Solution Manual TE VOL-I

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C Venkatramaiah Transportation Engineering, Volume I Formatted ...
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SOLUTIONS MANUAL Formatted ...
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TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING, VOLUME I Formatted ...
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Chapter 1
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1.18 Determination of the order of priority in execution of the proposals for three new roads: A, B and C Formatted ...
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Road Length (km) No. of villages with population served Productivity (103 tonnes) Formatted ...
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< 500 501–1000 1001–2000 Agricultural Industrial
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A 25 12 10 8 8 – Formatted ...
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B 30 12 12 8 12 0.1
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C 36 16 16 10 12 0.2 Formatted ...
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Assume the utility coefficients: Formatted ...
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Population < 500 0.215 Productivity 103 t Formatted ...
501–1000 0.50 Agricultural 1 Formatted ...
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1001–2000 1.00 Industrial 10 Formatted ...
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Utility of plan A: 12  0.25 + 10  0.50 + 8  1 + 8  1
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= 24 Formatted ...
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24
Utility per km = = 0.96 Formatted ...
25
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Utility of plan B: 12  0.25 + 12  0.50 + 8  1 + 12  1 + 0.1  10 Formatted ...
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= 30
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30 Formatted ...
Utility per km = = 1.00
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30 ...
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Utility of plan C: 16  0.25 + 16  0.50 + 10  1+ 12  1 + 0.2  10 Formatted ...
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= 36
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36 Formatted ...
Utility per km = = 1.00
36 Formatted ...
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Plans B and C are of equal priority and plan A is of least priority.
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1
C Venkatramaiah Transportation Engineering, Volume I
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(Ranks: B & C – I and A – II) Formatted ...
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1.19 Selection of the best proposal for a road link based on maximum utility Formatted ...
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Plan Length (km) Villages and towns served Total
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productivity
(103 t) Formatted ...
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1001–2000 2001–5000 5001–10,000 >10,000 Formatted ...
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P 100 100 50 30 3 100
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Q 120 120 60 50 4 140 Formatted ...
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R 150 150 80 80 5 100
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S 180 180 100 120 6 100 Formatted ...
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Assume the following utility coefficients: Formatted ...
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Population 1001–2000 2000–5000 5001–10,000 >10,000 Formatted ...
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Utility coefficient 0.50 1 2 3
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Utility coefficient for productivity of 103 t =1
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Total utility: Formatted ...
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P: 100  0.5 + 50 1 + 30 2 + 3  3 +100 = 269
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269 Formatted ...
Per km: = 2.69
100 Formatted ...
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Q: 120  0.5 + 60 1 + 50 2 + 4  3 +140 = 372 Formatted ...
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372
Per km: = 3.10 Formatted
120 ...
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R: 150  0.5 + 80 1 + 80 2 + 5 3 + 100 = 430 Formatted ...
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430
Per km: = 2.86 Formatted ...
150
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S: 180  0.5 + 100 1 + 120 2 + 6 3 + 100 = 548 Formatted ...
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548 Formatted
Per km: = 3.04 ...
180 Formatted ...
2
 The best proposal is Q. Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Chapter 3 Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, 14 pt,

Underline, English (United Kingdom)
3.32 Stopping sight distance Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Design speed, V = 50 km/h
Total reaction time of driver, t = 2.5
Friction coefficient, f = 0.30
(i) Two-way traffic on a two-lane road: Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
2
V
SSD = 0.278Vt + Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
254 f
502 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

= 0.278´ 50´ 2.5 + = 68m
254´ 0.30
(ii) Two-way traffic on a single-lane road: Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
SSD = 2  68 = 136 m
3.33 Safe stopping sight distance on a descending gradient Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Formatted: Font: Not Bold, English (United Kingdom)
Gradient, g = −2.5% Formatted: Font: Bold, English (United Kingdom)

Assume f = 0.30

SSD = 0.278´ 80´ 2.5 +
254(0.30 - 0.01´ 2.5)
= 147.2 m; say, 150 m
3.34 Safe overtaking sight distance Formatted: Font: Bold, English (United Kingdom)
As per IRC, speed of slow-moving vehicle,
VS = (V - 16) = 65 - 16 = 49 km/h Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Let the hesitation time, t be 3 seconds.
Let time, T, needed for the overtaking manoeuvre, be taken as 10 s.
3
The minimum spacing, s, between the vehicles = 0.2 49 + 6 = 15.8 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Now, OSD = 0.28 Vs  t + 0.28 Vs T + 2S + 0.28 VT
= 0.28  49  3+ 0.28  49  10 + 2  15.8 + 0.28  65 10 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

= 392 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
3.35 Rate of super-elevation Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Width of pavement = 7.5 m
Design speed, V = 80 km/h Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Radius, R, of horizontal curve = 450 m
V2
80 2 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Rate of super-elevation, e = = = 0.063
225´ R 225´ 450 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
7.50 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Super-elevation needed for 7.5m-wide pavement = m
= 0.47 m; say, 0.5 m
3.36 Design speed, V = 100 km/h
Radius of curve, R = 180 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
V 2
Rate of super-elevation , e = = ´ 180 = 0.247
127 R 225 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
But e is to be limited to 0.07. Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

V
e+ f = (for mixed traffic conditions) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
127 R

0.07 + f =
127´ 180
 f = 0.437 – 0.070 = 0.367 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

As this is far greater than the maximum allowable friction coefficient of 0.05, the speed has to be restricted. Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
Allowable speed, Va = 27.94 R according to IRC.
 Va = 27.94´ 180 » 71
4
 The restricted speed = 70 km/h Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Formatted: Font: Bold, English (United Kingdom)
3.37 Minimum radius for a horizontal curve Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
V2 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Rmin = (for mixed traffic conditions)
127 (e + f )
e = 0.07 ü
ïï Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
ý maximum allowable values (IRC)
f = 0.15ïïþ

 Rmin = » 358m, say, 360 m
127 (0.07 + 0.15) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
3.38 Expressing with fast traffic Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Radius, R, of the horizontal curve = 450 m
V2 1202 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

e= =
225R 225´ 450
= 0.142 > 0.07 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
If e is restricted to 0.07, Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

2
V
e+ f = Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
127 R

= = 0.252
127´ 450
f = 0.252 − 0.070 = 0.182 > 0.15 Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
Restrict R such that f = 0.15
Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
120´ 120 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Rmin = » 515.4 m, say, 520 m
127´ (0.15 + 0.07) Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
3.39 Design speed, V = 100 km/h Formatted: Font: Not Bold, English (United Kingdom)
Operating speed = 80 km/h
5

e+ f =
127 R
If e = 0.07 and f = 0.15 (required value) Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
1002
0.07 + 0.15 = Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
127 R
100
 R= m  358 m; say, 360 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
127´ 0.22
For V = 80 km/h and an allowable e of 0.07, Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
802
f + 0.07 = = 0.14 Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
127´ 360
 f = 0.14 – 0.07 = 0.07 (available value) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

3.40 Ruling design speed, V = 50 km/h Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
Minimum speed, Vmin = 40 km/h
If the maximum allowable values of e and f are taken as 0.07 and 0.15, respectively, Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Ruling radius, Rruling = = 90 m
127´ (0.07 + 0.15)

40
Absolute minimum radius, Rabs.min = » 60 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
127´ 0.22
3.41 Extra width on horizontal curve
Design speed, V = 40 km/h Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

No of lanes = 2
Radius of curve, R = 75 m
Wheel base, l = 6 m
nl 2 V Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Extra width, we = +
2 R 9.5 R
2´ 6 2 40 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

= + » 1m
2´ 75 9.5 75
6
3.42 Grade compensation on curves
Radius of curve, R = 50 m Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

Gradient, g = 6%
(30 + R) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Grade compensation =
R
(30 + 50) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

= = 1.6
50
This is limited to 1.5%
 Compensated grade = (6 − 1.5) = 4.5% Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Radius of horizontal curve, R = 360 m
Width of pavement, G = 7.5 m
If e = 0.07, super-elevation, SE = G.e Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

