Russian Wind Loads
Russian Wind Loads
Russian Wind Loads
VERIFICATION REPORT
1 General
The purpose of the program is generation of wind pressure forces on buildings and structures
together with vibration analysis under the turbulent wind pressure fluctuations.
According to Russian code for loads and actions SNiP 2.01.07-85* [1] (hereafter referred as the
Code) the wind load comprises mean wind pressure wm and quasi-static wind fluctuation component
w p wm with fluctuation coefficient , dependent on terrain roughness and the height above
ground. If the structure is susceptible to wind-induced resonance, then the additional dynamic
amplification factor (DAF) should be introduced. The product will take into account the wind
fluctuation together with resonance vibrations of the structure.
The solution is obtained by modal expansion of structural equations of the oscillatory system
M {y} K { y} {F (t )} (2)
Corresponding eigenproblem
M {} 2 K {} 0 (3)
1
zi i2 z i Fi , i 1,..., M (4)
mi
mi j m j ji2 , Fi j F j ji
N N
where,
m j — mass, attached to the j-th degree of freedom (DOF),
i — i-th natural frequency,
ji — j-th component of the i-th mode shape vector,
F j F j t — quasi-static wind pressure force, applied to the j-th DOF.
Dynamic response to the random wind loading can be obtained by means of generally accepted
spectral analysis technique [3]. The response of a structure to the random excitation is assumed
harmonic, in the form of modal expansion.
The format of solution sought for follows from the equations (2) to (4). In terms of amplitude
values of fluctuating variables, with no allowance for resonance effects, it can be formulated as
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ki Fk , i 1,..., M , j 1,..., N
N
i F
F j m j ji z m j ji i m j ji k
2
i i
(5)
mi mi
The resonance effect is determined by the RMS response to the wind fluctuation described by
spectral density (1). This results in dynamic amplification factor (DAF) i ,
(2 / 3) 11 / 3
i
2
d (6)
0 (1 ) [ 4 2(1 2 / 2) 2 i2 i4 ]
2 4/3
1 V10
where i — non-dimensional natural vibration period,
ui L f i
, — logarithmic vibration decrement.
To obtain the meaningful engineering solution, the RMS quantity should be multiplied by the
probability based peak wind pressure factor. It is taken g 3.0 .
The correlation coefficient of the wind pressures on different points of wind-exposed surface
is introduced in a similar way.
More sophisticated dynamic wind loading method [7] is proposed, but little is known about its
practical use in design practice.
Some wind engineering problems cannot be solved by standard codified procedures. More
sophisticated design methods including non-linear and aeroelastic stability analysis, wind tunnel tests
and field measurements should be applied in such cases. Limiting assumptions and limitation are
present in the program for this reason.
Dynamic action of the wind load is represented by the peak quasi-static values of
internal forces in the structure.
The program automatically includes necessary number of natural vibration modes and
performes the SRSS summation of modal contributions if the number of modes is greater than
one.
For all vibration modes the same DAF is applied, as calculated for the first vibration
mode.
Wind pressure correlation coefficient for the first vibration mode is applied. For higher
modes, the coefficient is taken unity.
Dynamic wind action can be determined only on vertical or near-vertical surfaces and
cannot be applied to roofs.
Design code does not contain recommendations about the vibrations of vertical surfaces
of flexible shells, such as cylindrical shells and cooling towers.
The program is not applicable to aerodynamic and aeroelastic stability problems.
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Aerodynamic wind pressure coefficients for wind-exposed surfaces, or wind force coefficients for
entire structures, C x , depend on the shape of a structure, and are defined in the Annex D of the Code
for typical structural shapes.
If the structure is sufficiently rigid, then the quasi-static application of wind fluctuation pressure
is acceptable. Otherwise, the resonant action of fluctuating wind should be taken into account. The
dynamic rigidity of the structure is defined by its natural frequencies. The greater is the natural
frequency, the less susceptible to wind-induced vibrations is the structure. Limit natural frequencies
are presented in the Table 11.5 of the Code. They depend on the basic wind pressure in a region and
the logarithmic decrement of a structure. Dynamic calculation of the wind load must include all
vibration modes with frequencies less than limit value.
Static wind forces. The static wind force acting on the k-th DOF on the wind-exposed surface of the
structure is determined as
FkMEAN Ak wm C x . (7)
Here Ak — wind pressure area, related to the k-th DOF of the wind-exposed surface,
C x — aerodynamic coefficient calculated in accordance with the Annex D of the Code, applicable
to both mean and pulsating pressure components.
X- and Z-components of modal dynamic wind forces at a joint are considered as different DOFs of
the oscillatory system.
The obtained mean value is summed with the dynamic components of the wind loads. If the
structure is not susceptible to wind–induced vibration, then the w p is considered as dynamic load
component, and calculation is completed with this.
Dynamic forces. If one or more of natural frequencies are below the code-defined limiting value
f lim then the dynamic calculation shall be performed. Dynamic amplification factor is
determined from the graph in Fig. 11.1 as a function of the non-dimensional natural vibration period,
obtained by the eq (11.8) of the Code:
w0 k y e f
(8)
940 f 1
where
w0 — basic wind pressure, Pa,
k y e — pressure coefficient at a reference height,
y e 0.7 H , H — reference height of the structure,
f 1.4 — partial load reliability coefficient,
f 1 — fundamental natural frequency.
For all vibration modes, the same DAF is applied, as calculated for the lowest natural frequency.
