Most Powertul Book for Quantitative Aptitude Shortcuts in Fei Crt SSC/Banking/Insurance/CDS/IAS Prelim Hotel Mgmt./Riwys/GATEMost Powerful Hand Book for Quantitative Aptitude a Shortcuts in a Quantitative Aptitude for Competitive Exams With 4 chooks SSC/Banking/Insurance/CDS/IAS Prelim Hotel Mgmt./Rlwys/GATE a -_~ ( Solved ) Capers) Examples ( Tests Practice 0: Past Exercises ) Solved with Hints & ( Solution: Papers Y we ~~* Head Office : B-32, Shivalik Main Road, Malviya Nagar, New Delhi-110017 * Sales Office : B-48, Shivalik Main Road, Malviya Nagar, New Delhi-110017 Tel. : 011-26691021 / 26691713 How to access the ebook(s)? Educore fl fl 4. Note: If you are alread have to login (http: htm) & enter your new 16 Character Uni under your Account Section. Mail your Order ID at [email protected] to get the 16 digit Access Code. 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For further information about books from DISHA, Log on to www.dishapublication.com or email to [email protected] GP_3005Preface About The Book... hortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude (with e-books) by Disha Publications is the most comprehensive book that focuses the fundamentals of quantitative aptitude with simple chapters, an array of examples and quick exercises. It is one of the best-selling reference guides that will help you get your elementary mathematics right. ‘The book has been designed to cover each topic that is part of the Quantitative Ability syllabus. Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude is exceptional in a way that it conceives the short cut methods with which one can solve problems in no time with scientific yet student-friendly approach to discussing the topic. Hence, it not only enhances your efficiency but also helps you master the subject. Each chapter of Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude covers basic theory followed by shortcut approaches and formulae and will help in learning various tips and tricks of Quantitative Aptitude. It has been a bestseller in this segment for many years and is heralded as ‘a must read’ book on this topic. The book is an attempt by Disha Publications to provide quality material to aspirants at a throwaway price. Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude is also supported by ample practice material through e-books which cover: * Chapter-wise Solved Examples * Chapter-wise Practice Exercises with Hints and Solutions * Chapter-wise Tests * Past Solved Papers (IBPS PO/Clerk, SBI PO/Clerk, SSC, CDS exams etc)‘We hope the book will prove to be an asset for all those aspiring for competitive examinations like UPSC (IAS Prelim), Banking, SSC, Insurance, Railway Recruitment Board Examinations, CDS, CBI, MBA, Sub-Inspectors of Police, CPO and various other competitive examinations. Deepak Agarwal GP_3005Index 1. Number System & Simplification 1-21 2. — Algebraic Expression & Inequalities 22-28 3. Average 29-32 4. Percentage 33-39 5. Ratio & Proportion 40-49 6. Profit and Loss 50-55 7. Simple & Compound Interest 56-60 8. Time & Work 61-66 9. Time, Speed and Distance 67-75 10. Mensuration 76-87 11. Clock and Calendar 88-92 12. Permutation and Combination 93-99 13. Probability 100-104 : Solved Examples (Chapter 1 to 13) -book 2: Practice Exercises with Hints and Solutions (Chapter 1 to 13) E-book 3: Tests (Chapter 1 to 13) : Past Solved PapersDisha’s MBA Books At A Glance For CAT GMAT XAT IFT SNAP CMAT MAT BANK PO Koncepts of Numbers in Quantitative Aptitude Ee epts of Logical Reasoning eon Koncepts of Data Interpretation & Data Sufficiency GP_3005Disha’s Banking Books At A Glance & Target IBPS PO/MT 20 Practice Sets forPr ‘am Solved Papers 2010-2015 Comprehensive Guide to IBPS-CWE Preliminary & Main Exam 4 01 SPEED TESTS IBPS & SBI PO ExamDisha’s General Knowledge At A Glance disha GENERA KNOWLEDGE GP_3005 Current Affairs 2016 for Competitive ExamsNumber System & Simplification INTRODUCTIONep Number System & Simplification US. REMEMBER * The ten symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 are called digits. *% — 1 is neither prime nor composite. % 1 isan odd integer. * 0 is neither positive nor negative. * (is an even integer. * 2 is prime & even both. * All prime numbers (except 2) are odd. Natural Numbers : These are the numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.) that are used for counting. It is denoted by N There are infinite natural numbers and the smallest natural number is one (D. Even numbers : Natural numbers which are divisible by 2 are even numbers. It is denoted by E. E=2,4,6,8.... Smallest even number is 2. There is no largest even number. Odd numbers : Natural numbers which are not divisible by 2 are odd numbers. It is denoted by O. Ons oi Smallest odd number is 1 There is no largest odd number. ge Based on divisibility, there could be two types of natural numbers : Prime and Composite. Prime Numbers : Natural numbers which have exactly two factors, i.e., 1 and the number itselfare called prime numbers. The lowest prime number is 2. 2 is also the only even prime number. GP_3005Number System & Simplification C3) Composite Numbers : It isa natural number that has atleast one divisor different from unity and itself. Every composite number can be factorised into its prime factors. For Example : 24=2 x 2 x 2 x3. Hence, 24 is a composite number. The smallest composite number is 4. Twin-prime Numbers: Pairs of such prime numbers whose difference is 2. Example: 3 and 5, 1] and 13, 17and 19. How to check whether a given number is prime or not ? Steps: (i) Find approximate square root of the given number. (ii) Divide the given number by every prime number less than the approximate square root. (iii) If the given number is exactly divisible by atleast one of the prime numbers, the number is a composite number otherwise a prime number, Example : Is 401 a prime number? Sol. Approximate square root of 401 is 20. Prime numbers less than 20 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 and 19 401 is not divisible by 2, 3, 5,7, 11, 13, 17 or 19. «. 401 isa prime number. (Hint : Next prime number after 19 and 23, which is greater than 20, so we need not check further.) Co-prime Numbers : Co-prime numbers are those numbers which are prime to each other i.e., they don't have any common factor other than 1. Since these numbers do not have any common factor, their HCF is 1 and their LCM is equal to product of the numbers. Note : Co-prime numbers can be prime or composite numbers. Any two prime numbers are always co-prime numbers. Example 1 : 3 and 5 : Both numbers are prime numbers. Example 2: 8 and 15 : Both numbers are composite numbers but they are prime to each other i.e., they don't have any common factor. Face value and Place value : Face Value is absolute value of a digit in a number. Place Value (or Local Value) is value ofa digit in relation to its position in the number. Example : Face value and Place value of 9 in 14921 is 9 and 900 respectively.@&@® Number System & Simplification Whole Numbers : The natural numbers along with zero (0), form the system of whole numbers. It is denoted by W. There is no largest whole number and The smallest whole number is 0. Integers : The number system consisting ofnatural numbers, their negative and zero is called integers. It is denoted by Z or I. The smallest and the largest integers cannot be determined. The Number Line : The number line is a straight line between negative infinity on the left to positive infinity on the right. 43.2-101234 Rational numbers : Any number that can be put in the form of © , q where p and qare integers and q #0, is called a rational number. + — Itisdenoted by Q + Every integer is a rational number. + Zero (0) is also a rational number. The smallest and largest rational numbers cannot be determined. Every fraction (and decimal fraction) isa rational number. Q= P_(Numerator) q (Denominator) 2S. REMEMBER %* ~~ Ifx and y are two rational numbers, then x+y . is also a rational number and its value lies between the given two rational numbers x and y. * — Aninfinite number of rational numbers can be determined between any two rational numbers. GP_3005Number System & Simplification C3) Irrational numbers : The numbers which are not rational or which cannot be put in the form of a , where p and q are integers and q#0, is called irrational number. It is denoted by Q' or Q°. V2,V3,V5,2+V3,3—V5,3V3 are irrational numbers. NOTE: (i) Every positive irrational number has a negative irrational number corresponding to it. (ii) J2+B#5 5-3 #2 3x2 = V3x2 = V6 V6 +Vi= S45 (iii) Some times, product of two irrational numbers is a rational number. For example : [2 x./2 = J2x2 =2 (2+3)x(2-3) = 2) -(V3)? =4-3 =1 22 (iv) aD an irrational number. 7: approximately equal to zor Real Numbers : All numbers that can be represented on the number line are called real numbers. It is denoted by R. R* : denotes the set of all positive real numbers and RX : denotes the set of negative real numbers. Both rational and irrational numbers can be represented in number line. Every real number is either rational or irrational.@® Number System & Simplification FRACTIONS A fraction is a quantity which expresses a part of the whole. Numerator Fraction = ———__ Denominator TYPES OF FRACTIONS : 1. Proper fraction : Ifnumerator is less than its denominator, then it is a proper fraction. For example: 2, © 5°18 2, Improper fraction : If numerator is greater than or equal to its denominator, then it is a improper fraction. 5 18 13 For example : —,—, — 213: NOT If in a fraction, its numerator and denominator are of equal value then fraction is equal to unity i.e. 1. 3. Mixed fraction : It consists ofan integer and a proper fraction. For example: 14, 32,75 223. 9 NOTE : Mixed fraction can always be changed into improper fraction and vice versa. 5 For example : B = 19 9x2+1 and oe 4. Equivalent fractions or Equal fractions : Fractions with same value. 246 8(_2 For example: =,5,°, 5 [=2 37697 12\ 3 GP_3005Number System & Simplification a> NOTE: Value of fraction is not changed by multiplying or dividing both the numerator or denominator by the same number. For example : ( 2-25.10 gg 210 DX 25) 5 25 (iy 26 =36 so, 26-2 16 16 16 4 5. Like fractions: Fractions with same denominators. For example: 2,3, 9 1 Teas a7 6. Unlike fractions : Fractions with different denominators. Goes 2 cep ee meem: NOTE : Unlike fractions can be converted into like fractions. For ceample. = and = 5 4 20 35 3,721 ang oo7 5 7. Simple fraction : Numerator and denominator are integers. For example : 2 and 2 i 5 8. Complex fraction : Numerator or denominator or both are fractional numbers. 1 er 3 2 vv lore For example : aus w witsep Number System & Simplification 9. Decimal fraction : Denominator with the powers of 10. For example : Z-0: 2. 5 = (0.09) 10. Comparison of Fractions Comparison of two faction can be easily understand by the following example: 3 di To compare two fraction = and . multiply each fraction by the LCM (45) oftheir denominators 5 and 9. 