MECH3423 1516 09-HVAC Water-Side Systems
MECH3423 1516 09-HVAC Water-Side Systems
MECH3423 1516 09-HVAC Water-Side Systems
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• Centrifugal Pumps
• Pump Arrangements
Pipe Systems and Design
• Basic equations
• Darcy-Weisbach Equation (for fully developed
flows of all Newtonian fluids)
L ρV 2
L V 2
∆p = f or ∆h = f
D 2 g D 2 g
• Colebrook-White Equation (for transition region):
1 9 .3
= 1.14 + 2 log( D / ε ) − 2 log 1 +
f Re(ε / D) f
• * The equation is implicit in f (appears on both sides), so
iterations are required to solve for f.
Pipe Systems and Design
• Design issues
• Design water temperature
• Flow rate
• Piping layout
• Pump selection
• Terminal unit selection
• Control method
Water Systems in HVAC
• Design principles
• Constant flow? Variable flow? Intermittent flow?
• Direct return piping or reverse return piping
• Direct return riser & reverse zone piping
• Design factors
• Pump speed controls
• Pressure distribution
• System balancing
• Thermal expansion & joints (or loops)
Water Systems in HVAC
• Piping materials
• Chilled water: black & galvanized steel
• Hot water: black steel, hard copper
• Condenser water: black steel, galvanized ductile iron, PVC
• Flow rate measurements
• Venturi, nozzle & orifice flowmeters
• Variable area flowmeters (rotameters)
• Turbine flowmeters
Water Systems in HVAC
• Centrifugal pump
• Most widely used in HVAC applications, e .g.
• Hot water systems
• Chilled water systems
• Condenser water systems
• Boiler feed and condensate return pumps
• Operation
• Electric motor’s output torque => impeller’s rotation
• Coupling to the pump shaft
• Centrifugal force & tip speed force
Chilled water pumping system
What
does this
imply?
(Source: Fundamentals of Water System Design)
Characteristic curves for pump models
• Similarity relationships
• Pump affinity laws (c.f. fan laws)
Function Speed change Impeller diameter
change
Flow Q2 = Q1 (N2/N1) Q2 = Q1 (D2/D1)
(Source: Grundfos)
Increase in power consumption due to losses
(Source: Grundfos)
Pump performance data