The modal components of dynamic wind forces of the k-th DOF, corresponding to the i-th
natural mode, are
ji j F jMEAN
j
FkDYNAMIC mk ki i j , k 1, ..., N
m j ji2
i
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i
j
ji j F jMEAN
i j 1, ..., N
m
j
j
2
ji
1.4 Notation
In subsequent parts of the Report, the following notation is used.
i — vibration mode number,
j — number of DOF,
Aj — wind contribution area, m2,
y e — reference height of the joint according to design code, 11.1.4,
k y e —wind pressure vertical variation coefficient according to Table 11.2 of the Code,
FkDYNAMIC
i — component of the modal j-th DOF force for mode i, kN,
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2. Full-scale building
TYPE OF THE PROBLEM: wind load generation on the full-scale building
REFERENCE: control hand calculations.
2.1 Main parameters of the building structure
The structure is situated in the III wind loading region, characteristic wind pressure is w0 0.38
kPa. Terrain category is A. Wind is directed along the x-axis, the width of the wind-exposed side of
the building is B 18.0 m. Building plan dimensions are B D 18.0 7.2 m, height is H = 63.0
m.
Natural frequencies of the structure (Hz): f 1 0.750, f 2 0.904, f 3 1.131, f 4 2.518 .
Logarithmic decrement is 0.30 . The structural model of the building comprises 96 joints with
the attached masses which represent design loading. Total mass of the structure is 2177370 kg.
According to the Table 11.5 of the Code, the limit natural frequency for buildings in the III wind
region is f lim 1.20 Hz. Three lowest vibration modes shall be taken into account to assess the
resonance effect of wind-induced vibrations.
Fig. 2.1
To assess the possible interaction between the translational and rotational vibrations, the distribution
of masses is assumed asymmetrical in the YZ plane. Mode shapes 1 and 3 are interconnected due to
mass asymmetry. The mode 2 is pure translational mode in the YX plane (Fig. 2.3).
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Fig. 2.2 Along-wind vibration mode
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Fig. 2.3 Cross-wind vibration mode
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Fig. 2.4 Rotational vibration mode
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2.2 Dynamic wind load analysis
The main assumption of the analysis is that the building behaves as a rigid in the horizontal
plane. The wind drag force, produced by the wind velocity pressure, is distributed over the joints of
the windward façade of the building. The wind contribution areas in Fig. 5 are related to the
windward joints of the building. But the aerodynamic wind force coefficients relate the wind velocity
pressure to the wind drag force as a whole, including both windward and leeward façades.
Intermediate and final results of dynamic wind load generation are presented in the tables 1 and
MEAN
2 below. The final results are the static wind forces F j in the Table 1, and the dynamic modal
DYNAMIC
wind force components F ji in the Table 2 (i = 1, … 3, j = 1, … 96). Since the number of
modes is more than one, the modal effects (section forces, stresses or displacements) must be
summed by use of the SRSS procedure.
It should be remembered that index values j here are the joint numbers, not the DOFs.
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Table 2.1
j Aj y ye k ye F jMEAN j Q j1 Q j2 Q j3
/conversion/tmp/scratch/400769902.doc
53 37.80 42.00 42.00 1.52000 33.66190 0.61600 8.42950 0.00021 0.77116
54 0.00 42.00 42.00 1.52000 0.00000 0.61600 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
55 37.80 46.20 63.00 1.72250 38.14650 0.57700 10.20640 0.00066 0.93985
56 0.00 46.20 63.00 1.72250 0.00000 0.57700 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
57 37.80 50.40 63.00 1.72250 38.14650 0.57700 11.44130 0.00022 1.05959
58 0.00 50.40 63.00 1.72250 0.00000 0.57700 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
59 37.80 54.60 63.00 1.72250 38.14650 0.57700 12.70790 -0.00044 1.18307
