AND IMPEDIMENTS FOR WASTE REDUCTION

Author links open overlay panelPauliende JongMaartenWolsink

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https://doi.org/10.1006/wmre.1996.0117Get rights and content

Abstract
The way in which organizations collect, treat and dispose of waste in The
Netherlands frustrates the achievement of waste reduction goals. The
possibility that directed modification of the structure of the waste sector may
contribute to stimulating consumers (i.e. all waste producers using services
from collectors) to limit the generation of waste at the source by means of
source reduction, re-use and recycling, is the subject of research of which the
first results are presented here. This article describes the structure of the
Dutch waste sector and indicates impediments for waste reduction linked to it.
The analysis starts with a categorization of organizations with vested interests
in the handling of waste. The ways in which these organizations manage to
gain influence on the manner in which waste is handled will be explained, as
well as the mutual relationships between organizations.

Keywords
Municipal solid waste
waste market
waste sector
institutional impediments
waste reduction
sector structure
The Netherlands

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0734242X9690117
2
 Waste Management & Research
Volume 15, Issue 6, December 1997, Pages 627-640

Regular Article

VEHICLE AND LABOR REQUIREMENTS FOR YARD

WASTE COLLECTION
Author links open overlay panelJess W.EverettShivShahi
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https://doi.org/10.1006/wmre.1996.0116Get rights and content

Abstract
Curbside collection of yard waste material is costly because the amounts
collected per residence are small compared to the total waste stream and time
is wasted driving by non-setting-out residences. In this paper, mathematical
models are presented capable of estimating route time based on the
distribution and amount of materials collected, and route and collection
method characteristics. A method is presented that uses route time, set-out
rate, and average set-out amount to estimate vehicle and labor requirements
for compost curbside collection programs. The effect of collection practice on
vehicle and labor needs is also explored.

 Previous article in issue

 Next article in issue

Keywords
Yard waste collection
vehicle and labor requirements
modeling

Waste Management & Research

Volume 15, Issue 6, December 1997, Pages 627-640
Regular Article

VEHICLE AND LABOR REQUIREMENTS FOR YARD

WASTE COLLECTION
Author links open overlay panelJess W.EverettShivShahi
Show more

https://doi.org/10.1006/wmre.1996.0116Get rights and content

Abstract
Curbside collection of yard waste material is costly because the amounts
collected per residence are small compared to the total waste stream and time
is wasted driving by non-setting-out residences. In this paper, mathematical
models are presented capable of estimating route time based on the
distribution and amount of materials collected, and route and collection
method characteristics. A method is presented that uses route time, set-out
rate, and average set-out amount to estimate vehicle and labor requirements
for compost curbside collection programs. The effect of collection practice on
vehicle and labor needs is also explored.

Keywords
Yard waste collection
vehicle and labor requirements
modeling

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0734242X9690116
0
Recycling and Waste
Reduction Tips for Schools
There are many ways that school systems can be proactive with their
recycling and waste management programs. Many of the students are
already recycling at home, so it is important that those same recycling
opportunities are also made convenient at school. Reducing waste and
recycling can save the school money, energy and natural
resources. Plus it is a fantastic way to teach the students how reducing,
reusing, and recycling waste can make a different to their school,
community, and the environment.

10 Tips to Reduce Waste and Recycle at your School

1. If there are school supplies or

equipment that are not needed or left over at the end of the year,
donate them to a local organization instead of throwing them
away. Work with the families and teachers to make going “Back to
School” greener too.
2. Start a composting program in the school cafeteria to reduce food
waste. Here is some more information on setting up a composting
program for your school cafeteria.
3. Cafeteria kitchens can utilize stainless steel waste compactors in the
back where cooks work to reduce the amount of space that food and
kitchen waste occupies.
4. Pull together a recycling and waste management team. Your school’s
recycling team could consist of a student leader(s), custodian,
teacher, and administration.
5. Educate students and staff about the recycling and waste reduction
program. No matter how small the recycling program is, educating
the students and staff on the “how” and “why” are vital to its success.
This post on 6 Ways to do Greener Business can apply to
schools too.
6. Think paperless. There is much that can be done via email,
electronic documents, and online instead of printing paper hard
copies. Staff and administration should be educated on how making
small changes to make their curriculum paperless can make a big
difference in reducing paper waste and increasing efficiency.