= 7.50  0.07  1000 mm = 525 mm
Let the rate of introduction of super-elevation be 1 in 150 (n = 150 here) Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
The length of transition required,
0.0078655V Gn
L= Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
R
0.0078655´ 1002 ´ 7.50´ 150 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
= » 250 m
3.44 Length of transition Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Design speed, V = 80 km/h Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

Radius of horizontal curve, R = 270 m
Width of pavement, G = 7.5 m (two lanes) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Maximum wheel base, l = 6 m
7

Extra width, we = +
2 R 9.5 R

= + » 0.65m
2´ 270 9.5 270
 G = 7.50 + 0.65 = 8.15 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Rate of super-elevation, e = = 0.10535
225´ 270
Super-elevation, SE = 8.15  0.10535 = 0.8586 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

If the spatial rate of introduction of superelevation is taken as 1 in 150, the length of transition is
0.0078655 V 2 Gn Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

L=
R
0.0078655´ 802 ´ 8.15´ 150 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

=  230 m
If the permissible rate of change of acceleration is taken as 0.3 m/s,

L=
14 R

= m » 140m
14´ 270
The larger value of 230 m is chosen as the length of transition required. Formatted: Font: Not Bold, English (United Kingdom)
3.45 Radius of curve, R = 330 m Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
Length of curve, l = 150 m
Set-back distance:
Distance between the centre line of the carriageway and the centre line of the inner lane is 1.5 m.
(i) For stopping sight distance of 100 m, t his is less than the length of the curve. Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
q Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
From Fig. 3.26 and Eq. 3.25, set-back distance, m = R - (R - d )cos
é180 100 ù Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

q
= ê ´ údegrees = 8°.63 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
2 ê
ë p 330 úû
 m = 330 − (330 − 1.5) cos 8.63  5.3 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
8
(ii) For overtaking sight distance of 330 m, which is greater than the length of the curve, Eq .3.27 applies.
q æs - l ö
÷ q f 150 180 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
m = R - (R - d )cos + ç
ç ÷sin ( is the central angle of the curve and = ´ degrees )
2 çè 2 ÷ ø 2 2 2´ 330 p Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
æ330 - 150 ÷
ö
 m = 330 - (330 - 1.5) cos13° + ç
ç
ç ÷
÷sin13° = 13° Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
è 2 ø
= 330 - 320 + 20.3 = 30.3m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

3.46 Sag curve
Change of grade, G = 2.4 – (−1.8) = 4.2%
Stopping sight distance, SSD = 150 m
(i) Rider comfort Formatted: Font: Not Bold, Italic, English (United Kingdom)
3 1
V 2 ×G 2 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Length of curve, L = (G as fraction)
2.65
1
3
æ4.2 ö2
8 2 ×çç ÷
0
÷
è100 ÷
ø
= = 56 m
2.65
(ii) Headlight sight distance Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
Say, S > L,
é1.5 + 0.035 S ù Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

L = 26 - ê ú
ê
ë G ú
û
1.5 + 0.035´ 150 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

= 2´ 150 -
æ4.2 ö
÷
ç
ç ÷
÷
è100 ø
= (300 - 160) = 140 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
3.47 Length of summit curve
(i) For safe stopping sight distance = 150 m Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
For IRC standard conditions of height of driver's eye above road surface (H) of 1.2 m and height of obstruction (h)
of 0.5 m,
9
For S < L,
GS 2 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

L=
4.4
G = 1.8 − (−1.8) = 3.6% and S = 150
æ3.6 ÷
ö (1502 ) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
L= ç
ç ÷+ » 185m
è100 ÷
ç ø 4.4
(ii) For overtaking sight distance of 450 m, Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
For S < L,
Formatted: Font: Not Italic, English (United Kingdom)

L=
æ3.6 ÷
ö (450)
2
=ç
ç
ç ÷
÷´ » 760 m
è100 ø 9.6
The greater of the two values is taken, if both conditions are to be satisfied.
3.48 Summit curve
Chainage of intersection
X  330 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

R.L. of X  33m
Change of grade, G = 3 − (−1.5) = 4.5% Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Sight distance = S = 220 m
Height, H, of driver's eye above road surface = 1.10 m Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
Height, h, of obstruction is taken as 0.15 m above the road
Say, S < L Formatted: Font: Not Bold, English (United Kingdom)
10
Length, L, of the curve Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

=
( 2 H + 2h )

´ 2202
= 100 = 528 m (S < L, OK)
2
( 2´ 1.1 + 2´ 0.15)
æ528 ö÷ Formatted: Font: Italic

Chainage of A = 330 − ççç ÷ = 66 m
è 2 ø÷ Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Chainage of B = 66 + 528 = 594m
R.L. of X = 33.000

R.L. of A = 33.000 - ´ 264 = 25.080 m
100

R.L. of B = 33.000 - ´ 264 = 29.040 m
100
R.L. of C = Average of those of A and B
= 27.060 m
(33 + 27.060) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

R.L. of vertex, V = = 30.015m
2
CV = (30.015 – 27.060) = 2.955 m
3.49 Summit curve
Sight distance, S = 180 m
Upgrade: 1 in 25 or 4 %
Downgrade: 1 in 50 or 2%
Chainage of X = 400 m
R.L. of X = 42 m
11
H = 1.26 m
Let h be 0.15 m
Length of curve, L:

L= 2
(for S < L)
[ 2 H + 2h ]
æ6 ÷ ö Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

çç ÷´ (180)2
÷
è100 ø
= 2
m = 426 m (S < L, O.K.)
( 2´ 1.26 + 2´ 0.15 )
R.L of X = 42.00 M
R.L. of A = 42.00 - 0.04  213 = 33.48 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

R.L. of B = 45.00 – 0.02  213 = 37.74 m
R.L. of C = Average of R.L. of A and B = 35.61 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
æ42.00 + 35.61÷
ö Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
R.L. of vertex, V = ç
ç
ç ÷
÷= 38.80 m
è 2 ø
3.50 Design of superelevation

Rate of super-elevation, e =
225´ R Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
(100)2 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

= = 0.18
225´ 250
Since this is more than the maximum permissible value of 0.07, let us limit it to 0.07.

e+ f =
127 R
12

0.07 + f = = 0.315
127´ 250
 f = 0.315 – 0.070 = 0.245 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

This is greater than the maximum available friction coefficient of 0.15; therefore, the allowable speed is to be
restricted as per IRC.
Va = 27.94R = 27.94´ 250 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
= 83.6 km/h; say, 80 km/h Formatted: Font: Not Bold, English (United Kingdom)
3.51 Radius of curve = 120 m
Speed, V = 96 km/h
Coefficient of friction, f = 0.12
Width of road, G = 15 m

e= = 0.34 > 0.07; not O.K.
225´ 120

e+ f =
127 R

= = 0.60
127 ´ 120
e = 0.60 – 0.12 = 0.48 > 0.07; not OK. Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
So, allowable speed is to be limited as per IRC.
Taking e = 0.07 and f as 0.12, Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
Va 2
e+ f = Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
127 R
Va 2
0.07 + 0.12 = Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
127´ 120
Va = 127´ 120´ 0.19 = 54 km/h; say, 50 km/h Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
With rotation about the middle of the pavement Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Super-elevation, SE = ´ 15´ 0.07 m
13
= 0.525 m or 52.5 m
3.52 Length of transition
Radius of circular curve, R = 250 m

Rate of super-elevation, e =
225R Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

= = 0.114
225´ 250
Since this is more than 0.07, e is to be limited to 0.07. Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
2
V
127 R

0.07 + f =
127´ 250
= 0.2016
 f = 0.2016 – 0.0700 = 0.1316 < 0.15. Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

This is OK.
Length of transition: Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Super-elevation, SE = 0.07  7.5 = 0.525 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

