the
roofs along the façade. The solid, windowless walls alternate with bands of permeable elements.
Eduardo Souto de Moura, Teresa Siza - Mónica Gili: 2G-Eduardo Souto de Moura, Editorial Gustavo
Gili, Barcelona, 1991
349
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Eduardo Souto de Moura, Teresa Siza - Mónica Gili: 2G-Eduardo Souto de Moura, Editorial Gustavo
Gili, Barcelona, 1992
Orsenigo - Antonio Esposito, Giovanni Leoni: Eduardo Souto de Moura, Electa, Milano, 2003
Eduardo Souto de Moura, Teresa Siza - Mónica Gili: 2G-Eduardo Souto de Moura, Editorial Gustavo
Gili, Barcelona, 1993
350
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Orsenigo - Antonio Esposito, Giovanni Leoni: Eduardo Souto de Moura, Electa, Milano, 2004
Eduardo Souto de Moura, Teresa Siza - Mónica Gili: 2G-Eduardo Souto de Moura, Editorial Gustavo
Gili, Barcelona, 1994
351
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Eduardo Souto de Moura, Teresa Siza - Mónica Gili: 2G-Eduardo Souto de Moura, Editorial Gustavo
Gili, Barcelona, 1995
Orsenigo - Antonio Esposito, Giovanni Leoni: Eduardo Souto de Moura, Electa, Milano, 2005
Eduardo Souto de Moura, Teresa Siza - Mónica Gili: 2G-Eduardo Souto de Moura, Editorial Gustavo
Gili, Barcelona, 1996
Eduardo Souto de Moura, Teresa Siza - Mónica Gili: 2G-Eduardo Souto de Moura, Editorial Gustavo
Gili, Barcelona, 1997
352
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
3. West 8, Borneo Island, Amsterdam, Netherlands,
1993-96
The previously flourishing eastern pier of Amsterdam began to lose significance after the Second
World War. The city purchased the vast territory of islands and peninsulas, intending for it to provide a
residential belt containing nearly 8,000 apartments. As a legacy of its industrial past, the new buildings
occupied the same sites as the old, while the proportions, silhouettes and even the use of dark cladding
technology remained. From a financial point of view, a housing density of 100 apartments for every 2.5
acres was planned for the area, which – after long preparation and several changes in plans – the version
by the West 8 architectural office realised the most inventively. Due to the intensive construction,
the water’s blue takes over the role of green surfaces. The area, designed by 30 architects, is made
up of strips containing 8-metre-wide and 35-metre-deep plots. With wider, intervening elements, the
residential units with their backs to each other fill the narrower strips. Among the residential strips,
situated along squares that rhythmically interrupt the streets, are large-scale “plunging” blocks of flats
or “meteorites” that provide variety. Besides strengthening the area’s identity and spatial diversity, they
also boost the housing density significantly. Another feature of the view is the red bridge connecting
the defining focal points of the two stretches of land. The eastern shore of the Spronenburg Peninsula’s
inner lagoon provides the site for an interesting experiment. Sixty plots that are 16 metres deep and 4
or 6 metres wide are given to individuals, who, while conforming to strict regulations, could choose
from a long list of architects. This became the area’s most colourful portion. Within its small area, the
vast arsenal of the eastern pier’s contemporary architecture is displayed.
Dienst Ruimtelijke Erdening Amsterdam - Jaap Evert Abrahamse, Marlies Buurman: Eastern Harbour
District Amsterdam: urbanism and architecture, NAi Publishers, 2006
353
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Jeroen Musch - Jaap Evert Abrahamse, Marlies Buurman: Eastern Harbour District Amsterdam:
urbanism and architecture, NAi Publishers, 2003
West 8 Urban Design & Landscape Architecture - Jaap Evert Abrahamse, Marlies Buurman: Eastern
Harbour District Amsterdam: urbanism and architecture, NAi Publishers, 2006
354
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Jeroen Musch - Jaap Evert Abrahamse, Marlies Buurman: Eastern Harbour District Amsterdam:
urbanism and architecture, NAi Publishers, 2004
Jeroen Musch - Jaap Evert Abrahamse, Marlies Buurman: Eastern Harbour District Amsterdam:
urbanism and architecture, NAi Publishers, 2005
355
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Jeroen Musch - Jaap Evert Abrahamse, Marlies Buurman: Eastern Harbour District Amsterdam:
urbanism and architecture, NAi Publishers, 2006
Kees Hummel - Jaap Evert Abrahamse, Marlies Buurman: Eastern Harbour District Amsterdam:
urbanism and architecture, NAi Publishers, 2005
Kees Hummel - Jaap Evert Abrahamse, Marlies Buurman: Eastern Harbour District Amsterdam:
urbanism and architecture, NAi Publishers, 2006
356
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
ismeretlen - https://www.japlusu.com/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/
au1201074077_MVRDV-1.jpg
phelle - http://straatkaart.nl/2497ZE-Stiemensvaart/media_fotos/mvrdv-ypenburg-M7j/
Jeroen Musch - Anne Hoogewoning, Roemer van Toorn, Piet Vollaard, Arthur Wortmann: Architecture
in the Netherlands, NAi Uitgevers, 2001
Jeroen Musch - Anne Hoogewoning, Roemer van Toorn, Piet Vollaard, Arthur Wortmann: Architecture
in the Netherlands, NAi Uitgevers, 2002
357
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High-Density Developments
– International Examples
358
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Jeroen Musch - Anne Hoogewoning, Roemer van Toorn, Piet Vollaard, Arthur Wortmann: Architecture
in the Netherlands, NAi Uitgevers, 2003
Jeroen Musch - Anne Hoogewoning, Roemer van Toorn, Piet Vollaard, Arthur Wortmann: Architecture
in the Netherlands, NAi Uitgevers, 2004
Jeroen Musch - Anne Hoogewoning, Roemer van Toorn, Piet Vollaard, Arthur Wortmann: Architecture
in the Netherlands, NAi Uitgevers, 2005
359
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
5. Peter Barber, Donnybrook Quarter, London, United
Kingdom, 2000
Several places in London there are elements of the city’s fabric that want “patching”, corner plots
that serve as development sites. Peter Barber’s distinct architectural approach is to fill the gap with
a block that is plastered snow-white, permeable, pierced with passages and fashioned with cut-outs.