60 0.00 54.60 63.00 1.72250 0.00000 0.57700 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
61 37.80 58.80 63.00 1.72250 38.14650 0.57700 13.91720 -0.00022 1.30148
62 0.00 58.80 63.00 1.72250 0.00000 0.57700 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
63 25.20 63.00 63.00 1.72250 25.43100 0.57700 10.03450 0.00029 0.94161
64 0.00 63.00 63.00 1.72250 0.00000 0.57700 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
65 12.60 0.00 18.00 1.20000 13.27430 0.70400 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
66 0.00 0.00 18.00 1.20000 0.00000 0.70400 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
67 18.90 4.20 18.00 1.20000 13.28760 0.70400 0.17673 0.00440 -0.41160
68 0.00 4.20 18.00 1.20000 0.00000 0.70400 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
69 18.90 8.40 18.00 1.20000 13.28760 0.70400 0.44049 0.00561 -0.95977
70 0.00 8.40 18.00 1.20000 0.00000 0.70400 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
71 18.90 12.60 18.00 1.20000 13.28760 0.70400 0.75936 0.00552 -1.55584
72 0.00 12.60 18.00 1.20000 0.00000 0.70400 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
73 18.90 16.80 18.00 1.20000 13.28760 0.70400 1.12037 0.00580 -2.17641
74 0.00 16.80 18.00 1.20000 0.00000 0.70400 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
75 18.90 21.00 21.00 1.26250 13.97970 0.68650 1.56538 0.00605 -2.89581
76 0.00 21.00 21.00 1.26250 0.00000 0.68650 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
77 18.90 25.20 25.20 1.31500 14.56100 0.67180 2.05355 0.00636 -3.63316
78 0.00 25.20 25.20 1.31500 0.00000 0.67180 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
79 18.90 29.40 29.40 1.36750 15.14230 0.65710 2.59032 0.00597 -4.39423
80 0.00 29.40 29.40 1.36750 0.00000 0.65710 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
81 18.90 33.60 33.60 1.42000 15.72370 0.64240 3.15730 0.00556 -5.14741
82 0.00 33.60 33.60 1.42000 0.00000 0.64240 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
83 18.90 37.80 37.80 1.47250 16.30500 0.62770 3.76707 0.00512 -5.90252
84 0.00 37.80 37.80 1.47250 0.00000 0.62770 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
85 18.90 42.00 42.00 1.52000 16.83100 0.61600 4.39792 0.00529 -6.62984
86 0.00 42.00 42.00 1.52000 0.00000 0.61600 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
87 18.90 46.20 63.00 1.72250 19.07320 0.57700 5.31486 0.00517 -7.69873
88 0.00 46.20 63.00 1.72250 0.00000 0.57700 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
89 18.90 50.40 63.00 1.72250 19.07320 0.57700 5.95114 0.00440 -8.28663
90 0.00 50.40 63.00 1.72250 0.00000 0.57700 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
91 18.90 54.60 63.00 1.72250 19.07320 0.57700 6.59842 0.00374 -8.81488
92 0.00 54.60 63.00 1.72250 0.00000 0.57700 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
93 18.90 58.80 63.00 1.72250 19.07320 0.57700 7.21623 0.00231 -9.24948
94 0.00 58.80 63.00 1.72250 0.00000 0.57700 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
95 6.30 63.00 63.00 1.72250 6.35775 0.57700 2.59761 0.00029 -3.19809
96 0.00 63.00 63.00 1.72250 0.00000 0.57700 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
∑ 1134.00 965.9131 188.06452 0.00012 17.24477
NOTE. In the above table 2.1, j values are referred to the X-direction, associated to j-th joint.
Table 2.2
j mj F jX 1 F jZ 1 F jX 2 F jZ 2 F jX 3 F jZ 3
/conversion/tmp/scratch/400769902.doc
3 16921.50 1.7143E-01 5.4165E-03 -1.5082E-09 1.9109E-07 4.0020E-02 -1.5899E-02
4 16921.50 1.7143E-01 -5.4165E-03 1.4780E-09 1.9109E-07 4.0020E-02 1.5908E-02
5 16921.50 4.3105E-01 1.1345E-02 -1.9305E-09 4.1261E-07 9.3812E-02 -3.6803E-02
6 16921.50 4.3105E-01 -1.1345E-02 1.9003E-09 4.1267E-07 9.3812E-02 3.6803E-02
7 16921.50 7.4836E-01 1.8446E-02 -1.8400E-09 6.4384E-07 1.5289E-01 -5.9537E-02
8 16921.50 7.4836E-01 -1.8446E-02 1.8400E-09 6.4387E-07 1.5289E-01 5.9528E-02
9 16921.50 1.1104E+00 2.5326E-02 -1.8400E-09 8.7716E-07 2.1494E-01 -8.3292E-02
