Kuoni Water

Management
Manual
for Hotels
thailand


About this Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Table of Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Becoming a Kuoni Water Champion . . . . . 9
Contents Skills Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1. Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2. Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3. Cost Benefit Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4. Defining the Action Plan . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5. Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6. Training Staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
7. Creating Customer Awareness . . . . . . . . 51
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Annex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
I. References & Online Tools . . . . . . . 58
II. Sample Worksheets . . . . . . . . . . . 58
III. Average Water
Consumption Figures . . . . . . . . . 80
IV. Rainwater Harvesting . . . . . . . . . . 81
V. Meter Installation Tips . . . . . . . . . 82
VI. Water Saving Technologies . . . . . . 83
VII. Improving Irrigation Systems . . . . 87
VIII. Detecting Leaks . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
IX. Other Water Saving Technologies . . 89
4

This book is designed to help hotels and tourism A memory stick accompanying the manual includes about the Kuoni Group About the water consultant in thailand

About this
businesses that are interested in meeting consumer the worksheets in Excel format as well as videos in Kuoni’s head office is located in Zurich, Switzerland, Nicolas Dubrocard has been working on water and
expectations and in contributing to a more sustainable English and Thai languages. It is recommended that where Alfred Kuoni founded the company in 1906. sustainability issues with hotels for the past decade.
tourism by committing to improved water management the hotel’s facilities manager or the person in charge Over the years Kuoni has developed into today’s global He has been the International Director of Green
Book practices. This manual aims to provide an introduction
to the business skills required to measure, monitor,
of implementing this project keep a master copy of
the worksheet files and be responsible for updating
travel services company, now employing around 12
000 people in more than 60 countries. In its European
Key, an international eco-label implemented in 40+
countries, and prior to that he managed the Every
manage and reduce water consumption in hotels in them on a continual basis. source markets the company has more than 160 of its Drop Counts Programme for the Travel Foundation
order to have a more cost effective and environmentally own retail outlets and tour operating offices. in Morocco. Nicolas's knowledge of sustainability
sound water management system. It was created as It is recognised that economics is a strong driving management is further strengthened through his
part of Kuoni’s commitment to improving sustainable factor in many decision making processes, therefore Its global destination travel services business has several work auditing more than 100 eco-hotels in 25 countries.
management throughout its supply chain. Upon success- the manual and associated tools have been designed different types of office: sales offices in the source Most recently based in Bangkok he adapted Kuoni
ful completion of each step outlined in this manual, the to enable the hotel’s facilities manager or water project markets, particularly in Asia for group travel business; Water Management manual and tools for use in
participant should be well on their way to achieving the manager to generate costs (both present and future) agency offices that look after guests at the destinations; the Thai context, in addition to implementing the
award status of Kuoni Water Champion and to use this relating to water supply and consumption. Armed offices dedicated to buying in and selling online-based project in Thailand for partnering hotels.
award in any communication with its customers. with these figures, it is possible to compare current destination services; and offices specialising in MICE
costs with those resulting from improved water business (meetings, incentives, conferences and events).
After a successful roll-out of the Water Manual in Kenya management through a cost benefit analysis exercise. Visa services provider VFS Global (external consular
in 2013, Kuoni has decided to replicate the project in services) runs a worldwide business through more
another key destination, being Thailand. To this end, For further information on this book and the project, than 500 offices spread across every continent. Overall,
the initial Kenyan Manual and tools were adapted to please contact: counting all business activities, Kuoni has more than
the Thai context and realities. 700 offices in 62 countries around the world.
Kuoni Group
The book begins with an introduction and an Corporate Responsibility www.kuoni.com
explanation of the Kuoni Water Champion program. Neue Hard 7
It is then split into seven sections based on a series of 8010 Zurich
worksheets which should be completed in numerical Switzerland
order. The sections are: Planning, Data Collection, Cost [email protected]
Benefit Analysis, Defining the Action Plan, Monitoring, T +41 44 277 50 06
Training Staff and Creating Customer Awareness.
Reference materials are located in the Annex and the www.kuoni-group.com
user is guided to those relevant for each particular task.
 Demand for sustainable tourism is on the rise. inequity, through the appropriation of public water Such inequalities often lead to conflict between tourism businesses Tourism and Water Scarcity in Thailand
Intro-
