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Experimental Study On Pollution Control Concrete
Experimental Study On Pollution Control Concrete
1
Professor & Dean, Department of Civil Engineering, VMKV Engineering College, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation
(Deemed to be University), Salem, TamilNadu, India.
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, VMKV Engineering College, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation
(Deemed to be University), Salem, TamilNadu, India.
3,4,5
UG Students, , Department of Civil Engineering, VMKV Engineering College, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation
(Deemed to be University), Salem, TamilNadu, India.
Abstract: Our study involves experimental investigation of should be located so that contaminated storm water and
concrete by replacement of cement with TIO2 and charcoal process wastewater can be retained on-site.
powder. Now-a-days CO2 emission is greater in the atmosphere,
it creates harmful effects. The manufacturing of cement process Potential pollutants in batching plant wastewater include
emits large amount of CO2. Due to this reason we decided to cement, sand, aggregate sand petroleum products. These
reduce cement content up to 35% by adding the mineral
substances can adversely affect the environment by:
admixtures like TIO2 and Charcoal powder. We use M30 grade
of concrete. It is the result of cutting, drilling wood. It is Increasing soil and water pH
composed of fine particles of wood, certain animals, birds and Increasing the turbidity of waterways
insects which live in wood such as carpenter are also responsible (turbidity is a measure of the cloudiness of a
for producing the wooden dust. In this paper main objective is to suspension).
study the partial replacement of the charcoal powder and Increased turbidity results in less light
titanium dioxide with the varying proportion in the concrete and entering an aquatic environment. This in turn
to check the different properties of the concrete by comparing
affects the rate of photosynthesis by plants,
with the normal concrete. The replacement of cement with
certain charcoal powder and Tio2in concrete that makes the and reduces the visibility of aquatic
structure more light in weight. The workability, strength and test organisms. Turbidity can also clog fish gills,
are studied in this paper. The most important properties of smother bottom feeding flora and fauna and
concrete is the compressive strength. Also, increasing the generally decrease the amenity of an area.
charcoal powder in corporation caused decreases in unit
weights and compressive strength values of mortars with a 2. METHODOLOGY
parallel increase in water absorption values at all ages. The
Figure 1. Shows the methodology adopted in this study
replacement of cement with charcoal powder and Tio2gives the
properties and all the benefits in the actual production of
concrete.
1. INTRODUCTION
In many countries sources of natural sand for use as an
aggregate in construction are becoming scarce as sand pits
are exhausted and environmental legislation prevents
dredging. This is driving the need to source alternative
aggregates, such as those from construction and demolition
waste. One possible source of construction aggregate is
sand that has been manufactured from the surplus material
(crusher dust) that results when coarse aggregate is
produced in hard rock quarries. Coarse aggregate
production typically yields 25% to 45% crusher dust
depending on the parent rock, crushing equipment and
crushing conditions. Concrete batching plants must be
located in an area where they will not pose a hazard to the
environment or the amenity of the local community. Highly
alkaline wastewater, dust emissions and noise are the key
potential impacts associated with concrete batching plants.
These problems need to be considered when planning new
operations and major upgrades of existing sites. Plants Figure 1 Methodology
particles are composed of minerals with a low degree of 4.3.4 Procedure to Determine Aggregate Crushing
hardness. Value
The aggregates passing through 12.5mm and
4.3 Coarse Aggregates retained on 10mm IS Sieve are oven-dried at a
Aggregates were first considered to simply be filler for temperature of 100 to 110oC for 3 to 4hrs.
concrete to reduce the amount of cement required. The cylinder of the apparatus is filled in 3 layers,
However, it is now known that the type of Aggregate used each layer tamped with 25 strokes of a tamping
for concrete can have considerable effects on the plastic rod.
and hardened state properties of concrete. Aggregates can The weight of aggregates is measured (Weight
form up to 80% of the concrete mix so their properties are ‘A’).
crucial to the properties of the concrete. Aggregates can be The surface of the aggregates is then levelled, and
broadly classified into four different categories, they are the plunger inserted. The apparatus is then placed
heavy weight, normal weight, light weight and ultra-light in the compression testing machine and loaded at a
weight aggregates. However, in most concrete practices uniform rate to achieve 40t load in 10 minutes.
only normal weight and light weight aggregates are used. After this, the load is released.
