Anel
Anel
The 3rdInternational
InternationalConference
Conferenceon
onDesign
DesignEngineering
Engineeringand
andScience,
Science,ICDES
ICDES 2014
2014
Pilsen,
Pilsen, Czech Czech Republic,
Republic, August 31September 1-3,
– September 3, 2014
2014
– 59 –
groove is zero; i.e., the ring groove axis is perpendicular where SC1 is the side clearance [mm] when the piston
to the piston vertical axis [11]. The reference distance a6 vertical axis is coincident with the cylinder axis, SC2 is
inward from the ring periphery is 1.5mm. The width h3 the side clearance [mm] when the piston land contacts
of the keystone ring is fixed, even when the keystone with the cylinder wall, H is the ring groove width [mm]
angle varies. In Fig.2, D0 is the cylinder bore diameter, at the position of the reference distance a6 (1.5mm)
D1 is the piston land diameter, a1 is the ring thickness, inward from the ring periphery when the piston vertical
and a7 is the remaining flat thickness. axis is coincident with the cylinder axis, h3 is the ring
width [mm] at the position of the reference distance a6
inward from the ring periphery, l is the radial clearance
D0 [mm] between the cylinder and the piston land, and β is
one side angle [°] of the keystone ring and the ring
D1 l groove.
When SC2 was zero in eq. (2), we obtained eq. (3)
β for the minimum side clearance when the piston vertical
SC1 axis is coincident with the cylinder axis.
β
SC2
0.3
H Keystone
h3
ring
0.2
β
l 0.1
a6=1.5
a1
0
(b) Piston land contacts with cylinder wall 6° 15°
– 60 –
where m is the piston ring weight [kg], e is the ring weight. Even a keystone angle of 6° with a wider
coefficient of restitution, a is the acceleration of side clearance of 0.100mm reduced the mean colliding
collision [m/s2], SC is the side clearance between the force by 10%, as compared to a keystone angle of 15°
ring and the ring groove [m], and Δt is the collision time with minimum side clearance, as shown in Fig.6. Again,
[s]. the 6° keystone ring makes a ring groove width with
First, we calculated ring weight utilizing the narrower side clearance than a 15° ring. This narrower
specifications for the keystone ring in Table 1. Figure 4 side clearance increased the breakage resistance of the
shows the keystone ring weight with keystone angles of keystone ring by the colliding force.
6° and 15°. In the fixed ring width h3 of 3mm, a
keystone angle of 6° increased ring weight by 4%, as 800
compared to a keystone angle of 15°.
40
Mean colliding force [N]
600
30
Piston ring weight [g]
400
20
200
10
0
Keystone angle of 6° Keystone angle of 15°
with side clearance with minimum side
0 of 0.100mm clearance
6° 15°
Fig. 6 Mean colliding force of ring to ring groove in
Keystone angle
keystone angle of 6° with side clearance of
Fig. 4 Keystone ring weight with fixed ring width 0.100mm and 15° with minimum side
clearance
Next, we calculated the mean colliding force of the
top ring to the upper side of the ring groove, by 4 Stress by deforming keystone ring
substituting the side clearance from Fig.3, the ring Sasaki’s finite element calculation [10] shows that
weight from Fig.4, and the engine specifications in the ring deformation like disc spring dramatically
Table 1 into eq. (4). Figure 5 shows the mean colliding increases stress, causing ring breakage. His tests of the
force with keystone angles of 6° and 15°, with a combination of engine motoring and engine brake
collision time of 53μs for 1° crank angle [10], a operations suggested the origin of the ring breakage is at
coefficient of restitution of 0.75 [12], at an engine speed the opposite side of the ring gap, at the edge of the
of 2000rpm. It can be seen that a keystone angle of 6° periphery and the bottom side of the ring, which has the
reduced the mean colliding force by 34%, as compared highest stress in the ring deformation like disc spring.
to a keystone angle of 15°, because the mean colliding We investigated the stress in the tangential
force is more affected by the side clearance than by the direction at the edge of the periphery and the bottom
– 61 –
side of the ring using our calculated side clearance. We opposite side of the ring gap. Figure 8 shows the stress
assumed that the force is applied to the rectangular ring in the tangential direction at the ring edge without
without a gap, as shown in Fig.7. Using the formula of closure stress. We see that the side clearance calculated
the stress of the disc spring as a reference [13], the with a keystone angle of 6° reduced the stress in the
stress σt2 [Pa] in the tangential direction at the edge of tangential direction at the ring edge by 59%, as
the periphery and the bottom side of the ring can be compared to that with a keystone angle of 15°. Not
indicated in eq. (5). shown in a figure, even a side clearance of 0.100mm
reduced the stress of the ring edge by 25%, as compared
P Load to the minimum side clearance calculated with a
keystone angle of 15°. Again, the ring groove width
with narrower side clearance can be designed with a
h keystone angle of 6° than with 15°, and this narrower
side clearance increased the breakage resistance of the
keystone ring by the deformation like disc spring.