0.525
With rotation about the middle, the actual SE needed is m = 0.263m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
2
With the spacial rate of introduction of super-elevation as 1 in 150, Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Length of transition, L = 0.263  150  40 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

L2
Shift, s = Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
24 R

= = 0.27 m
3.53 Extra width of pavement:
14

we = +
2 R 9.5 R
Here, the number of lanes, n = 2
Wheel base, l = 6 m

 we = + » 0.37 m
2´ 700 9.5 700 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
3.54 Extra widening of pavement on a curve
Width = 7.5 m (two lanes)
Wheel base, l = 7 m
Radius, R = 150 m
Speed, V = 120 km/h

we = +
2R 9.5 R

= + » 1.36 m
2´ 150 9.5 150
3.55 Overtaking sight distance
V = 80km/h
Vs = 50 km/h
Acceleration, a, of overtaking vehicle = 0.98 m/s2
4S Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

T=
a
s = 0.2 Vs + 5 = 0.2  50 + 6 = 16 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

T= » 8seconds.
0.98
Take total reaction time, t, as 3s
15
OSD = 0.28Vs t + 0.28Vs ×T + 2s + 0.28VT Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
= 0.28´ 50´ 3 + 0.28´ 50´ 8 + 2´ 16 + 0.28´ 80´ 8 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
» 365m
Minimum length of overtaking zone = 3 (OSD) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

= 3  365 m  1100 m
3.56 Extra width of pavement on a horizontal curve
Radius of curve, R = 600 m Formatted: Font: Bold, English (United Kingdom)

No of lanes, n = 2
Wheel base, l = 6 m

We = +
2 R 9.5 R Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

= +
2´ 600 9.5 600
= 0.34 m
3.57 Safe stopping sight distance Formatted: Font: Bold, English (United Kingdom)
Driver's reaction time = 2.5 s
Coefficient of friction, f = 0.36 Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

V2
SSD = 0.278Vt + Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
254 f

= 0.278´ 60´ 2.5 +
254´ 0.36
= 41.70 + 39.37 = 81.07 m; say, 82 m
This is only for one-way traffic.

For two-way traffic, SSD = 2  82 = 164 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Formatted: English (United Kingdom), Subscript
3.58 Ruling minimum radius in rolling terrain, Rmin = 230 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
16
Speed of slow vehicle, Vs = V – 16
= 100 − 16 = 84 km/h
Non-passing sight distance (or safe stopping sight distance)

= 0.278 Vt +
254 f
Taking t = 2.5 s and f as 0.35, Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
2
(100)
SSD = 0.278´ 100´ 2.5 + = 182 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
254´ 0.35
Intermediate sight distance = 2 (SSD)  360 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

(Actually, for a design speed of 100 km/h, this is recommended as 360 m by IRC.)
V2 (100) 2
Rate of super-elevation, e = =
225R 225´ 230 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
= 0.19 > 0.07not O.K. Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Limiting e as 0.07, Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

V2
0.07 + f = Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
127 R

= = 0.34
127´ 230
 f required = 0.34 – 0.07 = 0.27 > 0.15 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
 Restricted speed, Va = 27.94´ 230 » 80km/h Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
2
nl V
Extra width of pavement, we = + Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
2 R 9.5 R
2´ 6
2
80
= + = 0.7 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
2´ 230 9.5 230
Super-elevation rate = 0.07 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
0.0078655V 2 Gn Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Length of transition, L =
R
For rolling terrain, n may be taken as 60.
17
Width, G, of highway = 7.5 m
2
0.0078655´ (100) ´ 7.5´ 60 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
L= » 160 m
230
L2 (160)2 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Shift, s = =
24 R 24´ 230
= 4.64 m
Take f = 0.35 Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

Down gradient, g = 3%
Take t = 3 s

Stopping sight distance, SSD = 0.278 Vt +
254 ( f - 0.01g )
802
= 0.278´ 80´ 3 + » 146 m
254 (0.35 - 0.01´ 3)
Say, 150 m
3.60 Design speed, V = 80 km/h Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
Super-elevation rate, e = 0.07
With these values,
V 2 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

127 Rmin

Rmin =
127 (R + f )

= » 230 m
127´ 0.22
3.61 Design speed, V = 80 km/s Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Total reaction time, t = 3 sec Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
18

(i) Two lanes with two-way traffic
Stopping sight distance, SSD Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

SSD = + 0.278Vt
254 f

= + 0.278´ 80´ 3 = 110 m
245´ 0.6
(ii) Single lane with two-way traffic Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
é V2 ù
SSD = 2´ ê0.278Vt + ú Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
ê 254 f ú
ë û
= 2´ 110m = 220m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
3.62 SSD for roads with gradients
1 Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

Gradient, g =
Reaction time, t = 2.5 s
Friction coefficient, f = 0.40 Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

Ascending gradient:

SSD = 0.278´ 70´ 2.5 +
æ 1ö
254 ç
ç0.40 + ÷ ÷
è 45 ÷
ø
 95 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Descending gradient:
(70) 2
SSD = 0.278´ 70´ 2.5 +
æ 1ö ÷
254 çç0.40 - ÷
÷
è 45 ø
 100 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)


3.63 Gradient, g = 2% Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
19
Reaction time, t = 2.5 Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

Friction coefficient, f = 0.35
Car 1: Going up Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
V1 = 90 km/h Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

902
SSD = 0.278´ 90´ 2.5 +  150 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
254 0.35 + 0.01´ 2)
(
Car 2: Coming down

SSD = 0.278´ 75´ 2.5 +  120 m
254(0.35 - 0.01´ 2) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Total SSD to avoid collision = (150 + 120) = 270 m
(It is assumed that the faster car was going up the gradient and the slower one down the gradient, in that order.)

4.35 Determine the 98th and 85th percentile speeds from spot-speed data
Mid-speed 15 215 35 45 55 65 75 85 95
km/h
No. of 0 12 19 38 33 25 16 13 5 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

vehicles
Percent of 0 7 12 24 20.5 15.5 10 8 3 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

total
Cumulative 0 7 19 43 63.5 79 89 97 100 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

percent
20
Results:
(i) 98th percentile speed = 90 km/h
This is the design speed for geometric elements of the highway
(ii) 85th percentile speed = 70 km/h
This is the safe maximum operating speed.
4.36 Given that traffic flows in different directions at a road intersection, determine the optimum cycle time for the
traffic signals
Flow North South East West Formatted: Font: Bold, English (United Kingdom)
Design hour flow 800 400 750 600 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
(q) Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
Saturation flow (S) 2400 2000 3000 3000
Time lost per phase = 2 seconds
qn 800 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

= = 0.33
Sn 2400
21
qs 400 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

= = 0.20
S s 2000
yns (greater of these two) = 0.33
qe 750 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

= = 0.25
Se 3000
qw 600 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

= = 0.20
Sw 3000
yew = 0.25 Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

L = Time lost due to delays = 2  4 = 8 seconds
Y = yns + yew = (0.33 +0.25) = 0.58 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Optimum cycle time:
æ1.5 L + 5 ö (1.5´ 8 + 5) Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

Co = ç ÷
÷
ç
ç
è 1- y ø ÷= 1- [(0.33 + 0.25)] Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
 40 seconds Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Effective green time/cycle = Co - L = 40 - 8 = 32 s
Effective green time/phase
yns 0.33 ( ) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Gns = (Co - L) = 32 = 18 s
y 0.58
yew 0.25 ( ) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Gew = (Co - L) = 32 = 14 s
y 0.58
4.37 Design of traffic and pedestrian signals
Road A Road B
Width = 14 m Width = 10 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Traffic volume, qa = 250 veh/h Traffic volume, qb = 200 veh/h Formatted: French (France)
Approach speed, Va = 60 km/h Approach speed, Vb = 45 km/h Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Traffic signals: Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Assume amber periods for A and B as

Aa and Ab  5s and 3s, respectively.
22
Pedestrian clearance time:

