List of Cases For Rights of The Accused
List of Cases For Rights of The Accused
ZOSIMO CRISOLOGO,
alias "AMANG", G.R. No. 74145, June 17, 1987
2. GEORGE L. TUBB v. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES and
THE COURT OF APPEALS, [G.R. No. L-9811. April 22, 1957.]
3. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, vs. THE PRESIDING JUDGE,
REGIONAL TRIAL COURT, FIRST 'JUDICIAL REGION,
BRANCH XLV, URDANETA, PANGASINAN, and RODOLFO
VALDEZ, JR., G.R. No. L-64731, October 26, 1983
4. BORJA VS. MENDOZA [77 SCRA 422; G.R. NO.L-45667; 20
JUN 1977]
5. PEOPLE VS. SALAS [143 SCRA 163; G.R. NO. L-66469; 29
JUL 1986]
6. FISCAL CELSO M. GIMENEZ and FEDERICO B. MERCADO
vs. HON. RAMON E. NAZARENO, Presiding Judge, Court of
First Instance of Cebu and TEODORO DE LA VEGA, JR. G.R.
No. L-37933 April 15, 1988,
7. People v Santos, G.R. Nos. 100225-26, 11 May 1993, 221
SCRA 715.
8. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES vs. RAUL SANTOS Y
NARCISO, MARIO MORALES Y BACANI, PETER DOE and
RICHARD DOE, Accused, RAUL SANTOS y NARCISO, G.R.
Nos. 100225-26 May 11, 1993
9. THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, vs. NARCISO PIZARRO,
G.R. No. L-36445 August 28, 1984
10. People v. Hernandez, G.R. No. 73603, 22 June 1988, 162 SCRA
422.
11. People v. Luvendino, 211 SCRA 36 (1992)
12. HON. ADELINA CALDERON-BARGAS v RTC, G.R. No. Nos.
103259-61 October 1, 1993
13. [G.R. No. L-2792. May 23, 1950.]
Appeal from a decision of the Court of First Instance of Davao del Sur in
Counsel for the accused and the Solicitor-General now ask for the reversal
Criminal Case No. 92 (76) convicting the defendant of robbery with of the judgment of conviction due to the failure of the trial court to
homicide, sentencing him to the death penalty, and ordering him to
safeguard the accused's right to due process of law and the insufficiency of
indemnity the heirs of Martin Francisco the sums of P35,000.00 for loss of the purely circumstantial evidence presented to overcome the
life, P25,000.00 for funeral expenses, P30,000.00 for loss of earnings and constitutional presumption of innocence in favor of the accused.
P20,000.00 for moral damages.
The trial court's appreciation of the plea of guilty earlier entered for the
Based on the above circumstances and evidence, the trial court found the
accused by Special Policeman Alejandro Munoz, which the first presiding
accused guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime charged, reasoning
judge earlier discarded, is regrettable, to say the least, especially when
as follows:
considered with the admittedly limited knowledge in sign language on the
part of Pat. Munoz and in relation to the investigator's own admission that
The prosecution proved and which this Court finds that the the accused was never informed of his right to counsel. 8
accused was the last person to be seen with the deceased, and
that he was drunk when he left the store of prosecution witness
WHEREFORE, the appealed decision is hereby reversed. The accused
Salome del Socorro together with the deceased. The Court also
is acquitted, on the ground that his guilt has not been proved beyond
finds that the accused's clothes had bloodstain on it when he
reasonable doubt. The Court hereby orders his immediate release from
went to the house of prosecution witness Wilson Evangelista at
confinement, unless he is legally detained for some other cause or offense.
11:30 in the evening of May 1, 1976, the night when the
deceased was robbed and killed. The seiko 5 actus wrist watch
and the flashlight colored red and white both belonging to the SO ORDERED.
deceased Martin Francisco were recovered from the possession
of the accused and which recovery was done with his help, The
unexplained possession by the accused of the properties
belonging to the deceased proved that he took these things
unlawfully. The fifteen (15) stab wounds which were inflicted on
the deceased, many of which were fatal wounds proved that a
much younger [man] than the deceased could have inflicted the
same. In the case at bar, the accused is very much younger than
the deceased who was 63 years old at the time of his death, ...
frail and without physical attributes, unlike the accused who
looks healthy, robust and young ...
EN BANC their chance meeting at the Manila Hotel. The complainant wrote to the
accused in Cebu City, care of Gabino Angchuan, but his letter was not
[G.R. No. L-9811. April 22, 1957.] answered. When the complainant heard that the accused was in Cagayan
de Oro, Oriental Misamis, the complainant wrote to him, threatening him
GEORGE L. TUBB, Petitioner, v. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES and with a criminal action if he did not pay within a period of one month
THE COURT OF APPEALS, Respondents. (Exhibits K and J, dated July 25, 1949, and January 28, 1950,
respectively).
Solicitor General Ambrosio Padilla and Solicitor Antonio Pelaez,
Jalandoni and Eduardo D. Gutierrez for Petitioner. "The accused did not take the witness-stand, but his counsel presented
Avelino Leyco, Amado Resurreccion and Joe Oberly, as his witnesses. It is
A. Torres for Respondents. argued by the defense that the accused, together with Amado
Resurreccion and with the assistance of Avelino Leyco, did buy plenty of
rattan in Polillo and in Calauag, but they get drenched in the rain due to the
SYLLABUS typhoons which visited those places, so that they become moldy and
spoiled."cralaw virtua1aw library
1. CRIMINAL LAW; ESTAFA; MISAPPROPRIATION OF FUNDS HELD IN "The trial court convicted the accused of the crime of estafa, as defined
TRUST DISTINCT FROM SWINDLING THROUGH FALSE PRETENSES. and penalized under Article 31O, subsection 1(b), of the Revised Penal
— Where the accused is charged with the misappropriation of funds held Code, and sentenced him to an imprisonment of one year of prision
by him in trust and with the obligation to return the same, under Article 315, correccional, to indemnify the complainant in the sum of P6,000.00, with
paragraph 1(b) of the Revised Penal Code, he can not be convicted of subsidiary imprisonment in case of insolvency, and to pay the costs.
swindling by means of false pretenses, under paragraph 2(a) of said
Article, without violating his constitutional right to be informed of the nature "In this appeal, the main question is whether appellant is criminally liable
and cause of the accusation against him. for estafa or civilly liable only for the principal sum of P6,000.00. In support
of its contention, the defense insists that there was a lawful partnership
2. ID.; ID.; DEMAND NOT A CONDITION PRECEDENT TO THE between the appellant and the complainant and the failure of the venture
EXISTENCE OF THE CRIME. — The law does not require a demand as a rendered the former liable only for a liquidation of the partnership.