Typical of the island nation and its high population are streets populated with people conversing with
pints in hand. The creation of a lively urban community was the goal. Two pedestrian routes cut the
ensemble into three portions. Two narrower blocks touch the existing structures on the borders of the
neighbouring plots. Meanwhile, on the corner, the third mass towers with landmark emphasis, cut free
by the passages. Besides breaking it into smaller, independent elements, the two streets aim to draw
the city life inside, giving rise to a triangular area that serves as a meeting place in the building’s core.
The shorter masses, characteristically articulated with narrow cut-outs, the terraces, courts, patios,
passages, and the functions served by associating one of the city’s squares with a street front give the
development its diversity. Upper-storey terraces, accessible via the courtyard used as a garden or its
own ground-floor entrance, are connected to the street-level apartments, as well as the maisonettes
on the first floor. The maisonettes, with their ground-floor entrances and wide terraces, have the feel
of separate houses. Due to the qualities of the site and the unique proportions, it is endowed with a
changeable floor plan. The flats vary in size from 40 to 100 square metres.
360
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361
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
362
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
363
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
364
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Ralph Richter architekturphoto, Düsseldorf - Ralph Richter: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced
Houses, Institut fürinternationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
Ralph Richter architekturphoto, Düsseldorf - Ralph Richter: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced
Houses, Institut fürinternationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
365
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Ralph Richter architekturphoto, Düsseldorf - Ralph Richter: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced
Houses, Institut fürinternationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
Ralph Richter architekturphoto, Düsseldorf - Ralph Richter: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced
Houses, Institut fürinternationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
366
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Ralph Richter architekturphoto, Düsseldorf - Ralph Richter: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced
Houses, Institut fürinternationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
Ralph Richter architekturphoto, Düsseldorf - Ralph Richter: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced
Houses, Institut fürinternationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
Ralph Richter architekturphoto, Düsseldorf - Ralph Richter: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced
Houses, Institut fürinternationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
367
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Ralph Richter architekturphoto, Düsseldorf - Ralph Richter: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced
Houses, Institut fürinternationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
Hans Pattist - Juan Blesa, Multi-Family Housing, EDITORAL PENCIL, Valencia, 2008.
368
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Hans Pattist - Juan Blesa, Multi-Family Housing, EDITORAL PENCIL, Valencia, 2008.
Hans Pattist - Juan Blesa, Multi-Family Housing, EDITORAL PENCIL, Valencia, 2008.
Hans Pattist - Juan Blesa, Multi-Family Housing, EDITORAL PENCIL, Valencia, 2008.
369
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Hans Pattist - Juan Blesa, Multi-Family Housing, EDITORAL PENCIL, Valencia, 2008.
Hans Pattist - Juan Blesa, Multi-Family Housing, EDITORAL PENCIL, Valencia, 2008.
Hans Pattist - Juan Blesa, Multi-Family Housing, EDITORAL PENCIL, Valencia, 2008.
370
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Hans Pattist - Juan Blesa, Multi-Family Housing, EDITORAL PENCIL, Valencia, 2008.
Hans Pattist - Juan Blesa, Multi-Family Housing, EDITORAL PENCIL, Valencia, 2008.
Hans Pattist - Juan Blesa, Multi-Family Housing, EDITORAL PENCIL, Valencia, 2008.
371
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High-Density Developments
– International Examples
372
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
373
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
ismeretlen - http://www.theplan.it/J/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article&id=653%3Apatio-island&Itemid=141&lang=en, dátum: 2013.
január 10.
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– International Examples
375
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– International Examples
9. NKS Architects, Kanoya, Fukuoka, Japan, 2002
This building, which contains two businesses on the ground floor and nine residential units with three
separate floor plans on the upper storeys, is the first element in a residential belt made up of similarly-
sized blocks arranged in several rhythms. The logic of this continuously expanding development is
built upon its sense of rhythm, its functional division into two parts, and the storage of automobiles
as indispensible accessories to the 21st-century lifestyle. Buildings erected in the first (and second)
rhythm have two faces, separated by routes for dwellers and shoppers. The eastern side of the mass
is open at the ground floor and closed on the upper storeys. The southern side is the exact opposite
– closed on the ground floor and open at the upper storeys. Residents arrive by car into parking bays
surrounded by low concrete walls. From here, a characteristically shaped staircase, with a banister of
the same material as the dividing walls, leads to the recessed entrance, which is framed by a protruding,
concrete blade wall and an awning. A system of concrete plates broken in many places connects the
cars to the flats and residents like an umbilical cord, a critique of the motorised world. In this setting,
garden usage is re-interpreted. Of the nine flats, 25-45 m2 in size, three include a second, upper-storey
terrace. There are three types of residential units that are fitted together like pieces in a game of Tetris.