The other types of aggregates are for specialist uses, such The sample is then sieved through a 2.36mm IS
as nuclear radiation shielding for heavy weight concrete Sieve and the fraction passing through the sieve is
and thermal insulation for light weight concrete. weighed (Weight ‘B’).
Two tests should be conducted.
To ensure a consistent quality and grading so that Aggregate crushing value = (B/A) x 100%.
alterations were not required for the mix, enough
manufactured sand to complete all of the mixes was 4.4 Charcoal
sourced at the beginning of the testing phase. The 4.4.1 Charcoal’s Physical Characteristics
manufactured sand used came from Wagner’sMalloo Charcoal is a highly porous and brittle material which
quarry, where the manufactured sand is produced from the properties are determined by the condition of the
by-product of blue metal crushing operations. Due to the carbonization process and used raw materials. Nowadays it
increased surface area of the fines, increased amounts of plays an important role in people’ lives, but nobody has
water and cement will be required to achieve target fully understood the mechanism by which charcoal works,
workability’s and strengths. The irregular particle shape from either a physical or chemical standpoint. Depending
also has a negative impact on the workability of the on the way of preparation charcoal is found in either lump,
concrete due to the increased number of voids created in briquette, or extruded forms. It should be added that it is a
the concrete. Crushed granite aggregate with specific common misconception to think that some kind of charcoal
gravity of 2.77 and passing through 4.75 mm sieve and will burns hotter or longer.
be used for casting all specimens. Several investigations The most basic physical characteristic of charcoal, its
concluded that maximum size of coarse aggregate should particle size, has a great influence on its adsorption
be restricted in strength of the composite. In addition to properties. Thus, the ability of charcoal to retain soil water
cement paste – aggregate ratio, aggregate type has a great is widely attributed to its porosity. This expanded surface is
influence on concrete dimensional stability. due to the fact that charcoal particles have thousands of
crevices, pits, grooves, and holes which, when opened out,
4.3.1 Water Absorption make quite a large surface area. In fact, the surface area per
100g of nominal coarse aggregate was taken and their gram of material can range from 500 to 1400 square meters,
weight was determined, say W1. The sample was then and values as high as 2500 m2/g have been reported. The
immersed in water for 24 hours. It was then taken out, complex internal surface area is usually divided into three
drained and its weight was determined, says W2. The components. Channels and pores with diameters less than 2
difference between W1 and W2 gives the water absorption nm (micropores) generally contain the largest portion of the
of the sample. carbon's surface area; pores with diameters between 2 and
50 nm are known as mesopores, and pores with diameters
4.3.2 Fineness Modulus greater than 50 nm are defined as macropores. Charcoal
The sample was brought to an air-dry condition by drying porosity varies primarily as a function of feedstock and
at room temperature. The required quantity of the sample secondarily as a function of pyrolysis conditions.
was taken (3Kg). Sieving was done for 10 minutes.
4.4.2 Charcoal’s Chemical Characteristics
4.3.3 Aggregate Crushing Value Charcoal is mostly pure carbon, made by cooking wood
This test helps to determine the aggregate crushing value of with low oxygen. The process can take days and burns off
coarse aggregates as per IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963. The volatile compounds such as water, methane, hydrogen, and
apparatus used is cylindrical measure and plunger, tar, and leaves about 25% of black lumps and powder of the
Compression testing machine, IS Sieves of sizes – 12.5mm, original weight. The quality of charcoal is defined by
10mm and 2.36mm. various chemical characteristics, although properties are
interrelated, but they are measured and appraised
Volume 7, Issue 2, March – April 2018 Page 152
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strength limit; others deform irreversibly, so a given 6.5 Split Tensile Test
amount of deformation may be considered as the limit for The size of cylinders 300 mm length and 150 mm diameter
compressive load. Compressive strength is a key value for are placed in the machine such that load is applied on the
design of structures .At the time of testing, each specimen opposite side of the cubes are casted. Align carefully and
must keep in compressive testing machine. The maximum load is applied, till the specimen breaks. The formula used
load at the breakage of concrete block will be noted. From for calculation.
the noted values, the compressive strength may $calculated Split tensile strength = 2P/ μdl
by using below formula.