condition precedent to the existence of the crime of embezzlement. The
failure to account, upon demand, for funds or property held in trust, is "After carefully going over the evidence of record, we are not at all
circumstantial evidence of misappropriation, which may be established by convinced that appellant actually bought rattan out of the money entrusted
other proof. to him by the offended party for the purpose. The appellant did not advise
the complainant of his whereabouts after he left Calauag, Quezon, despite
the fact that he and Amado Resurreccion allegedly returned to Manila after
DECISION leaving Calauag. After complainant met the appellant by chance at the
Manila Hotel, the latter again absconded, so that despite the length of time
given said appellant to repay the money received by him for a specific
CONCEPCION, J.: purpose, the complainant was finally compelled to go to court. The
unexplained conduct of the appellant indicates a guilty conscience."cralaw
virtua1aw library
This is a petition for review by certiorari of a decision of the Court of
Appeals. The facts are set forth in said decision, from which we The conclusion reached by the Court of Appeals
quote:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph was:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph
"On August 15, 1947, Accused George L. Tubb called on complainant "Under the above facts and circumstances, appellant is clearly guilty of
William P. Quasha at the latter’s office at Dasmariñas St., Manila. The estafa under Article 315, paragraph 2(a), of the Revised Penal Code, and
accused had known Quasha earlier in the same year 1947 when he was not under subsection 1(b) of the same Article of the Code, as correctly
defended by said Quasha in a court-martial case. During the meeting, contended by the Solicitor General. The defense of lawful partnership can
Tubb talked Quasha into investing in the rattan business, and said that not be sustained. There can be no legal partnership where one of the
rattan could be bought for P0.20 a piece in Southern Luzon and sold for supposed partners, taking advantage of a friendship which seemed to have
P0.70 a piece in Manila. Quasha delivered the sum of P6,000.00 to the ripened into a relationship of trust, represents himself to the other as one
accused on the following day, August 16th, with the understanding that the engaged in a business transaction when in fact he is not. Appellant’s
money shall be used exclusively by the accused in the purchase of rattan request by telegram that complainant secured a license for the purchase of
for resale in Manila; that the rattan so bought shall be brought to Manila products and his accomplishment of the application form for such license,
within a few days; and, that the profit to be realized from the sale shall be with the request that the license be procured and sent to him as soon as
divided equally between the accused and the complainant after the capital possible, when such license is not required to enable one to purchase
of P6,000.00 has been returned to the latter. forest products like rattan, was part of a scheme to deceive the
complainant. There is here, therefore, a perfect case of swindling by
"The prosecution has also shown that on August 21, 1947, complainant means of false pretenses, where formal demand is not necessary (People
received a telegram from the accused, who was in Calauag, Quezon v. Scott, 62 Phil. 553). The cases cited by appellant’s counsel in support of
province, asking him to procure a license from the Bureau of Forestry for his contention that a legal partnership was created between appellant and
the purchase of forest products (Exhibit C). The complainant replied in a the complainant (People v. Clarin, 17, Phil. 84, People v. Magdaluyo, CA-
letter (Exhibit E, dated August 22, 1947), saying that although a license G.R. No. 9131-R, May 18, 1954, and People v. Reyes, CA-G. R. No. 8902-
was not required to purchase forest products, he was sending to him R, March 19, 1953) are inapplicable because in these cases the appellants
(Tubb) an application to cut and gather products as a lessee or therein actually invested or used the money received by them from their
concessionaire. This letter was received by the accused, who sent back partners in the venture.
the application, duly accomplished, in a letter of the said accused (Exhibit
D, dated August 27, 1947) through defense witness Amado Resurreccion. "The penalty provided by the applicable law is arresto mayor in its
The license was secured and same sent to the accused. On September maximum period to prision correcional in its minimum period, or from 4
16, 1947, when the complainant did not receive a word from the accused, months and 1 day to 2 years and 4 months. There being no modifying
the said complainant sent a telegram of inquiry (Exhibit G), but the same circumstance to consider, the medium degree of the penalty should be
was answered by the postmaster of Calauag, Quezon, whose telegram imposed. Applying the Indeterminate Sentence Law, as amended,
(Exhibit H) disclosed that the accused was no longer residing in Calauag. appellant should be, as he is hereby, sentenced to suffer an indeterminate
Quasha went to the former office of the accused at the Samanillo Building, penalty of from 4 months of arresto mayor to 1 year and 1 day of prision
but he was informed that the latter had not been heard from for some time. correccional.
"Sometime in 1948, Quasha met the accused at the Manila Hotel. Quasha "Modified as above-indicated, the judgment appealed from is hereby
asked the accused what he (accused) had done with his P6,000.00. The affirmed in all other respects, with costs."cralaw virtua1aw library
accused merely said that there was no use telling what happened, but that
he will try to pay the complainant back as he was then working for one Defendant-appellant assails the foregoing decision upon the ground
Gabino Angchuan of Cebu City and could get money from his said that:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
employer. Quasha did not hear from the accused for a long time again after
1. "The Court of Appeals committed a grave error of law in rendering a tantamount to a demand. Besides, the law does not require a demand as a
decision which in effect holds that a person charged in the information with condition precedent to the existence of the crime of embezzlement. It so
estafa as defined in Article 315, paragraph 1(b) of the Revised Penal Code happens only that failure to account, upon demand for funds or property
may be convicted of estafa as defined in Article 815, paragraph 2(a) of the held in trust, is circumstantial evidence of misappropriation. The same way,
same code. however, be established by other proof, such as that introduced in the case
at bar.
2. "The Court of Appeals gravely erred when, under the facts established
or undisputed on the record, it did not acquit the petitioner herein."cralaw The cases of People v. Evangelista (69 Phil., 583) and U.S. v. Bleibel (34
virtua1aw library Phil., 227), relied upon by the petitioner, are not in point. The offense
charged in the Evangelista case was not malversation, but of estafa,
It is alleged in the information in the case at bar:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph through false pretenses. The Bleibel case involved a commission agent
who received from his employer, some goods, worth P538.11, with the
"That on or about the 16th day of August, 1947, in the City of Manila, obligation to return said goods, or the value thereof. Subsequently, the
Philippines, the said accused did then and there wilfully, unlawfully and employer or principal made a written demand for compliance with said
feloniously defraud one William Quasha in the following manner, to wit: the obligation, but the letter of demand did not appear to have reached the
said accused received from the said William Quasha the sum of P6,000.00 knowledge of Bleibel. He having, accordingly, failed to answer it, the
for the purpose of buying for the latter rattan and other forest products from principal filed against him a complaint for embezzlement. Soon thereafter,
the provinces, under the express obligation of delivering the said articles, if but before the filing of the corresponding information, Bleibel delivered said
bought on or before August 31, 1947, or to return the said amount if unable sum of P538.11 to his principal. It was held that mere delay in accounting
to buy also on or before August 31, 1947, but the said accused, once in for said amount, without competent proof of misappropriation thereof, does
possession of the same and far from complying with his aforesaid not constitute embezzlement. Besides, the principal owed Bleibel P143 for
obligation, and in spite of repeated demands made upon him, absconded salary, and the former had no right to hold the latter criminally liable for
with the said amount of P6,000 and never appeared again, thereby wilfully, said P538.11, "without first having made a settlement of accounts."cralaw
unlawfully and feloniously, with intent to defraud, misappropriating, virtua1aw library
misapplying and converting the said sum to his own personal use and in
the said sum of P6,000, Philippine Currency."cralaw virtua1aw library Apart from the fact that none of these circumstances obtains in the case at
bar, a demand was, as above stated, made in the Manila Hotel upon the
It is clear from the foregoing that petitioner is accused of estafa under petitioner, and, worse still, the latter then impliedly, but, clearly, admitted
Article 315, paragraph 1(b) of the Revised Penal that he had spent complainant’s money for his (petitioner’s) own personal
Code:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph benefit.
"(b) By misappropriating or converting to the prejudice of another, money, Wherefore, modified only in the sense that petitioner George L. Tubb is
goods, or any other personal property received by the offender in trust or guilty of embezzlement under Article 315, paragraph 1(b), of the Revised
on commission, or for administration, or under any other obligation Penal Code, the decision appealed from is hereby affirmed in all other
involving the duty to make delivery of or to return the same, even though respects, with costs against said petitioner. It is so ordered.
such obligation be totally or partially guaranteed by a bond; . . ."cralaw
virtua1aw library Bengzon, Padilla, Montemayor, Reyes, A., Bautista Angelo, Labrador,
Reyes, J.B.L., Endencia, and Felix, JJ., concur.
In other words, petitioner is charged with the misappropriation of funds held
by him in trust and with the obligation to return the same. Upon the other
hand, the Court of Appeals convicted him of swindling by means of false
pretenses, under paragraph 2(a) of said Article 315, which punishes estafa
committed.