Their galleried spaces are the embodiment of Japanese minimalism.
Okamoto Kouji Technistaff - Kouji Okamoto: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses,
Intstitut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
376
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Okamoto Kouji Technistaff - Kouji Okamoto: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses,
Intstitut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
Okamoto Kouji Technistaff - Kouji Okamoto: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses,
Intstitut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
377
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Okamoto Kouji Technistaff - Kouji Okamoto: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses,
Intstitut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
Okamoto Kouji Technistaff - Kouji Okamoto: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses,
Intstitut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
378
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Okamoto Kouji Technistaff - Kouji Okamoto: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses,
Intstitut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
Okamoto Kouji Technistaff - Kouji Okamoto: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses,
Intstitut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
Okamoto Kouji Technistaff - Kouji Okamoto: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses,
Intstitut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
379
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
10. Eustaquio Martinez Garcia - Virgilio Gutierrez
Herreros, La Mareta, Tenerife, 2002
These 18 residential units are arranged in strips that run along bound directions and a strict raster. Only
the size of the site provides boundaries for the composition. The system is open and can grow according
to well-established rules. The elements, arranged along a construction-defining north-south approach
route of 45º, shift away from each other. This outward movement brings a beneficial disruption to
the tight order. Jagged area walls appear in the streetscape and the site’s open, internal passageways.
The view, landscape, hilliness and the northeast wind determine the building’s motions. The L-shaped
wall and roof protect the interior spaces from unfavourable directions like a thick, solid, homogeneous
plate, while these areas are practically completely open toward the view on the southwestern side.
The materials, colours and surfaces strengthen the relationship to the location. Although the houses
are reminiscent of stone masses growing out of the sea of sand, the development does not copy the
environment; rather, it re-evaluates and reforms the environment with architectural means for practical
purposes. The development is ventilated by winds passing through the intervals like tight canyons,
while the roof terraces and shady, wind-protected patios of extended proportions double the dwelling
space. Both apartment types are two-storey, with 15 two-bedroom units of 95 m2 and 3 one-bedroom
units of 57 m2. In the case of the former, the communal areas, kitchen, dining room and living room
are on the upper entry level. The lower level contains the bedrooms and areas open to the patio. The
stairs placed at the central point as a spatial element gives the interior zones character. In the smaller
flats, the communal areas are on the ground floor, while the bedroom is found upstairs.
Miguel Curbelo - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
380
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Miguel Curbelo - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
Miguel Curbelo - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
Miguel Curbelo - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
381
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Miguel Curbelo - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
Miguel Curbelo - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
382
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– International Examples
Miguel Curbelo - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
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– International Examples
Miguel Curbelo - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
Miguel Curbelo - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
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High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Miguel Curbelo - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
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ismeretlen -
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– International Examples
Ger van der Vlugt, Markéta Jirousková - Juan Blesa, Multi-Family Housing, EUDOTIRAL PENCIL,
Valnecia, 2008.
Ger van der Vlugt, Markéta Jirousková - Juan Blesa, Multi-Family Housing, EUDOTIRAL PENCIL,
Valnecia, 2008.
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High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Ger van der Vlugt, Markéta Jirousková - Juan Blesa, Multi-Family Housing, EUDOTIRAL PENCIL,
Valnecia, 2008.
Ger van der Vlugt, Markéta Jirousková - Juan Blesa, Multi-Family Housing, EUDOTIRAL PENCIL,
Valnecia, 2008.
Ger van der Vlugt, Markéta Jirousková - Juan Blesa, Multi-Family Housing, EUDOTIRAL PENCIL,
Valnecia, 2008.
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– International Examples
Ger van der Vlugt, Markéta Jirousková - Juan Blesa, Multi-Family Housing, EUDOTIRAL PENCIL,
Valnecia, 2008.
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– International Examples
Ger van der Vlugt, Markéta Jirousková - Juan Blesa, Multi-Family Housing, EUDOTIRAL PENCIL,
Valnecia, 2008.
Ger van der Vlugt, Markéta Jirousková - Juan Blesa, Multi-Family Housing, EUDOTIRAL PENCIL,
Valnecia, 2008.
Ger van der Vlugt, Markéta Jirousková - Juan Blesa, Multi-Family Housing, EUDOTIRAL PENCIL,
Valnecia, 2008.
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ismeretlen - http://www.bomsucesso.net/gallery-category-800
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– International Examples
ismeretlen - http://www.bomsucesso.net/gallery-category-801
Angel Baltanas - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
Angel Baltanas - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
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High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Angel Baltanas - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
Angel Baltanas - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
395
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High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Angel Baltanas - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
Angel Baltanas - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
Angel Baltanas - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
396
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High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Angel Baltanas - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
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Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Angel Baltanas - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
398
Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Fernando Alda - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
Fernando Alda - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
Fernando Alda - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
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Contemporary Low-Rise,
High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Fernando Alda - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
Fernando Alda - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
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High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Fernando Alda - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
Fernando Alda - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
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High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Fernando Alda - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
Fernando Alda - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
Fernando Alda - Antonio Giménez, Conchi Monzonís: Collective Housing, EDITORIAL PENCIL,
S.L., Valencia, 2006.