r1 P
r2 200
Eh 2 100
t 2 Kt 2 2
(5)
r2
where 50
C
Kt 2 C4 C5
1 h 2h
2
0
Corresponding 6° Corresponding 15°
2 keystone angle keystone angle
1 2
C
1 loge 1 Fig. 8 Stress in tangential direction at edge of
periphery and bottom side of ring by
1 6 deforming like disc spring, without closure
C4 stress
loge loge
3 1
5 Conclusion
C5 We investigated the breakage resistance of
loge keystone rings with keystone angles of 6° and 15°, as
specified in the ISO, JIS and SAE Standards, using
r2 simple models to calculate the mean colliding force of
the ring with the ring groove, and the stress of the ring
r1
edge from the deformation like disc spring. The results
indicated that the side clearance between the ring and
where r1 is the internal radius of the ring [mm], r2 is the
the ring groove affects the colliding force and the
outer radius of the ring [mm], h is the ring width [mm],
deformation stress in the ring. Compared with a
E is the modulus of elasticity [Pa], ν is the Poisson ratio,
keystone angle of 15°, a ring with an angle 6° enjoys a
and δ is deflection [mm].
narrower side clearance and thus an advantage in
Finally we examined the stress in the tangential
resisting breakage.
direction at the edge of the periphery and the bottom
In an actual engine, with increased operation
side of the ring in a rectangular ring made of stainless
period, the wear on the sides of the ring and the ring
steel, with a ring width of 3mm and a ring thickness of
groove would tend to accumulate, increasing side
4.5mm (the same as the keystone ring in Table 1), a
clearance, and making the colliding force and the
modulus of elasticity of 203GPa, and a Poisson ratio of
deformation stress in the ring even higher than our
0.3. We calculated the stress in the tangential direction
calculated results above.
at the ring edge when the same ring displaced the
There is a trade-off between keystone angles of 6°
distance of the calculated side clearance with keystone
and 15°. Compared to a keystone angle of 15°, a
angles of 6° and 15° in Fig.3. We verified that the sum
keystone angle of 6° increases both ring breakage
of the calculation result of the stress at the ring edge in
resistance and ring sticking. Therefore, engine and ring
eq. (5) and the closure stress was almost the same as the
designers should take into account not only ring
measured result of the maximum stress on the bottom
breakage resistance bur also ring sticking resistance.
side of the keystone ring at the periphery side and the
Simple models evaluating ring breakage can help
– 62 –
design the clearance between the sides of the keystone Section 3, (1975), pp.1834-1842.
ring and the ring groove at a fixed keystone angle. Such [7] Furuhama, S., Hiruma, M. and Tsuzita M., “Piston
evaluation reduces the time needed to model and Ring Motion and Its Influence on Engine
analyze the ring in FEM. Tribology, SAE Paper 790860, SAE Transactions,
Vol. 88, Section 4, (1979), pp.2929-2941.
References [8] Mihara, K. and Inoue H., “Effect of Piston Top
[1] ISO Handbook Piston Rings and Pins, ISO Ring Design on Oil Consumption”, SAE Paper
Standard 6624-1, Internal Combustion Engines 950937, SAE Transactions, Journal of Engines,
–Piston Rings- Part 1: Keystone Rings Made of Vol. 104, Section 3, (1995), pp.1560-1567.
Cast Iron, ISO, (2006), pp.1-25. [9] Herbst, H. M. and Priebsch, H. H., “Simulation of
[2] ISO Handbook Piston Rings and Pins, ISO Piston Ring Dynamics and Their Effect on Oil
Standard 6624-3, Internal Combustion Engines Consumption”, SAE Paper 2000-01-0919, SAE
–Piston Rings- Part 3: Keystone Rings Made of Transactions, Journal of Engines, Vol. 109, Section
Steel, ISO, (2006), pp.1-23. 3, (2000), pp.862-873.
[3] JIS Handbook Automobiles II, JIS Standard [10] Sasaki, I., “A Study on Mechanism and Technical
B8302-9, Internal Combustion Engines –Small Measures of Piston Ring Breakage”, Isuzu
Diameter Piston Rings- Part 9: Keystone Rings, Technical Journal, No. 95, (1996), pp.61-66.
JIS, (2011), pp.107-117. [11] 2005 SAE Handbook, SAE Standard J2275,
[4] 2005 SAE Handbook, SAE Standard J2000, Internal Combustion Engines –Piston
Internal Combustion Engines –Piston Ring-Grooves-, SAE, (2005), pp.26.195-26.203.
Rings-Keystone Rings-, SAE, (2005), [12] Goldsmith, W., Impact The Theory and Physical
pp.26.111-26.120. Behaviour of Colliding Solids, Dover Publication
[5] Hayes, B., “Piston Rings for Diesel Engines Inc., (2001), pp.258.
–Effect of Keystone Angle on Oil Consumption”, [13] Japan Society for Spring Research, Spring,
SAE Paper 710815, (1971). Maruzen Publishing Co., Ltd. (1982), pp.283-287.
[6] Bishop, G. R. and Leavitt, A. H., “Performance
Simulation of a Diesel Piston and Ring System”, Received on December 12, 2013
SAE Paper 750768, SAE Transactions, Vol. 84, Accepted on January 22, 2014
– 63 –