This offense is, however, entirely different and distinct from that described
in paragraph 1(b) quoted above. Moreover, some of the essential elements
of the offense defined in said paragraph 2(a) are not alleged in the
information herein. For instance, there is no averment therein of any "false
pretenses or fraudulent acts executed prior to or simultaneously with the
commission of the fraud," which distinguishes said offense from that
referred to in paragraph 1(b), the main characteristic of which is
"unfaithfulness or abuse of confidence", and this is the essence of the
crime charged in said information. The allegations thereof are such as not
to permit petitioner’s conviction for estafa under said paragraph 2(a),
without violating his constitutional right to be informed of the nature and
cause of the accusation against him.
However, the findings of fact made in the decision of the Court of Appeals
clearly show that the sum of P6,000 belonging to Quasha had been
misappropriated by petitioner herein, for he disappeared soon after receipt
of said sum, in August, 1947, and when, in 1948, Quasha found him at the
Manila Hotel and inquired what he had done with his (Quasha’s) money,
petitioner merely said — in the words of the Court of Appeals — "that there
was no use telling what happened", but that he would try to pay it back.
Had said money been invested in rattan which later on was spoiled, as
appellant tried to prove, he would have said so, instead of making to
Quasha said statement, which like his conduct prior and subsequently
thereto, implies that he had misappropriated the funds entrusted to his
custody.
Private respondent filed his answer to the petition and, after deliberation,
We resolved to give due course to the petition and to decide the issue,
without requiring memorandum from the parties, as to whether or not
respondent Rodolfo Valdez, Jr.. despite its waiver of his right to be present,
can he compelled by the trial court to be present during the trial of Criminal
Case No. U-3439 so that he car, be Identified by the witnesses for the
prosecution
2. Nor is it only the due process guarantee that calls for the accused being
WHEREFORE, the petition for certiorari is granted. The decision of
duly arraigned. As noted, it is at that stage where in the mode and manner
respondent Judge Romulo R. Senining dated December 28, 1973, finding
required by the Rules, an accused, for the first time, is granted the
the accused guilty of the crime of slight physical injuries, is nullified and set
opportunity to know the precise charge that confronts him. It is imperative
aside. Likewise, the decision of respondent Judge Rafael T. Mendoza
that he is thus made fully aware of Possible loss of freedom, even of his
dated November 16, 1976, affirming the aforesaid decision of Judge
life, depending on the nature of the crime imputed to him. At the very least
Senining, is nullified and set aside. The case is remanded to the City Court
then, he must be fully informed of why the prosecuting arm of the state is
of Cebu for the prosecution of the offense of slight physical injuries, with
mobilized against him. An arraignment serves that purpose. Thereafter he
due respect and observance of the provisions of the Rules of Court,
is no longer in the dark. It is true, the complaint or information may not be
starting with the arraignment of petitioner.
worded with sufficient clarity. He would be in a much worse position though
if he does not even have such an opportunity to plead to the charge. With
FIRST DIVISION escape "rewarded" him by postponing all further proceedings against him
and in effect ultimately absolving him of the charge he was facing. Under
the present rule, his escape will, legally speaking, operate to Ms
G.R. No. L-66469 July 29, 1986
disadvantage by preventing him from attending his trial, which will continue
even in his absence and most likely result in his conviction.
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES and ALFREDO QUIJANO, petitioners,
vs.
The right to be present at one's trial may now be waived except only at that
HON. BERNARDO SALAS (In his capacity as Presiding Judge of RTC,
stage where the prosecution intends to present witnesses who will Identify
Cebu, Branch VIII), MARIO ABONG, ALFREDO DE LEON, ERIWADWIN
the accused.9 Under Section 19, the defendant's escape will be considered
MONTEBON, ROMEO DE GUZMAN, & EDUARDO
a waiver of this right and the inability of the court to notify him of the
MABUHAY, respondents.
subsequent hearings will not prevent it from continuing with his trial. He will
be deemed to have received due notice. The same fact of his escape will
Basilio E. Duaban for accused. make his failure to appear unjustified because he has, by escaping, placed
himself beyond the pale, and protection, of the law.
CRUZ, J.: Trial in absentia was not allowed in Borja v. Mendoza 10 because it was
held notwithstanding that the accused had not been previously arraigned.
His subsequent conviction was properly set aside. But in the instant case,
Mario Abong was originally charged with homicide in the Court of First since all the requisites are present, there is absolutely no reason why the
Instance of Cebu but before he could be arraigned the case was
respondent judge should refuse to try the accused, who had already been
reinvestigated on motion of the prosecution.1 As a result of the arraigned at the time he was released on the illegal bail bond. Abong
reinvestigation, an amended information was filed, with no bail should be prepared to bear the consequences of his escape, including
recommended, to which he pleaded not guilty.2 Trial commenced, but while
forfeiture of the right to be notified of the subsequent proceedings and of
it was in progress, the prisoner, taking advantage of the first information for the right to adduce evidence on his behalf and refute the evidence of the
homicide, succeeded in deceiving the city court of Cebu into granting him prosecution, not to mention a possible or even probable conviction.
bail and ordering his release; and so he escaped.3 The respondent judge,
learning later of the trickery, cancelled the illegal bail bond and ordered
Abong's re-arrest.4 But he was gone. Nonetheless, the prosecution moved We admonish against a too-literal reading of the law as this is apt to
that the hearing continue in accordance with the constitutional provision constrict rather than fulfill its purpose and defeat the intention of its authors.
authorizing trial in absentia under certain circumstances.5 The respondent That intention is usually found not in "the letter that killeth but in the spirit
judge denied the motion, however, and suspended all proceedings until the that vivifieth," which is not really that evanescent or elusive. As judges, we
return of the accused.6 The order of the trial court is now before us must look beyond and not be bound by the language of the law, seeking to
on certiorari and mandamus.7 discover, by our own lights, the reason and the rhyme for its enactment.
That we may properly apply it according to its ends, we need and must use
not only learning but also vision.
The judge erred. He did not see the woods for the trees. He mistakenly
allowed himself to be tethered by the literal reading of the rule when he
should have viewed it from the broader perspective of its intendment. The trial judge is directed to investigate the lawyer who assisted Mario
Abong in securing bail from the city court of Cebu on the basis of the
withdrawn information for homicide and to report to us the result of his
The rule is found in the last sentence of Article IV, Section 19, of the 1973 investigation within sixty days.
Constitution, reading in full as follows:
WHEREFORE, the order of the trial court dated December 22, 1983,
Section 19. In all criminal prosecution, the accused denying the motion for the trial in absentia of the accused is set aside. The
shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved
respondent judge is directed to continue hearing the case against the
and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and respondent Mario Abong in absentia as long as he has not reappeared,
counsel, to he informed of the nature and cause of the until it is terminated. No costs.
accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial,
and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face,
and to have compulsory process to secure the SO ORDERED.
attendance of witnesses and the production of
evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment,
trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of the
accused provided that he has been duly notified and
his failure to appear is unjustified.
The doctrine laid down in that case has been modified by Section 19,
which now allows trial in absentia, Now, the prisoner cannot by simply
escaping thwart his continued prosecution and possibly eventual conviction
provided only that: a) he has been arraigned; b) he has been duly notified
of the trial; and c) his failure to appear is unjustified.
The respondent judge was probably still thinking of the old doctrine when
he ruled that trial in absentia of the escapee could not be held because he
could not be duly notified under Section 19. He forgets that the fugitive is
now deemed to have waived such notice precisely because he has
escaped, and it is also this escape that makes his failure to appear at his
trial unjustified. Escape can never be a legal justification. In the past, his
EN BANC defense whenever the court acquires back the
G.R. No. L-37933 April 15, 1988 jurisdiction over his person. 2
FISCAL CELSO M. GIMENEZ and FEDERICO B.
MERCADO, petitioners,
On November 16,1973 the petitioners filed a Motion for Reconsideration
vs.
questioning the above-quoted dispositive portion on the ground that it will
HON. RAMON E. NAZARENO, Presiding Judge, Court of First Instance
render nugatory the constitutional provision on "trial in absentia" cited
of Cebu and TEODORO DE LA VEGA, JR., respondents.
earlier. However, this was denied by the lower court in an Order dated
The Solicitor General for petitioners.