Compressive Strength = Load / Area The tensile strength is one of the basic and important
Size of the test specimen=150mm x 150mm x 150mm properties of the concrete. The concrete is not usually
expected to resist the direct tension because of its low
Figure 4 shows the compressive strength test setup of the tensile strength and brittle nature.
study
Figure 5. Shows the split tensile test setup of the study
Figure 4 Compressive strength test setup Figure 5 Split tensile test setup
6.4 Water Absorption Test However, the determination of tensile strength of concrete
One of the most important properties of a good quality is necessary to determine the load at which the concrete
concrete is low permeability, especially one resistant to members may crack. The cracking is a form of tension
freezing and thawing. A concrete with low permeability failure. Apart from the flexure test the other methods to
resists ingress of water and is not as susceptible to freezing determine the tensile strength of concrete can be broadly
and thawing. Water enters pores in the cement paste and classified as (a) direct methods, and (b) indirect methods.
even in the aggregate. The permeability of concrete is a The direct method suffers from a number of difficulties
measure of the rate at which a liquid pass through it. The related to holding the specimen properly in the testing
permeability of concrete depends upon its pore network, machine without introducing stress concentration, and to
which arises from the excess water used during mixing and the application of uniaxial tensile load which is free from
during initial hardening process. The overall porosity eccentricity to the specimen. As the concrete is weak in
includes closed or logged pores in addition to a network of tension even a small eccentricity of load will induce
inter connected pores. Pore size ranges from a few combined bending and axial force condition and the
angstroms to about 100 A0 for the so called ‘gel pores’, concrete fails at the apparent tensile stress other than the
from 100 to 100000 A0 in ‘capillary pores’ and a few tensile strength.
millimeter in ‘air or large pores’. Inter connected pores
endow the concrete permeability. As there are many difficulties associated with the direct
tension test, a number of indirect methods have been
All the hydrated cement products are subjected to attack by developed to determine the tensile strength. In these tests in
sulphates, chlorides, and acids and less by water. This is general a compressive force is applied to a concrete
because of low equilibrium solubility of the hydrated specimen in such a way that the specimen fails due to
components and low mass transfer of well cured concrete. tensile stresses developed in the specimen. The tensile
It is a usual practice to assess the water permeability stress at which the failure occurs is termed the tensile
characteristics when assessing the durability characteristics. strength of concrete.
Permeability can be measured by conducting standard test
methods.
7. TESTING RESULT
Table 3: Unit weight results Figure 8 Pollution Control Test Graph Result
8. CONCLUSION
The world has become increasingly aware of the
need to preserve and conserve resources. Control of
pollution is not only a legislative requirement, but has also
become a tool for competitiveness.
Optimum percentage range of replacement of
Tio2 & Charcoal lies between 5% to 25%,
which provided higher strength as that of the
conventional concrete.
Figure 7. Shows the graph of unit weight results Through our results increase the percentage of
charcoal will similarly increases the
compressive strength of concrete as 47.87
N/mm2 at 28 days.
Cost of charcoal is found to be 46% lesser
than the cost of fine aggregate. So it is
economical by reducing the construction cost
and also preserve the environment.
Water absorption will be decreases at 25% [11]. T.Subramani, G.Ravi, “Experimental Investigation
replacement compared to conventional Of Coarse Aggregate With Steel Slag In Concrete”,
concrete. IOSR Journal of Engineering, Volume 5,Issue 5,
Version 3, pp64-73, 2015
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