Concrete Technology Assignment: Topic: Various Types of Chemicals and Its Applications

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
ASSIGNMENT
Topic : various types of chemicals and its

applications
NAME: P.VENGAIAH CHOWDARY

SEC :A
ROLL30
REG.NO: 121001074
VARIOUS TYPES OF CHEMICALS AND ITS APPLICATION’
Admixtures are materials other than cement, aggregate and water that are
added to concrete either before or during its mixing to alter its properties,
such as workability, curing temperature range, set time or color. Some
admixtures have been in use for a very long time in concrete construction,
such as calcium chloride to provide a cold-weather setting concrete.
Based on their functions, admixtures can be classified into the following five
major categories:
 Retarding admixtures
 Accelerating admixtures
 Super plasticizers
 Water reducing admixtures
 Air-entraining admixtures
Among other important admixtures that do not fit into these categories are
admixtures whose functions include bonding, shrinkage reduction, damp
proofing and coloring. The following paragraphs provides details on the
above-mentioned categories of concrete admixtures.
Retarding Admixtures :
Retarding admixtures slow down the hydration of cement, lengthening set

time. Retarders are beneficially used in hot weather conditions in order to
overcome accelerating effects of higher temperatures and large masses of
concrete on concrete setting time. Because most retarders also act as water
reducers, they are frequently called water-reducing retarders. As per
chemical admixture classification by ASTM-ASTM C 494, type B is simply a
retarding admixture, while type D is both retarding and water reducing,
resulting in concrete with greater compressive strength because of the lower
water-cement ratio.
Retarding admixtures consists of both organic and inorganic agents. Organic

retardants include unrefined calcium, sodium, NH4, salts of lignosulfonic
acids, hydrocarboxylic acids, and carbohydrates. Inorganic retardants
include oxides of lead and zinc, phosphates, magnesium salts, fluorates and
borates. As an example of a retardant’s effects on concrete properties,
lignosulfate acids and hydroxylated carboxylic acids slow the initial setting
time by at least an hour and no more than three hours when used at 65 to
100 degrees Fahrenheit. The concrete contractor, however, need not
memorize these chemical-specific results. Given the specific job
requirements and goals, the concrete supplier should offer appropriate
admixtures and concrete mixes from which to choose.
Accelerating admixtures :
Accelerators shorten the set time of concrete, allowing a cold-weather pour,

early removal of forms, early surface finishing, and in some cases, early load
application. Proper care must be taken while choosing the type and
proportion of accelerators, as under most conditions, commonly used
accelerators cause an increase in the drying shrinkage of concrete.
Calcium chloride is a common accelerator, used to accelerate the time of set

and the rate of strength gain. It should meet the requirements of ASTM D
98. Excessive amounts of calcium chloride in concrete mix may result in
rapid stiffening, increase in drying shrinkage and corrosion of reinforcement.
In colder climates, calcium chloride should not be used as an anti-freeze.
Large amount of calcium chloride is required to lower the freezing point of
the concrete, which may ruin the concrete.
Super plasticizers :
Super plasticizers, also known as plasticizers, include water-reducing

admixtures. Compared to what is commonly referred to as a “water reducer”
or “mid-range water reducer”, super plasticizers are “high-range water
reducers”. High range water reducers are admixtures that allow large water
reduction or greater flowability (as defined by the manufacturers, concrete
suppliers and industry standards) without substantially slowing set time or
increasing air entrainment.
Each type of super plasticizer has defined ranges for the required quantities
of concrete mix ingredients, along with the corresponding effects. They can
maintain a specific consistency and workability at a greatly reduced amount
of water. Dosages needed vary by the particular concrete mix and type of
super plasticizer used. They can also produce a high strength concrete. As
with most types of admixtures, super plasticizers can affect other concrete
properties as well. The specific effects, however, should be found from the
manufacturer or concrete supplier.
Water reducing admixtures :
Water reducing admixtures require less water to make a concrete of equal

slump, or increase the slump of concrete at the same water content. They
can have the side effect of changing initial set time. Water reducers are
mostly used for hot weather concrete placing and to aid pumping. A water-
reducer plasticizer, however, is a hygroscopic powder, which can entrain air
into the concrete mix via its effect on water’s surface tension, thereby also,
obtaining some of the benefits of air-entrainment (see below).
Air-entraining admixtures :
Air-entraining agents entrain small air bubbles in the concrete. The major
benefit of this is enhanced durability in freeze-thaw cycles, especially
relevant in cold climates. While some strength loss typically accompanies
increased air in concrete, it generally can be overcome by reducing the
water-cement ratio via improved workability (due to the air-entraining agent
itself) or through the use of other appropriate admixtures. As always,
admixtures should only be combined in a concrete mix by a competent
professional because some of them can interact in undesirable ways.
Bonding admixtures :
Bonding admixtures including addition of compounds and materials such as

polyvinyl chlorides and acetates, acrylics and butadiene-styrene co-
polymers, can be used to assist in bonding new / fresh concrete with old /
set concrete.
Coloring agents have become more commonly used, especially for patios
and walkways. Most are surface applied and often have the additional effect
of surface hardening. Such surface applied coloring admixtures generally
should not be used on air-entrained concrete. Integrally colored concrete is
also available.
Waterproofing and damp proofing admixtures :
Water proofing and damp proofing admixtures including soaps, butyl

stearate, mineral oil and asphalt emulsions, are used to decrease the
amount of water penetration into the larger pores of concrete. “Antifreeze”
admixtures typically are accelerators used in very high doses, with a
corresponding high price, to achieve a very fast set-time, though they do not
have properties to protect against freezing on their own. However, in
general, these are not used for residential work.
Concrete Admixtures: Shrinkage Reducing
Shrinkage reducing concrete admixtures are added to concrete during initial

mixing. This type of admixture could reduce early and long-term drying
shrinkage. Shrinkage reducing admixtures can be used in situations
where shrinkage cracking could lead to durability problems or where
large numbers of shrinkage joints are undesirable for economic or technical
reasons. Shrinkage reducing admixtures can, in some cases, reduce strength
development both at early and later ages.
Concrete Admixtures: Corrosion-Inhibiting
Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures fall into the specialty admixture category

and are used to slow corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete. Corrosion
inhibitors can significantly reduce maintenance costs of reinforced concrete
structures throughout a typical service life of 30 – 40 years. Other specialty
admixtures include shrinkage-reducing admixtures and alkali-silica reactivity
inhibitors. Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures have little effect on strength at
later ages but may accelerate early strength development. Calcium nitrite
based corrosion inhibitors do accelerate the setting times of concretes over a
range of curing temperatures unless they are formulated with a set retarder
to offset the accelerating effect.

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CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

Topic : various types of chemicals and its

NAME: P.VENGAIAH CHOWDARY

Retarding admixtures slow down the hydration of cement, lengthening set

Retarding admixtures consists of both organic and inorganic agents. Organic

Accelerators shorten the set time of concrete, allowing a cold-weather pour,

Calcium chloride is a common accelerator, used to accelerate the time of set

Super plasticizers, also known as plasticizers, include water-reducing

Water reducing admixtures :

Water reducing admixtures require less water to make a concrete of equal

Bonding admixtures including addition of compounds and materials such as

Waterproofing and damp proofing admixtures :

Water proofing and damp proofing admixtures including soaps, butyl

Shrinkage reducing concrete admixtures are added to concrete during initial

Concrete Admixtures: Corrosion-Inhibiting

Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures fall into the specialty admixture category

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