November 22, 1973.
Victor de la Serna for respondents.
On August 22, 1973 all the above-named. accused were arraigned and First of all, it is not disputed that the lower court acquired jurisdiction over
each of them pleaded not guilty to the crime charged. Following the the person of the accused-private respondent when he appeared during
arraignment, the respondent judge, Hon. Ramon E. Nazareno, set the the arraignment on August 22,1973 and pleaded not guilty to the crime
hearing of the case for September 18, 1973 at 1:00 o'clock in the charged. In cases criminal, jurisdiction over the person of the accused is
afternoon. All the acused including private respondent, were duly informed acquired either by his arrest for voluntary appearance in court. Such
of this. voluntary appearance is accomplished by appearing for arraignment as
what accused-private respondent did in this case.
Before the scheduled date of the first hearing the private respondent
escaped from his detention center and on the said date, failed to appear in But the question is this — was that jurisdiction lost when the accused
court. This prompted the fiscals handling the case (the petitioners herein) escaped from the custody of the law and failed to appear during the trial?
to file a motion with the lower court to proceed with the hearing of the case We answer this question in the negative. As We have consistently ruled in
against all the accused praying that private respondent de la Vega, Jr. be several earlier cases,6 jurisdiction once acquired is not lost upon the
tried in absentia invoking the application of Section 19, Article IV of the instance of parties but continues until the case is terminated.
1973 Constitution which provides:
To capsulize the foregoing discussion, suffice it to say that where the
SEC. 19. In all criminal prosecution, the accused shall accused appears at the arraignment and pleads not guilty to the crime
be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved, and charged, jurisdiction is acquired by the court over his person and this
shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and continues until the termination of the case, notwithstanding his escape from
counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the the custody of the law.
accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial,
and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face,
and to have compulsory process to the attendance of Going to the second part of Section 19, Article IV of the 1973 Constitution
witnesses and the production of evidence in his aforecited a "trial in absentia"may be had when the following requisites are
present: (1) that there has been an arraignment; (2) that the accused has
behalf. However, after arraignment trial may proceed
notwithstanding the absence of the accused provided been notified; and (3) that he fails to appear and his failure to do so is
that he has been duly notified and his failure to appear unjustified.
is unjustified. (Emphasis supplied.) *
In this case, all the above conditions were attendant calling for a trial
Pursuant to the above-written provision, the lower court proceeded with the in absentia. As the facts show, the private respondent was arraigned on
August 22, 1973 and in the said arraignment he pleaded not guilty. He was
trial of the case but nevertheless gave the private respondent the
opportunity to take the witness stand the moment he shows up in court. 1 also informed of the scheduled hearings set on September 18 and 19,
1973 and this is evidenced by his signature on the notice issued by the
lower Court. 7 It was also proved by a certified copy of the Police
After due trial, or on November 6,1973, the lower court rendered a decision Blotter 8 that private respondent escaped from his detention center. No
dismissing the case against the five accused while holding in abeyance the explanation for his failure to appear in court in any of the scheduled
proceedings against the private respondent. The dispositive portion is as hearings was given. Even the trial court considered his absence unjustified.
follows:
The lower court in accordance with the aforestated provisions of the 1973
WHEREFORE, insofar as the accused Samson Suan Constitution, correctly proceeded with the reception of the evidence of the
Alex Potot, Rogelio Mula Fernando Cargando and prosecution and the other accused in the absence of private respondent,
Rogelio Baguio are concerned, this case is hereby but it erred when it suspended the proceedings as to the private
dismissed. The City Warden of Lapu-Lapu City is respondent and rendered a decision as to the other accused only.
hereby ordered to release these accused if they are no
longer serving sentence of conviction involving other
crimes. Upon the termination of a trial in absentia, the court has the duty to rule
upon the evidence presented in court. The court need not wait for the time
until the accused who who escape from custody finally decides to appear
The proceedings in this case against the accused in court to present his evidence and moss e the witnesses against him. To
Teodoro de la Vega, Jr. who has escaped on August allow the delay of proceedings for this purpose is to render ineffective the
30,1973 shall remain pending, without prejudice on the constitutional provision on trial in absentia. As it has been aptly explained:
part of the said accused to cross-examine the
witnesses for the prosecution and to present his
. . . The Constitutional Convention felt the need for
such a provision as there were quite a number of
reported instances where the proceedings against a
defendant had to be stayed indefinitely because of his
non- appearance. What the Constitution guarantees
him is a fair trial, not continued enjoyment of his
freedom even if his guilt could be proved. With the
categorical statement in the fundamental law that his
absence cannot justify a delay provided that he has
been duly notified and his failure to appear is
unjustified, such an abuse could be remedied. That is
the way it should be, for both society and the offended
party have a legitimate interest in seeing to it that
crime should not go unpunished. 9
The contention of the respondent judge that the right of the accused to be
presumed innocent will be violated if a judgment is rendered as to him is
untenable. He is still presumed innocent. A judgment of conviction must
still be based upon the evidence presented in court. Such evidence must
prove him guilty beyond reasonable doubt. Also, there can be no violation
of due process since the accused was given the opportunity to be heard.
Nor can it be said that an escapee who has been tried in absentia retains
his rights to cross-examine and to present evidence on his behalf. By his
failure to appear during the trial of which he had notice, he virtually waived
these rights. This Court has consistently held that the right of the accused
to confrontation and cross-examination of witnesses is a personal right and
may be waived.10 In the same vein, his right to present evidence on his
behalf, a right given to him for his own benefit and protection, may be
waived by him.
No pronouncement as to costs.
SO ORDERED.
THIRD DIVISION 1) In Crim. Case No. 8517-MN for Murder, to life
imprisonment, the death penalty which should have
G.R. Nos. 100225-26 May 11, 1993 been imposed in this case having been abolished
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff-appellee, under the present Constitution;
vs.
RAUL SANTOS Y NARCISO, MARIO MORALES Y BACANI, PETER
2) In Crim. Case No. 8518-MN for Frustrated Murder,
DOE and RICHARD DOE, Accused, RAUL SANTOS y
to a prison term ranging from SIX (6) YEARS
NARCISO, accused-appellant.
OFprision correccional, as minimum to TWELVE (12)
The Solicitor General for plaintiff-appellee
YEARS of prision mayor as maximum.
Valmonte Law Offices for accused-appellant.
SO ORDERED.
THIRD DIVISION Mamuad's) intention to buy some "damo" (grass or marijuana) and gave
appellant Liquen the marked peso bills. Appellant Liquen gave Sgt.
G.R. No. 97952 August 6, 1992 Mamuad two (2) match boxes of marijuana, at the price of P20.00 per box.
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff-appellee,
vs.
Sgt. Mamuad opened the match boxes, inspected and smelled the
ALVIN LIQUEN y COROS, accused-appellant.
contents thereof, and satisfied that the boxes contained marijuana, gave
The Solicitor General for plaintiff-appellee.
the pre-arranged signal which consisted of scratching the back of his head.
Public Attorney's Office for accused-appellant.
Forthwith, the rest of the team, Sgts. Foncardas, Alarcon and Francia went
inside the store, surrounded appellant Liquen and arrested him, after
FELICIANO, J.:
introducing themselves as NARCOM agents. The team searched the body
Alvin C. Liquen was prosecuted for violation of R.A. No. 6425, the
of appellant and recovered from the front right pocket of his pants the
Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972. The criminal information alleged:
P40.00 in marked money received from Sgt. Mamuad. Appellant Liquen
was thereafter brought to the NARCOM Headquarters for investigation.
