Bureau: Technologic
Bureau: Technologic
Technologic Papers
OF THE
Bureau of Standards
S. W. STRATTON, Director
No. 100
determination of absolute viscosity by
short-tube viscosimeters
BY
PRICE, 10 CENTS
Sold only by the Superintendent Documents, Government Printing
of Office
Washington, D. C.
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE [
1917
.
By Winslow H. Herschel
CONTENTS
Page
I. Introduction 4
II. Units for expressing viscosity 5
III. Formula for determining viscosity by capillary- tube experiments 6
IV. Reynolds's formula for critical velocity 7
V. Methods of finding the relation between kinematic viscosity and time of
discharge 8
1. Archbutt and Deeley 's equation ; 8
2 Higgins 's graphical method 9
3. Ubbelohde 's equation 9
4. Meissner's comparison of the Engler and the Saybolt Universal
viscosimeters 11
VI. Graphical methods for studying the laws of flow through capillary tubes . . 12
1. Griineisen 's diagram 12
2. A new diagram
"
13
VII. Applications of the new diagram 13
VIII. Conditions affecting the accuracy of measurements with technical vis-
cosimeters 15
1. Starting the flow 15
2. Stoppage of the outlet tube 16
3. Error in filling 17
4. Error due to bubbles in the measuring flask 17
5. Control of temperature 18
6. Method of viscosimeter comparison without temperature control . .
19
IX. The relation between kinematic viscosity and time of discharge for the
Engler and the Saybolt Universal viscosimeters 20
1. Suitable liquids 20
2. Dimensions of instruments and methods of making adjustments. . 21
5- Hi$rcrins's
•=.- method 26
4. Tentative equations for the Engler and the Saybolt Universal
viscosimeters 26
Equations for instruments of standard dimensions
5. 32
X. Applications of the new equations for the Engler and the Saybolt Uni-
versal viscosimeters ^3
1. Ratio of kinematic viscosity to time of discharge ^^
2. Comparison of viscosimeter readings at standard temperatures. .
33
XI. Ratio of times of discharge of the Engler and the Saybolt Universal
viscosimeters 36
XII. Methods of saving time in viscosmetry 37
1. Estimation of the time of discharge from the number of drops
per minute 37
2. Estimation of the normal time of discharge from the time found
3
4 Technologic Papers of the Bureau of Standards
I. INTRODUCTION
In the determination of viscosity for technical purposes the
Engler and the Saybolt Universal viscosimeters are the ones most
commonly used in the United States. With the former it is cus-
tomary to express results in " Engler degrees" obtained by divid-
ing the time of discharge for the liquid being tested by the time
for water at 20 C (68° F). With the latter instrument results
are expressed as the time of discharge, in seconds, of the liquid
being tested. There is, however, a growing demand for the ex-
pression of results in absolute or cgs units, but unfortunately the
outlet tubes of these instruments are so short that there is con-
siderable doubt as to the applicability of the formula showing the
relation between absolute viscosity and time of discharge, which
may be used in determining absolute viscosity by means of a long
capillary tube.
Before this formula can be used it is necessary to decide upon
the coefficient of the kinetic-energy correction and the correction
to the measured length of tube, which is necessary to allow for
other end effects. A formula must be selected for finding the
average head and means found for determining under what con-
ditions the formula is applicable; that is, within what limits of
velocity there will be viscous flow as distinct from hydraulic or
turbulent flow.
These subjects have been investigated both in the literature and
by original experiments and the sources of error in viscosity deter-
minations are considered at length. Tentative formulas are given
for the determination of absolute viscosity from the time of flow
with normal volumes put in and discharged, while diagrams are
given which may be used to estimate the viscosity when abnormal
volumes are used.
A method is given by which each operator of a viscosimeter
may obtain the relation between viscosity and time of discharge
for his own instrument, without use of the tube dimensions, which
are difficult to determine with sufficient accuracy; and tables of
viscosities of the necessary calibrating liquids are given in an
appendix. This method is especially necessary because the Say-
bolt Universal viscosimeter has never been standardized as to the
dimensions of its parts and their allowable tolerances, so that all
data in regard to it must be regarded as merely approximate.
Absolute Viscosity by Short-Tube Viscosimeter s 5
TABLE 1
Units of Viscosity
fii.l£* U
(I)
t 128M/
where Q = discharge in time t.