10 16921.50 1.1104E+00 -2.5326E-02 1.8701E-09 8.7713E-07 2.1494E-01 8.3292E-02
11 16921.50 1.5197E+00 3.3231E-02 -1.7797E-09 1.1158E-06 2.8010E-01 -1.0812E-01
12 16921.50 1.5197E+00 -3.3158E-02 1.8400E-09 1.1157E-06 2.8010E-01 1.0813E-01
13 16921.50 1.9642E+00 4.0697E-02 -1.8701E-09 1.3507E-06 3.4638E-01 -1.3327E-01
14 16921.50 1.9642E+00 -4.0697E-02 1.9003E-09 1.3507E-06 3.4638E-01 1.3327E-01
15 16921.50 2.4451E+00 4.8822E-02 -1.8098E-09 1.5846E-06 4.1375E-01 -1.5872E-01
16 16921.50 2.4451E+00 -4.8895E-02 1.7495E-09 1.5846E-06 4.1375E-01 1.5871E-01
17 16921.50 2.9459E+00 5.5995E-02 -1.7797E-09 1.8088E-06 4.7960E-01 -1.8346E-01
18 16921.50 2.9459E+00 -5.6069E-02 1.6892E-09 1.8088E-06 4.7960E-01 1.8345E-01
19 16921.50 3.4803E+00 6.4559E-02 -1.5685E-09 2.0320E-06 5.4534E-01 -2.0802E-01
20 16921.50 3.4803E+00 -6.4486E-02 1.5685E-09 2.0320E-06 5.4534E-01 2.0803E-01
21 16921.50 4.0232E+00 7.1220E-02 -1.4780E-09 2.2390E-06 6.0756E-01 -2.3111E-01
22 16921.50 4.0232E+00 -7.1074E-02 1.5987E-09 2.2391E-06 6.0756E-01 2.3113E-01
23 16921.50 4.5944E+00 7.9199E-02 -1.2669E-09 2.4396E-06 6.6805E-01 -2.5343E-01
24 16921.50 4.5944E+00 -7.9272E-02 1.4177E-09 2.4396E-06 6.6805E-01 2.5341E-01
25 16921.50 5.1593E+00 8.5054E-02 -1.1462E-09 2.6179E-06 7.2278E-01 -2.7340E-01
26 16921.50 5.1593E+00 -8.5201E-02 1.1161E-09 2.6178E-06 7.2278E-01 2.7338E-01
27 16921.50 5.7374E+00 9.2008E-02 -1.1462E-09 2.7809E-06 7.7315E-01 -2.9158E-01
28 16921.50 5.7374E+00 -9.1935E-02 9.0491E-10 2.7808E-06 7.7315E-01 2.9160E-01
29 16921.50 6.2926E+00 9.7132E-02 -6.9376E-10 2.9145E-06 8.1591E-01 -3.0679E-01
30 16921.50 6.2926E+00 -9.7059E-02 5.7311E-10 2.9145E-06 8.1591E-01 3.0681E-01
31 16921.50 6.8138E+00 1.0218E-01 -1.2065E-10 3.0163E-06 8.5113E-01 -3.1871E-01
32 16921.50 6.8138E+00 -1.0226E-01 3.0164E-10 3.0163E-06 8.5113E-01 3.1869E-01
33 0.00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
34 0.00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
35 36289.50 3.9432E-01 1.0046E-02 -6.4688E-11 3.9984E-07 2.7562E-03 -3.2546E-02
36 36289.50 3.9432E-01 -1.0046E-02 -6.4688E-11 3.9990E-07 2.7562E-03 3.2546E-02
37 36289.50 9.8424E-01 2.3546E-02 -1.2938E-10 8.7336E-07 6.9727E-03 -7.6627E-02
38 36289.50 9.8424E-01 -2.3546E-02 -1.2938E-10 8.7342E-07 6.9727E-03 7.6627E-02
39 36289.50 1.7030E+00 3.8459E-02 -6.4688E-11 1.3695E-06 1.2157E-02 -1.2509E-01
40 36289.50 1.7030E+00 -3.8616E-02 -6.4688E-11 1.3696E-06 1.2157E-02 1.2507E-01
41 36289.50 2.5173E+00 5.4314E-02 6.4688E-11 1.8699E-06 1.8144E-02 -1.7576E-01
42 36289.50 2.5173E+00 -5.4314E-02 6.4688E-11 1.8699E-06 1.8144E-02 1.7574E-01
43 36289.50 3.4373E+00 7.0953E-02 1.2938E-10 2.3821E-06 2.4989E-02 -2.2882E-01
44 36289.50 3.4373E+00 -7.0796E-02 1.2938E-10 2.3820E-06 2.4989E-02 2.2884E-01
45 36289.50 4.4314E+00 8.7749E-02 1.2938E-10 2.8861E-06 3.2473E-02 -2.8258E-01
46 36289.50 4.4314E+00 -8.7749E-02 6.4688E-11 2.8861E-06 3.2473E-02 2.8260E-01
47 36289.50 5.5070E+00 1.0486E-01 0.0000E+00 3.3883E-06 4.0632E-02 -3.3712E-01
48 36289.50 5.5070E+00 -1.0502E-01 -6.4688E-11 3.3882E-06 4.0632E-02 3.3708E-01
49 36289.50 6.6201E+00 1.2181E-01 -1.2938E-10 3.8695E-06 4.9193E-02 -3.9013E-01
50 36289.50 6.6201E+00 -1.2181E-01 -1.2938E-10 3.8695E-06 4.9193E-02 3.9009E-01
51 36289.50 7.8113E+00 1.3877E-01 -6.4688E-11 4.3490E-06 5.8447E-02 -4.4282E-01
52 36289.50 7.8113E+00 -1.3861E-01 -6.4688E-11 4.3491E-06 5.8447E-02 4.4286E-01
53 36289.50 9.0120E+00 1.5462E-01 6.4688E-11 4.7937E-06 6.7884E-02 -4.9242E-01
54 36289.50 9.0120E+00 -1.5446E-01 6.4688E-11 4.7937E-06 6.7884E-02 4.9245E-01
55 36289.50 1.0280E+01 1.7000E-01 1.9407E-10 5.2249E-06 7.7941E-02 -5.4042E-01
56 36289.50 1.0280E+01 -1.7016E-01 1.2938E-10 5.2249E-06 7.7941E-02 5.4039E-01
57 36289.50 1.1523E+01 1.8398E-01 6.4688E-11 5.6083E-06 8.7871E-02 -5.8348E-01
58 36289.50 1.1523E+01 -1.8429E-01 6.4688E-11 5.6083E-06 8.7871E-02 5.8345E-01
59 36289.50 1.2799E+01 1.9716E-01 -1.2938E-10 5.9591E-06 9.8111E-02 -6.2271E-01
/conversion/tmp/scratch/400769902.doc
60 36289.50 1.2799E+01 -1.9700E-01 -1.2938E-10 5.9590E-06 9.8111E-02 6.2275E-01