That on or about the 26th day of August, 1989, in the Sgt. Francia advised the team to place their initials on the top of each of
City of Zamboanga, Philippines, and within the the two (2) match boxes. The two (2) boxes of marijuana were forwarded to
jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named the Philippine Constabulary ("PC") Crime Laboratory for examination and
accused, not being authorized by law, did then and report. In Chemistry Record No. D-653-09 (Exhibit "A"), PC Chemist Mrs.
there wilfully, unlawfully and feloniously sell to Sgt. Athena Anderson stated that four (4) tests were conducted on the
Pedro S. Mamuad, a NARCOM agent, who posed as specimen contents of the boxes and all four (4) tests showed that the
buyer, two (2) match boxes containing dried marijuana contents consisted of dried marijuana leaves.
leaves, knowing the same to be a prohibited drug.
In his first assignment of error, appellant Liquen claims that the peso bills
Contrary to law. 1 and marijuana confiscated from him should not have been admitted in
evidence against him since these were the fruits of an illegal arrest and
search conducted on him. Liquen insists that he was not lawfully arrested
At arraignment, accused Liquen entered a plea of not guilty, and the case
by the NARCOM agents as he was not then committing any offense, but
proceeded to trial. In due course of time, the trial court rendered a decision
was, according to him, merely taking a snack at the JR Store at the time he
convicting the accused and sentencing him as follows:
was arrested.
Appellant denigrates the prosecution's evidence as incredible, and The Court, however, considers that alleged discrepancies relating to (a)
describes the prosecution's "improbable account of an alleged pusher whether the purchase of the prohibited drug took place inside or outside
plying his trade . . . at a public place, in full view of inquisitive on-lookers the JR Store in Sangali, Zamboanga City; (b) the precise physical
and for a pittance of P40.00 . . .," as unworthy of belief and credence. 10 appearance and height of the police informer; and (c) whether the buyer
knew how much marijuana the amount of P40.00 could buy, all deal with
minor details and do not adversely impact upon the credibility of the
Drug pushers are not normally very discriminating and selective in the
prosecution's witnesses nor upon the trustworthiness of the testimony
choice of the place where they peddle their illicit merchandise and that
offered by them. 15
place frequently includes a public place. 11 Indeed, the public character of a
place does not necessarily insure its avoidance as a venue for prohibited
sales by drug pushers; the public nature of the place chosen or adopted Finally, the Court notes that the trial court found the testimony of the police
may in fact serve to conceal and disguise the nature of the transactions officers before the trial court to have been straightforward and credible.
engaged in by drug peddlers. Appellant did not even try to show that he was known to the police officers
involved prior to his arrest. There was in addition no proof of any evil
motive on the part of the policemen that might have led them to extort
In People v. Paco (supra), the Court rejected much the same defense here
money and falsely to attribute to appellant a serious criminal offense. Thus,
put up by appellant Liquen, and said:
appellant was simply unable to overcome the presumption that the
members of the police team which arrested him had acted in the regular
Drug-pushing when done on a small level as in this performance of their public duty. 16
case belongs to that class of crimes that may be
committed at anytime and at any place. After the offer
It has not escaped the attention of the Court that the trial court imposed
to buy is accepted and the exchange is made, the
upon appellant only the penalty of reclusion perpetua, (which should be life
illegal transaction is completed in a few minutes. The
imprisonment). The trial court, in other words, failed to apply completely the
fact that the parties are in a public place and in the
penalty prescribed in Section 4 of R.A. No. 6425, as amended, which reads
presence of other people may not always discourage
as follows:
them from pursuing their illegal trade as these factors
may even serve to camouflage the same. Hence, the
Court has sustained the conviction of drug pushers Sec. 4. Sale, Administration, Delivery, Distribution and
caught selling illegal drugs in a billiard hall (People v. Transportation of Prohibited Drugs. — The penalty of
Rubio, G.R. No. 66875, June 19, 1986, 142 SCRA life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from
329; People v. Sarmiento, G.R. No. 72141, January twenty thousand to thirty thousand pesosshall be
12, 1987, 147 SCRA 252), in front of a store (People v. imposed upon any person who, unless authorized by
Khan, supra) along a street at 1:45 p.m. (People v. law, shall sell, administer, deliver. give away to
Toledo, G.R. No. 67609, November 22, 1985, 140 another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any
SCRA 259), and in front of a house (People v. prohibited drug, or shall act as a broker in any of such
Policarpio, G.R No. 69844, February 23, 1988.) 12 transactions. If the victim of the offense is a minor, or
should a prohibited drug involved in any offense under
this Section be the proximate cause of the death of a
Experience shows that whether the poseur-buyer and the agents knew
victim thereof, the maximum penalty herein provided
each other, is not material. What matters on a review of the judgment of
shall be imposed. (Emphasis supplied)
conviction is not the level of pre-existing familiarity between the buyer and
the seller of prohibited drugs, but positive proof of the agreement and the
delivery which consummates the sale of a prohibited article. 13 Under the above quoted provision, both life imprisonment and a fine
ranging from P20,000.00 to P30,000.00 must be imposed in case of
conviction. Since appeal by an accused who has been convicted in a
Finally, appellant argues that because of certain contradictions and
criminal case throws open the whole case for review, including modification
inconsistencies in the testimonies of the prosecution witnesses, his guilt
and increase of the imposable penalty, 17 the Court must now impose upon
had not been proved reasonable doubt. The supposed inconsistencies
appellant a fine of P20,000.00 in addition to the penalty of life
were the following:
imprisonment.
The above statements contained informations that could not have been
known to the police. His claim therefore that he was maltreated into
executing the same cannot be believed. Further, the finding by the police
officers of the gun used in the commission of the crime in the place pointed
to by said appellant is a strong proof of his participation in the commission
of the crime. Hereunder is his statement, Exhibit "E " and "E-1", pertinent to
the death gun:
The above statements, Exhibits "C", "C-1 ", "C-2", "E " and "E-1", were
given in July 1971, or before the 1973 Constitution took effect. While it is
true that they were given without the aid of counsel, this Court has ruled in
Magtoto vs. Manguera, 63 SCRA 4,12 and in People vs. Juliano, 95 SCRA
511 that "[t]his specific portion of this constitutional mandate has and
should be given a prospective and not a retrospective effect.
Consequently, a confession obtained from a person under investigation for
the commission of an offense, who has not been informed of his right (to
silence and) to counsel, is inadmissible in evidence if the same had been
obtained after the effectivity of the New Constitution on January 17, 1973.
Conversely, such confession is admissible in evidence against the
accused, if the same had been obtained before the effectivity of the New
Constitution, even if presented after January 17, 1973, and even if he had
not been informed of his right to counsel, since no law gave the accused
the right to be so informed before that date. "
Contrary to law. 7
Cyanosis, lips and fingernail beds with pupils dilated
and bloody froths coming out of nostrils.
Warrants of arrest were issued against all the above accused but only
accused-appellant Ernesto Luvendino was actually apprehended; the other
Abrasions, 1.0 x 3.0 cm., area of the buttocks, left
two (2) have remained at large. At arraignment, Luvendino assisted by his
side; 1.5 x 3.0 cm., area of right elbow.
counsel, Atty. Luisito Sardillo, pleaded not guilty and then proceeded to
trial.
Contused-abrasions, 3.0 x 8.0 cm., area of the lateral
aspect of the right chest; 4.0 x 5.0 cm., area of the
On 12 December 1984, the trial court rendered a decision finding
antero-lateral aspect, middle third, left arm.
Luvendino guilty, sentencing him to death, requiring him to indemnify the
heirs of the victim Rowena in the amount of P50,000.00 for the damages
Contusion, 7.0 x 13.0 cm., area of the anterior aspect suffered as a result of her death.
of the neck from left to right in varying sizes and
shapes.
Appellant Luvendino contends that the trial court committed grievous error
in —
Interstitial hemorrhages among the muscles and soft
tissues in the anterior aspect of the neck with petechial
I
hemorrhages noted and severe congestion of the
pharynx with subpleural, subpericardial puntiform
hemorrhages. . . . having required Atty. Luisito Sardillo to continue as
counsel of the accused-appellant notwithstanding his
[Sardillo's] express mental reservations.
