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    Gender discrimination exists in Pakistan due to social and cultural norms that assign different roles and responsibilities to men and women. Women face inequalities in areas like education, employment, property ownership, and at home. For example, daughters often receive less education than sons. Women also earn less than men for the same work and face barriers to promotions. Despite constitutional protections and some progressive laws and policies, deeply entrenched attitudes perpetuate discrimination. Non-governmental organizations work to promote women's rights, but ending discrimination will require challenging social norms at both the individual and societal level.

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    Basic Idea of gender inequality in Pakistan

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    Gender discrimination exists in Pakistan due to social and cultural norms that assign different roles and responsibilities to men and women. Women face inequalities in areas like education, employment, property ownership, and at home. For example, daughters often receive less education than sons. Women also earn less than men for the same work and face barriers to promotions. Despite constitutional protections and some progressive laws and policies, deeply entrenched attitudes perpetuate discrimination. Non-governmental organizations work to promote women's rights, but ending discrimination will require challenging social norms at both the individual and societal level.

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    51 views9 pages

    Gender Inequality

    Uploaded by

    Rhz
    Gender discrimination exists in Pakistan due to social and cultural norms that assign different roles and responsibilities to men and women. Women face inequalities in areas like education, employment, property ownership, and at home. For example, daughters often receive less education than sons. Women also earn less than men for the same work and face barriers to promotions. Despite constitutional protections and some progressive laws and policies, deeply entrenched attitudes perpetuate discrimination. Non-governmental organizations work to promote women's rights, but ending discrimination will require challenging social norms at both the individual and societal level.

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    Gender Discrimination

    Gender

    Definition

    Historically, the term gender was adapted to distinguish the biological sex between male and
    female. Gender is said to be socially constructed roles and responsibilities of man and women.
    Social Construction means that the idea is developed by society or an idea constructed through
    culture. The difference in the role of man and women come from our society, family and culture.
    It includes our expectations about the characteristics, attitudes and behaviors of women and men.

    Gender Inequality

    Definition

    Gender inequality refers to inequality in conditions among women and men for realizing their
    full human rights. Gender inequality exists all over the world but mostly in today’s world exist in
    developing countries.

    Gender Inequality in Pakistan

    Gender is one of the organizing principles of a society in Pakistan. The word gender in
    Pakistan is only limited to male and female. Pakistan is a patriarchal society where women suffer
    all sorts of discrimination, resulting in low social, economic and political status in the society.

    Factors of Gender Inequality

     Education
     Environment
     Traditions
     Stereotypes

    The Different Faces of Gender Inequality


    Gender Inequality in Home

    Women is said to be the Homemaker while Man is the bread earner. They are conceptually
    divided into two different worlds. Usually sons are the one given better education and daughters
    are married of at an early age to start her own house. Families spend most of their time and
    money on their sons as they consider them to be the future of their family. Wife’s and daughter
    are meant to be at home as they are considered the “RESPECT” of the family while men are
    allowed to go wherever they want and do whatever they want. In some families a woman needs
    to keep giving birth till they produce an “heir” as a daughter isn’t the one to carry the family
    name.

    Ownership Inequality

    In Pakistan the ownership of property can be unequal. Even basic assets such as home and land
    are asymmetrically shared. Even though Islam has given women right of property and
    inheritance people considering women as a weak individual take advantage of that.

    In Education

    Gender Inequalities in education exist in almost all poor countries. There has been a considerable
    increase in gender inequality in education in low income countries over the last three decades
    (World Bank, 2001). Pakistan also exhibits considerable gender inequality in education. Strong
    gender gaps exist in rural and urban areas and among the provinces. A man is considered to be
    feeble if he wants to continue his education in the line of arts in some other major like English or
    International Relations. They are usually given the choice only between Doctor or Engineer.

    Statistics

    Education census 2005

    There are currently 2,27,791 educational institutions in the country.

     25 per cent are for boys


     21 per cent for girls
     53 per cent fall in the category of the co-education system.

    Education Difference between Provinces


    Data show that the overall participation is highest in Punjab followed by Sindh and NWFP,
    while it is lowest in Baluchistan. Remote areas like the Northern Areas and AJK have almost
    equal participation in enrolment, while the lowest participation by girls in overall enrolment is in
    the FATA.

    Rural and urban places Education difference

    Rural

    There are 7.6 million girls enrolled in the rural areas as compared to 11.5 million boys. Whereas
    in the rural areas (68 per cent of the total population), out of 6,87,613 teachers, only 40 per cent
    are females as compared to 60 per cent males.

    Urban

    However, the gap in enrolment has been narrowed down in the case of urban areas as 6.7 million
    girls are enrolled as compared to 7.5 million boys. Out of the total of 6,69,189 teachers working
    in urban areas, 62 per cent are females while 38 per cent are males.