61 36289.50 1.4017E+01 2.0799E-01 -6.4688E-11 6.2475E-06 1.0793E-01 -6.5562E-01
62 36289.50 1.4017E+01 -2.0768E-01 -1.2938E-10 6.2475E-06 1.0793E-01 6.5566E-01
63 36289.50 1.5160E+01 2.1663E-01 1.2938E-10 6.4677E-06 1.1713E-01 -6.8249E-01
64 36289.50 1.5160E+01 -2.1678E-01 6.4688E-11 6.4678E-06 1.1713E-01 6.8245E-01
65 0.00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
66 0.00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
67 19368.00 2.2352E-01 4.9430E-03 1.6227E-09 2.1871E-07 -4.2864E-02 -1.8208E-02
68 19368.00 2.2352E-01 -4.9430E-03 -1.7953E-09 2.1875E-07 -4.2864E-02 1.8217E-02
69 19368.00 5.5713E-01 1.2902E-02 2.0715E-09 4.7230E-07 -9.9952E-02 -4.2134E-02
70 19368.00 5.5713E-01 -1.2986E-02 -2.2786E-09 4.7233E-07 -9.9952E-02 4.2134E-02
71 19368.00 9.6044E-01 2.0861E-02 2.0370E-09 7.3693E-07 -1.6203E-01 -6.8154E-02
72 19368.00 9.6044E-01 -2.0945E-02 -2.1751E-09 7.3696E-07 -1.6203E-01 6.8145E-02
73 19368.00 1.4170E+00 2.9909E-02 2.1405E-09 1.0040E-06 -2.2666E-01 -9.5344E-02
74 19368.00 1.4170E+00 -2.9909E-02 -2.1060E-09 1.0040E-06 -2.2666E-01 9.5344E-02
75 19368.00 1.9299E+00 3.8706E-02 2.1751E-09 1.2771E-06 -2.9395E-01 -1.2376E-01
76 19368.00 1.9299E+00 -3.8706E-02 -1.9679E-09 1.2771E-06 -2.9395E-01 1.2377E-01
77 19368.00 2.4838E+00 4.8173E-02 2.2441E-09 1.5460E-06 -3.6182E-01 -1.5255E-01
78 19368.00 2.4838E+00 -4.8173E-02 -2.0715E-09 1.5460E-06 -3.6182E-01 1.5255E-01
79 19368.00 3.0801E+00 5.7221E-02 2.0715E-09 1.8137E-06 -4.3023E-01 -1.8169E-01
80 19368.00 3.0801E+00 -5.7221E-02 -2.0370E-09 1.8137E-06 -4.3023E-01 1.8167E-01
81 19368.00 3.6983E+00 6.6940E-02 1.8989E-09 2.0703E-06 -4.9645E-01 -2.1000E-01
82 19368.00 3.6983E+00 -6.7023E-02 -2.0715E-09 2.0703E-06 -4.9645E-01 2.0998E-01
83 19368.00 4.3548E+00 7.5317E-02 1.7262E-09 2.3258E-06 -5.6184E-01 -2.3811E-01
84 19368.00 4.3548E+00 -7.5234E-02 -1.8989E-09 2.3259E-06 -5.6184E-01 2.3813E-01
85 19368.00 5.0188E+00 8.4701E-02 1.7608E-09 2.5628E-06 -6.2296E-01 -2.6453E-01
86 19368.00 5.0188E+00 -8.4617E-02 -1.7953E-09 2.5628E-06 -6.2296E-01 2.6455E-01
87 19368.00 5.7139E+00 9.1906E-02 1.6227E-09 2.7924E-06 -6.8149E-01 -2.9009E-01
88 19368.00 5.7139E+00 -9.1989E-02 -1.4846E-09 2.7924E-06 -6.8149E-01 2.9008E-01
89 19368.00 6.3980E+00 1.0003E-01 1.3810E-09 2.9964E-06 -7.3354E-01 -3.1296E-01
90 19368.00 6.3980E+00 -1.0020E-01 -1.2429E-09 2.9964E-06 -7.3354E-01 3.1293E-01
91 19368.00 7.0938E+00 1.0598E-01 1.1738E-09 3.1830E-06 -7.8030E-01 -3.3378E-01
92 19368.00 7.0938E+00 -1.0590E-01 -1.1738E-09 3.1830E-06 -7.8030E-01 3.3380E-01
93 19368.00 7.7580E+00 1.1168E-01 7.2502E-10 3.3359E-06 -8.1877E-01 -3.5119E-01
94 19368.00 7.7580E+00 -1.1151E-01 -7.5954E-10 3.3359E-06 -8.1877E-01 3.5121E-01
95 19368.00 8.3779E+00 1.1461E-01 2.7620E-10 3.4524E-06 -8.4929E-01 -3.6485E-01
96 19368.00 8.3779E+00 -1.1469E-01 -2.7620E-10 3.4525E-06 -8.4929E-01 3.6484E-01
∑ 2177370.0 4.2540E+02 -1.6850E-04 -3.0200E-10 2.2300E-04 1.2918E+00 -3.4000E-05
0
NOTE In the tables 2.1 and 2.2 the quantities j have different meaning, than in the text; They are the
joint numbers, not DOFs. To distinguish the different DOFs for each joint, additional notation jX and
jZ, relating to x- and z-direction is used.
2.3 Main loading parameters and computation formulas
Mean wind force is
F jMEAN A j wm C x
C x k c x. 1.54177 — aerodynamic force coefficient, calculated in accordance with the Annex D
of the Code. For rectangular building, c c. depends on the ratio B D 2.5 and according to plot in
the Fig.D.19 equals to c c. 2.25237 . End effect coefficient k 0.68451 from the plot in
Fig.D.23, when the height/width ratio is H B 63.0 18.0 3.50 .
Dynamic amplification factor for wind resonance effects, 1.478 is determined from the
graph as a function of the argument by the eq (11.8) of the Code:
/conversion/tmp/scratch/400769902.doc
w0 k y e f 380.0 1.541 1.4
0.04063
940 f 1 940 0.750
where w0 — characteristic wind pressure, Pa,
y e 0.7 H , H — height of the structure,
f 1.4 — partial load reliability coefficient.