Fracture, laryngeal cartilage.
II
Lungs, presence of multiple petechial hemorrhages
along the surface of both lungs; cut sections showed
severe congestion. . . . believing the insidious machinations of third
persons and witness Salvador B. Cemitara
surrounding the alleged threats [against] Cemitara,
Heart, covered with moderate amount of adipose
including Exhibit "D."
tissues with right chamber distended with dark fluid
blood.
III
Brain and other visceral organs are congested.
. . . admitting and giving credence to the evidence of
re-enactment and admission of guilt, both of which
Stomach, one-third filled with digested food materials.
were uncounseled.
CAUSE OF DEATH:
IV
. . . giving credence and weight to the identification of the evidence for the prosecution in this regard was not
appellant Ernesto Luvendino by witness Cemitara. rebutted nor denied by the accused.
It is, however, claimed by appellant Luvendino that at the time he had first But even if appellant Luvendino's contention were to be accepted at face
signed his extrajudicial confession at the police headquarters, he was value (and we do not so accept it), the same result must be reached. The
without counsel. Luvendino thus apparently seeks to distinguish the initial doctrine that an uncounseled waiver of the right to counsel is not to be
signing of his "Salaysay" (Exhibit "L") at the police headquarters from his given legal effect was initially a judge-made one and was first announced
subsequent subscribing thereto under oath in the Office of the Provincial on 26 April 1983 in Morales v. Enrile 22 and reiterated on 20 March 1985
Fiscal of Rizal. There is no question that on the latter occasion, Luvendino in People v. Galit. 23 In Morales, the Court explained that Section 20, Article
was questioned by the Fiscal in the presence of his mother while IV of the 1973 Constitution required that:
Luvendino was assisted by Atty. Eustacio Flores.
7. At the time a person is arrested, it shall be the duty
In People v. Burgos, 20 the Court did make the following general of the arresting officer to inform him of the reason for
statements: the arrest and he must be shown the warrant of arrest,
if any. He shall be informed of his constitutional rights
to remain silent and to counsel, and that any statement
The trial court validly rejected the extra-judicial he might make could be used against him. The person
confession of the accused as inadmissible in evidence. arrested shall have the right to communicate with his
The court stated that the appellant's having been
lawyer, a relative, or anyone he choses by the most
exhaustively subjected to physical terror, violence, and expedient means — by telephone if possible — or by
third degree measures may not have been supported letter or messenger. It shall be the responsibility of the
by reliable evidence but the failure to present the
arresting officer to see to it that this is accomplished.
investigator who conducted the investigation gives rise No custodial investigation shall be conducted unless it
to the "provocative presumption" that indeed torture be in the presence of counsel engaged by the person
and physical violence may have been committed as
arrested, by any person on his behalf, or appointed by
stated. the court upon petition either of the detainee himself or
by anyone on his behalf. The right to counsel may be
The accused-appellant was not accorded his waived but the waiver shall not be valid unless made
constitutional right to be assisted by counsel during the with the assistance of counsel. Any statement
custodial interrogation. The lower court correctly obtained in violation of the procedure herein laid down,
pointed out that the securing of counsel, Atty. Anyog, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, in whole or in
to help the accused when he subscribed under oath to part, shall be inadmissible in evidence. (Emphasis
his statement at the Fiscal's Office was too late. It supplied).
could have no palliative effect. It cannot cure the
absence of counsel at the time of the custodial
While the Morales-Galit doctrine eventually became part of Section 12(1) of
investigation when the extrajudicial statement was the 1987 Constitution, that doctrine affords no comfort to appellant
being taken. 21 (Emphasis supplied)
Luvendino for the requirements and restrictions outlined
in Morales and Galit have no retroactive effect and do not reach waivers
The above statements in Burgos were not, however, intended to made prior to 26 April 1983, the date of promulgation of Morales.
establish a rigid and automatic rule that the subsequent
presence of and assistance by counsel of the accused prior to
In People v. Nabaluna, 24 the Court upheld the validity of the waiver of the
and during the subscribing under oath of an extrajudicial right to counsel which had been made on 5 December 1977, that is, prior
confession and an accompanying waiver of right to counsel,
to 26 April 1983, which waiver had been made without the assistance of
counsel, for the reason that at the time such waiver was made, there was mental reservations consisted of private doubts as to the innocence of
no rule or doctrine or guideline requiring the waiver of the right to counsel Luvendino of the crime with which he was charged. Atty. Sardillo was
should itself be made only in the presence and with the assistance of Luvendino's choice as defense counsel. Atty. Sardillo had appeared in at
counsel. The trial court admitted in evidence the extrajudicial statements least two (2) previous hearings and had cross-examined prosecution
made by appellant Nabaluna and found the accused guilty of robbery with witness Cemitara before he (Sardillo) offered in open court to withdraw as
homicide in a decision rendered on 26 September 1981. In affirming the defense counsel on 14 November 1983. The trial court could scarcely be
decision of the trial court, the Court said: faulted for declining Atty. Sardillo's offer to withdraw, considering that such
offer had been made without the conformity or permission of Luvendino.
Atty. Sardillo himself did not insist on withdrawing as defense counsel. If
The court in mindful of the strictures and
appellant Luvendino in truth had entertained substantial doubts as to the
pronouncements found in the case of Morales v.
sincerity or capability or impartiality of his lawyer, he could have easily
Ponce Enrile, G.R. Nos. 61106 and 61107,
terminated the services of that counsel and retained a new one or sought
promulgated on April 26, 1983, 121 SCRA 538, quoted
from the trial court the appointment of counsel de officio. Instead,
and reiterated in the case of People v. Galit, L-51770,
Luvendino continued to retain the services of Atty. Sardillo until the trial
March 20, 1985 and in the case of People v. Pascual,
court rendered its decision. In any event, an examination of the record will
109 SCRA 197, promulgated on November 12, 1981,
show that Atty. Sardillo continued to represent appellant Luvendino as
particularly as to the requisite steps before a person
defense counsel with reasonable competence.
under custodial investigation may be deemed to have
properly waived his right to counsel, such as a counsel
being present to assist him when the accused We would note, finally, that doubts on the part of a lawyer as to the ultimate
manifests such waiver. However, the stated innocence of a client accused of a serious felony do not, in themselves,
requirements were laid down in the said cases, to constitute bases for claiming miscarriage of justice or failure of due process
serve as governing guidelines, only after the judgment or assailing the professional work done by the lawyer. Of course, complete
in this case had already been rendered by the trial confidence in the innocence of one's client may lend added sincerity and
court. Consequently, no error should attach to the even passion to the lawyer's pleading and argumentation. It is, however,
admission by the trial court of the extra-judicial precisely one of the demanding requirements of the legal profession that
statements given by the accused as evidence in this the lawyer must present all the defenses and arguments allowed by the law
case. The trial court was then sufficiently convinced to a person accused of crime, without regard to the lawyer's private beliefs
that the accused had waived assistance of counsel or suspicions as to his client's guilt.
and there was at that time no pronounced guidelines
requiring that the waiver of counsel by accused can be
Appellant Luvendino's principal defense on the merits was that of alibi. It is
properly made only with the presence and assistance
too well-settled to require documentation that, for the defense of alibi to
of a counsel. . . . . 25(Emphasis supplied)
prosper, the accused must not only prove that he was somewhere else
during the approximate time of the commission of the crime; he must
It may be recalled that even before Nabaluna, the Court had already further prove that it was physically impossible for him to have been at the
determined that Section 20, Article IV of the 1973 Constitution, was to be scene of the crime during its commission. Luvendino testified that on or
given prospective effect only. In Magtoto v. Manguera, 26 the Court about that time the rape with homicide was committed, he was at his house
sustained the admission in evidence of an extrajudicial confession which in Pateros, recuperating from a wound allegedly sustained from a beating
had incorporated an uncounseled waiver by the confessant of his inflicted upon him by one Romy Boy. Except for his own uncorroborated
constitutional rights during custodial investigation established in Section testimony, however, Luvendino failed to present any evidence showing that
20, Article IV of the 1973 Constitution, upon the ground that such he was medically incapacitated to be at the scene of the crime during its
confession and waiver had been executed before the effectivity of the 1973 commission. He filed no complaint against his alleged assailant "Romy
Constitution. 27 The decision in Magtoto v. Manguera was not unanimous, Boy." Besides, Pateros and Taguig are neighboring municipalities which
but the majority decision has been reiterated many times 28 and it is much public transport readily and quickly available between the two (2) locales;
too late in the day to consider there was simply no showing that Luvendino could not have been in Taguig
re-examining the doctrine there laid down. during the time the crime was committed.
