Professional Documents
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Banual Research
Banual Research
stability of nations and thus ultimately cause people to suffer from fears, insecurities, life
miseries, and misfortunes. More than ever, crimes vary from one social group to another
and their root causes in most cases may be traced to societal general conditions.
educational opportunities among the populace, migration from the rural to urban, and
any form.
By and large, social scientists have had classified criminal activity according to the
discernible behavior systems of those who engage in it. In most cases, illiteracy equates
In the local scenario as reported by Police Supt. Sindac (2014), the PNP
Spokesman, 290,000 number of crimes were committed in the country for year 2014, and
these were attributed to various causes though thirty percent (30%) of which were solved
and still in progress for their resolutions, with ninety percent (90%) satisfaction rating, in
contributory factors to crime increases in Barobo, Surigao del Sur with the end in view
that the findings of this study may merit lawmakers, educators, local public officials, police
Selected literatures and studies included hereunder by the foreign and local
authors and research personalities were found with direct similarity and significant
bearing to the present study. Their readings served as guide for the present researchers
to attack with deeper insight and with more complete knowledge on how their own
problem areas investigated were resolved with lesser difficulty and finality.
Related Literatures
Foreign
correlates to one another rooted from Latin words “an” and “implicare” meaning “no” and
“fold” for the former which generally connotes a person not engaged in a gainful
occupation; and “illiteratus” denoting unable to read or write for the latter respectively. In
other words, if a person is illiterate, chances are no leeway for him to be employed under
an employer, however he has access to be self employed by using his muscular strength
in order to earn for a living. But at the end day, a person’s earnings through the use of
muscles are on the subsistent or hand-to-mouth level and therefore could not consistently
support and sustain the basic household needs of the family and thus deprived children
of quality education for their welfare. However, such scenario is only true in countries
where there is abundance of labor supply hence the work of the hands is very cheap. But
on other hand, the use of muscles or simply manual labor as means for a living is of great
demand in highly developed and affluent countries and the income is definitely high than
the white collar jobs. It is within this context that a person with hand-to-mouth income
would find other means by committing crimes for survival just in case he is a family man
with many children to support of their basic household, nutritional and educational needs.
The above viewpoints are strengthened further by Schaefer (2013) that illiteracy
sustained the unemployment status of the individual and therefore partners in the
The same line of thinking has been advocated by Jackson (2013) that
unemployment and illiteracy are social conditions as offshoots of very weak leadership
combined with corruptions as veritable industry of some politicians taking shape in poor
countries. With this dilemma, people have no access to better educational and
employment opportunities the fact that budgetary allotment for schools and industries
went into the pocket of their leaders, hence the former, other than their sufferings from
natural calamities, they suffered much from manmade calamities as offshoots of the
latter’s nefarious activities which tantamount to their life decadence and miseries. With
this at hand, victims of such malady who are then illiterates and unemployed have to find
ways and means by committing crimes in order to eat four square meals a day, and thus
Local
By and large in the local scenario, as former Senator Magsaysay (2010) declared
it that the nation’s progress is no swifter than its progress in education. More than ever,
the entire country is counting on the educational system and the educators to lead this
nation towards the realization of social and economic goals. The Filipinos therefore have
always subscribed to the principle that the youth is the hope of the nation, for they will
one day become the citizens and leaders of this country. And thus, a neglect of budget
allocations for educational opportunities among youth will eventually drag them to
illiteracy which is tantamount to unemployment as they will become liabilities rather than
assets to society. With this situation, illiteracy and unemployment are the common
country at large, as crime capital before the eyes of the global village.