Modal dynamic wind forces on the k-th DOF, corresponding to the i-th natural mode, are
FkiDYNAMIC mk ki i k 1, ..., N
where
i j
ji j F jMEAN
i j 1, ..., N
m
j
j
2
ji
Q j
j1
188.06452
1 2.9266 10 4
m
j
j
2
j1 642600.0
Q j
j2
2 0.00
m
j
j
2
j2
Q j
j3
17.24477
3 3.4031 10 5
m
j
j
2
j3 506440.0
/conversion/tmp/scratch/400769902.doc
3 Full-scale lattice steel tower
TYPE OF THE PROBLEM: wind load generation on the full-scale lattice steel structure.
REFERENCE: control hand calculations for selected DOFs of the system.
3.1 Main parameters of the structure
Height of the tower H = 45.0 m. Wind is directed along the x-axis. Terrain category is A. The
structure is situated in the III wind loading region, characteristic wind pressure is w0 0.38 kPa.
The structural model of the building comprises 64 joints with the attached masses. It is assumed that
that asymmetric behavior of the structure can be neglected and only pure translational vibration in the
XY plane is considered. Wind-exposed envelope region of the tower, divided into joint-related
contributory areas with x-directed notional mass forces, is shown in the figure below.
/conversion/tmp/scratch/400769902.doc
Fig. 3.2. Fundamental mode shape. Natural frequency 2.299 Hz
Wind drag forces, applied to the wind exposed joints, are determined by the exposure factors,
which reduce the gross area of the wind exposed envelope of the lattice structure (Fig. 3.1) to the
effective wind contributory area, including main structural members, gusset plates, service elements
(such as ladders, platforms, railings) and special equipment. Exposure factors are supplied by the user
and should be implicitly multiplied by aerodynamic wind force coefficients for spatial lattice
structures defined in the Annex D.1.14 of the design code.
3.2 Dynamic wind load analysis
Intermediate and final results of dynamic wind load generation are presented in the Table 3.1
MEAN DYN
below. The final results are static wind forces F j and dynamic modal wind force F j1 , kN.
The joint numbers coincide with the DOF numbers, j = 1, … 64.
/conversion/tmp/scratch/400769902.doc
Table 3.1
j Aj j y k y F jMEAN j mj Q j1 j1 F jDYN
1
1 0.000 0.1781 0.00 0.7500 0.000 0.8500 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 0.000
2 0.000 0.1781 0.00 0.7500 0.000 0.8500 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 0.000
3 12.604 0.1781 0.00 0.7500 1.072 0.8500 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 0.000
4 12.604 0.1781 0.00 0.7500 1.072 0.8500 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 0.000
5 0.000 0.3161 7.50 0.8750 0.000 0.8050 505.167 0.0000 0.0133 0.009
6 0.000 0.3161 7.50 0.8750 0.000 0.8050 505.167 0.0000 0.0133 0.009
7 7.708 0.3161 7.50 0.8750 0.810 0.8050 505.167 0.0069 0.0133 0.009
8 7.708 0.3161 7.50 0.8750 0.810 0.8050 505.167 0.0069 0.0133 0.009
9 0.000 0.3161 7.50 0.8750 0.000 0.8050 505.167 0.0000 0.0135 0.009
10 0.000 0.3161 7.50 0.8750 0.000 0.8050 505.167 0.0000 0.0133 0.009
11 30.833 0.3161 7.50 0.8750 3.241 0.8050 505.167 0.0280 0.0135 0.009
12 0.000 0.3161 7.50 0.8750 0.000 0.8050 505.167 0.0000 0.0133 0.009
13 0.000 0.3976 15.00 1.1250 0.000 0.7250 759.280 0.0000 0.1148 0.120
14 0.000 0.3976 15.00 1.1250 0.000 0.7250 759.280 0.0000 0.1148 0.120
15 15.391 0.3976 15.00 1.1250 2.616 0.7250 759.280 0.1730 0.1148 0.120
16 15.391 0.3976 15.00 1.1250 2.616 0.7250 759.280 0.1730 0.1148 0.120
17 0.000 0.3776 18.75 1.2188 0.000 0.6988 256.051 0.0000 0.1702 0.060
18 0.000 0.3776 18.75 1.2188 0.000 0.6988 256.051 0.0000 0.1702 0.060
19 3.073 0.3776 18.75 1.2188 0.537 0.6988 256.051 0.0508 0.1702 0.060
20 3.073 0.3776 18.75 1.2188 0.537 0.6988 256.051 0.0508 0.1702 0.060
21 0.000 0.3776 18.75 1.2188 0.000 0.6988 256.051 0.0000 0.1701 0.060
22 0.000 0.3776 18.75 1.2188 0.000 0.6988 256.051 0.0000 0.1698 0.060
23 12.292 0.3776 18.75 1.2188 2.150 0.6988 256.051 0.2029 0.1701 0.060
24 0.000 0.3776 18.75 1.2188 0.000 0.6988 256.051 0.0000 0.1698 0.060