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– International Examples
of strips that would span the entire area and integrate the different functions. Stretched between the
two routes, the two-storey building (including communal functions and parking on the lower floor
and residential units on the upper storey) spreads into the depths of the site, up to the border of the
neighbouring hospital’s wooded park. Behind it, a service route allows for automobile access; in front,
there is a city square and public park arranged in strips. The greatest virtue of the building is that
the elderly people’s living area is not segregated, but manages to be integrated into the city’s life.
While retaining opportunities for medical supervision, the public functions are separate by level. The
continuation of the city and the park creates an innovative, attractive residential quality, as though it
were an independent home. For each 44 m2 residential unit (designed for one person) there is a small
balcony on the side of the sleeping compartment and a covered terrace on the entrance side. Along the
lane of traffic on the park side are individual units and a terrace opening from them, accessible on foot
as well. These constitute an especially important venue for the elderly to meet, talk and observe.
Joan Roig, Roland Halbe - Aurora Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa: D BOOK. Density, Data,
Diagrams, Dwellings, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spanyolország, 2004
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– International Examples
Joan Roig, Roland Halbe - Aurora Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa: D BOOK. Density, Data,
Diagrams, Dwellings, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spanyolország, 2005
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– International Examples
Joan Roig, Roland Halbe - Aurora Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa: D BOOK. Density, Data,
Diagrams, Dwellings, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spanyolország, 2006
Joan Roig, Roland Halbe - Aurora Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa: D BOOK. Density, Data,
Diagrams, Dwellings, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spanyolország, 2007
405
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– International Examples
Aurora Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa - Aurora Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa:
D BOOK. Density, Data, Diagrams, Dwellings, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spanyolország, 2006
Aurora Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa - Aurora Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa:
D BOOK. Density, Data, Diagrams, Dwellings, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spanyolország, 2007
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– International Examples
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– International Examples
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– International Examples
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– International Examples
Fernando Alda - Aurora Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa: D BOOK. Density, Data, Diagrams,
Dwellings, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spanyolország, 2007
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– International Examples
or terrace. From the outside, these three-storey dwellings – supplied with a small patio on the ground
floor and a terrace on the recessed upper storeys – seem completely closed. The garden is pressed up
against the courtyard; yet, despite its small size, it is still quite practical as an outdoor living room
or dining area that complements the compact interior spaces. Sand-blasted glass elements protect the
privacy of the upper-floor terraces, which are places of quiet seclusion. Sharp shading gives the units
their identity and brings singularity to the elements that meld into a single block. Colour is a simple
means, which, together with a personal attachment, establishes the “city within a city” character of
the entire development.
Hertha Hurnaus - Andrea Nussbaum: Kabelwer Housing Development, Vienna, Architecture Aktuell
2006/11., Sringer-Verlag GmbH, Wien, 1998
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– International Examples
Hertha Hurnaus - Andrea Nussbaum: Kabelwer Housing Development, Vienna, Architecture Aktuell
2006/11., Sringer-Verlag GmbH, Wien, 1999
Hertha Hurnaus - Andrea Nussbaum: Kabelwer Housing Development, Vienna, Architecture Aktuell
2006/11., Sringer-Verlag GmbH, Wien, 2000
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High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Hertha Hurnaus - Andrea Nussbaum: Kabelwer Housing Development, Vienna, Architecture Aktuell
2006/11., Sringer-Verlag GmbH, Wien, 2001
Hertha Hurnaus - Andrea Nussbaum: Kabelwer Housing Development, Vienna, Architecture Aktuell
2006/11., Sringer-Verlag GmbH, Wien, 2002
415
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High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Hertha Hurnaus - Andrea Nussbaum: Kabelwer Housing Development, Vienna, Architecture Aktuell
2006/11., Sringer-Verlag GmbH, Wien, 2003
Hertha Hurnaus - Andrea Nussbaum: Kabelwer Housing Development, Vienna, Architecture Aktuell
2006/11., Sringer-Verlag GmbH, Wien, 2004
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– International Examples
Hertha Hurnaus - Andrea Nussbaum: Kabelwer Housing Development, Vienna, Architecture Aktuell
2006/11., Sringer-Verlag GmbH, Wien, 2005
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– International Examples
Aurora Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa, Luuk Kramer, Christian de Portzamparc - Aurora
Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa: D BOOK. Density, Data, Diagrams, Dwellings, a+t
ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spanyolország, 1997
Aurora Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa, Luuk Kramer, Christian de Portzamparc - Aurora
Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa: D BOOK. Density, Data, Diagrams, Dwellings, a+t
ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spanyolország, 1998
Aurora Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa, Luuk Kramer, Christian de Portzamparc - Aurora
Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa: D BOOK. Density, Data, Diagrams, Dwellings, a+t
ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spanyolország, 1999
Aurora Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa, Luuk Kramer, Christian de Portzamparc - Aurora
Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa: D BOOK. Density, Data, Diagrams, Dwellings, a+t
ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spanyolország, 2000
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– International Examples
Aurora Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa, Luuk Kramer, Christian de Portzamparc - Aurora
Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa: D BOOK. Density, Data, Diagrams, Dwellings, a+t
ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spanyolország, 2001
Aurora Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa, Luuk Kramer, Christian de Portzamparc - Aurora
Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa: D BOOK. Density, Data, Diagrams, Dwellings, a+t
ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spanyolország, 2002
419
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– International Examples
Aurora Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa, Luuk Kramer, Christian de Portzamparc - Aurora
Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa: D BOOK. Density, Data, Diagrams, Dwellings, a+t
ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spanyolország, 2003
Aurora Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa, Luuk Kramer, Christian de Portzamparc - Aurora
Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa: D BOOK. Density, Data, Diagrams, Dwellings, a+t
ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spanyolország, 2004
Aurora Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa, Luuk Kramer, Christian de Portzamparc - Aurora
Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa: D BOOK. Density, Data, Diagrams, Dwellings, a+t
ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spanyolország, 2005
420
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High-Density Developments
– International Examples
Aurora Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa, Luuk Kramer, Christian de Portzamparc - Aurora
Fernández Per, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa: D BOOK. Density, Data, Diagrams, Dwellings, a+t
ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spanyolország, 2006
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– International Examples
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– International Examples
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– International Examples
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– International Examples
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– International Examples
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Chapter 10. Contemporary Low-
Rise High-Density Developments –
Hungarian Projects
We have defined this chapter in the chronology of contemporary Hungarian developments as a period
starting after the change of the political system in 1989, since this era brought about radical changes in
the country. By the end of the Communist system, the participation of the state significantly decreased
in home-building, while the housing stock was privatised, the market reconfigured, and groups of
building contractors and investors appeared.
