Lecture - 3 - Management System
Lecture - 3 - Management System
OHS Program
What are the required
components of an OHS program?
Occupational health and safety goals and how they will be achieved
must be clearly communicated to all employees through:
Formal orientation.
Distribution of written guidelines.
And periodic refresher training.
Training should be a continuing process
A well-informed staff with safe work habits will:
Minimize injuries and illnesses
Reduce costs related to:
• Labor time
• Insurance
• Health care
• And legal actions
Risk Assessment
What is risk assessment?
A measure of the likelihood of a consequence.
Defining and quantifying a hazard.
When can I stop defining and quantifying hazards?
Dynamic process – never completed!
What must you know to perform risk assessment for chemical agents?
Toxic doses
Stability
Form (gas/liquid/solid)
Type of toxicity (irrit/corrosion/carcin/narcosis/lethality)
Severity of reaction
Mode of action
Metabolic products
Occupational Exposure Standards
-The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH) was established in 1938:
• Had a major role in developing limits for exposures in the workplace
• A consensus group
• Established TLVs (8-hour-TWA).
-OSHA adopted 450 TLVs in 1971 and turned them into PELs (8-
hourTWA). Not protective enough:
• TLVs are designed to protect the average worker from either recognized
acute effects or easily recognized chronic effects.
• TLVs are based on animal toxicity data or available epidemiologic studies.
• They do not address sensitive populations, workers with prior exposures
• They do not address carcinogenocity, mutagenicity or teratogenicity
-OSHA later developed standards for: asbestos, vinyl chloride, arsenic,
DBCP, coke oven emissions, acrylonitrile, lead, cotton dust, benzene, ,
ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, and 14 carcinogens.
-OSHAs Carcinogen Standard.
Occupational health standard
-The OSHA Act states (under secHon 6(b)(5)) that the Secretary of Labor
in promulgating standards dealing with toxic material or physical agents,
shall set the standard that “most adequately assures, to the extent
feasible, on the basis of the best available evidence, that no employee
will suffer material impairment of health or functional capacity, even if
such employee has a regular exposure to the hazardous material by
such standard for the period of his working life”.
• OSHA PEL (8 hour Time-Weighted Average)
• OSHA STEL (15 minute TWA)
• OSHA Ceiling
• ACGIH established TLVs & BEIs:
-TLVs are standards for maximum airborne concentration that may be
inhaled by a worker ⇒ exposure
-BEIs are for monitoring chemicals or their metabolites in biological
fluids or tissues (urine, blood, and exhaled air) ⇒ dose
Biological Agents
• Air pump used
• Sample collected on a medium that can be cultured.
• Bioaerosols come in many different types; sampling and analytical
methods vary.
Physical Agents
• Real-time measurement instruments are often used
• Integrated measurements are also used to evaluate hazards
• Physical hazards include:
HEAT/COLD STRESS
NOISE
RADIATION
Key legislation
• Health and Safety at Work etc, Act 2001
o original act 1974
• Management of Health and Safety at Work RegulaHons 1999
• Control of Substances Hazardous to Health RegulaHons 2002;
normally referred to as COSHH.
BS 8800
• non-certifiable guidance document
• use when implementing a health and safety system within ISO
14001
OHSAS 18001
• from ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
• an auditable management system
OHSAS 18001
• OHSAS 18001(OccupaHonal Health and Safety Assessment Series)
o published in April 1999
o specifies requirements of a OH&S MS
o designed to be applicable to
all types and sizes of companies
diverse geographical, cultural and social conditions.
H&S costs facing organizations include but are not limited to:
• investigation time,
• wages paid for lost time,
• training replacements,
• extra supervisory and clerical time,
• decreased output of worker upon return
• the loss of business and goodwill
Benefits of Registration:
• potential reduction in the number of accidents
• potential reduction in downtime and associated costs
• demonstration of legal and regulatory compliance
• demonstration of commitment to stakeholders
• demonstration of innovative, forward thinking approach
• increased access to new customers and business
• better management of risks, now and in the future
• potential reduced public liability insurance costs
COSHH
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health RegulaHons 1999
What are hazardous substances?
• substances used directly in work activities
eg glues, paints, cleaning agents
• substances generated during work activities
eg fumes from soldering and welding
• naturally occurring substances
eg grain dust, blood, bacteria
Health effects are the different ways
you can become ill:
• cancer
• dermatitis
• occupational asthma
• poison
• reproductive toxicity
• harm to unborn or breast feeding children,
or to fertility
The presence (or not) of a warning label will indicate whether COSHH is
relevant
COSHH does not cover:
asbestos and lead
radioactive substances per se
explosive or flammable substances
chemicals at high temperature / pressure.
Other laws apply in these cases
7 steps to COSHH
Step 1
Work out what hazardous substances are used in your work place
and find out the risks from using these substances to people's
health.
Step 2
Decide what precautions are needed before starting work with
hazardous substances.
Step 3
Prevent people being exposed to hazardous substances, but
where this is not reasonably practicable, control the exposure.
Step 4
Make sure control measures are used and maintained properly
and that safety procedures are followed.
Step 5
If required, monitor exposure of employees to hazardous
substances.
Step 6
Carry out health surveillance where your assessment has shown
that this is necessary or COSHH makes specific requirements.
Step 7
Make sure employees are properly informed, trained and
supervised.
Consider:
- changing the process or activity
eg mixing in a closed vessel to minimize vapor
- replacing it with a safer alternative
is the hazardous substance essential
- using it in a safer form
eg pellets are less dusty than powder.
and then:
use appropriate
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
CHIP
RoHS ii
Specific to:
• lead
• mercury
• cadmium
• hexavalent chromium
• polybrominated biphenyls
• polybrominated diphenyl ethers.
RoHS iii
• Directive covers the same scope as the WEEE (waste electrical and
electronic equipment directive)
• except for medical devices and monitoring and control
instruments.
• applies to electric light bulbs
and light fittings in households.
REACH
Registration,
Evaluation,
Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)
REACH intends to:
• improve the protection of
human health and the environment
• encourage the substitution of
hazardous chemicals by safer ones
• maintain competitiveness and
enhance the innovative capability of
the EU chemicals industry
• promote research and development leading to new products.
REACH
--passes responsibility for
management of risks from chemicals
to the industry
--requires the provision of
appropriate safety information
Risk Assessment:
• essential for safe working
• applicable beyond OH&S
• quick assessment of relative risks
• simple methodology, usually
o Risk factor = probability x severity
o other forms may be used
Fire Risk Assessment
• Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005
• from 01 October 2006,
all owners/occupiers of UK business premises have to
carry out a Fire Risk Assessment on their buildings
Probability
1 = unlikely
2 = possible
3 = probable
Severity
1 = minor
2 = serious
3 = cri/cal
Risk Factor
1-3 = low risk
4 = medium risk
6 or 9 = high risk
NB: the number must be
calculated, NOT estimated separately
Risk Assessment:
• Table of risks for composites
manufacturing and associated processes at primary
importance is relative risk
• permitting minimisation of problems arising
• document recommends best practice
• actions to be taken
• controls to be in place
• additional requirements
Policy
Continual
Improvement
Management Planning
Review
&Checking Implementation
Corrective Action
Oct-13 ٦١