M icg d 4
(Z+A)
(h-™^) (2)
7 128 Q
J. Iv. M. Poiseuille, Memoires de l'institut, savants ctrangers, 9, pp. 433-544;
8
1846.
9
M. Couette, Annales de chimie et de physique, 21, p. 469; 1890.
10
This is equivalenc to equation (la) of E. C. Bingham, Scientific Paper No. 278, Bureau of Standards,
p. 319; 1916.
Absolute Viscosity by Short-Tube Viscosimeters 7
by Reynolds " that when turbulence begins " Reynolds's criterion "
will have the value
vdy
= 2010. x
.
(4)
*-**-! (5)
vo/
7 t
It will be noted that equation (7) can not be derived from equa-
tion (5) except on the assumption that the kinetic-energy correc-
tion is negligible, and very serious errors are frequently caused by
the use of equation (7) when this assumption is not warranted.
Archbutt and Deeley give tables of viscosities and densities of
solutions of glycerol and water for use in finding the variable, k,
forany given viscosimeter. Having obtained experimentally the
times of discharge for several solutions, for the instrument in ques-
12
A. E. Flowers, Proc. A. S. T. M., 14, pt. 2, pp. 577, 582; 1914.
iJ H. C. Hayes and G. W. Lewis, Jour. A. S. M. E., 38, p. 629; 1916.
14
L. Archbutt and R. M. Deeley, Lubrication and Lubricants, p. 180; 1912.
Absolute Viscosity by Short-Tube Viscosimeters 9
16
slope of the line gives the value of Z?.
n = 0.01797 Zy (10)
where E
is a measure of viscosity known as "Engler degrees,"
15
W. F. Higgins, Collected Researches, The National Physical Laboratory, 11, p. 12; 1914.
18 For methods of determining the equation of a curve which will fit a faeries of experimentally determined
points, seeC. T. Brady,jr., Engineering News, 63, p. 163, 1913;"^". H. Herschel, Bull. Soc. for the Promotion
of Engineering Education, 5, p. 33, 1915; J. B. Kommers, The Wisconsin Engineer, 20, p. 106; 1915.
17
L. Ubbelohde, Tabellen zum Englerschen Viskosimeter, pp. 9, 27; 1907.
1392°— 17 2
io Technologic Papers of the Bureau of Standards
u /4.072 3. si^ w \
t
iA t
y(u
, v
7^)°- OI 797 (11)
Since the water rate a constant for any given instrument, equa-
is
1913-
21
Ubbelohde, Gen. Elec. Rev., 18, p. 968, (translated from the German journal "Petroleum"); 1915.
I,.
22 Meissner, Chemische Revue iiber die Fett- und Harz- Industrie, VI, pp. 202-209; 1910. He uses
W.
equation (2) with X=o, and the coefficient, m (which he calls/) is chosen "so that n for water will have the
correct value."
Absolute Viscosity by Short-Tube Viscosimeters ii
= &e tn = ks ts (12)
2e ka
from which — = -j— = constant = Kr , Jy
(13)
ts &E
Meissner 24
gives the time of discharge for the Saybolt and Engler
instruments, for liquids of five different viscosities, as in Table 2.
TABLE 2
Relative Times of Discharge for the Engler and Saybolt Viscosimeters, According to
Meissner
Reduced
time,
Engler,
Liquid Time,
average of
Saybolt
two in-
struments
Sec. Sec.
Water at 20° C (68° F) 50.94 28.55 1.784
Rape oil at 50° C (122° F)_... 233.6 169.1 1.381
Machine oil at 50° C (122° F) 357.0 258.6 1.381
Rape oil at 20° C (68° F) 730.8 515.6 1.417
Machine oil at 20° C (68° F). 2491.0 1759. 1.416
value of K = 1.391, and with the help of this value, and Meissner's
23 When the Saybolt viscosimeter is referred to in this paper, the Saybolt Universal is meant, and this
should not be confused either with the earlier forms of Saybolt instrument (see W. M. Davis, Friction and
Lubrication, p. 44, 1904), nor with the latest form with a cover (U. S. Patent No. 1132621, of Mar. 23, 1915).
Much that is said concerning the Saybolt instruments which have been used in this investigation may not
apply to the form with a cover.