7. Materials such as aluminum, plastics, and

cardboard/paper are easy for schools to collect and bale. Small
vertical balers can be utilized by the school custodial and
maintenance crew to bale and store the recyclables for easier
storage and transport.
8. Get to know your local recycling facility, what they acceptand how
materials should be sorted. Your school will want to create a long-
 term relationship with the local recycling facility as you grow you
recycling program.
9. Invest in waste reduction. As part of your school’s waste reduction
plan, recycling and waste management equipment, such
as automatic trash compactors placed in the high-traffic student
areas make waste management more efficient for custodial staff and
reduce the number of trash pickups.
10. Use special recycling programs for fundraising for the
school. There are many established buy-back and recycling
programs that can help to build teamwork and raise funds.
How is your school being proactive recycling and reducing waste? Do
you plan on starting any new recycling and waste reduction initiatives for
this school year?

https://harmony1.com/recycling-waste-management-schools/
Recycling and Solid Waste / Schools / Reducing Waste at School

Reducing waste at school instills a culture of environmental responsibility in students. With

some creativity and a simple change of habit, schools can watch their dumpster size (and waste
bill) shrink. For technical assistance contact Cher Mohring or call 946-7737.

Follow these tips to reduce and reuse at school:

Reduce Waste at Lunch

Reduce Paper Waste
Schedule an Exchange or Rummage Sale
Conduct a Waste Audit

Reduce Waste at Lunch

Set up an "offer versus serve" cafeteria, permitting students to choose the foods they want to eat.

Have recess before lunch to eliminate students' desire to rush through lunch for more recess time.
Playing stimulates students' appetites and thirst, encouraging them to consume instead of wasting
food.

Allow time before lunch for students to review the menu and decide what they want to select.

Set up a food share table and donate what is not taken at the end of the lunch period.

Pack a waste-free lunch

 Use a lunch box or reusable lunch bag.

 Pack sandwiches or salads in a reusable container.
  Bring a drink in a thermos instead of packing a drink box or one-use water bottle. (Buying
beverages in larger containers saves money, too.)
 Avoid pre-assembled lunch kits with excess packaging that gets thrown away.
 Bring reusable utensils and cloth napkin that can be washed and used again.
 Try to pack only food that's needed, to prevent wasted food.

Print and pass out the Waste-Free Lunch Guidelines (hint: print landscape and double-sided and
cut in half to save paper) for students to take home to their lunch packer.

Buying lunch in the school cafeteria:

 Take only what is needed so food and condiments aren't thrown away.
 Don’t take a lunch tray if there are only wrapped food items.
 Don’t forget to recycle milk/juice cartons, bottles and cans. (At the present time, yogurt
containers and fruit cups are not recyclable.)

To learn more about creating less waste at lunch, visit www.wastefreelunches.org

Reduce Paper Waste

In the classroom

 Create a paper reuse center. Set up a box (a lid of a copy paper box works well) where people can
put paper that has only been used on one side. Reuse this paper for calculations or drafts, or use it
to make pads for taking notes.

 Encourage students to turn in homework on the back of used paper, such as notices from school
or old letterhead. Better yet, allow students to submit assignments via email.

 If working on a computer, print double-sided.

 Encourage students to use both sides of notebook pages when they take notes.

 Use a projector or blackboard to help reduce the amount of photocopied information distributed
in class.

 Buy classroom materials that are durable and, if possible, include recycled content.

In the school building

 Use paper towels only when necessary. Encourage custodians and teachers to use sponges, rags,
erasers, or reusable towels to clean.