Applying Nabaluna to the case at bar, we believe and so hold that Finally, in respect of the civil liability aspects of the crime, the Court
appellant Luvendino validly waived his right to counsel so far as his considers that the amount of P4,500.00 representing funeral expenses
extrajudicial confession was concerned, although he was not assisted by actually incurred by the family of Rowena Capcap, should be awarded to
counsel when he initially signed his confession at the police headquarters them as actual damages.29 Further, given the circumstances obtaining in
(disregarding for present purposes only, the subsequent events in the the instant case, especially the ruthless and mindless slaying of Rowena
office of the Provincial Fiscal). At the time the extrajudicial confession and after she had been raped, the Court believes that the amount of
waiver were first executed (i.e., 10 February 1983), there was no rule of P30,000.00 should be awarded to Rowena's heirs as moral damages, over
doctrine prescribing that waiver of the right to counsel may be validly made and above the civil indemnity of P50,000.00 which was awarded by the trial
only with the assistance of counsel. It is scarcely necessary to add that we court.
are here referring only to extrajudicial confessions and waivers which were
made voluntarily and intelligently.
WHEREFORE, the decision of the trial court in Criminal Case No. 54537 is
hereby MODIFIED by changing the enforceable penalty from death
Coming now to the second error assigned by appellant Luvendino — that to reclusion perpetua and by requiring appellant Ernesto C. Luvendino to
the trial court had erred grieviously in believing the testimony of pay the heirs of Rowena Capcap the amount of P4,500.00 as actual
prosecution witness Cemitara — the Court finds no reason to depart from damages and P30,000.00 as moral damages, in addition to the civil
the well-settled rule that the assessments by a trial court of the credibility indemnity of P50,000.00 awarded by the trial court. In all other respects,
and sincerity of the witnesses who testified before it, are to be accorded the decision of the trial court is AFFIRMED. Costs against accused-
great respect by appellate courts. The trial court gave full faith and appellant.
credence to the testimony of prosecution witness Salvador Cemitara in
view of the straightforward character of his testimony. We need only to
SO ORDERED.
note that appellant Luvendino presented no evidence to show any personal
grudge on the part of Cemitara against Luvendino, nor any evidence of any
ill motive weighty enough to have moved Cemitara falsely to testify for the
prosecution. Indeed, there was nothing to show that Cemitara was in the
least bit acquainted with appellant Luvendino before the events which
culminated in the slaying of Rowena Capcap.
Only Carlos Imperial interposed this appeal alleging that the trial court
committed the following assigned errors:
On 10 April 1987, Thelmo filed an affidavit-complaint with the Office of the Private Prosecutor, for petitioner-complainant, in an effort to explain the
Provincial Prosecutor of Rizal, and the case was assigned to Assistant failure to file comment on the motion to quash, argues that such failure was
Prosecutor Celestino Simon, Jr. for preliminary investigation. 2 due to the fact that no copy of said motion to quash was furnished
petitioner-complainant Thelmo; that a copy thereof was given only to the
public prosecutor who originally handled the case; and that the respondent
2. On 8 February 1988, the Prosecutor issued a resolution recommending court could have resolved the motion even without waiting for the comment
the filing of three (3) separate criminal cases for libel against the three of the prosecution and could have declared that the prosecution had
private respondents. On 23 May 1988, the corresponding informations waived the right to file comment on the motion to
were filed and assigned to respondent trial court. On 18 October 1988, quash.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library
respondent Salvador Lacson filed a motion to quash on the ground of
prescription. Then trial fiscal (Simeon, Jr.) was furnished copy of said
motion. On 19 October 1988, the said motion was set for hearing where On the other hand, the respondent court, in rejecting the prosecution's
public prosecutor was given 15 days within which to file an (private prosecutor's) explanation for failure to file comment on the motion
opposition. 3 However, the prosecution after several extensions of time to to quash, held as follows:
submit its comment or opposition to the motion, failed to comply
therewith. 4
Further, this Court cannot buy the argument of the private prosecutor that
they were not furnished a copy of the Motion to Quash. It is too elementary
3. Hence, on 03 January 1991, respondent court issued an order granting in our operating table of justice that notice to the fiscal who has the direct
the motion to quash the informations, on the ground of prescription. In said control and supervision of the case is also notice to the private prosecutor.
order, 5 the court held that considering that libel cases prescribe within one Nowhere in our law and jurisprudence (sic) that, as a matter of course,
year; that the article "Insurance Monopoly" was published on 7 April 1987; counsel for the private complainant is entitled to a copy of the said Motion
and that the informations were filed only in May 1988 - the case had to Quash. Suffice it to state that a copy to the fiscal is already enough.
already prescribed, notwithstanding the fact that the affidavit-complaint for Furthermore, the record will bear that the then trial fiscal (Fiscal Simon, Jr.)
libel was filed with the prosecutor's office on 10 April 1987. The respondent in charge of this case was furnished a copy of it. Now, the burden lies on
court ruled that the filing of the affidavit-complaint with the office of the the counsel for the private prosecutor to follow-up the status of the case
prosecutor did not stop the running of the one-year prescriptive period; that and see to it whether the wheel of justice grinds. . . . 11chanrobles virtual
the last day for filing the criminal information was 7 April 1988 or at the law library
latest 10 April 1988(that is one year from 7 April 1987 when the said article
was published.) Petitioner-private complainant filed a motion for
We rule for the respondents.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual Moreover, since there was non-compliance for an unreasonable length of
law library time with the order of the respondent court to file comment on the
aforecited motion to quash - which constituted a failure to prosecute the
cases - they were properly dismissable. However, the motion to quash the
Clearly, the prosecution failed to file comment on the accused's motion to
informations was not strictly the proper remedy, because a denial of the
quash, despite the admitted service of a copy thereof on the then trial fiscal
right to speedy trial is not one of the grounds (Sec. 3 Rule 117 of the
handling the case (Fiscal Simon, Jr.), and despite order of respondent
Revised Rules on Criminal Procedure) upon which a motion to quash a
court directing comment on said motion to quash. Moreover, the
complaint or information may be grounded. The denial of the accused's
prosecution failed to file said comment after asking for several extensions
right to speedy trial as a consequence of the prosecution's failure to
of time to file it. It will be noted that the motion to quash was filed on 18
prosecute for over two (2) years gave rise to a motion to dismiss. The
October 1988, and prosecutor was given fifteen (15) days within which to
cases were properly dismissable on this
file comment/opposition thereto.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles
score.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library
virtual law library
It will also be noted that the respondent court in its order of 30 August 1991
When the respondent court issued the order of 03 January1991, granting
granted the motion to quash on the additional ground of prescription. It
accused's motion to quash, more than two (2) years had lapsed, without
ruled that since the offense of libel prescribes within one (1) year (in
public prosecutor having filed any comment despite, we repeat, several
accordance with Article 90 of the Revised Penal Code), and further
extensions of time granted to the prosecution, within which to file comment.
considering that the informations at bench werefiled only in May 1988, or
This failure of the prosecution to file said comment is aclear defiance of, or
more than one (1) year after the alleged libelious article was published, the
at, least a non-compliance with the order of 19 October 1988 of the
crimes charged had already prescribed when the informations were
respondent court. And such non-filing of the comment, on the part of the
filed.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library
prosecution for more than two (2) years, is undoubtedly an unreasonable
failure or delay.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library
While it may be true that prescription of offenses is aground upon which a
motion to quash may be anchored - on the theory that criminal liability has,
In civil cases, Section 3, Rule 17 of the Rules of Court, provides as follows:
in effect, been extinguished - we do not again agree with the respondent
court that the libel, if any, had prescribed when the informations were
If plaintiff fails to appear at the time of the trial or to prosecute his action for filed.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library
an unreasonable length of time, or to comply with these rules or any order
of the court, the action may be dismissed upon motion of the defendant or
Article 91 of the Revised Penal Code provides as follows:
upon the court's own motion. This dismissal shall have the effect of an
adjudication upon the merits, unless otherwise provided by court.