24
W. Meissner, loc. cit., 19, p. 30; 1912.
1 Technologic Papers of the Bureau of Standards
JL
dy <a> N
or, in other words, the error depends merely upon two quantities,
Reynolds's criterion, ——
vd y
, and the ratio of length to diameter of
tube. This latter ratio determines the error due to n, this con-
stant depending upon the diameter and being independent of
the length. It follows that if Reynolds's criterion is plotted
2. A NEW DIAGRAM *s
and the value of the percentage error, at the point where the
calibration curve, extended, intersects the axis of abscissas, is
equal to
/7+X so nd
(-T—ij l0o=-r-=-r-
\ 100X . .
( I7 )
24 For the first published mention of this diagram, see Jour, of the Wash. Acad. Sciences, 6, p. 155; 1916.
26a See Mitteilungen aus den Koniglichen technischen Versuchsanstalten, Erganzungsheft 1, p. 9; 1895.
14 Technologic Papers of the Bureau of Standards
fQQ ZOO 300 400 500 600 700 BOO 300 /OOP H OP
Vercenlaqe error in Toiseailie formula.
Fig. i. —A new diagram for studying the laws of flow through capillary tubes
Most of Poiseuille's tests agree very closely with his formula. The excessive errors shown in Figs, i
and 3 are due to the selection of tests of high velocity, to which, as recognized by Poiseuille, the formula
does not apply.
:
diameter of —^1
J)-
0.1417
(
?
= 7.04, and
' ™ tests on this tube also give
& a curved
extends below the lower end of the capillary tube. When the
cork is inserted and the oil container is filled, the oil is prevented
from flowing out by the compressed air inside the larger tube
between the cork and the lower end of the capillary tube. If the
cork leaks, as may easily happen, especially with very mobile
liquids such as gasoline or hot water, this space will become filled
and its contents will fall into the flask or upon the table as soon as
the cork is removed. It should be noted that this liquid has not
passed through the capillary tube during the measured time and
that consequently it is a source of error if any of it falls into the
flask. The flask usually supplied with the Saybolt instrument
has a mouth \% inches in diameter, and the use of a smaller
diameter (for example, yi inch, as in the tests here described)
would tend to reduce this error.
The cork should not be inserted while the liquid is flowing, as in
this case also some liquid is trapped in the space above the cork.
To wait for all the liquid to flow out, in case of a retest, causes
considerable delay if very viscous, but this difficulty
the liquid is
may be avoided by using a glass rod to cover the upper end of the
capillary tube; afterwards, however, inserting the cork, removing
the rod, and using the cork to start the flow.
With some oils considerable trouble was experienced by the
deflection of the jet from its vertical direction, so that it touched
the outer tube, into which the cork is inserted, and left the instru-
ment more nearly horizontally than vertically. Apparently this
was due to a drop of a rather gummy oil forming a connection
between the jet and the walls of the outer tube.
out the capillary tube, it hardly compensates for the much greater
inaccessibility of the tube as compared with that of the Engler
instrument. It was always easy to see that the Engler tube was
clear or to get at it to clean it. Advocates of the Saybolt instru-
ment suggest the apprehension that splinters from the wooden
Absolute Viscosity by Short-Tube Viscosimeters 17
skewer used to stop the upper end of the Engler capillary tube
might become lodged in the tube, but no difficulty was experienced
on this account and I believe the fear to be groundless. It is
possible that with years of use the tube might become enlarged
near the upper end from wear, but this could be detected by the
change in the water rate. On the other hand, the anxiety that
the Saybolt outlet tube might be stopped was always present,
although relieved by swabbing it out with a thread wound around
a broom straw, and noting that the time of discharge was not
changed. To avoid danger from lint, paper was always used to
clean the oil container of the Engler instrument.
3. ERROR IN FILLING
with the Engler instrument a very viscous oil will adhere to the
skewer, thus increasing the amount by which the liquid surface is
lowered when the skewer is withdrawn. An electric lamp con-
nected to an extension cord was found convenient to get a better
light on the gage points when filling the Engler instrument.
preferable to avoid the bubbles by letting the jet strike the neck
when necessary, which is fortunately not apt to be the case with a
very viscous oil. Any error that may be caused by the flow of
oil down the neck may be decreased by the selection of flasks
5. CONTROL OF TEMPERATURE
With the Engler and the older forms of Saybolt instruments
the constant-temperature bath is heated only by a Bunsen burner.