For Road A: = 11.7 s
1.2

For Road B: = 8.3s
1.2
Adding initial delay in walking of 7s
Minimum red time for A = 11.7 + 7 = 18.7 s
Minimum red time for B = 8.3 + 7 = 15.3 s
Pedestrian criterion:
Minimum green time for A, Ga = 15.3-5 = 10.3 s
Minimum green time for B, Gb = 18.7 – 3 = 15.7 s
Based on approaching traffic volumes, the green time for road A with higher traffic is increased using
Ga Va Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

=
Gb Vb
Gb = 15.7

 Ga = ´ 15.7 = 19.6s
Total cycle = Ga + Aa + Ra = Ga + Aa + Gb + Ab
= 19.6 + 5 + 15.7 + 3 = 43.3 s; say, 45 s Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Add the additional 1.7 s to green time in proportion to traffic volumes

A : ´ 1.7 = 0.9 s
9

B : ´ 1.7 = 0.8 s
9
 Ga = 19.36 +0.9 = 20.5 s Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Gb = 15.7 +0.8 = 16.5 s
Ra = Gb + Ab = 16.5 + 3 = 19.5 s
Rb = Ga + Aa = 20.5 + 5 = 25.5 s
Total: 45 s
23
4.38 Design of signals
Road A Road B
Width = 14 m Width = 10.5 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Peak for traffic volume (veh/h) = 200 Peak for traffic volume (veh/h) = 120 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Approach speed (km/h) = 50 Approach speed (km/h) = 35 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
qa = 200 qb = 120 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Va = 50 Vb = 35 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Assume the amber periods as 5 s and 3 s for Roads A and B, respectively.

For A: = 11.7 s
1.2

For B: = 8.8 s
1.2
Adding initial delay of 7s,
Minimum red time for A, ga = 11.7 + 7 = 18.7 s
Minimum red time for B, gb = 18.7 - 3 = 15.7 s
Minimum green time for A, Ga = 15.8 - 5 = 10.8 s
Minimum green time for B, Gb = 18.7 – 3 = 15.7 s
For Road A with higher traffic, Ga is increased using

Ga = ´ 15.7 = 26.2 s
 Total cycle = Ga + Aa + Gb + Ab
= 26.2 + 5 + 15.7 + 3 = 49.9s, say, 50 s Formatted: Font: Not Bold, English (United Kingdom)
Add extra 0.1 s to Ga Formatted: English (United Kingdom), Subscript
 Ga = 26.3 & Gb = 15.7 s
24
Ra = Gb + Ab = 15.7 + 3 = 18.7 s
Rb = Ga + Aa = 26.3 + 5 = 31.3 s
Total: 50 s Formatted: Font: Not Bold, English (United Kingdom)
4.39 (a) ADT forecast Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
Present ADT = 9000 veh
Traffic growth forecast = 40%
Generated traffic = 20%
Total growth = 60%

 ADT forecast for 2020 = = 14, 400 veh
(b) 30th highest hourly traffic volume
15 Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom),

= 15% of ADT = ´ 14, 400 = 2160 veh Superscript
100
One way traffic volume is 60% of the two-way volume Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
= 0.6  2160 = 1296 veh/h
Practical capacity per lane = 600 veh/h Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Number of lanes = = 2.16
600
Width of pavement = 2  3.75 + 0.16  3.75 = 7.75 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
4.40 Weight of moving vehicle = W tonnes (say) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Weight of parked vehicle = 0.8 W
Skid distance of moving vehicle before collision, Sa = 36 m
Skid distance of both after collision, Sp = 12 m
Friction coefficient, f = 0.63 Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

Applying Eq. (4.33) for the initial speed, V1, of the moving vehicle,
é æ ù Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

ö
2
254 f ê çWa + Wp ÷
÷ + Sa ú
V1 = êS p ç
ç
ç ÷
÷ ú
ê
ë è W a ø ú
û
25
é ù Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

æ ö
2
1.8Wa ÷
= 254´ 0.63 ê
ê12´
ç
ç ÷
÷ + .36ú
ú 110 km/h Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
ê ç
è Wa ÷ ø ú
ë û
4.41 Braking test
Braking distance, s = 33 m
Braking time, t = 4.2 seconds
2s 2´ 33 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Acceleration, a = = m/s2
t 2 (4.2)2
= 3.74 m/s 2
Coefficient of solid resistance:
a 3.75 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

f = = = 0.38
g 9.81
4.42 Collision between vehicles approaching in perpendicular directions
f = 0.54
Angle A = 135 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Angle B = 45
Use derivation given on pages 145 and 146: Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
VA3 = 254´ 0.54´ 18 = 49.7 km/h Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
VB3 = 254´ 0.54´ 36 = 70.3km/h Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
WB Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

VA2 = ×VB 3 ×SinB - VA3 ×CosA
WA
(WA = WB )= 70.3Sin45°- 49.7´ Cos45° = 14.6km/h Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
VB 2 = VA3 ×Sin45° + VB3 ×Cos 45° = 84.85km/h Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Initial speeds before skidding

VA1 = 254´ 0.54´ 24 + (VA 2 ) (Substituting VA2 = 14.6 km/h)
= 62.6 km/h

VB1 = 254´ 0.54´ 18 + VB 22 = 254´ 0.54´ 18 + (84.85)
26
= 98.3 km/h Formatted: Font: Not Bold, English (United Kingdom)
4.43 Design of signals
Road P Road Q Formatted: Font: Bold, English (United Kingdom)

Width 15 m 10.5 m
q 250 veh/h 150 veh/h Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
V 45 km/h 30 km/h Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Traffic signals Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
Let the amber times be 3 s each Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Aa = Ab = 3 s

For road P = = 12.5 s
1.2

For road Q = = 8.8 s
1.2
Minimum red time for P = 12.5 + 7 s = 19.5 s
Minimum red time for Q = 8.8 + 7 = 15.8 s (starting delay of 7 s)
Minimum green time for P = Gp = 15.8 – 3 = 12.8 s Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom), Subscript
Minimum green time for Q = Gq = 19.5 – 3 = 16.5 s
Modified Gp (for heavier traffic) Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom), Subscript
250
= 16.5´ = 27.5 s Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
150
Total cycle = 27.5 + 3+ 16.5 + 3 = 50 s Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom), Subscript
Red time for P = 16.5 +3 = 19.5 s Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Red time for Q = 27.5 + 3 = 30.5 s
Total: 50 s Formatted: Font: Not Bold, English (United Kingdom)
27
Chapter 6 Formatted: Font: 14 pt, Underline, English (United

Kingdom)
6.8 Determination of CBR value Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Load–Penetration Curve
Penetration 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 7.5 10 12.5 Formatted: Font: Bold, English (United Kingdom)
(mm) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Load (N) 0 40 160 280 400 500 550 670 750 810 990 1160 Formatted: Font: Bold, English (United Kingdom)
Standard loads:
For 2.5 mm (uncorrected) penetration: 13440 N
For 5.0 mm (uncorrected) penetration: 20160 N

CBR for 2.5 mm penetration = ´ 100 = 3.80%
13440

CBR for 5.0 mm penetration = ´ 100 = 3.72%
20160
CBR is the higher of the two values,
i.e., CBR = 3.80%, or say, 4%
28
6.32 Bulk specific gravity of combined aggregates
Aggregate material Bulk specific gravity Proportion % Formatted: Font: Bold, English (United Kingdom)
Coarse aggregate 2.62 56 Formatted: Font: Bold, English (United Kingdom)

Fine aggregate 2.66 36
Mineral filler 2.67 8 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