Consumers are increasingly requesting that hotels supplies, overexploitation of aquifers, and lowering of and local communities. A survey by the World Travel Market showed
and tourism business provide sustainable and groundwater tables. Furthermore, tourism business have that 53% of hotel managers felt their business was already impacted Bangkok has beaten London to the number one spot as 2013's most popular
environmentally friendly products. According to a been implicated in spreading diseases by contaminating by water shortages (2007). In Zanzibar, for example, water scarcity has
duction
tourist destination. Tourism is a major economic factor in the Kingdom
study by the Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA), freshwater by saltwater and sewage (Tourism Concern, led some hotel managers to employ security guards to protect water of Thailand. On June 1, 2013, Time magazine reported that Bangkok was
one in three travellers now believes that their vacation 2011). pipes following sabotage attempts by angry locals, according to Tourism identified as the most visited city in the world by the 2013 Global Destination
products should have an environmental rating. In 2012 Concern (2011). It is also the responsibility of tourism businesses to Cities Index, while Suvarnabhumi Airport was the world's most geotagged
TripAdvisor, the world's largest travel site announced A recent study by Tapper et al. (2011) found that on a respect human rights, as outlined in the UN Guiding Principles on location on Instagram in 2013.
the results of its eco-friendly travel survey of more than per tourist basis, the tourism sector uses between one Business and Human Rights, and in this light to respect the right to
700 U.S. travellers.  The green travel trend is gaining and a half to two and a half times the daily amount of water of local communities in tourism destinations. This is not only a The total contribution of travel and tourism to gross domestic product (GDP)
momentum among TripAdvisor members, as 71 percent water used by a local resident in the Mediterranean moral obligation – rather this helps companies to identify and manage in Thailand is projected to rise by 0.1% in 2014 from 2.4 trillion baht recorded
said they plan to make more eco-friendly choices in the and Caribbean. In North African destinations between a range of operational, financial and reputation risks (UNHRC, 2011). in 2013, according to a report by the World Travel & Tourism Council. The
next 12 months compared to 65 percent that did so in four to ten times as much water was used. Kenya and Sri council said the industry contribution to GDP was 20.2% in 2013. The sector
the past 12 months. Lanka were shown to have about 18 to 20 times as much This book is targeted at hotels and tourism business that are contributed to 15.4% of jobs in 2013, including those indirectly supported
water used per tourist. interested in meeting consumer expectations and in contributing by the sector with a total of 6.01 million.
Taking a sustainable approach can also reduce costs and to a more sustainable tourism by committing to improved water
improve efficiency. For example, according to the UK’s The UNFAO Aquastat database, a global information management practices. This manual, based on the Kenyan Water The Director of the Thai Meteorological Department's Central Weather
Environment Agency, Hotels can reduce the amount system on water and agriculture, indicates that in Management Manual published in 2013, aims to provide an Forecast Division, said after he studied several weather forecast models, that
of water consumed per guest per night by up to 50% Thailand tourism activities need daily 6 to 8 times introduction to the business skills required to measure, monitor, the El Nino phenomenon would start in Thailand in 2014.
compared with establishments with poor performance more water than local communities. These statistics do manage and reduce water consumption in hotels in order to have As a result, Thailand would not have enough water this year and next year
in water consumption. not take into account unmonitored water extraction a more cost effective and environmentally sound water management as the phenomenon reduces rainfall. According to the Electricity Generating
methods by the tourism industry, such as boreholes system. It has especially been designed for the context in Thailand, Authority of Thailand, water retained in Bhumibol and Sirikit dams, Thailand's
However, despite its potential for positive contributions, and wells, which can have an even greater impact. Golf taking into account the different issues that Thai hotels are facing: biggest reservoirs, is well below the 10-year average. The agency warned that
tourism can sometimes be at odds with sustainable tourism in particular has an enormous impact on water less threat regarding salt damages to pipes and machines, more this could affect all activities that depend on water from the two reservoirs,
development as a whole and with environmental withdrawals – according to UNESCO an eighteen-hole concerns about cooling towers, different levels of humidity, either for agricultural or consumption purposes.
sustainability in particular. Current research indicates golf course can consume more than 2.3 million litres strong rainy season during monsoon, etc. Any hotel committing
that the disproportionate use of fresh water by tourists a day, which corresponds to the daily water needs of to the step-by-step process outlined in this manual will be eligible References: The Nation 8th April 2014 and 14th March 2014
in developing country destinations is, in many cases, approximately 20,000 people. for the Kuoni Water Champion Award and experience significant
directly contributing to water scarcity, poverty and reductions in water consumption and costs, as described in more
detail at a later point in this book.
 9