The restructuring of society, the opening up of markets and the investment of accumulated capital
generated a large-scale construction boom. The most widespread form of housing was the “residential
community”. Being market-targeted, this form of housing had the potential to realize higher profit
margins. Low-rise, high-density developments remained scarce throughout this period and are
primarily concentrated in agglomerations. Projects in Budapest referred to here, such as the apartments
in Barlang and Víznyelő Streets, were typically meant for higher social strata, especially among the
upper-middle class. In these cases, architects asserted a powerful vision if investors could be convinced
to shift over to low-rise, high-density developments. This situation is illustrated by a few projects
described below.
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– Hungarian Projects
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– Hungarian Projects
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– Hungarian Projects
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– Hungarian Projects
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– Hungarian Projects
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– Hungarian Projects
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– Hungarian Projects
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– Hungarian Projects
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– Hungarian Projects
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– Hungarian Projects
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– Hungarian Projects
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– Hungarian Projects
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– Hungarian Projects
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– Hungarian Projects
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4. Tamás Tomay, Csévi Street, Budapest, 2008
This is an example illustrative of the compact, elegant, yet quintessential houses designed by Tamás
Tomay. Joining Csévi Street via a narrow stalk, this odd-shape “leftover” site is located in the depths of
a triangular block. Seemingly free-standing components of the four dwelling units grow out from and
adhere to the basement beneath them, which begins with a driveway from the street. Defined by walls
on the basement and garden levels, the enclosure almost entirely fills in the site. Undeveloped for a
long time, this narrow strip of land looked so unsuited and hopeless for the development and inclusion
of four practical apartments that the designer first advised the client against purchasing the property.
Climbing along the slight slope, the four components turn slightly away from each other and are
separated both in level and by a garden that perfectly responds to the challenges of a somewhat difficult
site. Every unit is advantageously oriented with undisturbed views. Although seemingly identical, each
is a different variation of the same typology regarding both exterior and interior design. Tailor-made to
the clients’ needs, the monolith volumes with exposed brick cladding were shaped to reflect purposeful
randomness, which is also apparent in the general plan configuration. The asymmetrical angles of roof
inclinations, their rotation out of the longitudinal axis of the ridge by 90 degrees, the sliced-out terrace
on the roof level, and the roof itself gently counterbalance the predominance of cubes. The houses are
closed towards the greenery meant to reveal the shared pedestrian access. Façades are exposed to the
viewer upon entering the private courtyard, and their block-like appearance is softened by terraces.
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– Hungarian Projects
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– Hungarian Projects
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High-Density Developments
– Hungarian Projects
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High-Density Developments
– Hungarian Projects
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– Hungarian Projects
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High-Density Developments
– Hungarian Projects
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High-Density Developments
– Hungarian Projects
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High-Density Developments
– Hungarian Projects
453
Chapter 11. Sustainable and Energy-
Efficient Low-Rise High-Density
Developments
Because we are facing issues of both global and local crises, sustainability is a most extensively
used term nowadays, the interpretation of it still requires some explanation in the complex system
of definitions. The most widely known approach to sustainability is based on three cornerstones
of the concept, distinguishing economic, environmental and social sustainability. Sciences focus on
various aspects of this concept, while breaking down its integral unity into several parts. Housing as
such and architecture in general associate themselves with each of the three pillars of sustainability,
true to the complexity of design and construction. Hence, the challenge for architects is to create a
response integrating the threefold criteria and find an approach that unites all aspects of the concept.
Thus, sustainability in architecture means a quest for individual responses in each case. The projects
described here are quests for a sustainable future, apropos of which we shall discuss the correlations
of the three cornerstones as they apply to low-rise, high-density housing developments.
Economic sustainability in housing is associated with the concept of “affordable dwelling”, available
to everyone in proportion to their income, which involves cost-efficient and rational construction,
maintenance and management. One of the projects described here is Alejandro Aravena’s housing
estate in Chile, designed for families already living there. The three apartments designed by Anna
Heringer in Rudrapur is a fine example of housing using locally available materials without relying on
external resources; thus, it is sustainable in the long run. The intelligent house in Matosinhos differs
from the previous projects, since it focuses on the economic aspect of maintenance and management,
with the aim to minimize reliance on external resources during its life-cycle following construction.