100
Ga = Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
éWc W f Wmf ù
ê + + ú
êGc G f Gmf ú
ë û

= = 2.64
æ56 36 8 ö÷
ç
ç + + ÷
÷
è2.62 2.66 2.67 ø
 Bulk specific gravity of the combined aggregates = 2.64 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
6.33 Specimen of bituminous concrete mix
Height = 6.345 cm
Diameter = 10.16 cm
Weight of specimen in air = 1240.5 g
Weight of specimen in water = 675.5 g
Material Specific gravity Percentage by weight of Percentage by weight of Formatted: Font: Bold, English (United Kingdom)
total mix aggregates
Bitumen 1.01 6 – Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Coarse aggregate 2.62 53 56
Fine aggregate 2.66 33 26 Formatted: Font: Bold, English (United Kingdom)
Mineral filler 2.67 8 8
(i) Bulk specific gravity of compacted mix Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
1240.5
G= = 2.20 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
(1240.5 - 675.5)
(ii) Average specific gravity of the aggregates Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
29

Ga = = 2.64
æ56 36 8 ö÷
ç
ç + + ÷
è2.62 2.66 2.67 ÷
ø
Va Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

(iii) Percent air voids in the compacted mix ´ 100
V Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Va = (V - Vg - Vb ) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Vg: Volume of mineral aggregates
Vb: Volume of bitumen

V= = 563.86 cm3
2.2
é0.53 0.33 0.08 ù Formatted: French (France)

Vg = 1240.5 ê + + ú = 442.11 cm3
ê
ë2.62 2.66 2.67 ú
û
0.06 Formatted: French (France)

Vb = 1240.5´ = 73.06 cm3
1.01
 Va = (563.86 - 442.11- 73.69) = 48.06 cm3 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Formatted: French (France)
48.06 Formatted: French (France)
 % air voids = ´ 100 = 8.50
(iv) Percent voids in the mineral aggregates
VMA = (100 - Vg ) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Vg = Percent volume occupied by mineral aggregates Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
G
= (Wc + W f + Wmf )´ Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Ga

= (53 + 33 + 8)´ = 78.30
2.64
 VMA = (100 – 78.30) = 21.70% Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

(V) Percent voids filled by bitumen
Vb Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

VFB% = 100´ ;
(VMA) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
G 2.20 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Vb = wb × = b ´ = 13.07
Gb 1.01
30

 VFB = ´ 100 = 60.23%
6.34 Weight of paraffin-coated specimen of bituminous mix in air = 1272.6 g
Weight of paraffin-coated specimen in water = 671.4 g
Specific gravity of paraffin = 0.90
Bulk specific gravity of the specimen
(1227.6) 1 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

= ´
(1272.6 - 671.4) 0.90
 2.30 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

6.35 Group index
Fraction passing 75− sieve = 55% Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Liquid limit, WL = 50%
Plastic limit, Wp = 40 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Eq. 6.55
GI = 0.2a + 0.005 ac + 0.01 bd Formatted: Font: Bold, English (United Kingdom)

a = 55 − 30 = 20 b= 55 − 15 = 40
c = 50 − 40 =10 d = 40 − 10 = 30(> 25 and so many be ignored)
GI = 0.2  20 +0.005  20  10 + 0 = 5 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Since GI >/ 8 is satisfied and (−75 ) fraction is greater than 25%
A–4 is the soil group according to the PRA system.
6.46 Plate-Load-test- Load-Settlement curve
31
The failure point is located as shown in the figure. This corresponds to 7.6 kN load for a settlement of 0.825 mm.
The pressure corresponding to 7.6 kN load on a plate of 300 mm diameter is

N/mm 2
p´ 150´ 150
7600 1 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

 Modulus of subgrade reaction, K = ´ N/mm3
p ´ 150´ 150 0.825 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
= 0.130 N/mm3
This is equivalent to 130 MN/m3 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

6.47 Determination of CBR value of soil
Penetration 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 7.5 10 12.5 Formatted: Font: Bold, English (United Kingdom)
(mm) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Load (kg) 0 5 16 28 40 48 57 68 75 89 100 107 Formatted: Font: Bold, English (United Kingdom)
32
Penetration–load curve
Corrected zero  0.35 mm Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

At 2.50 mm (or 2.85 corrected) penetration, the standard load is 1370 kg and the load on the soil is 53 kg.

 CBR = ´ 100 » 3.9%
At 5 mm (or 5.35 corrected) penetration, the standard load is 2055 kg and the load on the soil is 78 kg.

CBR = ´ 100 » 3.80%
2055
 CBR value of the soil = 3.90%, or say, 4% Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

7.10 Burmister's method of design of pavement thickness Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Plate bearing tests using 300-mm-diameter plate on a soil subgrade and over a 150-mm-thick base.
At 5 mm settlement, pressures required for subgrade and base are 0.1 MPa and 0.36 MPa, respectively.
33
Wheel load = 40 kN
Tyre pressure = 0.5 MPa
Allowable deflection = 5 mm
1.18 pa Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

For the soil subgrade, V= (for rigid plate)
E2

a= = 150 mm = 0.15 m
2
 = 5 mm = 0.005 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

p = 0.1 MPa
1.18´ 0.1´ 0.15 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

 V= 0.005 =
E2 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Solving, E2 = 3.54 MN/m2
pa Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

For the base, V= 1.18 × ×fd
E2

0.005 = ´ Fd
3.54
Solving, Fd = 0.28 Formatted: English (United Kingdom), Subscript

Base thickness = 15 cm
h 15 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Ratio = =1
a 15
h E2 1 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

For these values of Fd and , = (from Fig. 7.2)
a E1 50
W Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Radius of tyre contact, a =
pp

= = 0.16 m
p ´ 0.5´ 106
Deflection under wheel load = 5 mm = 0.005 m
MN Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

p = 0.5
m2
a = 0.16 m
34
MN Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

E2 = 3.54
m2

 0.005 = ´ Fw (for flexible plates)
Solving, Fw = 0.15
E2 1 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

For this Fw and = ,
E1 50
æh ö Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

çç ÷ ÷
÷ from the chart in Fig. 7.12 is 2.4
çèa ø
 Thickness of pavement = 2.4  16 cm  38 cm Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

7.11 CBR value of subgrade soil = 6% Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Traffic = 40 msa
From IRC: 37 − 1984 (Revised), the thickness of construction 660 mm (Fig. 7.7)
7.12 Traffic = 600 comm. veh/day in both directions
Design life = 15 years (nd)
CBR of subgrade = 5%
Vehicle damage factor (VDF) = 6
Lane distribution factor (LDF) = 0.75
Traffic growth rate (r) = 7.5%
é(Hr )nd ù Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Traffic growth rate factor (TGF) = ê
ê - 1ú
ú
ë r û
é(1 + 0.075)15 - 1ù Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

= ê
ê
ú= 26.13
ú
ë 0.075 û
365 ( Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Traffic, N f = TGF )(A)(VDF )(LDF ) in msa
106

Nf = ´ 26.13´ 600´ 6´ 0.75
106
= 25.75 msa; say, 30 msa Formatted: Font: Not Bold, English (United Kingdom)
35
From Fig.7.9, for a traffic of 30 msa and CBR of 6%, minimum total thickness of construction needed is 660 mm.
This can be:
40 mm Wearing course (WC)
110 mm Bituminous course (BC)
250 mm Base
300 mm Sub-base (see Table 7.13)
7.19 Spacing of expansion joints
e Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Le =
2.a ×Vt
e = Expansion gap = 2.4 cm
t = Temperature differential = 27C Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

 = Coefficient of linear expansion = 10  10-6 C

 Le = m » 40 m
2´ 10´ 10- 6 ´ 27 ´ 100 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Stress pt = Ec ×a ×Vt Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
= 10- 6 ´ 27´ 3´ 104 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
(Ec = 3´ 104 kg/cm ) » 2
0.80 kg/cm 2
This is OK since it is allowable. Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Spacing of contraction joints Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
2 ×s t Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Lc = ´ 104
rc ×f
t = Allowable tensile stress = 0.8 kg/cm2 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

rc = 2400 kg/m3 (unit weight of concrete) = 0.8  10-4 kg/m2
f = Coefficient of friction = 1.5 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
36
2´ 0.8´ 104 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