(Emphasis supplied) Art 91. Computation of prescription of offenses. - The period of prescription
shall commence to run from the day, on which the crime is discovered by
the offended party, the authorities, or their agents, . . . and shall be
In criminal cases, the rules are quite similar. Under Section 1(h), Rule 115,
interrupted by the filing of the complaint or information, and shall
Revised Rules on Criminal Procedure, one of the lights of the accused is
commence to run again when such proceedings terminate without the
the right "to have a speedy, impartial and public trial." A denial of this right
accused being convicted or acquitted, or are unjustifiably stopped for any
entitles the accused to a dismissal of the case, upon filing the appropriate
reason not imputable to him. (Emphasis supplied)
motion to dismiss and the dismissal operates as an acquittal. 12chanrobles
virtual law library
In the present case, the criminal complaint was filed with the office of the
prosecutor on 10 April 1987. The alleged libelious article was published on
In the cited Quizada case, the Court held:
07 April 1987. Hence, the complaint was filed with the prosecutor's office
three (3) days after the publication or the alleged libelous article. Thus, the
There are only two occasions when double jeopardy will attach even if the running of the prescriptive period was interrupted on 10 April
motion to dismiss the case is made by the accused himself. The first is 1987.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library
when the ground is insufficiency of the evidence of the prosecution, and
the second is when the proceedings have been unreasonably prolonged in
In Francisco v. Court of Appeals, this Court held that the filing of a
violation of the right to a speedy trial.
complaint in the fiscal's office interrupts the period of
prescription. 15chanrobles virtual law library
In Bermisa vs. Court of Appeals, 13 it was held that the right to a speedy
trial is denied the accused "where through the vacillation and
All told, we hold that the dismissal of the criminal cases at bench is proper
procrastination of prosecuting officers, the accused is forced to wait many
on the ground of the prosecution's failure to prosecute the cases which, as
months or years for trial." And in Domingo vs. Minister of National
a consequence, denied the private respondents their right to a speedy
Defense, 14 we said that "there is no disputing the proposition that the non-
trial.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library
observance of the constitutional mandate that the accused in all criminal
prosecutions shall enjoy the right to have a speedy trial can result in the
loss of the right of the government to prosecute him for the crime of which ACCORDINGLY, the assailed orders of respondent court, dated 30 August
he is charged, and the accused is entitled to be released on habeas 1991 and 16 December 1991, rendered in Criminal Case Nos. 73490-92
corpus; and that the dismissal of the case based on that ground would are SET ASIDE. But the respondent court is ordered to DISMISS said
amount to an acquittal."chanrobles virtual law library criminal cases against private respondents with
prejudice.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library
In the criminal cases at bench, it is clear that the prosecution failed to
prosecute them for an unreasonable length of time. The fiscal (assistant SO ORDERED.
provincial prosecutor) who was handling the subject cases and who under
Section 5, Rule 110 of the Revised Rules on Criminal Procedure is
responsible for their direction and control, failed in this
task.chanroblesvirtualawlibrarychanrobles virtual law library
Romeo Jaca was accused before the Court of First Instance of Iloilo of Petition denied.
triple homicide through reckless imprudence. After arraignment the case
was called for trial at 8:06 in the morning of February 3, 1949, and counsel
for the accused entered his appearance. The accused was also present.
But as nobody appeared for the prosecution, the court then and there
dismissed the case without prejudice. Four minutes later counsel for the
private prosecution arrived, followed a little later by the City Fiscal together
with the witnesses for the prosecution, and explained to the court that their
tardiness was due to the fact that the chauffeur of the jeep in which they
were riding was detained by a policeman for driving on the wrong side of
the street. Satisfied with the explanation, the respondent judge set aside
the order of dismissal and reset the case for trial on the following morning,
February 4, 1949. On that date counsel for the accused asked for the
postponement of the trial until February 16, and the respondent judge
granted the request. In the meantime, that is to say, on February 5, 1949,
counsel for the accused moved for the reconsideration of the order of the
court setting aside its order of dismissal and reinstating the case, on the
ground that the court had exceeded its jurisdiction in so doing.
That motion having been denied, the accused filed the present petition
for certiorari, contending that by setting aside its order of dismissal and
reinstating the case, the respondent judge placed him in double jeopardy
inasmuch as he had been arraigned and the dismissal of the case was
without his express consent.
Those principles were given mere lip service by the judge, who did not
bother to look deeper into the validity of the challenged confessions.
Given the obvious hostility of the judge toward the defense, it was
inevitable that all the protestations of the accused in this respect would be,
as they in fact were, dismissed. And once the confessions were admitted, it
was easy enough to employ them as corroborating evidence of the claimed
conspiracy among the accused.
The accused are admittedly notorious criminals who were probably even
proud of their membership in the Commando gang even as they flaunted
their tattoos as a badge of notoriety. 21 Nevertheless, they were entitled to
be presumed innocent until the contrary was proved and had a right not to
be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law. 22
The judge disregarded these guarantees and was in fact all too eager to
convict the accused, who had manifestly earned his enmity. When he said
at the conclusion of the trial, "You want me to dictate the decision now?" 23,
he was betraying a pre-judgment long before made and obviously waiting
only to be formalized.
The scales of justice must hang equal and, in fact, should even be tipped in
favor of the accused because of the constitutional presumption of
innocence. Needless to stress, this right is available to every accused,
whatever his present circumstance and no matter how dark and repellent
his past. Despite their sinister connotations in our society, tattoos are at
best dubious adornments only and surely not under our laws indicia of
criminality. Of bad taste perhaps, but not of crime.
In any event, convictions are based not on the mere appearance of the
accused but on his actual commission of crime, to be ascertained with the
pure objectivity of the true judge who must uphold the law for all without
favor or malice and always with justice.
We have also come upon a case wherein the handwriting or the form of
Therefore, the question raised is to be decided by examining whether the writing of the defendant was obtained before the criminal action was
constitutional provision invoked by the petitioner prohibits compulsion to instituted against him. We refer to the case of People vs. Molineux (61
execute what is enjoined upon him by the order against which these Northeastern Reporter, 286).
proceedings were taken.
Wherefore, we find the present action well taken, and it is ordered that the
We say that, for the purposes of the constitutional privilege, there is a
respondents and those under their orders desist and abstain absolutely
similarity between one who is compelled to produce a document, and one
and forever from compelling the petitioner to take down dictation in his
who is compelled to furnish a specimen of his handwriting, for in both
handwriting for the purpose of submitting the latter for comparison.
cases, the witness is required to furnish evidence against himself.
For though the disclosure thus sought be not oral in form, and
though the documents or chattels be already in existence and
not desired to be first written and created by testimonial act or
utterance of the person in response to the process, still no line
can be drawn short of any process which treats him as a
witness; because in virtue it would be at any time liable to make
oath to the identity or authenticity or origin of the articles
produced. (Ibid., pp. 864-865.) (Emphasis ours.)