3 =x45=3x9=27 5 145 = 7x5 =35 9 Since 27<35 307 20 59. SHORT CUT METHOD 2 [Write the each product on 27<35 their numerator side] od 359 ADDITION OF MIXED FRACTIONS You can easily understand the addition of mixed fractions by the following example: _ 72+85+126 _ 283 _ 623 45 4545 SHORT CUT METHOD 13 418424- a4142)4+(34844 5305 59'S GP_3005Number System & Simplification C7) 27+40+36 =44——_—_ a5 4,2 5 45° 45 Rounding off (Approximation) of Decimals : ‘There are some decimals in which numbers are found upto large number of decimal places. For example : 3.4578, 21.358940789. But many times we require decimal numbers upto a certain number of decimal places. Therefore, Ifthe digit of the decimal place is five or more than five, then the digit in the preceding decimal place is increased by one and if the digit in the last place is less than five, then the digit in the precedence place remains unchanged CONVERSION OF RATIONAL NUMBER OF THE FORM NON-TERMINATING RECURRING DECIMAL INTO THE RATIONAL NUMBER OF THE FORM a First write the non-terminating repeating decimal number in recurring form Le., write 64.20132132132.....as 64.20132 Pp Then using formula given below we find the required a form of the given number Rational number in the form a [Complete number neglecting] [ Non-recurring part of | the decimal and bar over _|~| the number neglecting | repeating digit (s) the decimal ‘m times 9 followed by n times 0gq Number System & Simplification where = number of recurring digits in decimal part and n = number ofnon-recurring digits in decimals part 6420132 -6420 2 nag Thus, q form of 64.20132 = 99900 _ 6413712 _ 534476 99900 8325 Inshort; 03 =", 0.26 = *® o.abe = 2 ete. and 9 99 999, ab-a ,—_abe-a , \~_ abc—ab oe , O.abe = . Oabe = : O80 520089008 ee 009 — _ abed—ab ab cde = Bbede—abe ete. ae 0 PROPERTIES OF OPERATIONS : The following properties of addition, subtraction and multiplication are valid for real numbers a , b and c. (a) Commutative property of addition : at+b=bt+a (b) Associative property of addition (at+b)+c=at(b+c) (c) Commutative property of multiplication: axb=bxa (d) Associative property of multiplication (ax b)xc=ax(b*c) (e) _ Distributive property of multiplication with respect to addition : (a+b)xc=axctbxe DIVISIBILITY RULES Divisibility by 2: Anumber is divisible by 2 if its unit’s digit is even or 0. Divisibility by 3 : A number is divisible by 3 if the sum ofits digits are divisible by 3. GP_3005Number System & Simplification a> Divisibility by 4: Anumber is divisible by 4 ifthe last 2 digits are divisible by 4, or if the last two digits are 0’s. Divisibility by 5: Anumber is divisible by 5 ifits unit’s digit is 5 or 0 Divisibility by 6 : A number is divisible by 6 if it is simultaneously divisible by 2 and 3 Divisiblity by 7 : A number is divisible by 7 if unit’s place digit is multiplied by 2 and subtracted from the remaining digits and the number obtained is divisible by7. Forexample, 1680[7]= 1680-7 x 2= 1666 It is difficult to decide whether 1666 is divisible by 7 or not. In such cases, we continue the process again and again till it become easy to decide whether the number is divisible by 7 or not. 166|6| > 166 — 6x2 = 154 Again 15[4] —>15-4x2 =7, divisibleby7 Hence 16807 is divisible by 7. Divisibility by 8 : A number is divisible by 8 if the last 3 digits of the number are divisible by 8, or ifthe last three digits ofa number are zeros. Divisibility by 9 : A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9. Divisibility by 10 : Anumber is divisible by 10 if its unit’s digit is 0. Divisibility by 11 : A number is divisible by 11 ifthe sum of digits at odd and even places are equal or differ by a number divisible by 11.g® Number System & Simplification Divisibility by 12: A number is divisible by 12 if the number is divisible by both 4 and 3. Divisibility by 13 : Anumber is divisible by 13 if its unit’s place digit is multiplied by 4 and added to the remaining digits and the number obtained is divisible by 13. For example, 219|7| 9219 + 7x4 = 247 Again 24[7|—>24 +7x4 = 52, divisible by 13. Hence 2197 is divisible by 13. Divisibility by 14 : A number is divisible by 14 if the number is divisible by both 2 and 7. Divisibility by 15 : A number is divisible by 15 if the number is divisible by both 3 and 5. Divisibility by 16 : Anumber is divisible by 16 if its last 4 digits is divisible by 16 or if the last four digits are zeros. Divisibility by 17 : Anumber is divisible by 17 if its unit’s place digit is multiplied by 5 and subtracted from the remaining digits and the number obtained is divisible by 17. For example, IH 491-3 x5 = 476 Again, 47|6|—> 47 -6x8 =17, divisible by 17. Hence 4913 is divisible by 17. Divisibility by 18 : A number is divisible by 18 if the number is divisible by both 2 and 9. GP_3005Number System & Simplification a> Divisibility by 19 : Anumber is divisible by 19 if its unit’s place digit is multiplied by 2 and added to the remaining digits and the number obtained is divisible by 19. For example, 4873|7|——> 4873+ 7x2 = 4887 488[7|——> 488 + 7x2 = 502 50[2| > 50 + 2x 2 = 54 not divisible by 19. Hence 48737 is not divisible by 19. Properties of Divisibility () The product of 3 consecutive natural numbers is divisible by 6. (i) The product of 3 consecutive natural numbers, the first of which is even, is divisible by 24. (iii) Difference between any number and the number obtained by writing the digits in reverse order is divisible by 9. (iv) Any number written in the form (10”— 1) is divisible by 3 and 9. (v) Any six-digits, twelve-digits, eighteen-digits or any such number with number of digits equal to multiple of 6, is divisible by each of 7, 11 and 13 ifall of its digits are same. For example 666666, 888888, 333333333333 are all divisible by 7, 11 and 13, (vi) Any number in the form abcabe (a, b, c are three different digits) is divisible by 1001. (vii) (a) (a"—b") is divisible both by (a + b) and (a—b), when n is even. (b) (a" — b*) is divisible only by (a — b), when n is odd. DIVISION ALGORITHM : Dividend = (Divisor x Quotient) + Remainder where, Dividend = The number which is being divided Divisor = The number which performs the division process Quotient = Greatest possible integer as a result of division Remainder = Rest part of dividend which cannot be further divided by the divisor. Complete remainder : A complete remainder is the remainder obtained by a number by the method of successive divisionag Number System & Simplification Complete remainder = [I divisor x II remainder] + remainder CR=diy +h ICR. = dydyrs +dyry +1) © Shortcut Approach ie al | | | Two different numbers x and y when divided by a certain divisor D leave remainder r, and r, respectively. When the sum of them | sis divided by the same divisor, the remainder is r,. Then, | | divisor D=1, + 1,—1, | | | | See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-1 I Ce ee Method to find the number of different divisors (or factors) (including 1 and itself) of any composite number N STEPI: Express N as a product of prime numbers as N=x® xy? x 2° STEPH: Number of different divisors (including 1 and itself) =(at 1X bt 1)(c+ 1)........ HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR (HCF) OR GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR (GCD) The highest (i.e. largest) number that divides two or more given numbers. is called the highest common factor (HCF) of those numbers. Methods to Find The HCF or GCD There are two methods to find HCF of the given numbers (i) Prime Factorization Method When a number is written as the product of prime numbers, then it is called the prime factorization ofthat number. For example, 72 =2 x 2 2 x3 x 3= 23 x 32, Here, 2 x 2 x2 x 3 x 3 or 2? x 3? is called prime factorization of 72. To find the HCF of given numbers by this methods, we perform the prime factorization of all the numbers and then check for the common prime factors. For every prime factor common toall the numbers, we choose the least index of that prime factor among the given numbers. The HCF is the product ofall such prime factors with their respective least indices. GP_3005Number System & Simplification a> (ii) Division Method To find the HCF oftwo numbers by division method, we divide the larger number by the smaller number. Then we divide the smaller number by the first remainder, then first remainder by the second remainder.. and so on, till the remainder becomes 0. The last divisor is the required HCF. © Shortcut Approach To find the HCF of any number of given numbers, first find the (or divisors) of this difference. Highest factor which divides all the given numbers is the HCF r | | difference between two nearest given numbers. Then find all factors | | | See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-1 i bot et LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE (LCM) The least common multiple (LCM) of two or more numbers is the lowest number which is divisible by all the given numbers. Methods to Find The LCM There are two methods to find the LCM. (i) Prime Factorization Method After performing the prime factorization of all the given numbers, we find the highest index ofall the prime numbers among the given numbers. The LCM is the product ofall these prime numbers with their respective highest indices because LCM must be divisible by all of the given numbers. (ii ion Method To find the LCM of 5, 72, 196 and 240, we use the division method in the following way: Check whether any prime number that divides at least two of all the given numbers. If there is no such prime number, then the product of all these numbers is the required LCM, otherwise find the smallest prime number that divides at least two of the given numbers. Here, we see that smallest prime number that divides at least two given numbers is 2.C16 ) Number System & Simplification Divide those numbers out of the given numbers by 2 which are divisible by 2 and write the quotient below it. The given number(s) that are not divisible by 2 write as it is below it and repeat this step till you do not find at least two numbers that are not divisible by any prime number. 2| 5, 72, 196, 240 “2/5, 36, 98, 120 “2/5, 18, 49, 60 3/5, 9, 49, 30 5/5, 3, 49, 10 13, 49, 2 After that find the product of all divisors and the quotient left at the end of the division. This product is the required LCM. Hence, LCM of the given numbers = product of all divisors and the quotient left at the end. =2x2%2x3x5%3x49x2=35280 ee ere eae em se ee Cece eee eee eee ie | © Shortcut Approach | ge Using idea of co-prime, you can find the LCM by the following, shortcut method: LCM of 9, 10, 15 and 36 can be written directly as 9 x 10 x 2. The logical thinking that behind it is as follows: | | | | Step 1: Ifyou can see a set of 2 or more co-prime numbers in the set of | I numbers of which you are finding the LCM, write them down by | | multiply them. | | In the above situation, since we see that 9 and 10 are co-prime to each | | other, we start off writing the LCM by writing 9 « 10 as the first step. | | Step 2: For each of the other numbers, consider what prime factor(s) of | | it is/are not present in the LCM (if factorised into primes) taken in step | | 1. Incase you see some prime factors of each of the other given numbers | separately are not present in the LCM (if factorised into primes) taken | | in step 1, such prime factors will be multiplied in the LCM taken in step | | It u J GP_3005Number System & Simplification a> 7 | Prime factorisation of 9 x 10=3 «3x2 x5 | Prime factorisation of 15 =3 x5 —-—-4 | Prime factorisation of 36=2 x 2%3 x3 | Here we see that both prime factors of 15 are present in the prime | factorisation of 9 = 10 but one prime factor 2 of 36 is not present in the | LM taken in step 1. So to find the LCM of 9, 10, 15 and 36; we multiply | | the LCM taken in step 1 by2 | | Thus required LCM = 9 x 10 x 2= 180 I See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-1 | L 4 RULE FOR FINDING HCF AND LCM OF FRACTIONS (1) HCF of two or more fractions _ _HCF of numerator of all fractions ~ LCM of denominator of all fractions (II) LCM of two or more fractions _ _LCM of numerator of all fractions ~ HCF of denominator of all fractions SIMPLIFICATIO! FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS : 1. Addition: (a) Sum of two positive numbers is a positive number. For example : (+ 5)+(+2)=+7 (b) Sum oftwo negative numbers is a negative number. For example : (-5)+ (-3)=-8 (c) Sum ofa positive and a negative number is the difference between their magnitudes and give the sign of the number with greater magnitude. For example : (-3)+ (+ 5)=2 and (-7) + (+2)=-5C13) Number System & Simplification Subtractions : Subtraction of two numbers is same as the sum of a positive and a negative number. For Example : (49)-(42)=(+9)+(-2)=7 (-3)-5)=(-3)+5=+2. NOTE : In subtraction of two negative numbers, sign of second number will change and become positive. 3. Multiplication : (a) Product of two positive numbers is positive. (b) Product of two negative numbers is positive. (c) Product of a positive number and a negative number is negative (d) Product of more than two numbers is positive or negative depending upon the presence of negative quantities. If the number of negative numbers is even then product is positive and ifthe number of negative numbers is odd then product is negative. For Example : (3) x (+2)=-6 C5)xC7=+35 2) x(3)xC5 (2) x3) (+5)=+30 4. Division : (a) _Ifboth the dividend and the divisor are of same sign, then quotient is always positive. (b) Ifthe dividend and the divisor are of different sign, then quotient is negative, For Example : (—36) + (+9)=-4 (-35) + (-7)=+5 Brackets : Types of brackets are : (@ — Vinculum or bar — Gi) Parenthesis or small or common brackets : ( ) GP_3005Number System & Simplification a> (iii) Curly or middle brackets : { } (iv) Square or big brackets : [ ] The order for removal of brackets is (), {}, [] NOTE: [f there is a minus (-) sign before the bracket then while removing bracket, sign of each term will change. ‘BODMAS’ RULE Nowa days it becomes “VBODMAS’ where, “V’ stands for “Vinculum” ‘B’ stands for “Bracket” ‘O” stands for “Of” ‘D’ stands for “Division” “M’ stands for “Multiplication” ‘A’ stands for “Addition” “S’ stands for “Subtraction” Same order of operations must be applied during simplification. fe a | 7 Shortcut Approach | | To simplify an expression, add all the positive numbers together and all | the negative numbers separately and add or subtract the resulting | | numbersas the case will | | | 4 See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-1 L POWERS OR EXPONENTS When a number is multiplied by itself, it gives the square of the number. ie.,axa=a (Example 5x5=5*) Ifthe same number is multiplied by itself twice we get the cube of the number i.e., ax axa=a?