 Lc = m » 4.5m
2400´ 1.5 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
7.20 Edge warping stress of a pavement slab
4.5 m  3.6 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Ec = 3  104 MPa Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Radius of relative stress = 0.90 m
Thermal gradient between top and bottom, t = 18C Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
l = 900 mm
Lx 4500 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

= = 5
l 900 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Ly 3600 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

= =4
l 900
Lx Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Since is the greater value, this is considered.
l
Lx Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Bradbury's C (for = 5 ) = 0.72
l
From Fig. 7.17, for t = 18C and C = 0.72, Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Maximum edge warping stress, s te = 1.94 MPa
7.21 Frictional stress
Spacing of transverse joints, L = 4.5 m Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
gc = 24 kN/m3 (unit weight of concrete)
Frictional coefficient, f = 1.50 Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

gC ×L ×m
s ft = Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
2
24´ 4.5´ 1.5 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

= kN/m2 = 81kN/m 2 = 0.081 MPa
2 Formatted: Font: Not Bold, English (United Kingdom)
7.22 Design of tie-bar system [IRC: 58-2002]
37
Slab thickness = 300 mm
Lane width = 3.60 m
gc = 2400 kg/cm 2 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Diameter of dowel bars = 12 mm
f = 1.5 (friction coefficient) Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
2
Permissible stress in tie-bars = 16 kg/cm
Allowable working stress in steel, s s = 1200 kg/cm 2 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Slab thickness, h = 30 cm
Lane width, b = 3.60 m
b ×f ×h ×gc Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Area of steel, as required per metre length =
ss Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
3.6´ 1.5´ 0.3´ 2400 3.24 2 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

= = cm
1200 2
p Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Area of section of one dowel bar, A = ´ 1.2 = 1.13cm2
4
Number of bars per metre length,
As 3.24 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

N= = » 3bars
A 1.23

Spacing of bars: Ltb =
N

» 33cm
3
Length of plain tie bars
2s s ×A Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Lt =
s b ×p
2´ 1200´ 1.13 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

= = 45cm (p: perimeter of one bar)
16´ 1.2´ p
The length may be rounded off to 50 cm.
7.30 Design of flexible pavement [IRC: 37-1970]
38
CBR of subgrade soil = 5%
CBR of gravel sub-base = 15%
CBR of WBM base = 80%
Design of life = 15 years
Number of vehicles/day = 200 (present traffic)
Construction period = 3 years
Annual rate of growth of traffic = 7.5%
Number of vehicles at the end of construction period

= 200 ê
ê
ú» 650 / day
ú
ë 0.075 û
Curve E
From Fig. 7.6, total thickness of construction = 400 mm
Above the sub-base, minimum thickness = 220 mm
Above the base, minimum thickness = 50 mm
The total thickness may be chosen as 450 mm
Bituminous wearing course = 80 mm
Base = 220 mm (Bituminous concrete)
Sub-base = 150 mm
7.31 Flexible pavement design [IRC: 37]
Initial traffic = 1100 evpd
Traffic growth rate = 9% per annum
Design life = 15 years (nd)
CBR of soil subgrade = 5%
Lane distribution factor (LDF) = 0.75
Vehicle damage factor (VDF) =3
Traffic growth factor (TGF):
39
é(1 + r )nd - 1ù é(1 + 0.09)15 - 1ù Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

TGF = ê
ê
ú=
ú
ê
ê
ú= 29.36
ú
ë r û ë 0.09 û
Projected traffic in msa, Nf :

Nf = ´ 29.36´ 1100´ 3´ 0.76 = 27 msa (rounded off to 30 msa)
Since the total thickness of construction increases only marginally, N f is chosen as 50 msa, to be on the safe side.
From the table for CBR, 5% the total thickness is 730 mm. Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
The composition of the layers can be as follows:
40 mm Bituminous wearing course
140 mm Dense bituminous macadam
250 mm Base course
300 mm Sub-base course
7.32 Rigid pavement design [IRC: 58-2002]
Wheel load, W = 5100 kg
E of concrete = 3  105 kg/cm2 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Modulus of subgrade reaction, k = 6 kg/cm 3
Radius of tyre contact area = 15 cm
L Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Bradbury's coefficient for − value of 5.5 is 0.82
l
Poisson's rate, uc = 0.15 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Thickness of pavement, h = 20 cm
Temperature differential, Vt = 18°C Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Load stress
W é æl ö ù Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

At the edge, s e = 0.529 (1 + 0.54 u)êê4log10 ççç ÷÷÷+ log10 b - 0.4048úú
h2 ë èb ø û
é Eh3 ù
0.25
l= ê ú
ê12 k (1- V 2 )ú
ë û
40
é 3´ 105 ´ 203 ù
= ê ú
ê12´ 61- (0.15)2 ú
ë û
= 76.42 cm Formatted: Font: Not Bold, English (United Kingdom)
a = 15 cm < 1.724 h or 1.724 20 or 34.5 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

 b= é 2 2 ù
ë 1.6 a + h - 0.675 h ú
ê û Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
= é
ê
2 ù= 14.1cm
ë 1.6´ 15 + 20 - 0.675´ 20 ú
2
û Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
0.529´ 5100 é æ76.42 ö ù
 se = (1 + 0.54´ 0.15)ê4log10 ç ÷ ú Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
202 ê ç
ç ÷+ log10 14.1- 0.405ú
÷
è 14.1 ø
ë û Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
 27 kg/cm2
Temperature stress Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
s te = 23 kg/cm 2 (from charts) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Total edge stress  50 kg/cm 2

Chapter 8
Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, 14 pt,
8.36 Rainfall: 4 cm in 24 minutes
Average intensity: 9.6 cm/h
Gutters at 180 m spacing
Road width: 45 m
Manning's n = 0.9
Intensity of rainfall in 4 minutes within the duration of storm:
RæççT + 1÷
i= ÷
÷
T çè t + 1 ø
Here, Formatted: French (France)
R = 40 mm
T = 24 mins = 0.4 h
1 Formatted: French (France)

t = 4 mins = h
15
41
40 æç0.4 + 1ö
÷ Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
i= ç1 ÷
÷mm/h
0.4 ç
ç + 1÷
÷
ç
ç
è15 ÷
ø
= 131.2 mm/h = 13.12 cm/h
Run-off, Q = 0.028´ C ´ i ´ A (i in cm/h and A in hectares) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

= 0.028´ .9´ 13.12´
100´ 100
 Q = 0.268 m3/s Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

8.37 Design of drain Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Q = 2.5 m3/s
V >/ 0.5m/s Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Manning's, n = 0.03

Bed slope, s =
Area of flow, A = (b + b + 2d + 2d )d = d (b + 2d )
2 Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
2
Wetted perimeter, P = b + 2 (2d ) + d 2 = (b + 4.472 d ) Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
A d (b + 2d )
R= = Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
P (b + 4.472d )
Using Manning's equation for V and the discharge equation Q = A.V, Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
2 1
1 é d (b + 2d ) ù 3 æ1 ÷
ç
ö
2
2.5 = d (b + 2d )´ ê ú- ç ÷
0.03 ê ú è2500 ÷
ç ø Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
ë(b + 4.472 d )û
Assuming b = 3.50 m, and solving this equation by trial and error for d, we get d  1 m; then calculating velocity V Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
by Manning's equation, we get V = 0.52 m/s. Since this is more than the permissible value of 0.50 m/s, we try again Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
with b = 3.55 m and solving for d, we get d = 0.95 m. Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
42
Calculating V by Manning's equation, we get Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
V = 0.495 m/s, which is okay.
So, adopt a bottom width of 3.55 m and a depth of 1.10 m for the drain, allowing a free-board of 15 cm. Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Side slopes are 1 Vertical to 2 Horizontal. Formatted: Font: Not Bold, English (United Kingdom)
3
8.43 Q = 0.75 m /s Formatted: English (United Kingdom), Superscript
V = 1.2 m/s
Manning’s, n = 0.025 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Bottom width, b = 0.6 m
Side slopes:1 Vertical to 1.5 Horizontal Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
Q Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Area of flow, A =
V

= = 0.625 m 2
1.20
A = d (b + 1.5d ) = d (0.6 + 1.5d ) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
 0.625 = 0.6 d + 1.5 d2 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Solving for d, we get d = 0.48 m
A = 0.625 m2

Wetted perimeter, P = 0.6 + 2 ( 1.52 + 12 ´ d )
= 0.6 + 3.6d Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
A 0.625 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Hydraulic Mean Radius, R = =
P (0.6 + 3.6 d )
43
Applying Manning's formula for V,
1 2 12 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

V= ×R ×S
n 3
2
1 é 0.625 ù3 1
1.2 = ê ú ,S
0.025 ê
ë0.6 + 3.6 d ú
û 2
Solving for S, we get
S = 0.0052
Adopt bed shape, S, as 1 in 200.

