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Topic: Family Law Doctrine: All Bold in Held. Facts
Topic: Family Law Doctrine: All Bold in Held. Facts
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Sec. 2. Sec. 2. Petition for declaration of absolute nullity of void marriages. – 2
Sec. 4. Venue. – The petition shall be filed in the Family Court of the province or city where the
(a) Who may file. – A petition for declaration of absolute nullity of void marriage may be filed petitioner or the respondent has been residing for at least six months prior to the date of filing, or
solely by the husband or the wife. in the case of a non-resident respondent, where he may be found in the Philippines, at the
election of the petitioner. x x x
1. For foreign courts to recognize a foreign judgment, the petition as the object of special is precisely to establish the status or right of
only needs to prove the foreign judgment as a fact, through (1) a party or a particular fact."
an official publication or (2) a certification or copy attested by 2. There is no doubt that the prior spouse has a personal and material
the officer who has custody of the judgment. interest in maintaining the integrity of the marriage he contracted and
2. To hold that A.M. No. 02-11-10-SC is applicable is absurd as it will the property relations arising from it. There is also no doubt that he is
litigate the case anew. It will defeat the purpose of recognizing interested in the cancellation of an entry of a bigamous marriage in
foreign judgments, which is to limit repetitive litigation on claims and the civil registry, which compromises the public record of his
issues. marriage.
3. However, the effect of a foreign judgment is not automatic. To extend 3. Article 35(4) of the Family Code, which declares bigamous marriages
the effect of a foreign judgment in the Philippines, Philippine courts void from the beginning, is the civil aspect of Article 349 of the
must determine if the foreign judgment is consistent with domestic Revised Penal Code, which penalizes bigamy. Bigamy is a public
public policy and other mandatory laws. This is the rule of lex crime. Thus, anyone can initiate prosecution for bigamy because any
nationalii in private international law, as embodied by Art. 15 of the citizen has an interest in the prosecution and prevention of crimes. If
Civil Code3. Thus, the Philippine State may require, for effectivity in anyone can file a criminal action, there is more reason to confer
the Philippines, recognition by Philippine courts of a foreign judgment personality to sue on the husband or the wife of a subsisting
affecting its citizen, over whom it exercises personal jurisdiction marriage. The prior spouse does not only share in the public interest
relating to the status, condition and legal capacity of such citizen. of prosecuting and preventing crimes, he is also personally
4. A petition to recognize a foreign judgment declaring a marriage void interested in the purely civil aspect of protecting his marriage.
does not require relitigation under a Philippine court of the case as if 4. When the right of the spouse to protect his marriage is violated,
it were a new petition for declaration of nullity of marriage. They the spouse is clearly an injured party and is therefore interested
cannot substitute their judgment on the status, condition and legal in the judgment of the suit. Being a real party in interest, the
capacity of the foreign citizen who is under the jurisdiction of another prior spouse is entitled to sue in order to declare a bigamous
state. Thus, Philippine courts can only recognize the foreign marriage void.
judgment as a fact according to the rules of evidence.
5. The court merely exercises limited review on foreign judgment. The RTC can recognize the petition in this case
Once a foreign judgment is admitted and proven in a Philippine 1. In Braza v. The City Civil Registrar of Himamaylan City, Negros
court, it can only be repelled on grounds external to its Occidental, this Court held that a "trial court has no jurisdiction to
merits, i.e. , "want of jurisdiction, want of notice to the party, nullify marriages" in a special proceeding for cancellation or
collusion, fraud, or clear mistake of law or fact."4 correction of entry under Rule 108 of the Rules of Court. Thus, the
6. There is therefore no reason to disallow Fujiki to simply prove as a "validity of marriage[ x x x can be questioned only in a direct action"
fact the Japanese Family Court judgment nullifying the marriage to nullify the marriage.
between Marinay and Maekara on the ground of bigamy. While the 2. However, Braza does not apply as Braza does not involve a
Philippines has no divorce law, the Japanese Family Court judgment recognition of a foreign judgment nullifying a bigamous marriage
is fully consistent with Philippine public policy, as bigamous where one of the parties is a citizen of the foreign country.
marriages are declared void from the beginning under the Family 3. In this case, there is neither circumvention of the substantive
Code. and procedural safeguards of marriage under Philippine law,
nor of the jurisdiction of Family Courts under R.A. No. 8369. A
Fujiki has personality to file the petition to recognize the Japanese court’s recognition of a foreign judgment is not an action to nullify a
judgement marriage. It is an action for Philippine courts to recognize the
1. Once the recognition of a foreign judgment only requires proof of fact effectivity of a foreign judgment, which presupposes a case
of the judgment, it may be made in a special proceeding for which was already tried and decided under foreign law.
cancellation or correction of entries in the civil registry under Rule 4. Article 26 of the FC confers jurisdiction on Philippine courts to extend
108. As correctly noted by the SolGen, "[t]he recognition of the the effect of a foreign divorce decree to a Filipino spouse without
foreign divorce decree may be made in a Rule 108 proceeding itself, undergoing trial to determine the validity of the dissolution of the
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Art. 15. "[l]aws relating to family rights and duties, or to the status, condition and legal capacity Sec. 48, Rule 39. Xxx "the judgment or final order may be repelled by evidence of a want of
of persons are binding upon citizens of the Philippines, even though living abroad." jurisdiction, want of notice to the party, collusion, fraud, or clear mistake of law or fact."
marriage. The second paragraph of Article 26 of the Family Code
provides that "[w]here a marriage between a Filipino citizen and a
foreigner is validly celebrated and a divorce is thereafter validly
obtained abroad by the alien spouse capacitating him or her to
remarry, the Filipino spouse shall have capacity to remarry under
Philippine law." In Republic v. Orbecido, this Court recognized the
legislative intent of the second paragraph of Article 26 which is "to
avoid the absurd situation where the Filipino spouse remains married
to the alien spouse who, after obtaining a divorce, is no longer
married to the Filipino spouse" under the laws of his or her country.
5. The principle in the second paragraph of Article 26 of the Family
Code applies because the foreign spouse, after the foreign judgment
nullifying the marriage, is capacitated to remarry under the laws of
his or her country. If the foreign judgment is not recognized in the
Philippines, the Filipino spouse will be discriminated—the foreign
spouse can remarry while the Filipino spouse cannot remarry.
6. Notwithstanding Article 26 of the Family Code, Philippine courts
already have jurisdiction to extend the effect of a foreign judgment in
the Philippines to the extent that the foreign judgment does not
contravene domestic public policy. In the recognition of foreign
judgments, Philippine courts are incompetent to substitute their
judgment on how a case was decided under foreign law.
7. For this purpose, Philippine courts will only determine (1)
whether the foreign judgment is inconsistent with an overriding
public policy in the Philippines; and (2) whether any alleging
party is able to prove an extrinsic ground to repel the foreign
judgment, i.e. want of jurisdiction, want of notice to the party,
collusion, fraud, or clear mistake of law or fact. If there is
neither inconsistency with public policy nor adequate proof to
repel the judgment, Philippine courts should, by default,
recognize the foreign judgment as part of the comity of nations.
8. Upon recognition of the foreign judgment, this right becomes
conclusive and the judgment serves as the basis for the correction or
cancellation of entry in the civil registry. Otherwise, there will be an
inconsistency between the recognition of the effectivity of the foreign
judgment and the public records in the Philippines.