By fastening the Engler burner to a leg of the tripod with a piece
of wire, so that it could be slipped up and down but could not
swing and overheat the capillary tube or break the flask, the Engler
burner was much more convenient to use than the Saybolt, as the
temperature of the bath could be adjusted by the position of the
burner as well as the size of the flame. On this account, and
because the burner could not be considered an essential feature of
a viscosimeter, the Saybolt burner was discarded entirely and the
Saybolt bath was heated by placing it on the Engler tripod.
It is evident that if the bath was heated no higher than the
temperature at which the oil was to be tested, the time required
for the oil to heat up would be excessive, and that from practical
considerations it is necessary to have the bath at a slightly higher
temperature. The oil being tested will therefore increase in tem-
perature during the run, and the best result will be obtained if the
average temperature of the oil during the run is the temperature
desired. With the Engler instrument the thermometer may be
left in place throughout the run, and the temperature at the end
recorded being 0.141 79 Poise for dimethyl ethyl carbinol at zero de-
grees C (32 ° F) The highest viscosity measured by Bingham and
.
TABLE 3
Meissner,
Gill
No. 752
31
Loc. cit., p. 190. See also Kahlbohm and Raber, Abh. d. Kaiser Leop. Carol deutsch akad. der Natur-
forschungen, 84, p. 203, 1905; Proc. A. S. T. 15, pt. 1, p. 302, 1915.
B R. F. MacMichael, Jour. A. S. M. E., 38, p. 1003; 1916.
M C W. Waidner, Proc. A. S. T. M., 15, pt. 1, p. 284; 191s-
22 Technologic Papers of the Bureau of Standards
TABLE 3— Continued
Dimensions of Saybolt Universal and Engler Viscosimeters —Continued
ENGLER
Ubbelohde
No. 2204 U
Normal Tolerance
a According to Meissner.
*4 Tabellen, p. 24.
Absolute Viscosity by Short-Tube Viscosimeters 23
TABLE 4
Time of Discharge for Liquids of Known Viscosity for Four Viscosimeters, With
Normal Volumes Put in and Discharged
DISTILLED WATER
Saybolt Universal
Engler
No. 2204 U
Temperature, No. 580 No. 727 No. 765
°C
32.1 32.0
'
3.0
4.0 56.3
5.0 31.6 :::::::::::::::::::::-:::i::::::::::::i:::::::::::-:i::::::::::::
5.5 55.5
6.0 31.2
i
11.0 30.2
12.0 30.1
13.0 53.6 30.0 1.782 30.0 1.790
14.0 53.4 a 29.7 1. 791
15.0 53.3 29.4 1.818 a 29.4 a 1.811
[
52.1 f 1. 805 f 1.801
'
18.0 |
52.9 I 28.8 |
1.835 [
28.9 I 1.830 1
51.9
19.0 J |"
1 52.0
51.2
20.0 J
}
28.5 1.801 28.3 1.813 28.0 1.832
1 51.3
20.5 51.3
21.0 511
23.0 28.6
24.0 27.5
24.5... 50.3
25.0 27.8
27.0 27.5
1
27.5 27.6
30.0 49.6
31.0 27.1
40.0 26.7
26.2 1.822 26.4 1.810 25.8 1.848
50.0 47.7 J
1 26.8 1.788 26.1 l 1.830
25.6 1.801 25.4 1.819 25.2 1.833
75.0 46.2 j
a At
24 Technologic Papers of the Bureau of Standards
TABLE 4— Continued
Time of Discharge for Liquids of Known Viscosity for Four Viscosimeters, With
Normal Volumes Put in and Discharged —Continued
OLIVE OIL
Saybolt Universal
Engler
No. 2204 U
Temperature, No. 580 No. 727 No. 765
°C
10.0 62.3
20.0 69.3 40.2 1.725 40.2 1.725
TABLE 4— Continued
Time of Discharge for Liquids of Known Viscosity for Four Viscosimeters, With
Normal Volumes Put in and Discharged —Continued
ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL
Saybolt Universal
Engler
No. 2204 U
Temperature, No. 580 No. 727 No. 765
°C
20 41.2 |
41.2
30 |
36.1
40 1
33.5
1
prepared, and then this could be cut off at the right points so as
to give a tube of the required length and correct diameters at the
two ends.
3. HIGGINS'S METHOD
The constants by finding the
of equation (8) could be determined
time, t} two different viscosities. It is neces-
for liquids of only
sary, however, to know what are the limits of the validity of
equation (8) and what liquids are suitable for purposes of test.