10.7 IRC: 81-1984 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
First approach: The observed deflections are used for calculating mean deflection D and characteristic deflection Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Dc, and then the corrections for temperature and subgrade moisture are applied to this value to obtain the corrected
value of Dc. Then the equation for the overlay thickness (WBM) is obtained from the equation,
æDc ÷
ho = 550 log10 ç
ç
ç ÷
÷, where Da is the allowable deflection.
èDa ø
D = 1.665 mm Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

å (D - D )
Standard deviation, s = = 0.167 mm
n- 1
Characteristic deflection, Dc = D + s = 1.832 mm Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Temperature correction = (41-35)  0.0065 = 0.039 mm (−ve) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
 Dc = 1.832 – 0.039 = 1.793 mm
Subgrade moisture correction factor = 2 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
 Corrected Dc = 2´ 1.793 = 3.586mm Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Da = 1.25 mm Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
æ3.586 ÷
 h0 = 550 log10 ç
ç ÷= 252 mm (This is for WBM)
è1.250 ÷
252
Equivalent thickness of Bituminous Macadam (BM) = mm Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
1.5
44

Equivalent thickness of Bituminous Concrete (BC) = ´ 0.7 mm
1.5
= 117.6 mm  12 cm Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Second approach: Corrections for temperature and subgrade moisture are applied to each of the observed
deflections and these are used for calculating Dc.
Temperature correction = −0.04 mm
Subgrade moisture correction = 2
The corrected deflections are 2.80, 3.00, 3.08, 3.40, 3.80, 3.44, 3.32, 3.36, 3.80, 2.80, 3.08 and 3.12 mm.
From these values, D = 3.250, s = 0.333, Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Dc = D + s = 3.583mm
æ3.583 ÷
 h0 = 550 log10 ç
ç ÷ = 251.5mm = 25.15cm
è1.250 ÷
25.15´ 0.7 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Equivalent bituminous concrete = = 11.7 cm or 12 cm.
1.5
10.8 IRC: SP:17
Partially bonded overlay
1
h0 = é 1.4 ù
ëhm - C ×he û
1.4 1.4
hm = 25 cm
he = 12 cm
C = 0.35 for badly cracked condition
1
 h0 = (2.51.4 - 0.35´ 121.4 )1.4
= 22.7 cm, say, 23 cm Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

11.17 Road width, W = 16 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Mounting height, H = 8 m
Lamp size = lm =5000 lumens
45
Average illumination, Ea = 5.0 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Coefficient of utilisation:
æ W ö Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Cu = 0.44 ç
ç
çfor = 2÷
÷
÷
è H ø
(lm)(Cu )(LMF ) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Ea =
S ,W
where S is luminaire spacing
LMF = Lamp Maintenance Factor = 80% or 0.8 (assumed)

 S=
Ea ×W Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
= = 22 m
5´ 16
 Luminaire spacing (or spacing of lights) = 22 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

11.18 Street width, W = 7.50 m
Mounting height, H = 3.75 m
Lamp size; lm = 5000 lumens
W 7.50 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

For = = 2,
H 3.75
Coefficient of utilisation, Cu = 0.44 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
S = Spacing of lights = 20 m
Assume Lamp Maintenance Factor (LMF) as 80% or 0.8
Average illumination,

Ea =
S ×W

= lux
20´ 7.50
= 11.73 lux; say, 11 lux Formatted: French (France)
46

Underline, French (France)
12.13 Principal, P = Rs 2, 00, 000 Formatted: French (France)
Interest rate, i = 12% = 0.12 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
No. of years = 20
F = P(1 + i ) n Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
= 2, 00, 000(1+0.12)20
= 2, 00, 000  9.6463 = Rs 19, 29, 260 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
F
12.14 P = Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
n
(1 + i)
Present worth, P Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

Future worth at the end of 10 years = Rs 1, 50, 000
n = 10 years Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

Discount rate, i = 10%= 0.10
1,50, 000 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

 P= 10
(1 + 0.10) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
= Rs 57, 830 Formatted: Font: Not Bold, English (United Kingdom)
é(1 + i)n - 1ù Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

12.15 F = A ê
ê
ú
ú Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
ë i û
Here, A = Rs 30 lakhs
i = 15% = 0.15
n = 10 years

F = 30 ê
ê
úlakhs
ú
ë 0.15 û
= 30  20.3037 = Rs 6, 09, 11, 100 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

é i ù
12.16 A = F ê ú Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
ê(1 + i)n - 1ú
ë û
Here, F = Rs 200 lakhs
i = 9% = 0.09
47
n = 10 years
é 0.09 ù Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

 A = 200 ê ú
ê(1 + 0.09)10 - 1ú Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
ë û
= 200  0.0658 lakhs = Rs 13.16 lakhs Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
é n ù
ê(1 + i) - 1ú
12.17 P = A ê ú
êë i (1 + i) úû
n
Here, A = Rs 30, 000 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

i = 12% = 0.12
10
(1 + 0.12) - 1 Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)
 P = 30,000 10
0.12(1 + 0.12) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
= Rs 1, 69, 506
é i(1 + i ) n ù Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
12.18 A = P ê ú
ê(1 + i)n - 1ú Formatted: Font: Not Bold, English (United Kingdom)
ë û
Here, P = Rs 200 crores Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

i = 10% = 0.10
Annual equal instalment to repay the loan:
é0.10 (1 + 0.10)20 ù Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

A = 200 ê
ê( 20
ú
ú Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
ê
ë 1 + 0.10) - 1 ú û
= Rs 23.5 crore Formatted: Font: Not Bold, English (United Kingdom)
12.19
é i (1 + i ) n ) ù Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Annual cost, A = P êê n
ú= P ×(CR)i , n
ú
êë(1 + i) - 1úû
é0.06 (1.06)100 ù Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

(i) Annual cost of land = 12 êê 100
ú
ú
êë (1.06) - 1 úû
= 12 ´ 0.0602lakh
= Rs 0.7224 lakh
48
é 40
0.08(1.08) ú ù Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
(ii) Annual cost of earthwork = 9 êê 40 ú
êë (1.08) - 1 ú
û
= 9´ 0.0839lakh
= Rs 0.7551 lakh
é0.08(1.08)60 ù Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

(iii) Annual cost of bridges and culverts = 7.5 êê 60
ú
ú
êë (1.08) - 1 ú
û
= Rs 7.5´ 0.0808lakh
= Rs 0.6060 lakh
é0.10 (1.10)10 ù Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