(Example 4 x 4x4= 43) In the same way ax aXxaxaxa=a@ andaxax ax... upton times= a" There are five basic rules of powers which you should know: Ifa and b are any two real numbers and m and n are positive integers, then @ a" xa"=a""" (Example: 5° x 54=5°*4=57)& Number System & Simplification Co e - 2 <6? =63 wy) S=arr itm>n [panes 6? =6 B ,ifm (a+ b)=a>+b’ + 3ab(atb) GP_3005Number System & Simplification a> (i) (ab) = a3 —b? - 3a°b + Sab? = (a—b)'=a?—b’ — 3ab(a—b) (ii) a3 +b? =(a + b) (a?—ab+ b’) (iv) a —b? = (a—b) (a? + ab+ b’) (v) a+b? +¢3—3abe =(atb+c)(a?+b’ +c?—ab-be-ca) Ifa+ b + c=0 then a’+ b?+ c= 3abe Pee pean Solved Examples - s-1-3 Exercises with Hints & Solutions i E1-8 Chapter Test - 12 Past Solved PapersAlgebraic Expression & Inequalities VARIABLE ‘An unknown quantity used in any equation may be constant known as variable. Variables are generally denoted by the last English alphabet x, y, zete. An equation is a statement of equality of two algebraic expressions, which involve one or more variables. LINEAR EQUATION An equation in which the highest power of variables is one, is called a linear equation. These equations are called linear because the graph of such equations on the x-y cartesian plane is a straight line. Linear Equation in one variable A linear equation which contains only one variable is called linear equation in one variable. The general form of such equations is ax + b = c, where a, b and c are constants and a #0 All the values of x which satisfy this equation are called its solution(s). NOTE : An equation satisfied by all values of the variable is called an identity. For example: 2x + x = 3x. Linear equation in two variables General equation of linear equation in two variables is ax + by + c= 0, where a, b #0 and c isa constant, and x and y are the two variables. The sets of values of x and y satisfying any equation are called its solution(s). Consider the equation 2x + y= 4. Now, if we substitute x = —2 in the equation, we obtain 2.(-2) + y= 4 or—4 + y=4 or y=8. Hence (— 2,8) isasolution. If we substitute x = 3 in the equation, we obtain 2.3 +y=4or6+y=4ory=—2 GP_3005Algebraic Expression & Inequalities &> Hence (3, -2) is a solution. The following table lists six possible values for x and the corresponding values for y, i.e. six solutions of the equation. O=]ela|e2a| es aale2eleoa|e2 Systems of Linear equation Consistent System : A system (of 2 or 3 or more equations taken together) of linear equations is said to be consistent, if it has at least one solution. Inconsistent System: A system of simultaneous linear equations is said to be inconsistent, if it has no solutions at all eg. X+Y=9; 3X+3Y=8 Clearly there are no values of X & Y which simultaneously satisfy the given equations. So the system is inconsistent. ‘2S, REMEMBER %* ~~ The system a,x + by= c, and a,x + byy=c, has * — aunique solution, if Ate LA 2 by © Infinitely many solutions, if 2+ — D1 _ & n ore * Nosolution, if 2-5: & 7 ae %* — The homogeneous system a,x + byy = 0 and = a a gx + byy = Ohas the only solution x=y=Owhen 3 #5). %& — The homogeneous system a,x + byy = 0 and yx + byy = 0 has a non-zero solution only when. 5 = a this case, the system has an infinite number of solutions." , and in QUADRATIC EQUATION An equation of the degree two of one variable is called quadratic equation. General form : ax? + bx + c= 0...........(1) wherea, band care all real number anda # 0. For Example : 2x?—5x+3=0; 2x?-5=0, x?+3x =0 Ifb?— 4ac > 0, then the quadratic equation gives two and only two values (either same or different) of the unknown variable and both these values are called the roots of the equation.& Algebraic Expression & Inequalities The roots of the quadratic equation (1) can be evaluated using the following formula. carb vb? dae os -Q) The above formula provides both the roots of the quadratic equation, which are generally denoted by a and B, _ab+yvb? ~4ac an pon b=vb? dae say a : 2a 2a The expression inside the square root b?-4ac is called the DISCRIMINANT of the quadratic equation and denoted by D. Thus, Discriminant (D) = b?—4ac. | % Shortaut Approach Shortcut Approach to solve Quadratic equation ax2+ bx + e=0, ifb?—4ac2>0, [alx? + bx +{c] [Product of coefficient a of x? and] constant term c <------| that their sum is equal to coefficient st ac in two parts p and q = it bof x and product equal to ac -[Divide p and q by a] slo <—»|0 <—_.,, |.0 <——-»)|.0 <——__ 9 -[Change the sign] = = ° are two roots or solutions of quadratic equation ax?tbxto=0iex=-Por-4. a a See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-2 GP_3005Algebraic Expression & Inequalities &> Nature of Roots The nature of roots of the equation depends upon the nature of its discriminant D. 1. IfD <0, then the roots are non-real complex, Such roots are always conjugate to one another. That is, if one root is p + iq then other is p —ig,q #0. 2. IfD=0, then the roots are real and equal. Each root of the equation b becomes — on Equal roots are referred as repeated roots or double roots also. 3. IfD>0 then the roots are real and unequal. Sign of Roots: Let a, B are real roots of the quadratic equation ax? + bx + c= 0 that is D = b? -4ac2 0. Then 1. Both the roots are positive if a and c have the same sign and the sign of b is opposite. 2. Both the roots are negative ifa, b and call have the same sign. 3. The Roots have opposite sign if sign of a and c are opposite. The Roots are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign if b= 0 [that is its roots « and -c] 5. The roots are reciprocal ifa=c. 1 [that is the roots are & and a) Symmetric Functions of Roots : An expression in a, 8 is called a symmetric function ofa, B ifthe function is not affected by interchanging o and B. If a, B are the roots of the quadratic equation ax? + bx +c=0, a #0 then, Sum of roots : a+ =—2=——Coeflicien | of x a coefficien t of x? and Product of roots op=S= constant tex a coefficient of x? Formation of quadratic Equation with Given Roots: > An equation whose roots are a and B can be written as (x —a) (x —B)=0 or x?—-(a +B) x+ oP =0 or x?—(sum of the roots) x+ product of the roots = 0.&> Algebraic Expression & Inequalities > Further if a and f are the roots of a quadratic equation ax? + bx +c=0, then ax?+ bx + c= a(x—@) (x—B) is an identity. INEQUATIONS : Astatement or equation which states that one thing is not equal to another, is called an inequation. Symbols : “” means “is greater than” “S? means “is less than or equal to” jeans “is greater than or equal to” For example : (a) x<3 means x isless than 3 (b) y > 9meansy is greater than or equal to 9. Properties 1. Adding the same number to each side of an inequation does not effect the sign of inequality, i.e. ifx>ythen, xta>y+a. 2. Subtracting the same number to each side ofan inequation does not effect the sign of inequaltiy, ie., if x < y then, x-a0). 4. Multiplying each side of an inequality with a negative number reverse the sign of inequality ie., ifx ay (where a <0), 5. Dividing each side of an inequation by a positive number does not effect the sign of inequality, ie., if x 0). aia 6. Dividing each side ofan inequation by a negative number reverses the sign of inequality, ie., ifx > y then ~ <¥ (where a<0) ce GP_3005Algebraic Expression & Inequalities &> 2S. REMEMBER * Ifa> banda, b, nare positive, then a" > b" but a®< b*. For example 5 > 4; then 53 > 43 or 125 > 64, but 1 og oe 05 Gt * = Ifa>bandc>d, then(a+c)>(b+d). * = Ifa>b>Oandc>d>0, then ac> bd. * — Ifthe signs of all the terms of an inequality are changed, then the sign of the inequality will also be reversed. MODULUS : x, x20 Ixle{ =x, x<0 1. _ Ifais positive real number, x and y be the fixed real numbers, then (i) |x-y|a <> x>y+aor xaq@x>ytaorx Algebraic Expression & Inequalities More Applications of Equations : Problems on Ages can be solved by linear equations in one variable, linear equations in two variables, and quadratic equations. g If present age of the father is F times the age of his son. T years | hence, the father’s age become Z times the age of son then present | (Z-1)T (F-Z) age of his son is given by g IfT, years earlier the age of the father was n times the age of his son, T, years hence, the age of the father becomes m times the age | of his son then his son’s age is given by son's age = B@=D#Tm=D n-m er Present age of Father : Son=a:b After / Before T years=m:n | | | | | | | Then son’s age =b x 1(m=n) | | | | | | A an—bm and Father’s age = a x 7 an-bm See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-2 L Oa Ce faga ea ea Solved Examples i s4-8 Exercises with Hints & Solutions = £.9-23 Chapter Test - 34 Past Solved Papers GP_3005Average AVERAGE ‘Average’ is a very simple but effective way of representing an entire group by a single value. Sum of given quantities Average or Mean =o S1VEn quanties Number of quantities To calculate the sum of quantities, they should be in the same unit. I£X is the average of x,, x,, x, ....x,then (a) Theaverage ofx, +a, x, + a,x; +4,....x,+aisX +a. (b) The average of x, — a, x,—a,x;—a....x,-aisX—a MX % Xp. x (d) The average of —-,—-,—,...—" is — , provided a #0 a’a’a’ aa . | | | | (c) The average of ax,, ax, ....ax, is aX, provied a #0 | | | See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-3 | 4 r-------- Average of a group consisting two different groups when their averages are known : Let Group A contains m quantities and their average is a and Group Bcontains n quantities and their average is b, then average of group mat+mb. m+n C containing m + n quantities = WEIGHTED AVERAGE Ifwe have two or more groups of members whose individual averages are known, then combined average of all the members of all the groups is known as weighted average. Thus if there are k groups having member of number nj, 15, n3........n, with averages A), Aj,C 30 ) Average A, respectively then weighted average mA +mA, +14; +... +m Ay ny tM +n +..+my 5 | | then the new quantity or sum of added or excluded quantities = | [Change in no, of quantities « original average] + [change in average x final no. of quantities] | Take +ve sign if quantities added and | | | 7 | | | _ I€ ina group, one or more new quantities are added or excluded, | | | | | take —-ve sign if quantities removed. | See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-3 AVERAGE SPEED IF EQUAL DISTANCES ARE TRAVELLED BY TWO DIFFERENT SPEEDS Ifa car travels ata speed S, from 4 to Band at a speed S, from B to A. Then 25,.5, Average speed = 12 S45, The above formula can be found out as follows: If distance between A and B is d, then Total distance ___ 2d Total time did SS SS: Average speed = AVERAGE SPEED IF EQUAL DISTANCES ARE TRAVELLED BY THREE DIFFERENT SPEEDS Bxyz A ed —————— ee Where x, y and 2 are these different speeds. GP_3005average @ USLREMEMBER (n+l) * ~~ Average of first n natural numbers = * ~~ Average of first n consecutive x 2 even numbers = (n+ 1) %* ~~ Average of first n consecutive x 2 odd numbers = n First number + Last number 4 Average of consecutive numbers = ee Last odd number + 1 * ~~ Average of 1 ton odd numbers = a a Last even number + 2 % Average of | and n even numbers = =F n+D(2n+1) * ~~ Average of squares of first n natural numbers = aden) n(n+1)? * Average of the cubes of first n natural numbers = nosy Number x (n+1 * ~~ Average ofn multiples of any number = Ramer) * ~~ If is odd: The average of n consecutive numbers, consecutive even numbers or consecutive odd numbers is always the middle number. * ~— Ifnis even: The average of n consecutive numbers, consecutive even numbers or consecutive odd numbers is always the average of the middle two numbers. * — The average of squares of first n consecutive even number is 2(n+1)(2n+1) 3 * ~~ The average of squares of consecutive even numbers till 7 is (n+1)(n+ 2) 4 %& — Theaverage of square of consecutive odd numbers tll nis "+ 2) %* If the average of n consecutive numbers is m, then the difference between the smallest and the largest number is 2(”— 1).