25 0.000 0.3820 22.50 1.2813 0.000 0.6813 504.148 0.0000 0.2599 0.181
26 0.000 0.3820 22.50 1.2813 0.000 0.6813 504.148 0.0000 0.2599 0.181
27 8.438 0.3820 22.50 1.2813 1.569 0.6813 504.148 0.2207 0.2599 0.181
28 8.438 0.3820 22.50 1.2813 1.569 0.6813 504.148 0.2207 0.2599 0.181
29 0.000 0.3796 26.25 1.3281 0.000 0.6681 251.055 0.0000 0.3529 0.122
30 0.000 0.3796 26.25 1.3281 0.000 0.6681 251.055 0.0000 0.3529 0.122
31 2.552 0.3796 26.25 1.3281 0.489 0.6681 251.055 0.0916 0.3529 0.122
32 2.552 0.3796 26.25 1.3281 0.489 0.6681 251.055 0.0916 0.3529 0.122
33 0.000 0.3796 26.25 1.3281 0.000 0.6681 251.055 0.0000 0.3529 0.122
34 0.000 0.3796 26.25 1.3281 0.000 0.6681 251.055 0.0000 0.3525 0.122
35 10.208 0.3796 26.25 1.3281 1.956 0.6681 251.055 0.3663 0.3529 0.122
36 0.000 0.3796 26.25 1.3281 0.000 0.6681 251.055 0.0000 0.3525 0.122
37 0.000 0.2993 30.00 1.3750 0.000 0.6550 500.171 0.0000 0.4726 0.327
38 0.000 0.2993 30.00 1.3750 0.000 0.6550 500.171 0.0000 0.4726 0.327
39 6.875 0.2993 30.00 1.3750 1.075 0.6550 500.171 0.2644 0.4726 0.327
40 6.875 0.2993 30.00 1.3750 1.075 0.6550 500.171 0.2644 0.4726 0.327
41 0.000 0.4029 33.75 1.4219 0.000 0.6419 249.320 0.0000 0.5943 0.205
42 0.000 0.4029 33.75 1.4219 0.000 0.6419 249.320 0.0000 0.5943 0.205
43 2.031 0.4029 33.75 1.4219 0.442 0.6419 249.320 0.1340 0.5943 0.205
44 2.031 0.4029 33.75 1.4219 0.442 0.6419 249.320 0.1340 0.5943 0.205
45 0.000 0.4029 33.75 1.4219 0.000 0.6419 249.320 0.0000 0.5945 0.205
46 0.000 0.4029 33.75 1.4219 0.000 0.6419 249.320 0.0000 0.5938 0.205
47 8.125 0.4029 33.75 1.4219 1.769 0.6419 249.320 0.5361 0.5945 0.205
48 0.000 0.4029 33.75 1.4219 0.000 0.6419 249.320 0.0000 0.5938 0.205
49 0.000 0.4259 37.50 1.4688 0.000 0.6288 498.131 0.0000 0.7313 0.503
50 0.000 0.4259 37.50 1.4688 0.000 0.6288 498.131 0.0000 0.7313 0.503
51 5.313 0.4259 37.50 1.4688 1.263 0.6288 498.131 0.4613 0.7313 0.503
52 5.313 0.4259 37.50 1.4688 1.263 0.6288 498.131 0.4613 0.7313 0.503
53 0.000 0.4594 41.25 1.5125 0.000 0.6175 298.063 0.0000 0.8675 0.357
/conversion/tmp/scratch/400769902.doc
54 0.000 0.4594 41.25 1.5125 0.000 0.6175 298.063 0.0000 0.8675 0.357
55 1.510 0.4594 41.25 1.5125 0.399 0.6175 298.063 0.1696 0.8675 0.357
56 1.510 0.4594 41.25 1.5125 0.399 0.6175 298.063 0.1696 0.8675 0.357
57 0.000 0.4594 41.25 1.5125 0.000 0.6175 298.063 0.0000 0.9347 0.385
58 0.000 0.4594 41.25 1.5125 0.000 0.6175 298.063 0.0000 0.8667 0.357
59 6.042 0.4594 41.25 1.5125 1.595 0.6175 298.063 0.7314 0.9347 0.385
60 0.000 0.4594 41.25 1.5125 0.000 0.6175 298.063 0.0000 0.8667 0.357
61 0.000 0.5555 45.00 1.5500 0.000 0.6100 349.151 0.0000 1.0000 0.483
62 0.000 0.5555 45.00 1.5500 0.000 0.6100 349.151 0.0000 1.0000 0.483
63 2.005 0.5555 45.00 1.5500 0.656 0.6100 349.151 0.3179 1.0000 0.483
64 2.005 0.5555 45.00 1.5500 0.656 0.6100 349.151 0.3179 1.0000 0.483
∑ 202.500 32.567 22920.767 5.6446 12.544
/conversion/tmp/scratch/400769902.doc
In Table 1, the quantities
Q j1 i j1 j F jMEAN
are contributions of each joint to the modal factor. Resulting modal factor is
Q j
j1
5.6446
1 0.00094622
m
j
j
2
j1 5965.39
/conversion/tmp/scratch/400769902.doc
4. Reinforced concrete chimney
TYPE OF THE PROBLEM: along-wind vibration of cylindrical chimney.
REFERENCE: control hand calculation.
4.1 Main parameters of the structure
In this verification example, the dynamic calculation of the full-scale reinforced concrete
chimney wind load is presented. Height of the chimney H = 415.0 m. Terrain category is A. The
structure is situated in the II wind loading region, characteristic wind pressure is w0 0.30 kPa. The
structural model of the building comprises 10 joints with the attached masses connected by beam
members with variable cross sections. The model of a structure with the attached mass forces is
shown in the picture below. The outside diameters of the chimney are introduced through the
exposure command lines.