Accelerated industrial production has brought about the phenomena of environment pollution. The
ecological footprint of a human being today is the several times that of people living a century ago.
Besides, the global population boom involves accelerated consumption of finite resources. Solving
issues such as global warming and reducing the ecological footprint are factual challenges demanding
communal responses. Excessive environmental burden is exorbitant in the building industry, since
it causes almost 40% of carbon dioxide emission. Environmental sustainability draws attention to
the rational and restrained utilisation of tight resources, as well as the appreciation and protection
of environments. The Parisian project with the “use what you find” approach is a fine example of
rationally recycling existing values. Meanwhile, intelligent houses and floating homes are exemplary
models of reducing reliance on fossil fuels by using renewable energies, while meeting contemporary
comfort demands.
The aspect of social sustainability is manifest in the self-sustaining forms of societal co-operation,
the shared communal utilisation of resources, and the economical approach of old times. Low-rise,
high-density developments boosting communal co-existence rely on sharing construction charges,
infrastructure, maintenance and management. One example illustrating this is Clay Field in England,
Suffolk, which has reduced its ecological footprint by sharing resources and local responses to needs
and demands as rural communities do. Another similar project is that of Vandkusten, a team of Danish
architects. As a follow-up concept integrating natural or semi-natural existence and Danish “co-
housing” tradition, this development features mutual care and minimal reliance on external resources.
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ribbons winding into the depths of the site. The body of this black snake, intruding into the intact
“village green”, fills out further on with the garden lanes that complete the row of buildings defined
by solid fences. The ratio of man-made to natural domain, the contemporary architectural means, the
high-density of housing, as well as the versatility of the designs and the sizes of the dwellings – all
have contributed to create an environment bucolic in tone. The vocabulary of forms and the materials
used on the buildings are far from luxurious. They are socially sensitive, rational and daring responses.
Large out-of-plane sun traps on the façade reach out to lure light and warmth into the interiors, which
are especially valued under Scandinavia’s climate. The intervals in the prefab timber frame are filled
with thick thermal insulation. Black-fibre cement cladding warms the buildings from the outside in
sunny weather, while the roof is wrapped in metal sheets. Three different floor plan designs have been
used – single-storey houses with two or three bedrooms and duplex flats with three bedrooms. As a
distinguishing feature of Danish configurations, the upper-floor living room of the two-storey houses
is connected with the dining area downstairs via a gallery, and the communal spaces are lit by large
expanses piercing the two-level façade.
source: Olof Hultin - Hultin Olof: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses, Institut für
internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
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Density Developments
source: Olof Hultin - Hultin Olof: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses, Institut für
internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
source: Olof Hultin - Hultin Olof: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses, Institut für
internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
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Efficient Low-Rise High-
Density Developments
source: Olof Hultin - Hultin Olof: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses, Institut für
internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
source: Olof Hultin - Hultin Olof: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses, Institut für
internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
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Efficient Low-Rise High-
Density Developments
source: Olof Hultin - Hultin Olof: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses, Institut für
internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
source: Olof Hultin - Hultin Olof: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses, Institut für
internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
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Efficient Low-Rise High-
Density Developments
source: Olof Hultin - Hultin Olof: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses, Institut für
internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
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Density Developments
source: Olof Hultin - Hultin Olof: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses, Institut für
internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
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Efficient Low-Rise High-
Density Developments
source: Olof Hultin - Hultin Olof: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses, Institut für
internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
source: Olof Hultin - Hultin Olof: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses, Institut für
internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
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2. Marlies Rohmer: Waterwoningen – Floating Houses,
Ijburg, Netherlands, 2001
“While the world was created by God, the Netherlands was created by the Dutch people.” This saying
is often heard apropos of the residential area on the man-made islands on Lake Ij, in the eastern part
of Amsterdam. In Dutch culture, the mainland is not a given, but the fruit of toilsome centuries-
long labour that continues today. In Zeeburg, which is part of the city, the former eastern harbour
was revived as a result of waterfront rehabilitation projects which are in progress nowadays all over
the world. The islands were built at the mouth of the River Ij as a genuine blue-field project (water
housing). Upon its completion, the new city quarter, built in several stages by a variety of architects’
teams, will be populated by 45,000 dwellers. This is why not only homes, but also shops, office blocks,
schools and recreational facilities are at their disposal here. Actually, the northern side of the first
member of this cluster of islands is not mainland, but a bay. Its water level is regulated by dikes in the
embrace of a headland. By the time the area becomes fully inhabited, a total of 175 floating dwelling
units will adhere to the piers that wind out from the shore to fill out the expanse of water. Three variants
of dwellings are on offer – “free-floating” residential buildings, and blocks featuring two or three
dwelling units. In addition, there are also some high towers raised on piles to function as fixed points
of reference within the pier system. From the mainland, the site is exclusively accessible on foot or by
water. The foundation of each floating house is an R-C tub, allowing them to float only through the
force of buoyancy. The more a house weighs, the deeper it sinks. Bedrooms are contained underwater.