&> Average Ifa person or a motor car covers three equal distances at the speed ofx km/h, y km/h and z km/h, respectively, then for the entire journey average speed of the person or motor car is (=) km/h, yt yer ge If average of n observations is a but the average becomes b when | one observation is eliminated, then I Value of eliminated observation = n(a—b)+b | ge If average of n observations is a but the average becomes b when | a new observation is added, then Value of added observation = n (b—a)+ b. We have n observations out of which some observations (a), a,, ay...) are replaced by some other new observations in this way, if the average increases or decreases by b, then | Value of new observations = a + nb where, a=a, +a, +a, + | | | See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-3 I & 3] NOTE: In this formula, the signs of ‘+’ and -’ depend upon the increment or decrement in the average. aera Page No. Solved Examples - 89-11 Exercises with Hints & Solutions - 524-28 Chapter Test be 56 Past Solved Papers GP_3005Percentage PER CENT The word “per cent” is derived from the latin words “per centum”, which means “per hundred”. A percentage is a fraction with denominator hundred. It is denoted by the symbol %. Numerator of the fraction is called the rate per cent. VALUE OF PERCENTAGE Value of percentage always depends on the quantity to which it refers. Consider the statement : “65% of the students in this class are boys”. From the context, it is understood that boys form 65% of the total number of students in the class. To know the value of 65% of the total number of students in the class, the value of the total number of boys student should be known. If the total number of students is 200, then, the number of boys _ 200%65 004 130; It can also be written as (200) x (0.65) = 130. Ifthe total number of students is 500, then the number of boys NOTE that the expressions 6%, 63%, 72%, 155% etc. do not have any value to themselves. Their values depend on the quantities to which they refer. Some Quick Results: Number Number > 10% ofanumber = 10 9 = 5% ofa number 20= 125% ofa number = 25% ofa number = Number To express the fraction equivalent to % : niber > 20% ofa number = 50% ofa number = Percentage Number 5 Number 2 Express the fraction with the denominator 100, then the numerator is the answer. Fractional E 4% 2: s%-t 20 11% =— 3° 150 tyat ya 16%=4. 5 162%=1 a6 20% = ale as%=4 4 1 33% =~ 323 N 40% == w 50%=1 2 662%= aaa 60% = 3% = 80% = 96% = 100%=1 115% =2 v wlaR 133.1% = 3 Rip ela Ble ale a 1 2 ao nts of % (Percentage) GP_3005Percentage &> EXPRESSING ONE QUANTITY AS A PER CENT WITH RESPECT TO OTHER To express a quantity as a per cent with respect to other quantity following formula is used. The quantity to be expressed in per cent ——__— ris ove expressee in pet cont ——— x 100% 2nd quantity (in respect of which the per cent has to be obtained) Note : To apply this formula, both the quantities must be in same unit. PERCENTAGE INCREASE OR DECREASE OF A VALUE Increase value Increase % = —————— x 100% Original value Decrease % = Decrease values yoo, Original value : | @& Shortcut Approach | When a number x is increased or decreased by y%, then the newnumber | 100+y | will be 55 ** NOTE: 1. + signis used in case of increase. | 2. ~ sign is used in case of decrease. Yolessthan x. ge iiss merethany.then ys | @> Ifxisa?lessthan y then yis (as ~100}%6merethan 2 100 100+a See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-4 beet | | | u&> Percentage r 4 © Shortcut Approach ge If A’s income is r % more than that of B, then B’s income is less than that of A by 100 ]% 100+r ge If A’s income is r % less than that of B, then B’s income is more than that of A by ( 7 ~100)¥ 100-r (> IEA isx%ofCand Bisy% ofC, then A is ~ x 100 %ofB. ef ge x % ofa quantity is taken by the first, y % of the remaining is taken by the second and z % of the remaining is taken by third person. Now, ifA is left in the fund, then the initial amount . Ax100x100x100 inthe begining (100—x)(100—y)(100—z) > x %ofa quantity is added. Again, y % of the increased quantity is added. Again z % of the increased quantity is added. Now it becomes A, then the initial amount ___Ax100%100100 (100+ x)(100+ y)(100+z) (> Ifthe value ofa number is first increased by a% and later decreased by a%, then the net effect is always a decrease which is equal to 2 2 hae ing 2 lo, a% ofa and is written as T00 % or (z| ° See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-4 GP_3005Percentage C 37 ) | © Shortcut Approach i gp If the price of a commodity increases by r %, then reduction in consumption, so as not to increase the expenditure is ( : +100) % 100+r gp Ifthe price of a commodity decreases by r %, then the increase in consumption so as not to decrease the expenditure is ( 7 100) 100-r u 4 = 7 ® Shortcut Approach gp If due to r% decrease in the price of an item, a person can buy A kg more in® x, then Tx { Actual price of that item=% 799 — 7 q Pet kg | C, aq © Shortcut Approach Population Formula ge Ifthe original population ofa town is P, and the annual increase n is r %, then the population after n years is +5) and ee 7 2 (+t) ge Ifthe annual decrease be r %, then the population after n years is n (1-5) and 100 Population before n years = population before n years = ( iw) See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-4&> Percentage r 4 © Shortcut Approach First Increase and then decrease : If the value is first increased by x % and then decreased by y % then there is (« -y- =) % increase or decrease, according to the + ve or — ve sign obtained respectively. (p> Average percentage rate of change over a period. : (New Value—Old Value) 100, Olivas x —=% where n= period The Error ee 9 | ge The percentage error = T1 Valye * 100% : 7 : @ Shortcut Approach Successive increase or decrease Ifthe value is increased successively by x % and y % then the final increase is given by 29 y, (x+y) fo If the value is decreased successively by x % and y % then the final decrease is given by xy )o -x-y+—— |% (~-» cae a . @& Shortcut Approach (> Student and Marks The percentage of passing marks in an examination is x%. If a candidate who scores y marks fails by z marks, then the maximum 100(y +z) x Ju marks M= A candidate scoring x % in an examination fails by ‘a’ marks, while another candidate who scores y% marks gets ‘b’ marks more than the minimum required passing marks. Then the maximum marks _ 100(a+b) M GP_3005Percentage C 37 ) r 4 © Shortcut Approach g If two candidates contested in an election and one candidate got x% of total votes and still lose by y votes, then 100xy 100—2x ge Total number of votes casted = 2-dimensional figure and area gp If the sides ofa triangle, square, rhombus or radius of a circle arg increased by a%, its area is increased by SO), See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-4 Cee rea, Solved Examples = s1215 Exercises with Hints & Solutions £-29-34 Chapter Test - 78 Past Solved PapersRatio & Proportion RATIO Ratio is strictly a mathematical term to compare two similar quantities expressed in the same units. The ratio of two terms ‘x’ and ‘y’ is denoted by x: y. In general, the ratio of a number x toa number y is defined as the quotient of the numbers x and y. COMPARISON OF TWO OR MORE RATIOS Twoor more ratios may be compared by reducing the equivalent fractions to a common denominator and then comparing the magnitudes of their numerator. Thus, suppose 2 : 5, 4: 3 and 4 : 5 are three ratios to be compared 24 4 then the fractions 33 and 5 are reduced to equivalent fractions with a common denominator. For this, the denominator of each is changed to 15 equal to the L.C.M. their denominators Hence the given ratios are expressed 6 20 Bis and + = 2 or2: 5,4: 3,4: 5 according to magnitude. ZS. REMEMBER * In the ratio of two quantities the two quantities must be of the same kind and in same unit. * ~~ The ratio is a pure number, i.e., without any unit of measurement. %* ~~ The ratio would stay unaltered even if both the numerator and the denominator are multiplied or divided by the same number. COMPOUND RATIO Ratios are compounded by multiplying together the numerators for a new denominator and the denominator for a new denominator. The compound ratio ofa: band c : dis Pep vienae bd x GP_3005Ratio & Proportion C 37 ) r q @ Shortcut Approach | |e The duplicate ratio of x : y is x? : y*. The triplicate ratio of x : y is x3 : y3. | | The subduplicate ratio of x : y is vx: vy. . | The subtriplicate ratio of x : y is ax ay. Et Reciprocal ratio of a: bis <5 or bia | @> Inverse ratio | | Inverse ratio of x : y is y : x. | | | | See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-5 I ee 4 1 If a5 then bas, ie., the inverse ratios of two equal ratios c equal. The Hoty is called Invertendo. - If ae =F then 2-8, ie., the ratio of antecedents and c consequents of two equal ratios are equal. This property is called Alternendo. 3 2 en ate - sxd This property is called Componendo. 4. ae , then at = This property is called Dividendo. a_e at+b_c+d 5 1f2=£ then 2*2=**" this property is called Componendo b d’ a-b c-d and Dividendo. a_cie 6 Ift=—===.. a. The bd f “ sum of Numerators Each ratio = sum of Denominators _atcte+. Te ee | enced bod b+d+f+& Ratio & Proportion If we have two equations containing three unknowns as ayx + by + cz = 0 and (i) ax + bby + z= 0 (ii) then, the values of x, y and z cannot be resolved without having a third equation. However, in the absence of a third equation, we can find the ratio avez This will be given by yey — bye, © cya — cya, : ayby — ayb,. fe a @F Shortcut Approach ria To divide a given quantity into a given ratio. Suppose any given quantity a, is to be divided in the ratio m:n. Let one part of the given quantity be x then the other part will bea -x. x om =— of mx=ma-mx or (m+n)x=ma a-x n ma one part is and the other part will be m+n ma___ina m+n m+n (P ILA: B=a bandB: C=m:n, then A: B:C=am: mb: nbandA :C=am: bn PIA: B=a b,B: C=c:dandC: D=e: f, then A:B:C:D=ace : bee: bde : bdf (@ Twonumbers are in ratio a: band x is subtracted from the numbers, ; xa(d—c) then the ratio becomes c : d. The two numbers will be “ad—be and xb(d—c) ‘ ae > respectively. See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-5 GP_3005Ratio & Proportion C 37 ) r al @ Shortcut Approach In any 2-dimensional figures, if the corresponding sides are in the ratio x : y, then their areas are in the ratio x? : y?. In any two 3-dimensional similar figures, if the corresponding sides are in the ratio x : y, then their volumes are in the ratio iy @& Shortcut Approach If the ratio between two numbers is a : b and if each number is increased by x, the ratio becomes c : d. Then, two numbers are xa(c-d) aad xb(c-d) ven as . ad—be ad—be If the sum of two numbers is A and their difference is a, then the ratio of numbers is given by A+ a: Aa. ® Shortcut Approach Let a vessel contains Q unit of mixture of ingredients A and B. From this, R unit of mixture is taken out and replaced by an equal amount of ingredient B only. If this process is repeated n times, then after n operations Quantity of A left -(-R rf Quantity of A originally present Q and Quantity of B left = Q— Quantity of A Left Inacontainer, milk and water are present in the ratio a: b. Ifx L of water is added to this mixture, the ratio becomes a : c. Then, (> Quantity of milk in original mixture= aa bx and quantity of water in original mixture = cop L Acontainer has milk and water in the ratio a : b, a second container has milk and water in the ratio c : d. Ifboth the mixtures are emptied intoa third container, then the ratio of milk of water in third container is given bya> Ratio & Proportion Ga c [ b d | — th oor tT a+b al atb c+d See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-5 PROPORTION When two ratios are equal, the four quantities composing them are said to be in proportion. a C a ee 5 , then a, b, c, dare in proportions. This is expressed by saying that ‘a’ is to ‘b’ as ‘c’ is to ‘d’ and the proportion is written as a:bie:d or a:b=c:d The terms a and dare called the extremes while the terms band c are called the means. ZS. REMEMBER %* If four quantities are in proportion, the product of the extremes is equal to the product of the means, Let a, b, c, d be in proportion, then ac 22 = ad=be bd * — Ifthree quantities a, band c are in continued proportion, then a : b= bre 2 ac=b? bis called mean proportional. DIRECT PROPORTION Ifon the increase of one quantity, the other quantity increases to the same extent or on the decrease of one, the other decreases to the same extent, then we say that the given two quantities are directly proportional. If A and B are directly proportional then we denote it by A « B. Some Examples : Work done « number of men Cost oc number of Articles Work oc wages Working hour ofa machine « fuel consumed Speed «c distance to be covered WRwNe GP_3005Ratio & Proportion C 37 ) INDIRECT PROPORTION (OR INVERSE PROPORTION) If on the increase of one quantity, the other quantity decreases to the same extent or vice versa, then we say that the given two quantities are indirectly proportional. If A and B are indirectly proportional then we denote it by A a B Also, A= * (k is a constant) => AB=k If b,, by are the values of B corresponding to the values a,, a, of A respectively, then ab = ab, Some Examples : 1. More men, less time 2. Lessmen, more time 3. More speed, less taken time to be covered distance RULE OF THREE Ina problem on simple proportion, usually three terms are given and we have to find the fourth term, which we can solve by using Rule of three. In such problems, two of given terms are of same kind and the third term is of same kind as the required fourth term. First of all we have to find whether given problem is a case of direct proportion or indirect proportion. For this, write the given quantities under their respective headings and then mark the arrow in increasing direction. If both arrows are in same direction then the relation between them is direct otherwise it is indirect or inverse proportion. Proportion will be made by either head to tail or tail to head. The complete procedure can be understand by the examples. PARTNERSHIP A partnership is an association of two or more persons who invest their money in order to carry on a certain business. A partner who manages the business is called the working partner and the one who simply invests the money is called the sleeping partner. Partnership is of two kinds (@ — Simple (ii) Compound.