IEMS Module 2
IEMS Module 2
Module -2
Work Study Technique
Prepared By-
Contact No : 01719253996
E-mail : [email protected]
Work Study Definition:
Work study may be defined as a collection of techniques with integral communication process
that are used to examine and record the work that people are doing with the objective of
optimizing the skills and efforts of the people employed as individuals or groups.
In simple terms work study measures work and defines (some) performance standards. There are
many uses for time estimates for tasks. Operations managers can guess or assume that a job is
done in the correct time (whatever that is!) or they can be systematic and use time data gathered
by a systematic technique which has reasonable accuracy. Whether or not the worker likes it -
pushed hard in trying to complete a job with very tight measured work standards which don't
anticipate the knotty problem encountered with a particular task - is another matter. Work
study/industrial engineers need time data to plan and evaluate production/transformation
processes. Rewards systems need such data for performance related bonuses. Cost calculations
need to incorporate operative and machine job times Costing systems reference work study data.
Productivity = output
input (resources)
Productivity is often confused with higher production. Higher production does not necessarily
mean higher productivity. Production can rise without an increase in productivity, if input costs
rise disproportionately.
• Improving morale
• Rewarding success
• Effective communications
Types of Productivity:
• Single-factor measures
• All-factors measure
All-factors Output
• Energy Productivity
• Capital Productivity
Efficiency:
Efficiency: The comparison of what is actually produced or performed with what can be
achieved with the same consumption of resources (money, time, labor, etc.)
𝑆𝑀𝑉𝑥 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Efficiency=𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑥 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
Efficiency Drivers:
1. SMV
2. Production
3. Manpower
4. Working Time
Work Study:
• Work Measurement is the application of techniques designed to establish the time for a
qualified worker to carry out a task at a defined level of performance.
METHOD STUDY
Improvement of layout
2. RECORD
3. EXAMINE
4. DEVELOP
6. INSTALL
7. MAINTAIN
5. Simo Chart
6. Flow Diagrams
7. String Diagrams
8. Cyclegraph
9. Chronocyclegraph
Classification Of Movements
1 Knuckle Finger
1. Relative costs in material, labour and overheads of the two methods, and
savings expected.
2. The cost of installing the new method, including the cost of new
equipment and of re-laying out shops or working areas
3. Maintaining close contact with the progress of the job until satisfied that it is running
as intended
Motion Economy
It is a system, which studies the basic human motion of an operative in performing a job.
Accordingly the economy of movements has been classified under three major areas under
concern.
2. The two hands should not be idle at the same time except during periods of rest
3. Motions of arms should be symmetrical and in opposite directions, and should be made
simultaneously.
4. Hand and body motions should be made at the lowest classification at which it is possible to
do the work satisfactorily.
5. Continuous curved moments are to be preferred to straight-line motions involving sudden and
sharp changes in direction.
6. “ Ballistic” (free- swinging) movements are faster, easier and more accurate than restricted or
controlled movements.
7. Rhythm is essential to the smooth and automatic performance of repetitive operation. The
work should be arranged to permit easy and natural rhythm whenever possible.
8. Work should be arranged so that eye movements are confined to a comfortable area, avoiding
the need for frequent need for focus.
and materials.
sequence of motion.
3. Where each finger performs some specific movement, as in type writing, the load should be
distributed in accordance with the natural capacities of the fingers.
4. Handles such as those on cranks and large screwdrivers should be so designed that as much of
the surface of the hand as possible can come into contact with the handle.
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Ergonomics:
Ergonomics is a scientific discipline, concerned with-
Comfort of people
Promoting effective interaction among people, technology and the environment in which
both must operate.
Ergonomics Advantage:
With proper ergonomic implementation an employer might enjoy
Heavy lifting
Frequent lifting
Heavy lifting
Frequent lifting
Principles of Ergonomics:
Principle No:1 Work in Neutral Posture
2. Work sampling
4. Standard Data
Time Study
Time study is a work measurement technique for recording the time of performing a certain
specific job or its element carried out under specific condition and for analyzing the data so as to
obtain the time necessary for an operator to carry out at a defined rate of performance.
Before starting the study, there are a number of points to be observed in relation to the
approach to the worker and the job he is doing.
1. Make sure the job has been method studied. Especially where the standard time is to be used
for incentive purposes.
2. In an organization where time study has never been used before, supervision and worker
representatives should be told the reasons for the study programme and given and insight into tie
study procedure.
3. It is good policy to ask the supervisor or workers representatives to be studied. The worker
should be a competent steady person with an average rate of working.
4. The worker should be told the reasons for the study. Why he has been selected and asked to
work at his normal pace explaining any problems that may arise during the time the study is
taken.
6. When making the study the observer should take a position where he can see the whole of the
job being performed. This is generally to the side of the operator, slightly to the rear and
approximately 6 feet away. No attempt should be made to carry out timing from a concealed
position, without the operators knowledge or with the watch in the pocket.
7. The observer should take a comfortable standing position for the duration of the study.
Rating
Rating is a technique used to assess the speed and “effectiveness” of an operator.
Speed of movement
Effort
Effectiveness
etc.
Basic Steps
a. Obtaining and recording all available information about the job, operator and the surrounding
conditions likely to affect the execution of the work
b. Recording the complete description of the method, breaking down the operation into 'elements'
c. Measuring with a stopwatch and recording the time taken by the operator to perform each
'element' of the operation.
SMV
SMV – time that is allowed to perform the job satisfactory.
SMV = Basic time + Allowances
Drivers of SMV:
Standard Manpower
Standard Environment
Standard Machine
Standard Method
Standard Manpower:
A qualified worker is one who is accepted as having the necessary physical attributes, who
possess the required intelligence and education and who has acquired the necessary skill and
knowledge to carry out the work in hand to satisfactory standards of safety, quantity and quality
Basic Time:
The basic time for the operation is found by applying concept of rating to relate the
observed to that of a standard place of working.
Calculated as follows:
100
100
Example..
Relaxation Allowances
Personal needs
This allowance provides for the necessity to leave the workplace to attend to personal
needs such as washing, going to the lavatory or fetching a drink
Basic fatigue
This allowance, always a constant is given to take account of the energy expended while
carrying out work and to alleviate monotony.
Contingency Allowances
A contingency allowance is a small allowance of time which may be included in a standard time
to meet legitimate and expected items of work or delays, the precise measurement of which is
uneconomical because of their infrequent or irregular occurrence.