Over 500 tests, or 5000 runs, were made to answer these questions.
A graphical method, such as Higgins's, has the advantage over
a purely numerical method, in that tests which are evidently dis-
cordant may be rejected. As will be shown later, it has been
found that for the Saybolt and Engler instruments, all tests should
be rejected for which Reynolds's criterion has a value in excess
of 800. In calculating this value it would be sufficiently accurate
to use the normal value of the tube diameter. For other types of
instrument the value of the criterion might vary, depending upon
the ratio of length to diameter of outlet tube, but additional
experiments are needed before the value of the criterion for the
critical velocity can be predicted from the dimensions of the tube.
Fig. 2, for the Engler instrument, has been obtained from data
of Table 4. If the usual practice is followed by using only tests
with water at 20 C (68° F) and with one or more liquids of fairly
high viscosity, the dotted line would be the result. It is evident,
however, that this line is incorrect because it does not agree with
tests with water at other temperatures or with alcohol and water
solutions.
throughout the entire range, the dotted line would coincide with
0.00 iS
0014-
Distilled
""^ water
z
00O1 t (time of- discharge)
Fig. 2. Higgins's method for obtaining the ratio between kinematic viscosity and time
of discharge for the Engler viscosimeter
the curve for the Engler readings. The discrepancy between the
two gives the magnitude of the error in using Ubbelohde's formula,
Fig. 3 shows that the greatest error in this formula will be for a
liquid having a viscosity of about 0.015 (as for 10 per cent alcohol
28 Technologic Papers of the Bureau of Standards
6000
SOOO
+000
3000 ~
ZOQO
/ooo
Fig. 4. Determination of equations for the Engler and the Saybolt Universal
viscosimeters
scale was found that the more nearly constant the head, the
it
nearer the points lie to the calculated curves for 1.12. That m—
Boussinesq's value of 1.12 is correct, within the limits of experi-
mental error, if the average head is correctly determined, is also
3° Technologic Papers of the Bureau of Standards
1,/d n
111.0 6.5
67.4 5.4
47.8 4.7
16.45 3.3
39.8 0.0
77.2 7.8
The last three values are probably less accurate because Poi-
seuille's readings were taken at higher velocities.
The value of —j- , which has been selected for the Saybolt instru-
ment as most
in accordance with these considerations and with
Fig. 4, from which values of 1.10 and 1.11 were computed
is 1.05,
for the Engler instrument with tube lengths assumed as 2.00 and
1.97, respectively, taking as the ratio of time, Engler, to time,
Saybolt, the experimentally determined value of 1.45.
The above assumptions in regard to I and X are equivalent to
taking a value of n of 0.8 for the Saybolt instrument and of 1.3
and 1.5, respectively, for the Engler.
In order to find values of m from equation (16), readings were
taken on Fig. 4 of the percentage error at points where Reynolds's
criterion had a value of 1000, as given in Table 6. The value for
the Engler instrument, with an assumed tube length of 1.97, is
calculated from the percentage error for an assumed length of 2,
as read from the dotted extension of the experimental curve.
TABLE 6
Percentage Error in the Poiseuille Formula When Reynolds's Criterion Has a Value
of 1000
Percentage
Instrument error
Saybolt 385
Engler, tube length assumed, 2.00 cm 470
Engler, tube length assumed, 1.97 cm 478.7
Absolute Viscosity by Short-Tube Viscosimeters 3i
It was found that m had a value of 1 .03 for the Engler instru
ment and 0.97 for the Saybolt, and that the equations for obtain
ing kinematic viscosity would be
i-535
- = 0.0021^ t (Saybolt) (18)
7 t
Equation
Authority forkinematic
viscosity
3.23
Calculated from Ubbelohde's equations. 0.00144 t-
t
3^58
Flowers .00157 t-
t
3.22
Higgins .00144 t-
t
3^22
Upton .00143 t
t
1.497
Calculated from Meissner's equations 0.00219 t-
t
1.497
Flowers .00219 t-
t
1.242
Upton .00193 t-
t
REDWOOD VISCOSIMETER
1.561
Calculated from Meissner's equations 0.00260 t-
t
1.577
Flowers .00263 t-
t
1.715
Higgins .00260 t-
t
1.387
Upton .00232 t-
t
they have used only one corrective factor, /, instead of the two
factors n and m. Upton's equations for the Saybolt and Redwood
instruments are different from those given by other authorities
because based on different experimental data. The constants
which I have calculated from Meissner's equations are the same as
those calculated by Flowers, except for the Redwood viscosimeter.