@& Ratio & Proportion Simple partnership : If the capitals is of the partners are invested for the same period, the partnership is called simple. Compound partnership : Ifthe capitals of the partners are invested for different lengths of time, the partnership is called compound. ['& Shorteut Approach (P Ifthe period of investment is the same for each partner, then the profit or loss is divided in the ratio of their investments. IfA and B are partners in a business, then Investment of A_ Profit of A _ Loss of A Investment of B_ Profitof B Loss of B (p> IfA, Band Care partners in a business, then Investment of A : Investment of B : Investment of C = Profit of A : Profit of B : Profit of C, or = Loss of A : Loss of B : Loss of C p When the amount of capital invested by different partners is same (say & x) for differend time periods, t,, t,, t;, ...., then ge Ratio of profit/loss = Ratio of time period for which the capital is invested P,: Py: P32... =ty ity:ty See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-5 & a MONTHLY EQUIVALENT INVESTMENT It is the product of the capital invested and the period for which it is invested. Ifthe period of investment is different, then the profit or loss is divided in the ratio of their Monthly Equivalent Investment. Monthly Equivalent Investment of A Monthly Equivalent Investment of B GP_3005Ratio & Proportion C 37 ) _ Profitof A Loss ofA Profitof B Loss of B ie, Investment of A x Period of Investment of A Investment of B x Period of Investment of B = Profitof A 6, Loss of A " ProfitofB Loss of B 7 r | | | | | Ie | 1° | | tC Shortcut Approach IfA, B and C are partners in a business, then —-—-4 Monthly Equivalent Investment of A : Monthly Equivalen{ Investment of B : Monthly Equivalent Investment of q = Profit of A : Profit of B : Profit of C. | = Loss of A: Loss of B : Loss of C. | When capital invested by the partners is givne as X,, Xj, X;,... fol different time period t,, ty, ty,.... ina business, then Ratio of their profits P; : P, : P; :....=Xjty : Xpt,: Xt, : P; na A time Y .... periods, then ratio of investments is given by | | IfP, : P) :P; :---- isthe ratio of profit andt, :t, :t,:... isthe ctioof B | ty | | I See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-5 ‘ MIXTURE Simple Mixture : When two different ingredients are mixed together, it is knownasa simple mixture. Compound Mixture : When two or more simple mixtures are mixed together to form another mixture, it is known as a compound mixture. Alligation : Alligation is nothing but a faster technique of solving problems based on the weighted average situation as applied to the case of two groups being mixed together. The word ‘Alligation’ literally means ‘linking’.& Ratio & Proportion ALLIGATION RULE It states that when different quantities of the same or different ingredients of different costs are mixed together to produce a mixture of a mean cost, the ratio of their quantities is inversely proportional to the difference in their cost from the mean cost. Quantity of Cheaper __ Price of Dearer— Mean Price Quantity of Dearer ~~ Mean Price -Price of Cheaper Graphical representation of Alligation Rule : Quantity Quantity a b N\ vein Average (d) b-d d-a Quantity ofa _ b-d Quantity ofb d—a Applications of Alligation Rule : (i) To find the mean value ofa mixture when the prices of two or more ingredients, which are mixed together and the proportion in which they are mixed are given. (i) To find the proportion in which the ingredients at given prices must be mixed to produce a mixture at a given price. fe a | © Shortcut Approach | Price of the Mixture : | | | When quantities Q, of ingredients M;’s with the cost C,’s are mixed then cost of the mixture C,, is given by | | | | | | | | TCiQi Cy = 2S | "IQ | | See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-5 GP_3005Ratio & Proportion C 37 ) STRAIGHT LINE APPROACH OF ALLIGATION Let Q, and Q, be the two quantities, and n, and n, are the number of elements present in the two quantities respectively, Q ay ny al where Av is the average of the new group formed then n, corresponds to Q, — Av, ny corresponds to Av — Q, and (n, + ny) corresponds to Q, — Q; Let us consider the previous example. ON te arte TaN Solved Examples - s-16-20 Exercises with Hints & Solutions = 35-44 Chapter Test 7 9-10 Past Solved PapersPofit and Loss INTRODUCTION Cost Price The amount paid to purchase an article or the price at which an article is made, is known as its cost price. The cost price is abbreviated as C.P. Selling Price The price at which an article is sold, is known as its selling price. The selling price is abbreviated as $.P. Profit Ifthe selling price (S.P.) ofan article is greater than the cost price (C.P.), then the difference between the selling price and cost price is called profit. Thus, IfS.P.>C.P., then Profit =S.P.—C.P. => S.P.=C.P.+Profit > CP.=S.P.—Profit. Loss Ifthe selling price (S.P._) of an article is less than the cost price (C.P._), then the difference between the cost price (C.P.) and the selling price (S.P.) is called loss. Thus, if $.P. CP.=S.P.+Loss => S.P.=C.P.—Loss GP_3005Profit and Loss Profit and Loss percentage The profit per cent is the profit that would be obtained for a C.P. of € 100. Similarly, the loss per cent is the loss that would be made for a C.P. of 100. Profit Profit per eent = == x100 Loss Loss per cent = «100 CP. ZS REMEMBER y . Profit= <2: x Profit % 100 C.P. x Loss % *® = Loss= 00. 100 + Profit% * eee eres ae : ( 100 xc 1 oe (~ Loss% } op 100 | _ lkse 100 + Profit % cp —lo0xse. 100 - Loss % NOTE (i) If an article is sold at a certain gain (say 45%), then SP = 145% of CP (ii) If an article is sold at certain loss (say 25%), then SP = 75% of CP.C52 ) Profit and Loss gp Goods passing through successive hands © When there are two successive profits of a% and b%, then the resultant profit per cent is given by a+b 7 % 100 When there are two successive loss of a% and b%, then the ab resultant loss per cent is given by [- b+ « When there is a profit of a% and loss by b% in a transaction, then the resultant profit or loss per cent is given by (: -b ox, according to the + ve or —ve sign respectively. See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-6 r 4 & Shortcut Approach Dishonest dealing: Gain % = "=" __ 109 True value — Error True Scale _ 100+gain% False Scale 100-loss% L 4 fe a @ Shortcut Approach Real Profit/Loss percentage : If the profit or loss is calculated on S.P., then it is not actual profit or loss. Real profit (loss)% is the profit (loss)% on C.P. 9 Real Profit % = —* Profit on SP.__ 199 100—% profit on S.P. L 4 G a © Shortcut Approach GP_3005Profit and Loss L When cost price and selling price are reduced by the same amount (A) and profit increases then cost price (C.P.) _ [Initial profit % + Increase in profit %]x A Increase in profit % r © Shortcut Approach ge Ifcost price of x articles is equal to the selling price of y articles, then profit/loss percentage = *=Y 100%, according to +ve or = —ve sign respectively. ge Aman purchases a certain number of articles at xa rupee and the same number at y rupee. He mixes them together and sells them at z rupee. Then his gain or loss % xy. - 42 ee | 100 according as the sign is +ve or —ve. ge If two items are sold, each at %. x, one at a gain of p% and the 2 other at a loss of p%, there is an overall loss given by i %. The 2p?x absolute value of the loss is given by 1002 (> IECP of two items is the same and % Loss and % Gain on the two items are equal, then net loss or net profit is zero, See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-6& Profit and Loss ia | 7 Shortcut Approach | ad A businessman sells his items at a profit/loss of a%. If he had sold it for = R more, he would have gained/lost b%. Then, R =— 100 CP of items an ‘= When both are either profit or loss ‘+’ = When one is profit and other is loss a | | | | | | | | IfA sold an article to B at a profit (loss) ofr, % and B sold this | article to C at a profit (loss) ofr, %, then cost price of article for C | | | | | | | | | | 1, I, is given by (cost price for A) x |1+—~}}1+—— is given by ( pri or A) ma ie Ifa man purchases m items for % x and sells n items for % y, then MYT PE 100% Profit or loss per cent is given by ge [Positive result means profit and negative result means loss]. See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-6 Marked Price The price on the lable is called the marked price or list price. The marked price is abbreviated as M.P. Discount The reduction made on the ‘marked price” ofan article is called the discount. NOTE: When no discount is given, ‘selling price’ is the same as ‘marked price’. * Discount = Marked price x Rate of discount. + S.P.=M.P. Discount. * Discount %= aseonmt 100 + Buyx gety free ie, ifx+ y articles are sold at cost price of x articles, y then the percentage discount = xty x 100. GP_3005Profit and Loss Sp ‘SL REMEMBER * — Insuccessive discounts, first discount is subtracted from the marked price to get net price after the first discount. Taking this price as the new marked price, the second discount is calculated and it is subtracted from it to get net price after the second discount. Continuing in this manner, we finally obtain the final selling price. In case of successive discounts a% and b%, the effective discount is arb 100 NOTE: [fthe list price of an item is given and discounts d and d, are given succesively on it then, d, d. Final = list price }1-_]| 1- 2) inal price = list pi ce ( 7 JC : SALES TAX To meet government’s expenditures like construction of roads, railway, hospitals, schools etc. the government imposes different types of taxes. Sales tax (S.T.) is one of these tax. Sales tax is calculated on selling price (S.P.) sales tax is calculated on the selling price of the article. | ge If‘a’th part of some items is sold at x% loss, then required gain | per cent in selling rest of the items in order that there is neither | | | oe | | gain nor loss in whole transaction, is ;—-% | | See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-6 | ce a Pe ed Treas Solved Examples — 821-24 Exercises with Hints & Solutions = BA5-52 Chapter Test - 11-12 Past Solved PapersSimple & Compound Interest INTEREST Interest is the fixed amount paid on borrowed money. The sum lent is called the Principal. The sum of the principal and interest is called the Amount. Interest is of two kinds : (@) Simple interest (ii) Compound interest (l) SIMPLE INTEREST When interest is calculated on the original principal for any length oftime, it is called simple interest. 2S. REMEMBER & Simple interest = Prineipal» Time «Rate 100 PxRxT I= ie. S. 100 cn 100 xS.L * Princ ‘P) = incipal (P) = Sor * Rate (R) = 100%SL TxP Time(T) = 100 x SI. PxR Ifrate of simple interest differs from year to year, then ki +Ry +R; +.....) 