Fig. 4.1 Structural model; notional mass forces, expressed by weight units
/conversion/tmp/scratch/400769902.doc
Natural vibration frequencies of the chimney, are f1 0.23892; f 2 0.68945; f 3 1.47074 ,
Hz. Limit frequency, according to the Table 11.5 of the Code is f lim 1.1 Hz, when w0 0.30 kPa
and 0.30 for RC structure. Hence two lowest vibration modes should be taken into account.
/conversion/tmp/scratch/400769902.doc
Fig. 4.3 Natural frequency f 2 0.689 Hz
/conversion/tmp/scratch/400769902.doc
Table 4.1 Calculation of static forces
j yj hj hjDj k ye Re k c x F jMEAN
j yj j mj Q j1 Q j2 F jDYNAMIC
1 F jDYNAMIC
2
Dj — outside diameter, m,
Re — Reynolds number, Re 0.88D w0 k y e f 10 according to D.1.11 of the Code.
5
c x — aerodynamic coefficient according to plot in Fig. D.17 of the Code, as a function of Re and
relative roughness of the stack (assumed zero, CONFIGURATION = 0 in command line).
k — end effect multiplier, D.1.15 of the Code.
/conversion/tmp/scratch/400769902.doc
Here Ak — wind pressure contribution area, related to the k-th node,
C x k c x — the aerodynamic coefficient calculated in accordance with the Annex D of the Code,
applicable to both mean and pulsating pressure components.
Dynamic forces. Dynamic wind forces are the pulsating components of the wind load, multiplied by
the dynamic amplification factor (DAF). Dynamic wind pressure is determined by the eq (11.7) of the
Code:
w p w0 k y e y e
Here ξ is DAF, obtained from the digitized function shown in the plot of the Fig.11.1 of the Code.
The function depends on the logarithmic decrement δ of a structure. For buildings and concrete
structures δ = 0.30. The argument of the function is:
w0 k y e f
0.15075
940 f 1
where w0 300 . 0 Pa is characteristic wind pressure,
y e 0.7 H 290.5 m,
f 1.4 — load reliability coefficient,
f 1 0.23892 Hz — the lowest natural frequency.
Resulting DAF is 1.92695 .
Dynamic resonant response of the structure is obtained as the expansion into the natural
vibration modes, defined by the eigenvectors ji , where i are the natural vibration modes and j are
the global numbers of the degrees of freedom. In this example, the vibrations only in x-direction are
considered and the node numbers coincide with the global degrees of freedom.
Amplitude values of dynamic wind forces for the k-th degree of freedom, corresponding to the
i-th natural mode, read as [2]:
i j Q 0j ji
j
FkDYNAMIC mk ki . j, k = 1, …, N
m j ji2
i
Here N = 10 is total number of DOFs equal to the number of nodes, because only vibration in the x-
direction is considered,
m j — the mass, related to the j–th node,
5 Sign Board
/conversion/tmp/scratch/400769902.doc
TYPE OF THE PROBLEM: wind load generation on the plane structure
REFERENCE: control hand calculations for selected DOFs of the system.
5.1 Main parameters of the structure
Layout of the structure conforms with the picture D.2 in the Annex D.1.1 of design code, Fig.
5.1 below. Load generation method can be applied if the board is elevated above the earth surface not
less than z g 0.25d . It is assumed by default that the wind is directed along the x-axis and the plane
structure is in the YZ plane. The compliance of the STAAD.Pro model with geometric requirements
of the code is checked programmatically.
The resultant of the wind pressure shall be placed at a distance 0.25b from the centre of the
board. The reference height for wind pressure is z e z g 0.5d .
/conversion/tmp/scratch/400769902.doc
Fig. 5.2 Structural model of the sign board
/conversion/tmp/scratch/400769902.doc
Fig. 5.4 Rotational mode shape.
0
where z j are joint coordinates, referenced to the centre of the wind-exposed surface.
Table 5.1
j Aj z 0j ` F jMEAN j1 j2 Q j1 Q j2 F jDYN
1 F jDYN
2
/conversion/tmp/scratch/400769902.doc
j — number of joint, corresponds to DOF number.
A j — wind contribution area, m2,
z 0j ` —wind pressure vertical variation coefficient according to Table 11.2 of design code,
/conversion/tmp/scratch/400769902.doc
References
1. SP 20 13330.2011. Loads and Actions. Actualized edition. SNiP 2.01.07-85*. (In Russian)
2. E.Simiu, R.H.Scanlan. Wind Effects on Structures: an Introduction to Wind Engineering.
Wiley, 1996.
3. D.E.Newland. An introduction to random vibrations, spectral and wavelet analysis.
Longman, 1993, 477 p.
4. M.F.Barstein. Theoretical Basis for the Method Adopted in USSR for the Dynamic Design of
Tall Slender Structures for Wind Effects. Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures. Vol. 2.
Univ. of Toronto Press, 1968.
5. Kucherenko CNIISK USSR. Wind Actions on Buildings and Structures. Calculations Manual.
Moscow, 1978. (In Russian).
6. A.G.Davenport. The Spectrum of Horizontal Gustiness Near the Ground in High Wind. J.
Royal Meteorol. Soc. Vol. 87, 1961. 194 – 211.
7. CNIISK. Recommendations on elaborated dynamic calculation of buildings and structures
under the action of pulsating component of wind load. Moscow, 1999 (In Russian).
/conversion/tmp/scratch/400769902.doc