    Professional Inequality

    Men and Women working on the same post are still given a salary difference. The pay of a man
    tends to be higher than a woman because of the biased way the capabilities are compared.
    Promotions are preferred to be given to a man.

    Example

    Professional inequality can be seen in all types of professions from a sales clerk to an actress.
    The female cashiers usually earn less than the male employees involved in stacking shelves and
    other more physical tasks. Many Pakistani actresses have come forward on the inequality in the
    salary given to a man and women.

    Gender Gap Index


    According to the World Economic Forum’s (WEF) Global Gender Gap Report 2016, released on
    Tuesday, Pakistan ranks 143 out of 144 countries in the gender inequality index.

    Gender Discrimination in Different Rules

    Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Government (1970–1977)

    This was a period of liberal attitudes towards women. All government services were opened to
    women including the district management group and the foreign service (in the civil service),
    which had been denied to them earlier. The implementations of the policies in the seats of
    National Assembly provincial and general were poor as the financial crisis the Government faced
    due to war with India.

    Gender equality was specifically guaranteed in the Constitution of Pakistan adopted in 1973. The
    constitution specifies that

    "there shall be no discrimination on the basis of sex alone."

    In 1975, an official delegation from Pakistan participated in the First World Conference on
    Women in Mexico, which led to the constitution of the first Pakistan Women's Rights
    Committee.

    Zia-ul-Haq's Military Regime (1977–1986)


    The régime took some steps for women's development, like the establishment of the Women's
    Division in the Cabinet Secretariat, and the appointment of another commission on the Status of
    Women. A chapter on women in development was included for the first time in the Sixth
    Plan. Zia-ul-Haq started Islamization by introducing discriminatory laws against women such as
    the set of Hudood Ordinances and the Qanun-e-Shahadat Order (Law of Evidence Order). He
    banned women from participating or watching sports and promoted purdah. He adjourned all
    fundamental rights guaranteed in the Constitution in 1973, including the right to be free of
    discrimination on the basis of sex.

    Benazir Bhutto Government


    There was a visible change in the favor of women. The Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth plans have
    clearly made efforts to include women's concerns in the planning process. But, planned
    development failed to address gender inequalities due to the gap between policy intent and
    implementation. In 1988, Benazir Bhutto became the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan, and
    the first woman elected to head a Muslim country. She raised her voice to stop gender
    discrimination but was not able to live up to her promises.

    Nawaz Sharif Government

    A lot of work for women rights had be done. They were given the right to marry freely but the
    hoodoo legislation could not be overcome. The first All Women University by the name of
    Fatima Jinnah was inaugurated in 1998.

    Pervez Musharraf's régime

    the Pakistani parliament passed the Women's Protection Bill, repealing some of the Hudood
    Ordinances. The passing of the Bill and the consequent signing of it into law by President
    General Pervez Musharraf invoked protests from hard-line Islamist leaders and organizations
    which shows gender discrimination still exists.

    President Asif Zardari


    President Asif Ali Zardari led Pakistan People's Party government was responsible for landmark
    development in women rights' legislation and empowerment in Pakistan and commended by
    Human Rights Commission of Pakistan and on international level

    What is being done to stop Gender Discrimination?

    Pakistan has a dual system of civil and Sharia law. The constitution of Pakistan recognizes
    equality between men and women.

    “There shall be no discrimination on the basis of sex”

    Women rights Pakistanis NGOS

     The All Pakistan Women’s Association founded in 1949


     The Aurat Foundation (1968)
     Blue Veins: Prevents health issues in rural areas
     Society for Appraisal and Women Empowerment in Rural Areas (SAWERA)
     Malala Yousafzai's foundation
     Arfa Kareem Foundation

    Conclusion

    Gender Discrimination is no were near ending in Pakistan even though work is being done on it.
    Majority people have accepted it as a culture and prefer to remain silent then raise their voices on
    debatable issues which will give them a bad reputation. Inequality can only be stopped if the
    society works on it together and the Government gives equal rights to both man and women.

    References

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan

    Sen, A. (2001). The many faces of gender inequality. New republic, 35-39.

    Chaudhry, I. S. (2007). Gender inequality in education and economic growth: case study of
    Pakistan. Pakistan Horizon, 60(4), 81-91.

    Hall, K., & Bucholtz, M. (Eds.). (2012). Gender articulated: Language and the socially constructed self.
    Routledge.

    Chaudhry, I. S., & Rahman, S. (2009). The impact of gender inequality in education on rural poverty in
    Pakistan: an empirical analysis. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative
    Sciences, 15(1), 174-188.

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