100 * ~~ Amount = Principal + Interest PRT RT te. «=9A= P+] =P+—— = fuiniall ‘ *To00 (+55) SL=P GP_3005Simple & Compound Interest > = 7 @ Shortcut Approach : 1 gp fe part ofa certain sum Pis lent out at R,% SI, y Part is lent out 1 at Ry % SI and the remaining ~ part at R; % SI and this way the 1x100 interest received by I, then P= R—R—R- my 2 Ifa sum of money becomes n times in T yr at simple interest, then formula for calculating rate of interest will be given as Ra 00m —Do, 7 Ifa sum of money at a certain rate of interest becomes n times in T , yrand m times in T, yr, then formula for T, will be given as 1, “(Shs n-1 See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-7 e a (1) COMPOUND INTEREST Money is said to be lent at compound interest when at the end of a year or other fixed period, the interest that has become due is not paid to the lender, but is added to the sum lent, and the amount thus obtained becomes the principal in the next year or period. The process is repeated until the amount for the last period has been found. Hence, When the interest charged after a certain specified time period is added to form new principal for the next time period, the interest is said to be compounded and the total interest accrued is compound interest.a> Simple & Compound Interest OS REMEMBER * c1-r| (16339) —| : 100. - % — Amount(A) =P(1+—") moun(A) =P (145) * — Ifrate of compound interest differs from year to year, then Amount = p(i+) (+2) (+2) 100, 100. 100. Compound interest — when interest is compounded annually but time is in fraction Iftime= e years, then Pp t r A= of +z) ize 100 100 Compound interest — when interest is calculated half-yearly Since r is calculated half-yearly therefore the rate per cent will become halfand the time period will become twice, i.e., Rate per cent when interest is paid half-yearly = 5% and time = 2 x time given in years Hence, A=P{1+— 2%100 Compound interest - when interest is calculated quarterly Since 1 year has 4 quarters, therefore rate of interest will become zth ofthe rate of interest per annum, and the time period will be 4 times the time given in years Hence, for quarterly interest 4xn 4n A=Piiet4) epi. 100 400 GP_3005Simple & Compound Interest SS 7 @ Shortcut Approach Difference between Compound Interest and Simple Interest When T=2 R = @ c1-si= (5) RxSL. (i) CL-S1.= 3599 When T=3 PR? (300+R @ c1-si="r( 100 } si{( RY 4 R @) C1-SL=5|lio9} *2li00 NOTE: SI and Cl for one year on the same sum and at same rate are equal. L Ifa certain sum at compound interest becomes x times inn, yr and y 1 n a in ny yr, then x" = | © Shortcut Approach If the population ofa city is P and it increases with the rate of R% per annum, then RY = Pi} 1l+—— (@ Population after n yr ( x) of (« 7 100 See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-7 (ii) Population n yr ago =gp Simple & Compound Interest Note: + If population decreases with the rate of R%, then (—) sign will be used in place of (+) in the above mentioned formula + Ifthe rate of growth per year is R;%, R.%, R3%, ....... »R,%, then Population after n yr = ors (BiB)... {us fs 100. 100 100 100 (This formula can also be used, if there is increase/decrease in the price ofan article.) Acomputer gives the following results for various values of n. he Interest is compounded it (1 + 4) oe Annually 1 (43) =2 1 Semiannually 2 (45) =225 ny Quarterly 4 (4) = 2.4414 12 Monthly 2 (43) =2.6130 Dae eee rea Solved Examples = 8-25-28 Exercises with Hints & Solutions = £.53-60 Chapter Test be 13-14 Past Solved Papers GP_3005Time & Work TIME AND WORK In most of the problems on time and work, either of the following basic parameters are to be calculated | © Shortcut Approach ge IfA can doa piece of work in X days, then A’s one day’s work = xh part of whole work. ge IfA’s one day’s work = xh part of whole work, then A can finish the work in X days. (IPA can doapiece of work in X days and B can doit in ¥ days then ‘A and B working together will do the same work in wy days. ge IfA, Band C can doa work in X, Y and Z days respectively then all of them working together can finish the work in XYZ XY+YZ+XZ ge If(A + B) can doa piece of work in X days, (B + C) can doa place of work in Y days and (C + A) can doa piece of work in Z days. Then, days. 2XYZ +Bt+ in Sy es (A+B+C) can doa piece of work in XVaYZs0X lays See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-8q@{Yy Time & Work a © Shortcut Approach (P HfAand B together can do a piece of work in X days and A alone can do it in Y days, then B alone can do the work in, XY x (® If(A+B+C) can doa piece of work in X days and (B+C) can do a piece of work in Y days then A XY A can doa piece of work —— days Y-X ge A and B can do a work in ‘X’ and “Y’ days respectively. They started the work together but A left ‘a’ days before completion of Y(X+a) the work. Then, time taken to finish the work is ————— ty ge If‘A’ is ‘a’ times efficient than B and A can finish a work in X days, then working together, they can finish the work in aT days. (> IfAis ‘a’ times efficient than B and working together they finish a work in Z days then, time taken by A= 2@+) days, and time a taken by B= Z(a+ 1) days. @P IA working alone takes ‘x’ days more than A and B together, and B working along takes ‘y’ days more than A and B together then the number of days taken by A and B working together is given by Ixy. ] days. See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-8 GP_3005Time & Work > - © Shortcut Approach ge Ifa, men and b, boys can complete a work in x days, while a, men and b, boys can complete the same work in y days, then One day work of 1 man _ (yb, —xb,) One day work of | boy (xa,—ya,) ge Ifnmen or m women can doa piece of work in X days, then N men nmX nM+mN (P Aand B doa piece of work in a and b days, respectively. Both begin together but after some days, A leaves offand the remaining work is completed by B in x days. Then, the time after which A (b-x)a a+b ge If‘M,’ persons can do “W,’ works in “D,’ daysand “M,’ persons can do ‘W,’ works in ‘D,” days then MDW) = M;D,W If T, and T, are the working hours for the two groups then M,D|W,T, = M,D,W,T, Similarly, M,D,W,T,E, = M,D,W,TE,, where E, and E, are the efficiencies of the two groups. ge Ifthe number of men to do a job is changed in the ratio a : b, then the time required to do the work will be in the ratio b : a, assuming, the amount of work done by each of them in the given time is the same, or they are identical. ge A is K times as good a worker as B and takes X days less than B to finish the work. Then the amount of time required by A and B KxxX K?-1 ge IfA is n times as efficient as B, i.e. A has n times as much capacity and M women together can finish the work in days. left, is given by T= working together is days. 1 to do work as B, then A will take a of the time taken by B todo the same amount of work. See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-8qa Time & Work WORK AND WAGES Wages are distributed in proportion to the work done and in indirect proportion to the time taken by the individual PIPES AND CISTERNS The same principle of Time and Work is employed to solve the problems on Pipes and Cisterns. The only difference is that in this case, the work done is in terms of filling or emptying.a cistern (tank) and the time taken is the time taken bya pipe or a leak (crack) to fill or empty a cistern respectively. Inlet : A pipe connected with a tank (or a cistern or a reservoir) is called an inlet, ifit fills it. Outlet : A pipe connected with a tank is called an outlet, if it empties it. e e e | % Shorteut Approach 4 Ifa pipe can fill a tank in x hours, then the part filled in 1 hour = - x If a pipe can empty a tank in y hours, then the part of the full tank’ emptied in 1 hour =. _ Ifa pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another pipe can empty the full, tank in y hours, then the net part filled in 1 hour, when both the, i pipes are opened = (2 = ) : Time taken to fill the tank, when both the pipes are opened, aey. oan Ifa pipe can fills or empties tank in x hours and another can fill or empties the same tank in y hours, then time taken to fill or empty the tank aa , when both the pipes are opened Ifa pipe fills a tank in x hours and another fills the same tank is y hours, but a third one empties the full tank in z hours, and all of them| are opened together, then net part filled in 1 hr -[i+t-4] x y Zz Time taken to fill the tank = 24 — y+ xz—xy hours. GP_3005Time & Work > fe a ge A pipe can fill a tank in x hrs. Due toa leak in the bottom it is filled in| y hrs. If the tank is full, the time taken by the leak to empty the tank! =—> hrs y-x Acistern has a leak which can empty it in X hours. A pipe which admits Y litres of water per hour into the cistern is turned on and now the cistern is emptied in Z hours. Then the capacity of the' eG e a (> A cistern is filled by three pipes whose diameters are X em., Y om. and Z cm. respectively (where X < Y S, a. When two bodies are moving in opposite direction with speeds S, and S, respectively, then their relative speed is the sum of their speeds. ie., Relative Speed=S, +S, GP_3005Time, Speed and Distance qj i ae F Shortcut Approach Iftwo persons (or vehicles or trains) start at the same time in oppo- site directions from two points A and B, and after crossing each other they take x and y hours respectively to complete the journey, then Speed of first . ff Speed of second x a Usual speed : Ifa man changes his speed to 5 of his usual speed, reachss his destination late/earlier by t minutes then, Usual time = Change in time Aman covers a certain distance D. Ife moves S, speed faster, he would have taken t time less and if he moves S, speed slower, he would have taken t time more. The original speed is given by 2x (8, x82) &~S | © Shortcut Approach Ifa person with two different speeds U & V cover the same distance, then required distance = = _ x Difference between arrival time UxvV Al = Total time taken x Iso, required distance U+v See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-9C 70 ) Time, Speed and Distance q © Shortcut Approach gp A policemen sees a thief at a distance of d. He starts chasing the thief who is running at a speed of ‘a’ and policeman is chasing with a speed of ‘b’ (b> a). In this case, the distance covered by the thief when he is caught by the policeman, is given by a2) -a e Aman leaves a point A at t, and reaches the point B at t,. Another man leaves the point B at t, and reaches the point A at t,, then they will meet at (2=t)(u=4) 8 (o-a)+(un5) gp Relation between time taken with two different modes of transport thy t by = 2 +) where, t, = time when mode of transport x is used single way. t= time when mode of transport y is used single way. t,, = time when mode of transport x is used both ways. by = time when mode of transport y is used both ways. See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-9 TRAINS A train is said to have crossed an object (stationary or moving) only when the last coach of the train crosses the object completely. It implies that the total length of the train has crossed the total length of the object. GP_3005Time, Speed and Distance qQ{p Oe ee al @ Shortcut Approach e Time taken by a train to cross a pole/a standing man _ Length of train Speed of train” ge Time taken by a train to cross platform/bridge etc. (i.e. a stationary object with some length) _ length of train + length of platform/bridge ete. - speed of train : ge When two trains with lengths L, and L, and with speeds S, and S, respectively, then (a) When they are moving in the same direction, time taken by the faster train to cross the slower train . Lj +L) difference of their speeds" (b) When they are moving in the opposite direction, time taken by the trains to cross each other . Lj +L, sum of their speeds ad Suppose two trains or two bodies are moving in the same direction at u km/hr and v km/hr respectively such that u > v, then their relative speed = (u—v) km/hr. Iftheir lengths be x km and y km respectively, then time taken by the faster train to cross the slower train (moving in the same direction) x+ -( as u-v (f> Suppose two trains or two bodies are moving in opposite directions atu km/hr and v km/hr, then their relative speed =(u+ v) km/hr. Iftheir lengths be x km & y km, then : : x+y time taken to cross each other = aa hrs. e Ifa man is running at a speed of u m/sec in the same direction in which a train of length L meters is running at a speed v m/sec, then | L@D]} Time, Speed and Distance S (v—u) m/sec is called the speed of the train relative to man. Then 1 the time taken by the train to cross the man = = seconds. Ifa man is running at a speed of u m/sec in a direction opposite to that in which a train of length L meters is running with a speed v m/ sec, then (u + v) is called the speed of the train relative to man. Then the time taken by the train to cross the man 1 = —— seconds. vt+u If two trains start at the same time from two points A and B towards each other and after crossing, they take (a) and (b) hours in reaching Band A respectively. Then, A’s speed : B’s speed = (Vb : Va) ge Ifa train of length L m passes a platform of x m in t,s, then time