On the same vein, former Senator Angara (2011) rectified that in order to zero
down illiteracy and unemployment in the country, education must be at work. More than
which is a threat to the welfare of the youth. It is at this point that the youth cannot be the
hope of the fatherland as they are illiterates and no work as means for a living and
therefore, they do not have active share in building their respective communities in
particular, and the country in general, and thus they do not have a competitive edge with
eradicate illiteracy rate in the country as means for employment opportunities among the
greatest number. It is for this reason that budget allocation for school buildings, modern
facilities and equipment side by side with deployment of more teachers and increases of
their salaries in the first city to the last barrio of the country, will redound to uplift the quality
of life the citizens on the local and national spheres. With this situation, the citizens are
Related Studies
Foreign
of unemployment in enhancing crime rate in the slum areas of the urban metropolis in
New York. He employed a field study in gathering and treating the data for the basic
problems raised utilizing purposive sampling of around sixty (60) actual respondents from
the population parameter of one-hundred fifty (150). His findings among others, revealed
graduates wherein the former were absorbed as blue collar workers in the factory, and
The foregoing findings tend to point out those jobless were the ones involved in
occasional property crimes such as shoplifting and vandalism; and those who finished
high school with blue collar jobs seldom were involved in conventional or occasional
property crime but at extreme cases were dragged to crime involving public order such
as drunkenness.
A parallel study was conducted by Newman (2011) on illiteracy and unemployment
selected respondents, 80 or 53.33 percent were college graduates and with white collar
jobs; whereas 70 or 46.67 percent finished high school and landed as blue collar workers
as janitors and janitress in hotels and resorts. Based on the findings of the study, it was
therefore inferred that the higher is the educational attainment of the respondents, the
Graf (2012) in his study revealed that illiteracy and unemployment served as
enhancers of criminal behavior among inmates in Indiana District Jail. Anchored on the
foregoing findings, he inferred that the higher is the degree of illiteracy among inmates,
the lesser is their chance for employment opportunities and the more they are susceptible
Local
A group research conducted by Guevarra, et. al. (2014) along the effectiveness of
correctional education program in San Pablo City District Jail, their findings revealed that
majority of inmates around 90 percent were on the grade level; and 10 percent were
illiterates. Such the case, grade level and illiterate inmates were prone to commit crimes
involving public order, conventional and occasional property offenses. They revealed
further that the lower is the educational attainment of inmates, the higher is their
susceptibility to commit crimes, and the more they become adaptable to prison cell for
their security and safety as no leeway for survival in a free society due to their
unemployment status. Based on the foregoing findings, they recommended that inmates
should be motivated to finish high school and acquire vocational and technical courses
while in jail in preparation for life anew in society, subsequent to serving their sentence in
jail.
foregoing studies with bearing on factors affecting the increase of female inmates in
design with locally constructed questionnaire of five-Likert scale in gathering and treating
the data in order to elicit answers to the basic questions raised in the study. Among
others, their findings revealed that illiteracy and unemployment were contributory factors
to the increase of female inmates in the said correctional institution. They recommended
that these inmates be given access to finish high school and college for their professional
growth, in order to live their life anew when they served their sentence for considerable
number of years.
areas. He utilized a field research by immersion with inmates in the selected city jails in
the metropolis. His findings among others, revealed a positive correlation between
illiteracy and unemployment, and incidence of crimes in the selected urban areas. In
other words, the higher is the illiteracy and unemployment rate, the greater is the
incidence of crimes in the metropolis, and the more inmates are locked up in city jails. In
Theoretical Framework
Selected theories stipulated hereunder offered deeper insight for the present
researchers to formulate a conceptual frame of reference which helped them resolve the
As theorized by Noori (2014) in today’s era of high needs and technology, it is true
that unemployment is growing fast and people are getting frustrated and the commission
The foregoing theory is sustained further by Ali (2014) that there is a link between
and among unemployment, illiteracy and crimes wherein the former are correlates to the
latter. In other words, in the community where unemployment and illiteracy rates are high,
the incidence of crimes is also high. The positive relationships between and among the
the subsistent or hand-to-mouth level are the major means of occupation. Added insult
impoverish citizens access to free quality educational and employment opportunities, and
thus the latter are motivated to commit crimes for their survival.
The above theories served as masker keys in designing a conceptual framework
Conceptual Framework
are factors which contribute to increases in crime rates in Barobo, Surigao del Sur.