As a response to this unique situation, the garden is transformed. The upper floors feature terraces,
while the resting decks floating on the water are accessible via walkways.
source: Marcel van der Burg, Luuk Kramer, Roos Aldershoff - www.rohmer.nl
source: Marcel van der Burg, Luuk Kramer, Roos Aldershoff - www.rohmer.nl
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source: Marcel van der Burg, Luuk Kramer, Roos Aldershoff - www.rohmer.nl
source: Marcel van der Burg, Luuk Kramer, Roos Aldershoff - www.rohmer.nl
source: Marcel van der Burg, Luuk Kramer, Roos Aldershoff - www.archdaily.com
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source: Marcel van der Burg, Luuk Kramer, Roos Aldershoff - www.archdaily.com
source: Marcel van der Burg, Luuk Kramer, Roos Aldershoff - www.rohmer.nl
source: Marcel van der Burg, Luuk Kramer, Roos Aldershoff - www.archdaily.com
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source: Marcel van der Burg, Luuk Kramer, Roos Aldershoff - www.rohmer.nl
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5. Álvaro Siza: SAAL Bouça Social Housing, Porto,
Portugal, 2004
As Portuguese architect Álvaro Siza argues, maintaining the continuity of social tradition is the most
important means of social sustainability. This wedge-shaped site is located between the railways and a
busy urban avenue at the intersection of the historic fabric of the city and the suburban zone. The project
had to keep the balance between heterogeneity, typical of contemporary cities, and hardly noticeable
linkage points. The development completely fills in the triangular site, rounding off the street as a
development in unbroken rows and turning towards the railway with a solid, sound-absorbing wall.
In the depths of the mass, it is divided into four lanes. In between the four-storey rows, there are
courtyards, gardens and venues for community life. The lower two-level apartments open directly
from the intervals, while the upper-floor units open from court-facing perimeter galleries that start
from the central stairwells. The multi-storey urban space offers a meeting place for the residential
community. The communal functions, a library, a shop and a bank housed at the end of the lanes
facilitate integration with the city, while enlivening the sequence of coordinated spaces along the
smaller street. Besides morphological connections, understanding the cultural context is also a priority
task in social housing. Although appearing somewhat rigid at first sight, this ensemble creates a
residential environment designed, after lengthy discourses, to offer socially sensitive and realistic
responses justified by utilisation. Simple and durable materials, untreated finishes, and apartments
with small floor sizes organized within a narrow span that are still comfortable provide sustainable
housing for residents who move in.
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source: Roberto Collová, Toshiaki Tange - Peter Testa: Alvaro Siza, Birkhauser, 1995
source: Roberto Collová, Toshiaki Tange - Peter Testa: Alvaro Siza, Birkhauser, 1996
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6. Cubo Arkitekter: Hvide Sande, Denmark, 2004–2006
Formerly a fishing hamlet, Hvide Sande is located in a spectacular environment where the North Sea
and Ringkobing Fjord meet. As the ancient trade has mostly evolved into industry by now, it is only
a reminiscence of the past, even in small villages where streets flanked by fish hung out to dry are
busy now with noisy holidaymakers – an obvious sign of new winds blowing through the fjords of
Scandinavia, too. It is only forms that have survived here. Evoking typical designs of fisherman’s
houses, a total of 70 black-painted holiday homes with gable roofs and wood panelling are coordinated
in a row moored to the shore along the fjord. Beneath the zigzagging roofs, single-story and two-level
apartments are placed in two rows joined by car parks and garden sheds of their own. In between
the lanes, practical and confined transitional spaces are revealed. Open terraces face south to enjoy
views, and there are also small patios protected against northern winds that can be used as dining or
recreational areas. The exterior spaces are protected against outside observation by level-high walls.
Pressed together, apartments with small floor sizes are open at both ends. The wet areas are found in the
middle, the dwelling rooms and the kitchen along the façade in line with the narrow-width span. The
compact, archetypal form, disciplined ground-plans, simple materials used, thick thermal insulation
enveloping the interior, the palette of the façades designed to take maximum benefit from the sunlight,
as well as the openings – all reflect an energy-conscious, sustainable approach.
Thomas Molvig, Arhus - Thomas Molvig: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses, Institut
für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH &Co. KG, München, 2006.
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Thomas Molvig, Arhus - Thomas Molvig: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses, Institut
für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH &Co. KG, München, 2006.
Thomas Molvig, Arhus - Thomas Molvig: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses, Institut
für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH &Co. KG, München, 2006.
Thomas Molvig, Arhus - Thomas Molvig: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses, Institut
für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH &Co. KG, München, 2006.
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Thomas Molvig, Arhus - Thomas Molvig: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses, Institut
für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH &Co. KG, München, 2006.
Thomas Molvig, Arhus - Thomas Molvig: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses, Institut
für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH &Co. KG, München, 2006.
Thomas Molvig, Arhus - Thomas Molvig: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses, Institut
für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH &Co. KG, München, 2006.
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Thomas Molvig, Arhus - Thomas Molvig: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses, Institut
für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
Thomas Molvig, Arhus - Thomas Molvig: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses, Institut
für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
Thomas Molvig, Arhus - Thomas Molvig: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses, Institut
für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
481
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Jean-Michel Landecy, Geneva - Jean- Michael Landecy: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced
Houses, Institut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
Jean-Michel Landecy, Geneva - Jean- Michael Landecy: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced
Houses, Institut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
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Jean-Michel Landecy, Geneva - Jean- Michael Landecy: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced
Houses, Institut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
483
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Jean-Michel Landecy, Geneva - Jean- Michael Landecy: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced
Houses, Institut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
Jean-Michel Landecy, Geneva - Jean- Michael Landecy: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced
Houses, Institut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
Jean-Michel Landecy, Geneva - Jean- Michael Landecy: in DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced
Houses, Institut für internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006.
