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Trapezoidal Inverted Sine PWM Techniques For Fundamental Fortification in PV Fed Multilevel Inverters
Trapezoidal Inverted Sine PWM Techniques For Fundamental Fortification in PV Fed Multilevel Inverters
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2 authors, including:
Ramaprabha Ramabadran
Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering
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Abstract— Renewable energy sources, especially solar To boost up the voltage and to adjust the load resistance,
photovoltaic systems (PV) are gaining popularity as the a boost converter is placed between the PV panel and the
demand for electrical energy is increasing day by day. They load. The duty cycle of the converter is adjusted so as to
can act as a voltage source feeding the power circuit. This equalise the load resistance with the internal resistance of
work aims in utilising the PV system as a voltage source for a
the PV panel. Perturb and Observe algorithm (P &O) is
cascaded five level inverter. Further the performance of the
PV panel fed cascaded multilevel inverter is analysed by used to track the maximum power point and duty cycle is
applying trapezoidal inverted sine PWM schemes. Many pulse then adjusted accordingly. The developed PV model with
width modulation (PWM) techniques were proposed and MPPT and boost converter is used to feed the cascaded five
reported in literature with the aim of reducing the total level inverter circuit. The overall block diagram of the
harmonic distortion and enhancing the fundamental output system is given in the Fig 1.
voltage. Trapezoidal PWM scheme is one such scheme which
is found to enhance the fundamental output voltage than the
commonly used sine PWM scheme. This paper proposes a new
PWM technique where gating pulses are produced by
comparing a trapezoidal reference with multiple high
frequency inverted sine carriers. Perturb and Observe (P&O)
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is used to
extract the maximum power form PV panel.
I. INTRODUCTION
A single phase five level cascaded H bridge inverter
Fig.1. Block diagram of PV fed cascaded MLI
considered in this work requires two separate DC sources
and they are provided by two Photovoltaic (PV) panels. The harmonic content in the output of an inverter can be
Solar PV system is gaining popularity as the demand for reduced by increasing the number of levels and by applying
the power is on the rise. Moreover it is a clean source of a suitable PWM technique. The concept of utilizing
power and requires less maintenance. The power generated multiple small voltages to generate a staircase like
by a single PV cell is small. Several cells are connected in waveform was introduced and this lead to a better and more
series and parallel, to attain the required current and the sinusoidal output waveform [1]-[2]. This approach not only
voltage rating respectively. PV power generation is improved the spectral quality of the output voltage but also
dependent on the environmental factors like insolation and reduced the voltage stress on each switch. With the aim of
temperature. The internal resistance of the PV panel is non fortifying the fundamental voltage and reducing the
linear and it varies with the intensity of the Sun‘s radiation. harmonic distortion, many topologies and PWM techniques
According to maximum power transfer theorem, maximum were introduced [3]. The most commonly used PWM
power can be extracted from the panel if the load resistance technique is the sine PWM technique (SPWM).
is made equal to the internal source resistance.
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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2012)
In SPWM technique, a sine wave is compared with The output current from PV panel is given as
multiple high frequency triangular waves to produce the
control signals which in turn control the operation of the I pv I ph I D I sh (1)
power circuit. Though the Total Harmonic Distortion
(THD) is less, this technique exhibits poor performance as Photon generated current of the PV panel, Iph is given as
far as the fundamental output voltage is concerned. To
GG
improve the harmonic performance and to enhance the
fundamental output voltage, third harmonic injected I ph K i T Tn I pvn (2)
n
reference with inverted sine carrier was proposed for three
phase inverters [4]. A new PWM technique with multiple The current through the diode is calculated as
trapezoidal reference and single triangular carrier was
proposed by [5]. This method gave better fundamental
I D I r exp ( Vpv I pv R se ) Vta 1 (3)
output voltage. A detailed comparative study of various
unipolar multi carrier PWM schemes was done by [6]-[7]. and
Various multi carrier (triangular) trapezoidal PWM K i (T Tn ) Iscn
Ir (4)
(MCTPWM) methods like Phase disposition (PD), phase expK v (T Tn ) Vocn Vta 1
opposition disposition (POD), phase shift, carrier
overlapping PWM, variable frequency PWM were Where,
discussed in detail [8]. Inverted sine carrier with sine K - Boltzmann‘s constant (=1.381x10-23 J/K)
reference was proposed and it is found to enhance the q - Charge of electron (=1.602x10-19 C)
fundamental output voltage and spectral quality without
ID - Current through the diode
pulse dropping [9]. In general, trapezoidal PWM enhances
the fundamental voltage but increases the lower order Ish - Current through the shunt resistance
harmonics and the usage of inverted sine carriers enhances a - Diode Ideality factor (1< a< 2 for a single cell)
spectral quality. Ir - Diode reverse saturation current
This paper proposes trapezoidal inverted sine carrier Gn - Nominal Insolation level (1000 W/m2)
PWM technique (TISC) where the reference signal is Ipvn - Nominal photocurrent of PV panel
trapezoidal and carriers are inverted sine signals. The Tn - Nominal Temperature (273K)
cascaded five level inverter is powered by PV panels with Vocn - Nominal value of open circuit voltage
maximum power tracking and boost converter. The
Iscn - Nominal value of short circuit current
harmonic content and Vrms of the output voltage for
different values of modulation index (ma) are computed. Voc - Open circuit voltage of PV panel
Iph - Photon generated current of the PV module
II. SOLAR PV PANEL MODELING Ipv - PV panel current
Vpv - PV panel Voltage
The standard one diode model is used to model solar PV
Rse - Series Resistance
source (Fig.2.). The equations (1)-(4) are used for the
Isc - Short Circuit current of module
mathematical modeling [10].
Ki - Short-circuit current temperature Coefficient
Rsh - Shunt Resistance
T - Temperature
Vta - Thermal Voltage (=aKT/q)
Vmp - Voltage at Maximum Power Point
Vdc - DC voltage at the inverter input
584
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2012)
585
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2012)
As the insolation level changes, the maximum power
point also changes. The PV module voltage that
corresponds to the maximum power point under different
insolation levels is shown in Fig. 7.
The duty cycle of the boost converter is adjusted in such In general 2N+1 levels are generated by ‗N‘ H bridge
a way that maximum power is transferred from the module modules and each module requires a separate DC voltage
to the load. source (Vdc).
586
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2012)
The source can be a battery, fuel cell or a solar PV panel. The overall all model developed for a PV panel fed
In this work PV panel with MPPT and Boost converter cascaded five level inverter is shown in Fig.13. Two H
provides the required voltage to the cascaded multilevel bridge inverter circuits are connected in series to form a
inverter. five level inverter. Two PV panels with maximum power
point tracker and Boost converter feed the MLI circuit. The
gating pulses are generated by the PWM generator module.
TABLE II
THD AND VRMS FOR THE TTC PWM SCHEMES
Fig.15. Output voltage by TISC PWM method
TTC PWM Schemes
ma THD in % and Vrms in volts
THD Vrms
0.6 16.41 43.61
0.7 17.26 48.26
0.8 17.58 51.8
0.9 18.58 54.15
1.0 19.7 56.13
[5] M. Ayob,Z.Salam and A.Jusoh, ―Trapezoidal PWM Scheme for [18] www.mathworks.com
Cascaded Multilevel Inverter‖ First international Power and Energy
Conference PECON 2006, Putrajaya, Malaysia ,28-29
November2006 P. 2007 Modeling and Simulation Design. AK Peters
Ltd.
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