taken ts by the same train to pass a platform of length y m is given as L+y t,= t, > (¢ + | ' ge From stations P and Q, two trains start moving towards each other with the speeds a and b, respectively. When they meet each other, it is found that one train covers distance d more than that of an- other train. In such cases, distance between stations P and Q is (@ + 4 o given as | 3 |< ge The distance between P and Q is (d) km. A train with (a) km/h starts from station P towards Q and after a difference of (t) hr another train with (b) km/h starts from Q towards station P, then both the trains will meet at a certain point after time T. Then, 1-(28) atb (> |fsecond train starts after the first train, then t is taken as positive. If second train starts before the first train, then t is taken as nega- tive. See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-9 GP_3005Time, Speed and Distance qQ{p r 4 T Shortcut Approach ge The distance between two stations P and Q is d km. A train starts from P towards Q and another train starts from Q towards P at the same time and they meet at a certain point after t h. Iftrain starting from P travels with a speed of x km/h slower or faster than another train, then d+tx (i) Speed of faster train = (4) km/h d-tx (ii) Speed of slower train = (45) gp A train covers distance d sbetween two stations P and Q in t, h. If the speed of train is reduced by (a) km/h, then the same distance will be covered in t, h (i) Distance between P and Q is ana{ am t,-t, at (i) Speed of the train = (; = im at See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-9 BOATS AND STREAMS Stream : It implies that the water in the river is moving or flowing. Upstream : Going against the flow of the river. Downstream : Going with the flow of the river. Still water : It implies that the speed of water is zero (generally, in a lake). Flow of water Let the speed ofa boat (or man) in still water be X m/sec and the speed of the stream (or current) be Y m/sec. Then,@® Time, Speed and Distance r 1 © Shortcut Approach er Speed of boat with the stream (or downstream or D/S) =(X+ Y) m/sec. gp Speed of boat against the stream (or upstream or U/S) =(X- Y) m/sec. (P Speed of boat in still water is, Be OCS) Upstream’: Downstream) 2 2 (> Speed of the stream or current is Y = cee) _ Downstream — Upstream 2 g Aman can row X km/h instill water. [fina stream which is flowing of Y km/h, it takes him Z hours to row to a place and back, the a distance between the two places is ee gp Aman rowsa certain distance downstream in X hours and returns the same distance in Y hours. Ifthe stream flows at the rate of Z km/ h, then the speed of the man in still water is given by 2K co yhr Xx gp And if speed of man in still water is Z km/h then the speed of stream is given by ZY -X) X+¥ ‘km/hr. See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-9 GP_3005Time, Speed and Distance qQ{p e Ifspeed of stream is a and a boat (swimmer) takes n times as long to row up as to row down the river, then a(n+1) Speed of boat (swimmer) in still water = (n—1) Note: This formula is applicable for equal distances. g Ifa man capable of rowing at the speed (u) m/sec in still water, rows the same distance up and down a stream flowing ata rate of (v) m/ sec, then his average speed through the journey is Upstream x Downstream = (u—v) (u+v) ~ Man's rate in still water — u (> If boat's (swimmer's) speed in still water is a km/h and river is flowing with a speed of b km/h, then average speed in going toa certain place and coming back to starting point is given by (a+b)(a—b) ah a See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-9 bee ES aera Page No. Solved Examples a $3742 Exercises with Hints & Solutions - E-71-77 Chapter Test 7 17-18 Past Solved PapersMensuration MENSURATION Mensuration is the science of measurement of the lenghts of lines, areas of surfaces and volumes of solids. Perimeter Perimeter is sum of all the sides. It is measured in cm, m, etc. Area ‘Thearea ofany figure is the amount of surface enclosed within its boundary lines, This is measured in square unit like cm2, m2, etc. Volume If.an object is solid, then the space occupied by such an object is called its volume. This is measured in cubic unit like cm3, m3, ete. Basic Conversions : L 1m=10dm 1dm=10em lom= 10mm 1m=100cem=1000mm 1km=1000m 0. Lkm == miles I mile=1.6km linch=2.54cem I. 100kg=1 quintal 10 quintal = 1 tonne 1 kg= 2.2 pounds (approx.) IV. Ilitre= 1000 ec Lacre= 100 m2 1 hectare = 10000 m? (100 acre) GP_3005Mensuration qQ{p PART | : PLANE FIGURES TRIANGLE Perimeter (P)=a+b+c Area(A)= /s(s—a)(s—b)(s—c) where $= auete anda, band care three sides of the triangle. Also, A= + bh; where b—> base h— altitude Equilateral triangle Perimeter = 3a ay 4 A=— a’ ; where a> side@® Mensuration Right triangle b 1 A=>pb and h?=p?+b? (Pythagoras triplet) where p-> perpendicular b— base h — hypotenuse RECTANGLE Perimeter =2 (£ +b) Area= ¢ xb, where ¢ > length b— breadth . | © Shortcut Approach | | Tf the length and breadth of a rectangle are increased by a% and b%, b a respectively, then are will be increased by (: +b+ ax 7 | | | | | See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-10 4 | | L GP_3005Mensuration SQUARE Perimeter = 4 x side=4a Area=(side)?=a?, wherea— side PARALLELOGRAM bd a a b Perimeter = 2 (a+b) Area=b x h; where a — breadth b> base (or length) h— altitude RHOMBUS ; 7 a LN, Perimeter =4a 1 . Area = 341 xd2 where a — side and d; and d, are diagonals.&> Mensuration IRREGULAR QUADRILATERAL Perimeter =p+qt+rt+s 1 Area = 54 (hi +h2) TRAPEZIUM Perimeter =a+b+m+n Area = + +b)h; where (a) and (b)are two parallel sides, (m)and (n) aretwo non-parallel sides, h— perpendicular distance between two parallel sides. AREA OF PATHWAYS RUNNING ACROSS THE MIDDLE OF A RECTANGLE A=a(¢+b)-a’, where ¢ length b— breadth, a— width of the pathway. GP_3005Mensuration Pathways outside b+2a £+2a A=(I+2a)(b+2a)—/b, | where/—> length b— breadth a— width of the pathway Pathways inside é | | ep | | | | 1 A=lIb-(l—2a)(b—2a), where 1 -> length b— breadth a— width of the pathway | : | Ifa pathway of width x is made inside or outside a rectangular plot | of length / and breadth b, then are of pathway is | () 2x (/+b+2x), if path is made outside the plot. | (i) 2x (/+b—2x), ifpath is made inside the plot. | If two paths, each of width x are made parallel to length (/) and | breadth (b) of the rectangular plot in the middle of the plot, then | area of the paths is x(/+ b-x) See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-10 L--& Mensuration CIRCLE Perimeter (Circumference) = 2nr=nd Area=mr?; where r— radius d— diameter 2 and x == or 3.14 = ie | © Shortcut Approach | | The length and breadth ofa rectangle are / and b, then are of circle of | | 2 | | maximum radius inscribed in that rectangle is x | | | | See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-10 I SS 4 SEMICIRCLE Perimeter =ar+2r Area = xm? 2 — fe al | 7 Shortcut Approach | The are a of the largest triangle incribed in a semi-circle of radius r is | equal to r?. | | See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-10 SECTOR OF A CIRCLE eS Area of sector OAB= a a 360 9 = x2: Length ofan are (/) 3602" Segment Area of segment = Area of sector — Area of triangle OAB 8 =i xar?—1r?sino 360° GP_3005Mensuration e&> Perimeter of segment = length of the arc + length of segment AB =H + arsing RING R, a Area of rin, R3-R? PART-II SOLID FIGURE CUBOID A cuboid is a three dimensional box. Total surface area of a cuboid = 2 (/b + bh + th) Volume of the cuboid = /bh 21 1 Area of four walls = 2(7+ b) xh 7 | 2 Shortcut Approach | If length, breadth and height ofa cuboid are changed by x%, y% and | 2% respectively, then its volume is increased by a xy tyZ+2x | _xyz |. [xsyees HER See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-10 (lg i a | | = | | | =& Mensuration Note: Increment in the value is taken as positive and decrement in value is taken as negative. Positive result shows total increment and negative result shows total decrement. CUBE A cube is a cuboid which has all its edges equal Total surface area ofa cube = 6a? Volume of the cube = a3 RIGHT PRISM A prism is a solid which can have any polygon at both its ends. Lateral or curved surface area = Perimeter of base x height Total surface area = Lateral surface area + 2 (area of the end) Volume = Area of base x height RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER It is a solid which has both its ends in the form ofa circle. Lateral surface area = 2arh Total surface area = 2nr (r+ h) Volume=nr2h; where r is radius of the base and h is the height GP_3005Mensuration e&> PYRAMID A pyramid is a solid which can have any polygon at its base and its edges converge to single apex. Lateral or curved surface area =4 (Perimeter ofbase) x slant height Total surface area = lateral surface area + area of the base Volume = ; (area of the base) x height RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE Itis a solid which hasa circle as its base and a slanting lateral surface that converges at the apex. Lateral surface area = mrl Total surface area = nr (1+r) Volume aah; where r: radius of the base h: height 1: slant heightSPHERE Itisa solid in the form ofa ball with radiusr. Lateral surface area = Total surface area = 4nr? 4 Volume = ye 5 where ris radius. HEMISPHERE It is a solid half of the sphere. Lateral surface area = 21? Total surface area = 31? Volume =f; where r is radius Mensuration GP_3005Mensuration 4 r | & Shortcut Approach | 1fside ofa cube or radius (or diameter) of sphere is increased by x%, ! . | then its volume inereases by l(a) -1 te a 7 | 7 Shortcut Approach | If in a cylinder or cone, height and radius both change by x%, then | 3 x | volume changes by (a) -1 10m, See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-10 Lee | | | i FRUSTUM OF A CONE When a cone cut the left over part is called the frustum of the cone. Curved surface area= al (r, +1) Total surface area = ml(n +1) + my +013 CS where I= /h? +(n-7)° = Volume = +(1? +112 +12) Pe eee Solved Examples Exercises with Hints & Solutions Chapter Test Past Solved PapersClock and Calendar CLOCK Introduction * Aclock has two hands : Hour hand and Minute hand. . The minute hand (M.H.) is also called the long hand and the hour hand (H.H.) is also called the short hand. . The clock has 12 hours numbered from 1 to 12. Also, the clock is divided into 60 equal minute divisions. Therefore, each hour number is separated by five minute divisions. Therefore, ef | Storer depron 360 |e One minute division = com 6° apart. ie. In one minute, the minute hand moves 6°. (> One hour division = 6° x 5 = 30° apart. ie. In one hour, the hour hand moves 30° apart. jo ye 30 (2s Also, in one minute, the hour hand moves = ge Since, in one minute, minute hand moves 6° and hour hand moves : 1 = , therefore, in one minute, the minute hand gains 55 more than hour hand ° ad In one hour, the minute hand gains 5 Z x60 = 330° over the hour hand. i.e. the minute hand gains 55 minutes divisions over the hour hand. See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-11 GP_3005Clock and Calendar => Relative position of the hands The position of the M.H. relative to the H.H. is said to be the same, whenever the M.H. is separated from the H.H. by the same number of minute divisions and is on same side (clockwise or anticlockwise) of the HH Any relative position of the hands ofa clock is repeated 11 times in every 12 hours. (a) When both hands are 15 minute spaces apart, they are at right angle. (b) When they are 30 minute spaces apart, they point in opposite directions. (c) The handsare in the same straight line when they are coincident or opposite to each other. + Inevery hour, both the hand coincide once. + Inaday, the hands are coinciding 22 times. + Inevery 12 hours, the hands of clock coincide 11 times. + Inevery 12 hours, the hands of clock are in opposite direction 11 times. + Inevery 12 hours, the hands of clock are at right angles 22 times. + Inevery hour, the two hands are at right angles 2 times. + In every hour, the two hands are in opposite direction once. + Ina day, the two hands are at right angles 44 times. + — Ifboth the hands coincide, then they will again coincide after 65 minutes. i.e. in correct clock, both hand coincide at an interval of 65 minutes. + Ifthe two hands coincide in time less than 655 minutes, then clock is too fast and if the two hands coincides in time more than 65 minutes, then the clock is too slow.