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8. Koji Tsutsui, Orphanage, Raki, Uganda, 2007
The HIV virus was first identified in 1982 in the province of Raki, Uganda. Designed as a composition
allowing for an organic future growth, the orphanage will be home to masses of children who lost their
parents and were thus orphaned at a tender age because of this illness. The basic constituents of the
composition are a total of eight boxes grouped in a cluster around central courtyards of various sizes
and functions. The frame – which is roofed, but left open in the middle – is made up of two bedrooms,
three classrooms, two offices and a wet area. The pattern follows fixed rules. The boxes are rectangular
blocks, and the neighbouring units are juxtaposed radially at 45º with a minimal interval of 120
centimetres between them. This strict system permits the spread of the pattern and thus the extension
of the development later on. Designs reflect respect for traditions and the concept of sustainability as
a rule. The focus of each enclosure is a tree under which children can gather. Joining the centre, the
roofed triangular spaces among the boxes provide space for a variety of activities. In line with the
primary goal, which is private construction, the components can be built with traditional means and
without in-depth engineering expertise or technological skills. Wrapped in solar panels, the planes of
the simple unbroken timber roof project in every direction above the masonry walls. Also, just like
leaves of a tree, they collect rainwater to be channelled into a cistern. If this structure proves to be
viable, the small concentrically organised modules could be used to develop a homogeneous fabric
with several centres which may function as a healthy village.
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the construction stage (as well as sketches drawn into clay) will hopefully be carried on by the trained
local craftsmen.
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ismeretlen - http://www.website.hoerbst.com/2009_home/
ismeretlen - http://www.website.hoerbst.com/2009_home/
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ismeretlen - http://www.website.hoerbst.com/2009_home/
ismeretlen - http://www.website.hoerbst.com/2009_home/
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ismeretlen - http://www.website.hoerbst.com/2009_home/
ismeretlen - http://www.website.hoerbst.com/2009_home/
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Chapter 12. Bibliography
• Comprehensive Works ABRAHAMSE Jaap Evert, BUURMAN, Marlies: Eastern Harbour District
Amsterdam: urbanism and architecture, NAiPublishers, 2006
• BARBIERI, S. Umberto, VAN DUIN, Leen: A Hundred Years of Dutch Architecture, 1901-2000,
Uitgeverij SUN, Amsterdam, 2003
• BITÓ, János: Lakóházak tervezése („Residential Design”), B+V Kiadó, Budapest, 2003
• DE WIT, Wim, The Amsterdam School, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1983
• FERNÁNDEZ PER, Aurora, MOZAS, Javier, ARPA, Javier: D BOOK. Density, Data, Diagrams,
Dwellings, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spanyolország, 2007
• FLOTHO, Rudolf: Neue urbane Wohnformen, Verlag Ullstein GMBH, Frankfurt, Berlin, Wien,
1956
• FRENCH, Hilary: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, W.W. Norton &Company, London,
2008
• GIMÉNEZ, Antonio, MONZONÍS, Conchi: Collective Housing, Editorial Pencil, S.L., Valencia,
2006
• HOFFMANN, Hubert: Urban Low-Rise Group Housing, Terrace Houses, Patio Houses, Linked
Houses,Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgard, 1967
• KRÄMER, Karl: Esinfalmilienhauser in der Gruppe, Karl Krämer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1966
• PETERS, Paulhans, ROSNER, Rolf: Wohn-Häuser, Verlag Georg D. W. Callwey, München, 1977
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Bibliography
• SCHITTICH, Christian (Ed.): DETAIL Semi-Detached and Terraced Houses, Institut für
internationale Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG, München, 2006
• Monographies ESPOSITO, Antonio, LEONI, Giovanni: Eduardo Souto de Moura, Electa, Milano,
2003
• FITCH, James Marston: Walter Gropius, Otto Maier Verlag, Ravensburg, 1960
• GILI, Mónica: 2G-Eduardo Souto de Moura, Editorial Gustavo Gili, Barcelona, 1997
• MÜLLER, Lars, ZUMTHOR, Peter: Peter Zumthor Works, Lars Müller Publishers, Baden, 1998
• NAGEL, Per: Jorn Utzon Houses, Living Architecture Publishing, Koppenhága, 2004
• SATMM, Günther: J.J.P.Oud, Bauten und Projekte 1906 bis 1963, Florian Kupferberg Verlag,
Mainz, 1984
• TAVERNE, Ed, WAGENAAR Cor, DE VLETTER, Martien: J.J.P.Oud, Poetic Functionalist, Nai
Publishers, Rotterdam, 2001
• THAU, Carsten, VINDUM, Kjeld: Arne Jacobsen, The Danish Architectural Press / Arkitektens
Forlag, Koppenhága, 2001
• UTZON, Jørn, WESTON, Richard: The Courtyard Houses, Houses, Jørn Utzon Logbook, Morgens
Prip-Buus, Edition Blondal, Hellerup 2004
Periodicals
• Architecture + Urbanism, 2006-6: Housing Currents
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