Variables
Input Throughput Output
personal profile of the respondents in terms gender, age, educational attainment, and
monthly income. The inclusion of these variables is significant in determining most
wherein input is transformed into output. In other words without throughput, input can
never be transformed into output, and therefore the objectives advanced in this study
Toward this end, the dependent variables are capsulated in Frame 3 as output or
simply the outcome in order to gauge out if unemployment and illiteracy are contributory
as contributory factors and the increases of crime rate in the said municipality is positively
high, then the null hypothesis is rejected, while the working hypothesis is supported at
1.1. gender,
1.2. age,
3.2. illiteracy?
Statement of Hypotheses
Hypotheses in null and working forms are hereby drawn for acceptance or support
respondents, the degree of crimes they had committed, and no extensiveness of crime
and illiteracy.
Working (H1-3) – The higher is the personal profile of the respondents, the lesser
or zero degree of crimes they had committed, and therefore unemployment and illiteracy
There is a work relationship established between the null and working hypotheses
for simple reason that once the former is rejected, the latter is supported relative to the
barangay officials, citizens and law offenders in Barobo, Surigao del Sur.
It is limited to three (3) areas of investigation, namely: 1.) the personal profile of
monthly income; 2.) the degree of crimes committed by the respondents as to crime of
crime against property, crimes against person, and other crimes that is usually committed
and illiteracy.
It is further limited to the use of descriptive method in gathering and treating the
data for the above problem areas investigated with stratified random sampling for
proportional representation of the actual respondents coming from different sectors in the
said municipality.
Local Public Officials. They will lead into self-examination of their legal duties as
public servants and thus they are enjoined to serve their respective offices with the
highest degree of responsibility, integrity, loyalty and efficiency in the delivery of basic
services to their respective areas of jurisdiction so their constituents will enjoy quality life
Public Law Offenders. Their police work being essentially a civilian function
which shall be non-military and civilian in character under the administration and control
of a civilian agency such the case of local executives be given authority and responsibility
among the former in the maintenance of peace and order, protection of lives and
Citizens. As members of democratic community who enjoy full civil and political
rights, they will realize that achievement of peace and order does not exist in a vacuum
and therefore demands utmost cooperation and support to their local and national leaders
in order to make their respective communities in particular, and their country in general,
Future Researchers. The findings of this study may serve as data bank for future
researchers to conduct studies of similar nature and thus strengthened further the findings
Definition of Terms
For a better understanding of this study, the following terms are defined:
Contributory Factors. These are unemployment and illiteracy which jointly ignite
the commission of crimes against property and person as criminal activities in Barobo,
due to unemployment and illiteracy of the offenders presumed to be their option for
survival.
Crimes against Person. This involves physical injury and destruction of life.
Crimes against Property. This involves theft, malicious mischief and arson and
Illiteracy. A public offender who has little or no education at all and eventually
unable to read and write serving as a contributory factor to crime increases in Barobo,
terms of gender, age, educational attainment, employment and monthly income as one
a contributory factor to crime increases in Barabo due to the fact that the public offender
Angara, Edgardo (2011). Making Education At Work. Quezon City: Agenda for
Reform
Lemert, Edwin M. (2013). Human Deviance, Social Problems and Social Control.
New York: NY Publications.
Magsaysay, Ramon Jr. (2010). Talking Points on Trends, Issues and Challenges
of the 21st Century: Implications to Quality Education. Manila: ASSERT.
Mueller, Gerhard O. (2013). The American Series of Foreign Penal Codes. New
Jersey: Manual for System of Justice.
Schaefer, Walter C. (2013). The Suspect and Society. Ill.: South Hackened
Evanston Press.
Catapang, Bing Carla (2013). “Factors Affecting the Increase of Female Inmates
in Correctional Institution for Women in Mandaluyong City.” A Thesis, College
of Criminal Justice Education, LSPU Santa Cruz Main Campus.