In regard to this instrument Flowers says that Meissner's con-
stants do not check very well with test results and that he has
therefore recalculated the constants.
^ = 0.00145*-^ (20)
^ = 0.00148*-^ (21)
y t
6
Cfl
CD
- 400 r
e<
05
0)
CD
u
CO
i
A
-300 — o -
\*
y
y
"V
-uj- -200 o
05
/WW
This diagram applies only to paraffin base oils, and should be used only for rough estimates.
36 Technologic Papers of the Bureau of Standards
Ratios of Times of Discharge for the Engler, Saybolt, and Redwood Viscosimeters
for High Viscosities
Ratio according to
Instruments
Meissner Upton Flowers Higgins
Engler -Saybolt.
. 1.39 1.35 1.39
Engler-Redwood. 1.65
j
£.00
I I
D=A.S.TN. / |6>/0_
a=A.S."T/W., /9<4-
<!> = Meissner, tests
* = Herschel, temperature controlled
o -Herschel, temperature uncontrolled
sHefSchel formula
a±
Mei ssner formula
**
100 100 500 400 500 600 100 800 900 WOO 1100 IZQO 1300 1400
19
J.L. R. Morgan, Jour. Am. Chem. Society, 37, pt. i, p. 1461, 1915.
i0 P. Ronceray, Annales de chimie et de physique, 22, p. 107, 1911.
38 Technologic Papers of the Bureau of Standards
:
TABLE 9
assumed that v = c^2gh, and hence the time varies inversely as -y/h,
and finds
h=
K~K / x
lOge kL - lOge h 2
•if -
-5
5—
£-
,r4
01
5-.
en
A = t»bbe!oWde
.5
^ o -Hersche.1
9
Too
+47
200
3±Z
2.0O
3:07
1 00 >
300 400 500 600 700
I I I
FlG. 9. Validity of Meissner's formula for average head, for the Engler viscosimeter with
abnormal volumes put in and discharged
42 Technologic Papers of the Bureau of Standards
It will be noticed that the curves turn down at the left end when
more than 200 cc have been put into the oil container at the start,
and that they turn upward when less than 200 cc have been used.
45 Tabellen, p. 25.
Absolute Viscosity by Short-Tube Viscosimeters 43
TABLE 10
Factor if
average Factor from Factor from
head equals Fanning's Meissner's
Volume Volume half the formula, formula,
put in runout sum of equation equation
initial and (18) (19)
final heads
cc cc
247 200 1.000 1.000 1.000
447 200 1.562 1.580 1.587
447 100 3.404 3.467 3.488
447 60 5.860 5.973 6.017
347 200 1.281 1.291 1.295
347 100 2.843 2.891 2.910
347 60 4.925 5.021 5.055
307 200 1.169 1.175 1.177
307 100 2.618 2.662 2.678
307 60 4.550 4.634 4.669
247 100 2.281 2.318 2.331
247 60 3.989 4.067 4.091
247 50 4.843 4.941 4.973
147 100 1.719 1.742 1.750
147 60 3.052 3.108 3.089
120 100 1.567 1.586 1.592
107 60 2.678 2.727 2.742
70 60 2.332 2.371 2.384
60 50 2.742 2.791 2.809
60 20 7.277 7.453 7.484
50 40 3.357 3.420 3.439
45 25 5.428 5.536 5.575
45 20 6.855 7.022 7.049
I I
I
M I I I I I J I I M I 14
|
Fractions represent Volumes, in cc,
1put in and discharged.
Zo
£>AV.
AS-
za
a *Hoide
x =Qanz
b -Meissner's formula
°t* -Herschel
Ami zs
xAv. x x
4-0
14-7
60
6o
so I
Av.^
T^m
6a
* a * AV -
p 2o 4a 60 so too /zo /4o /eo /do zoo zzo z4o zeo zso
Li MINI Time
UM
for abnormlal fiHinq, seconds-
I I I I II i
I I
I
I I I I
Fig. io. —Conversion factors for the Engler viscosimeter with abnormal filling
\
Absolute Viscosity by Short-Tube Viscosimeters 45
TABLE 11
cc cc sees sees
70 60 26.32 2.61 68.6
60... 50 22.10 3.12 68.9
50 40 17.90 3.78 67.7
45 25 11.34 6.15 69.7
45 20 9.06 7.70 69.7
60. 20 8.70 7.90 68.8
68.9
On
account of the small capacity of the oil container of the
Saybolt instrument only a few tests were made with the container
only partly full. These tests are given in Table 12, the volume
discharged being 30 cc in every test. Diagrams similar to Figs.