&p> Clock and Calendar £ a | & Shortcut Approach | | |e Shortcut Approach for finding degrees minutes and hours is -(2 M-30 n) Where, M = minutes | | | and, H= Hours | | | I When value of 6 becomes more than 360, subtract 360 from the | value of 6 and complete the calculation. | | L | See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-11 4 INCORRECT CLOCK Ifa clock indicates 6 : 10, when the correct time is 6 : 00, it is said to be 10 minute too fast and if it indicates 5 : 50 when the correct time is 6 : 00, it is said to be 10 minute too slow. + Also, if both hands coincide at an interval x minutes and x< 655, 652--x then total time gained = u minutes and clock is said x to be ‘fast’ + If both hands coincide at an interval x minutes and : x- 65> x > 65, then total time lost = 11) minutes and clock x is said to be 'slow CALENDAR INTRODUCTION ‘An ordinary year has 365 days. Every year which is divisible by 4, is a leap year and has 366 days, But century year has 365 days except for year divisible by 400 which has 366 days. An ordinary year contains 365 days i.e., 52 weeks + | day i.e. 1 odd day, A leap year contains 366 days i.e. 52 weeks +2 days i.e. 2 odd days. GP_3005Clock and Calendar > Acentury (100 years) contains = 24 leap years + 76 ordinary years =24 x 2+76= 124 odd days = 17 weeks +5 odd days Similarly, 200 years contains 2 x 5—7= 3 odd days 300 years contains 3 x 5— 14= 1 odd day 400 years contains 4 x 5+ 1-21=0 odd days First January, 1 A.D. was Monday. A solar year contains 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 48 seconds. The first day of a century must either be Monday, Tuesday, Thursday or Saturday. Months Odd days 3 or (ordinary/leap) 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 November 2 December 3 To find a particular day witihout given date and day Following steps are taken into consideration to solve such questions Step I Firstly, you have to find the number of odd upto the date for which the day is to be determined. Step II Your required day will be according to the following conditions (a) Ifthe number of odd days = 0, then required day is Sunday. (b) Ifthe number of odd days = 1, then required day is Monday. (©) Ifthe number of odd days = 2, then required day is Tuesday. (d)__ Ifthe number of odd days = 3, then required day is Wednesday. (e) Ifthe number of odd days = 4, then required day is Thursday. (Ifthe number of odd days = 5, then required day is Friday. (g) Ifthe number of odd days = 6, then required day is Saturday.Pp Clock and Calendar NOTE: February in an ordinary year gives no odd days, but ina leap year gives one odd day. Brace Page No. Solved Examples 7 48-49 Exercises with Hints & Solutions - 88-93 Chapter Test — 21-22 Past Solved Papers GP_3005Permutation and Combination INTRODUCTION Factorial The important mathematical term “Factorial” has extensively used in this chapter. The product of first n consecutive natural numbers is defined as factorial of n. It is denoted by n! or [n_. Therefore, In! = 1x2x3x.......x(n—I)xn For example, 5!=5 x4. 3 «2x 1= 120 Note that: a(t} Ol=1 The factorials of fractions and negative integers are not defined Fundamental Principles of Counting 1. _ Principle of Addition : Ifan event can occur in'm' ways and another event can occur in'n' ways independent of the first event, then either of the two events can occur in (m + n) ways. 2. Principle of Multiplication : Ifan operation can be performed in'm' ways and after it has been performed in any one of these ways, a second operation can be performed in 'n' ways, then the two operations in succession can be performed in (m x n) ways.C94 ) Permutation and Combination Method of Sampling : Sampling process can be divided into following forms 1. The order is IMPORTANT and the repetition is ALLOWED, each sample is then a SEQUENCE. 2. The order is IMPORTANT and the repetition is NOT ALLOWED, each sample is then a PERMUTATION. 3. Theorder is NOT IMPORTANT and repetition is ALLOWED, each sample is then a MULTISET. 4, The order is NOT IMPORTANT and repetition is NOT ALLOWED, each sample is then a COMBINATION. PERMUTATION Each of the arrangements, which can be made by taking, some or all ofa number of things is called a PERMUTATION. For Example: Formation of numbers, word formation, sitting arrangement in a row. The number of permutations of'n' things taken 'r' at a time is denoted by n! (n-1)! "p.. It is defind as, "P, = Note that: oP =n! Circular permutations: (i) Arrangements round a circular table : Consider five persons A, B, C, D and E to be seated on the circumference ofa circular table in order (which has no head). Now, shifting A, B, C, D and E one position in anticlockwise direction we will get arrangements as follows: 0) (ii) (iii) GP_3005Permutation and Combination > A ¢ AB E E D tiv) W) (ii) we see that arrangements in all figures are same. 2. The number of circular permutations of n different things taken all a 2p atatime is =(n-1)!, ifclockwise and anticlockwise orders are taken as different. Arrangements of beads or flowers (all different) around a circular necklace or garland: Consider five beads A, B, C, Dand E in a necklace or five flowers A, B, Cand D, E ina garland etc. Ifthe necklace or garland on the left is turned over we obtain the arrangement on the right, i.e., anticlockwise and clockwise order of arrangements are not different. Thus the number of circular permutations of ‘n’ different things taken. 1 all at a time is za- 1)!, if clockwise and anticlockwise orders are taken to be some. Sea THRI es D Cc Cc D E B B E A A Conditional Permutations Number of permutations of n things taking r at a time, in which a particular thing always occurs= r.""'P,_, Distinguishable Permutations iE Suppose a set of n objects has n, of one kind of object, n, of a second kind, n, ofa third kind, and so on, withn=n,; +n) +n3+.. + n,, Then the number of distinguishable permutations of the np> Permutation and Combination ! objects is a ny!ng!n3!....nj! 2. Number of permutations of n things taking r at a time, in which a particular thing never occurs= ""'P.. 3. Number of permutations of n different things taking all at a time, in which m specified things always come together = m!(n—m +1)! 4 Number of permutations ofn different things taking all at a time, in which m specified things never come together = n!- m!(n—m_+1)! 5. Thenumber of permutations of'n' things taken all at a time, when'p' arealike of one kind, 'q' are alike of second, 'r' alike of third, and soon = ol © plqirl’ 6 Thenumber of permutations of'n' different things, taking'r' at a time, when each thing can be repeated 'r' times = n™ © Shortcut Approach cr 7 | | Number of ways to declare the result where ‘n’ match are played = ae | | | | Ll 4 See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-12 COMBINATION Each of the different selections that can be made with a given number of objects taken some or all of them ata time is called a COMBINATION The number of combinations of'n' dissimilar things taken 'r' at a time is denoted by "C, or C(n, r). It is defined as, n! a GP_3005Permutation and Combination ap ‘2S. REMEMBER *® "Cy Hl, "C,=15 "Parl", eo * "C47, =MIC, * "C=" >xty=n = "C= ECG, * "C= 7. mC ro rt 1-1 : * "C= : (n-r+1)"C,_, *® "C=C, =n Conditional Combinations 1. Number of combinations ofn distinct things taking r ( Permutation and Combination NOTE : Ifa person is always there then we have to select only 1 from the remaining 25 — 1 = 24 | © Shortcut Approach Let there are n persons in a hall. If every person shakes his hand with every other person only once, then total number of handshakes _n(n-l) Sl Note: If in place of handshakes each person gives a gift to another| | person, then formula changes to = n (n— 1) | | | | See Example : Refer ebook Solved Examples/Ch-12 | L 4 7. The number of ways of dividing 'm + n' things into two groups containing 'm' and 'n' things respectively . _ (m+n)! =mtnc, mg, = n mtn! 8 The number of ways of dividing ‘m + n + p’ things into three groups containing ‘m’, ‘n’ and ‘p’ things respectively (m+n+p)! =mintpc npc = Cm Cp m! n! p! () Ifm=n=pi.e. "3m' things are divided into three equal groups Gm)! ___(@m)! m!m!m!3!— (m!)> 3! (i) Bufif'3m’ things are to be divided among three persons, then (3m)! 7 then the number of combinations is the number of divisions is (m!) 9. If mn distinct objects are to be divided into m groups. Then, the number of combination is (mn)! m! (n!)™ , when the order of groups is not important and (mn)! — , when the order of groups is important (al) GP_3005Permutation and Combination C97) NUMBER OF RECTANGLES AND SQUARES a (a) Number of rectangles of any size in a square of size n x n is » rand rl a number of squares of any size is" 1”. tal (b) Number of rectangles of any size in a rectangle size nx p(n |P(A)+P(A) =I) The ODDS IN FAVOUR of occurrence of Aare given by m:(n—m)or P(A): P (A) The ODDS AGAINST the occurrence of A are given by (n—m):morP (A) P(A).qa Probability ALGEBRA OF EVENTS Let Aand B be two events related to a random experiment. We define (i) The event “A or B” denoted by “A U B”, which occurs when A or B or both occur. Thus, P(AUB)= Probability that at least one of the events occur (i) The event “A and B”, denoted by "AB", which occurs when A and B both occur. Thus, P(A B)= Probability of simultaneous occurrence of A and B. (iii) The event “ Not - A” denoted by A , which occurs when and only when A does not occur. Thus P(A) = Probability of non-occurrence of the event A. (iv) AMB denotes the “ non-occurrence of both A and B”. (v) “A c B” denotes the “ occurrence of A implies the occurrence of B”. For example : Consider a single throw of die and following two events A= the number is even= {2, 4,6} B= the number is a multiple of 3 = {3,6} ‘Then P(AUB)=4=2, P(AnBy=4 6 3 6 Re P(A)= 5, P(ANB)=P(AUB)=1-3 = 1 ADDITION THEOREM ON PROBABILITY 1. ADDITION THEOREM : If A and B are two events associated with arandom experiment, then P(AUB) = P(A)+P(B)-P(AMB) 2. ADDITION THEOREM FOR THREE EVENTS: IfA, B, C are three events associated with a random experiment, then P(AUBUC) = P(A) + P(B) +P(C)- P(A MB) -P(BAC)-P(ANC)+P(ANBAC) 3. IfAand B are two mutually exclusive events and the probability of their occurence are P(A) and P(B) respectively, then probability of either A or B occuring is given by GP_3005Probability C101) P(Aor B)=P(A) + P(B) = P(A+B)=P(A)+ P(B) CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY Let A and B be two events associated with a random experiment. Then (4) . Fepresents the conditional probability of occurrence of A relative toB. A)_ P(AMB) B)_ P(AMB) Also, (4) eaak (2) _ PADB) ,C—r=~—C“i<*=sas=sCsC¥=C¥zaS “( For example : Suppose a bag contains 5 white and 4 red balls. Two balls are drawn one after the other without replacement. If A denotes the event “drawing a white ball in the first draw” and B denotes the event “drawing a red ball in the second draw”. P(B/A) = Probability of drawing a red ball in second draw when it is known, that a white ball has already been drawn in the first draw =< = > Obviously, P(A/B) is meaning less in this problem. MULTIPLICATION THEOREM IfA and B are two events, then P(AMB) =P(A) P(B/A), ifP(A)>0 =P(B) P(A/B) ifP (B)>0 From this theorem we get P(AB) P(AMB) P(B/ A) = ———— and P(A/B) = ——_— (B/A) and P(A/B) P(B) For example : Consider an experiment of throwing a pair of dice. Let A denotes the event “the sum of the point is 8” and B event “ there isan even number on first die” Then A= {(2, 6), (6,2), (3, 5), (5, 3), (4,4)}, B= {(2, 1), (2,2), ........ (2,6), (4, 1), (4,2),.---- (4,6), 6, 1),(6,2),....(6,.6)} Ig 6 5 30a P(A) ==, P(B)= —=—, P(ANB)=—=— (A) 36° (B) racy (A OB) aDC104 ) Probability Now, P(A/B) = Prob. of occurrence of A when B has already occurred = prob. of getting 8 as the sum, when there is an even number on the first die a1 ; os “ies and similarly P(B/A) ; INDEPENDENCE An event B is said to be independent of an event A if the probability that B occurs is not influenced by whether A has or has not occurred. For two independent events A and B. P(AMB)= P(A)P(B) Event A,,A,,......A, are independent if () P(A;Aj)=P(A))P(A;) for alli, ji, ‘That is, the events are pairwise independent. (ii) The probability of simultaneous occurrence of (any) finite number of them is equal to the product of their separate probabilities, that is, they are mutually independent. For example : Leta pair of fair coin be tossed, here S = {HH, HT, TH, TT} A®=heads on the first coin = {HH, HT} B= heads on the second coin = {TH, HH} C= heads on exactly one coin = {HT, TH} Then P(A)=P(B)=P(C)= z-t and P(AMB) = P({HH})= : P(A)P(B) P(BNC) = P({TH})= ; = P(B)P(C) P(ANC) = P({HT})= ; = P(A)P(C) Hence the events are pairwise independent. Also P(AABAC) = P(¢) = 0 # P(A)P(B)P(C) Hence, the events A, B, C are not mutually independent. Pie oe Tran Solved Examples iS $5457 Exercises with Hints & Solutions — £.99-106 Chapter Test = 23.24 Past Solved Papers GP_3005