(iv) Annual cost of pavements = 14 êê 10
ú
ú
êë (1.10) - 1 úû
= Rs14×0.1315lakh
= Rs 1.8410 lakhs
(v) Average annual cost of maintenance = Rs 2.0000 lakhs Formatted: Font: Not Bold, English (United Kingdom)
Total amount cost of highway: Sum of all the above amounts = Rs 5.9245 lakhs
12.20 Benefit−Cost Ratio method
Widening of road: Cost of widening = Rs 7.5  40 lakhs = Rs 300 lakhs Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
i = 7% = 0.07
Maintenance cost = Rs 10, 000/km (single lane)
Rs 14, 000/km (two lanes) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Annual maintenance cost for single lane = 10, 000  40 = Rs 4 lakhs Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Annual maintenance cost for two lanes = 14, 000  40 = Rs 5.6 lakhs
Vehicle operation cost for single lane - present total cost Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
= Rs 1.50  2000  40 365 lakh = Rs 438 lakhs
 For two lanes = Rs 1.20 veh/km Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Present total cost = Rs 1.20  2000  40 365 lakhs = Rs 350.4 lakhs
Since the traffic is expected to be doubled by the end of the design period of 15 years, the vehicle operation cost gets Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
doubled by the end of the design period; that is, for single lane, it increases from Rs 438 lakhs to Rs 876 lakhs, Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
uniformly. Similarly, the two lanes, it increases uniformly from Rs 350.4 lakhs to Rs 700.8 lakhs. Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Maintenance costs are expected to remain constant at Rs 4 lakhs without widening and Rs 5.6 lakhs with widening.
These are tabulated for the entire design period as shown. Formatted: Font: Not Bold, English (United Kingdom)
49
Year (t) Vehicle operation cost Rs Maintenance cost Rs (lakhs) Bt (3 + 5) − Discounted Formatted: Font: Bold, English (United Kingdom)
(lakh) (2 + 4) Bt Formatted Table
(1)
é Bt ù
ê ú Formatted: Font: Bold, English (United Kingdom)
ê
ë(1.07) ú
t
û
With Without With Without Formatted: Font: Bold, English (United Kingdom)
widening widening widening widening Formatted: Font: Bold, English (United Kingdom)
(2) (3) (4) (5) Formatted: Space After: Auto, Line spacing: single
1 373.76 467.2 5.6 4 91.84 85.83
2 397.12 496.40 5.6 4 97.68 85.32 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
3 420.48 525.6 5.6 4 103.52 84.50

6 490.56 613.2 5.6 4 121.04 80.65
8 537.28 671.6 5.6 4 132.72 77.24
10 587.00 730.0 5.6 4 144.40 73.41

å Discounted Bt = 1147.3 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Cost of widening = 300 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Benefit–Cost Ratio = = 3.80
Since, this is greater than 1, the project is economically viable.
50
12.21 Annual cost of WBM pavement Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, English
(United Kingdom)
é i (1 + i)n ù Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, English
AWBM = (P - Cs )ê ú
ê(1 + i)n - 1ú+ iCs + CM (United Kingdom)
ë û
Cs: Salvage value
CM: Maintenance cost
P: Pavement cost Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, English

(United Kingdom)
n = 5 years Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, English
(United Kingdom)
i = 9% Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, English
(United Kingdom)
é0.09 (1.09) ù5
Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, Not Bold,
 AWBM = (2.20 - 0.90)ê
ê( 5
ú+ 0.09´ 0.9 + 0.35
ú English (United Kingdom)
ê
ë 1.09) - 1 úû
Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, English
(United Kingdom)
= 0.765 lakhs
Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, Italic,
English (United Kingdom)
Annual cost of Bituminous Macadam:
(United Kingdom)
n = 15 years
Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, Italic,
i = 8%
é0.08(1.08)15 ù (United Kingdom)
ABM = (4.20 - 2.00)ê
ê( 15
ú+ 0.08´ 2 + 0.25
ú Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, English
ê
ë 1.08) - 1 ú û (United Kingdom)
Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, Not Bold,
= 0.667 lakhs English (United Kingdom)
12.22 Net Present Value (NPV) method (United Kingdom)
(All costs in lakhs of rupees)
Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, Bold, English
(United Kingdom)
Year Road use cost Accident costs Maintenance costs
(United Kingdom)
(1)
With Without With Without With Without Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
improvement improvement improvement improvement improvement improvement Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, Bold, English
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (United Kingdom)
0 - - - - - - (United Kingdom)
1 105.5 126.5 1.1 3.1 3.5 2.5 (United Kingdom)
2 110.3 132.2 1.1 3.1 3.5 2.5 (United Kingdom)
3 115.8 138.9 1.2 3.5 3.5 2.5 (United Kingdom)
(United Kingdom)
51
4 121.6 148.8 1.2 3.7 3.5 2.5 Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, English
(United Kingdom)
(United Kingdom)
(United Kingdom)
(United Kingdom)
8 147.8 177.0 1.5 4.4 3.5 2.5
(United Kingdom)
(United Kingdom)
Design period = 8 years
Discount rate = 10%
Cost of improvement = 5  20 = Rs 100 lakhs Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, English
(United Kingdom)
Year(t) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, English
(United Kingdom)
Benefits (Bt) −100 22.0 22.9 24.4 28.7 26.9 28.4 29.8 31.1 Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, Bold, English
(United Kingdom)
(Bt –Ct) Formatted Table
Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, Bold, Italic,
(3+5+7) − (2+4+6)
Discounted value −100 20.0 18.9 18.3 19.6 16.7 16.0 15.3 14.5 Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, Bold, English
(United Kingdom)
(Bt - Ct ) Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, English

(United Kingdom)
(1 + 0.1)t
(United Kingdom)
Total = Rs 139.3 lakhs Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, English
(United Kingdom)
NPV = (139.3-100) = Rs 39.3 lakhs Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, Bold, English
(United Kingdom)
Since NPV is positive, the project is economically justifiable.
(United Kingdom)
(United Kingdom)
(United Kingdom)
Formatted: Space After: 6 pt
52

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 The best proposal is Q. Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Chapter 3 Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, 14 pt,

3.32 Stopping sight distance Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Design speed, V = 50 km/h

Total reaction time of driver, t = 2.5

Friction coefficient, f = 0.30

502 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Gradient, g = −2.5% Formatted: Font: Bold, English (United Kingdom)

802 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

= 147.2 m; say, 150 m

As per IRC, speed of slow-moving vehicle,

VS = (V - 16) = 65 - 16 = 49 km/h Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Let the hesitation time, t be 3 seconds.

Let time, T, needed for the overtaking manoeuvre, be taken as 10 s.

= 0.28  49  3+ 0.28  49  10 + 2  15.8 + 0.28  65 10 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

2 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

1002 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

 f = 0.437 – 0.070 = 0.367 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

 The restricted speed = 70 km/h Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Design speed, V = 100 km/h

V2 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

1002 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

3.38 Expressing with fast traffic Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Design speed, V = 120 km/h

Radius, R, of the horizontal curve = 450 m

V2 1202 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

= 0.142 > 0.07 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

If e is restricted to 0.07, Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

1202 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

120´ 120 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

V2 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

 f = 0.14 – 0.07 = 0.07 (available value) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

2 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

3.41 Extra width on horizontal curve

Design speed, V = 40 km/h Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

nl 2 V Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

2´ 6 2 40 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

3.42 Grade compensation on curves

Radius of curve, R = 50 m Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

(30 + R) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

(30 + 50) Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

This is limited to 1.5%

 Compensated grade = (6 − 1.5) = 4.5% Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

3.43 Design speed, V = 100 km/h

Radius of horizontal curve, R = 360 m

Width of pavement, G = 7.5 m

If e = 0.07, super-elevation, SE = G.e Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

3.44 Length of transition Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Design speed, V = 80 km/h Formatted: Font: Italic, English (United Kingdom)

nl 2 V Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

2´ 6 2 80 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

 G = 7.50 + 0.65 = 8.15 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

Super-elevation, SE = 8.15  0.10535 = 0.8586 m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

0.0078655 V 2 Gn Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

0.0078655´ 802 ´ 8.15´ 150 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

If the permissible rate of change of acceleration is taken as 0.3 m/s,

V3 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

803 Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

é180 100 ù Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

= 330 - 320 + 20.3 = 30.3m Formatted: English (United Kingdom)

3.46 Sag curve

Design speed, V = 80 km/h