9 and 10 would be of little value for the Saybolt instrument, but
these tests were made to show the effect of a more constant head.
TABLE 12 k
Times of Discharge for Saybolt Universal Viscosimeters with Abnormal Volumes Put
in and Discharged
Do 54.4 32.58
XIII. CONCLUSION
The conclusions from this investigation for short tubes, such as
are used in the Engler and the Saybolt Universal viscosimeters,
are as follows
1 The value of the product of the velocity of flow and diameter
of tube, divided by the kinematic viscosity, must not be greater
than 800 if the flow is to be viscous rather than turbulent.
2. Consequently water is not a suitable liquid for use in finding
or in general
-=0.0014380^-3.2269/2 (26)
7
Now equation (2) may be written in the form
(2+0.1425 n)
UL
-=0.0031428 t- 1
7
^
Q ^78 Ttt
(28)
/z
- = 0.001 4380 = ,
t
—
0.0031428 t
(20)
v yj
+0.1425 n
,
7 2
*> Meissner gives the water rate as 50.94, but such exactness seems unwarranted, and Ubbelohde merely
indicates by his tables that the time should lie between 50 and 52 seconds.
47
48 Technologic Papers of the Bureau of Standards
(/ + 0.1435 n)
^ = 0.0032158 £-7.9578 m/t (30)
+0.1435 n) ^ = 0.16497-0.15512
(/ m (31)
h= 228.7^/
(36)
where
-=0.08019 E— 0.07013/E
3-5767
=0.0015723 fe-^- 1
K =t =— «
228.7X2X0.0015723
ts
= i.^qos
oy D (37)
vo//
0.0030368(2+0.I425^E)
K "0.0031428(1.411 +o.o8 ns)
~ 1 '^°^
,
W>
V
Since the value of ue (i. e., n for the Engler instrument) is known,
ns is the only unknown quantity in equation (38) and it is found ,
ft' (l+\)gk
K6 ^ J
H l(gh-mv 2 )
If, in Reynolds's criterion, the viscosity is expressed as in equa-
tion (8),
2
-12V (I + X)
Reynolds's criterion = _ mv2) (40)
d(gh
But from equations (1) and (2), when Reynolds's criterion is zero
and the kinetic-energy correction is zero,
-=-,- (41)
\x I
t 0_ Reynolds's criterion
l+*\
IOO /V- (42)
\M / )
from which, with the help of equations (15), (39), and (40),
tan ^^ loomd
orm= ^xM_
100 tan 6 v ^°'
(43)
T~^aWx-~^~ l
(44)
K t and K 1
are constants for a given viscosimeter for a given
volume put in and discharged, and unlike Archbutt and Deeley's
factor, k, they do not vary with the velocity. With the help of
viscosities given in Archbutt and Deeley's calibration table, page
1 80, values of y may be interpolated from table on page 179, in
order to get values of Reynolds's criterion from equation (44).
h ^ h -h
x 2
<46)
iog.(?'
(I)
Appendix 2.— TABLES OF KINEMATIC VISCOSITIES AND OTHER PHYSICAL
CONSTANTS OF LIQUIDS USED IN VISCOSIMETRY
viscositv, in cp 100 ,.
.
fluidity X density
TABLE 13
TEMPERATURE, 0° C
Density
Per cent Viscosity Density from 100X from data of
alcohol by Fluidity kinematic
incp B. S. data Landolt-
weight viscosity
Bbrnstein
TEMPERATURE, 5° C
TEMPERATURE, 10° C
TEMPERATURE, 15° C
Density
Per cent 100 X
Viscosity Density from from data of
alcohol by Fluidity kinematic
in cp B. S. data Landolt-
weight viscosity
Bornstein
TEMPERATURE, 25° C
TEMPERATURE, 30° C
TEMPERATURE, 35° C
TEMPERATURE, 45° C
TEMPERATURE, 50° C
TABLE 14
Sucrose Solution