 Send newsletters and school publications via email or post notices on the school website.

 Route messages and publications. Instead of distributing individual messages for all the staff,
make one copy and attach a routing sheet.
  Set double-sided printing as the default setting on all school computers and printers. If a one-
sided job goes awry, use the other side for a good copy or place it in a reuse box.

 Ask the PTA and office staff to print newsletters in columns on legal paper. For short notices,
print two per page and cut sheets in half. Better yet, distribute important messages via a school or
class listserv or post on the school/PTA website.

 Don’t forget to recycle used paper and paper products like cardboard packaging and boxes.

Schedule an Exchange or Rummage Sale

Parents and the community will appreciate a school rummage sale or trade day for toys, books,
and outgrown clothing, including school uniforms. The school’s environmental club, service
club, or PTA can help coordinate the event.

If the event produces a profit, use the money for a school trip or special environmental project.

Arrange to donate leftovers to organizations such as Goodwill Industries and other local
charities.

Conduct a Waste Audit

A waste audit is a way to see what a school’s garbage is made up of so that a plan can be made
for reducing, reusing, and recycling. The results of a waste audit can help schools determine
what areas need work and how best to start a waste reduction program. (As a bonus, use the data
collected for real-world math lessons on weight and volume, and creating graphs and charts.)

The waste is collected, sorted, and weighed by students, teachers, and other helpers. The audit
should be carried out prior to the implementation of a school action plan to reduce waste and
repeated after the school has implemented actions to reduce waste. From the data collected, the
school will be able to measure the effectiveness of the campaign.

Looking for more detail on how to conduct a waste audit? Contact the District at 946-7737. Also,
there are many useful resources online.

http://www.hamiltoncountyrecycles.org/schools/reducing_waste_at_s
chool
Students' Attitudes to Solid Waste Management in a Nigerian
University: Implications for Campus-Based Sustainability
Education
Ifegbesan, Ayodeji Peter; Ogunyemi, Biodun; Rampedi, Isaac T.
International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, v18 n7 p1244-1262 2017

Purpose: Waste management is a critical element of the campus sustainability movement in which
Nigerian universities are yet to actively participate. The purpose of this study was to investigate prevalent
waste management practices and the disposition of undergraduate students in a Nigerian University.
Design/methodology/approach: Data collection involved the use of a questionnaire, focus group
discussion and participative observation. Respondents consisted of 840 students drawn from four
academic faculties of the university. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to address the
research questions raised to guide the investigation. Findings: Indiscriminate littering, open dumping of
waste, weedy and overgrown lawns, proliferation of power generating sets, uncollected refuse sites and
defaced walls with postings were the major observed environmental challenges. Open burning of refuse
was found to be the single most prevalent way of managing large volumes of waste generated on the
university campus. Although the problems were widespread, only 40.5 per cent of the students expressed
serious concern for the solid waste practices. Also, while the students were positively disposed to
innovative ways of addressing the challenge of waste management in the university, there were
significant differences in students' awareness and disposition according to sex, age, academic level and
faculties. Research limitations/implications: The implications of the findings for campus-based
sustainability education are discussed. Originality/value: This study is an original research article which
interrogated the students' attitudes to solid waste management in a Nigerian University. It used a
combination of both qualitative and quantitative techniques, such as questionnaire, focus group discussion
and participative observation.
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Student Attitudes, Sanitation, Sustainability, Undergraduate
Students, Questionnaires, Focus Groups, Participant Observation, Environmental Influences, Environmental
Education, Campuses, Gender Differences, Age Differences, Intellectual Disciplines, Educational
Practices, Knowledge Level, Case Studies, Mixed Methods Research
Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley, West Yorkshire, BD16 1WA, UK. Tel:
+44-1274-777700; Fax: +44-1274-785201; e-mail: [email protected]; Web site:
http://www.emeraldinsight.com

https://eric.ed.gov/?q=wastes&id=EJ1159816