Becoming a
Kuoni Water Champion

Corporate Responsibility at Kuoni

Kuoni has been striving for over ten years now to enhance the 1. its employees;
positive impact of tourism on people and the environment and 2. sustainable supply chain management;
simultaneously minimise its negative ramifications. Kuoni and its 3. sustainable products;
staff are convinced that the company can make a major contribu- 4. human and labour rights;
tion to ensuring sustainable tourism development within its scope 5. natural resources and climate change and
and the resources at its disposal. 6. governance/compilance

Over these ten years, Kuoni has extensively integrated its Corporate For each of these focus issues, a road map has been developed and
Responsibility activities into its overall business strategy. On the specific goals have been defined, which are available on the Kuoni
basis of the overall Group CR strategy for 2013-2015, the CR risk Group website.
assessment and the subsequent definition of the materiality matrix,
the focus issues for corporate responsibility within the Kuoni
Group are:

Active management /
High risk areas

High
Sustainable
Human Rights supply chain
hChild protection management
hWorking conditions

Governance/Compilance
Natural Resources
hAnti Corruption
hWater scarcity
hEthics and transparency
hLoss of biodiversity

Employees
hOccupational
Impacts of Health&Safety
Climate Change Employee
Community and regulations
h

engagement Engagement
h Leadership

Social

Sustainability topics of concern to stakeholders

investments

Sustainable
Cultural
Products
Heritage hProduct
Innovation
h Customer
satisfaction
h Social Media

monitoring / low effort High

Sustainability topics of relevance to Kuoni

Kuoni’s degree of influence

10 11

Benefits to Achieving Kuoni Water Champion Candidate:

Amari Watergate
Working with The Kuoni Water the Kuoni Water
Champion Award
Profile:
our Suppliers Management Project City hotel based in Bangkok, capacity of 1100 PAX

Initial Water Consumption

720 litres/bednight
As seen in the above Materiality Matrix, Kuoni places great impor- Within its Corporate Responsibility program, Kuoni aims to ensure Launched by Kuoni, in collaboration with Green Water under
tance on engaging with suppliers toward a collaborative and more adequate access to precious water resources for all people at water- the framework of the Water Management Project in Kenya in Resulting Water Consumption
sustainable tourism. The company has defined its minimal require- scarce destinations where conflicts arise between the requirements 2013 the Water Champion Award aims at recognising outstand- 600 litres/bednight
ments towards its suppliers in the Kuoni Supplier Code of Conduct, of the tourist sector and the needs of the local population. ing water management practices of hotels.

= 20% savings
a policy document which requires suppliers to adhere to human
and labour rights, compliance with local law and environmental Water scarcity and its effective management in the supply chain Participation in the program can substantially reduce costs and
standards, non-discrimination, anti-corruption, work place safety is an integral part of Kuoni’s Statement of Commitment on the improve efficiency. It is recognised that economics is a strong
and hygiene and child protection. Kuoni suppliers agree to report Environment published in 2013 and was the focus of the Kuoni driving factor in many decision making processes, therefore the Improvement plan included:
on their compliance and progress and allow their properties to be Stakeholder Dialogue in 2010, a formalised dialogue process manual and associated tools have been designed to enable the h Installation of multiple meters to establish where water is being used

inspected by Kuoni upon request. In case of a breach of the terms with approximately 30 representatives and experts from external hotel manager to generate cost benefit analysis resulting from h Installation of efficient showerheads

and conditions of the Supplier Code of Conduct Kuoni is entitled organizations such as the World Water Council, the United Nations improved water management. Having a Water Management h Implementation of a waste water treatment system to reuse

to terminate any contract and cooperation with the supplier with Environment Programme, as well as several internal representa- Program (in place is the only way these costs may be quantified the water for cooling towers (100m3 saved per day)
immediate effect and reserves the right to take any further legal tives, meeting to suggest concrete opportunities for action. and represents a powerful tool for decision makers to implement h Training of staff on water saving

action at its discretion. To this purpose Kuoni monitors the sustain- water saving activities.
ability performance of its core hotel partners biennially through As a result of the Stakeholder Dialogue, four key areas for
an on-site check. These core hotels cover more than 35% of Kuoni’s approaching the topic of freshwater management have been Participants in the Kuoni Water Champion program in Thailand Kuoni Water Champion Candidate:
leisure travel guests out of Europe. Furthermore, Kuoni plans to identified, namely promoting technical solutions and operational have found, for example:
monitor 60% of its B2B business division guests in 2015. improvements in hotels, creating standards in the supply chain, h A potential reduction in water consumption of 24,000m³
Indra Regent
investment in community projects to minimise adverse impacts per year could be achieved, with an equivalent value of Profile:
Kuoni aligns its monitoring process of core hotel partners with of water competition and communication to customers. 500,000THB (15,715 USD) per year. City hotel based in Bangkok, capacity of 920 PAX
the internationally recognised system for sustainable tourism Actions based on these working streams have been successfully h Staff showers were utilising a far higher flow rate than

management, the Travelife Sustainability System, and shares data implemented in the pilot destination – Kenya. The outcome of necessary. Replacing these fixtures at a cost of 38,000THB Initial Water Consumption
with other tour operators across Europe. The Travelife Sustain- the pilot project was; 60% of Kuoni suppliers participated in the (1,170 USD) would result in savings of 173,000THB (5,383 USD) 740 litres/bednight
ability System invites hotels to conduct an online self-assessment workshops organized both in the northern and southern coasts per year, with a payback period of 2-3 months. Water saved
which gives them an initial benchmark of their sustainability of Mombasa and 3 hotel partners achieved the prestigious Kuoni amounted to 25,000 m3 per year, equivalent to nearly 10% of Resulting Water Consumption
performance. In a second step, an auditor trained by Travelife or Water Champion Award. the hotel’s total water consumption. 622 litres/bednight
another recognised sustainability scheme carries out an audit to h Harvesting rainwater from the roofs of the hotel allowed 2,000

= 16% savings
assess the social and environmental performance of the hotel. Following the successful roll-out in Kenya, Kuoni has selected cubic meters yearly saving, equivalent to 200,000 THB (6,297
Hotels demonstrating excellent sustainability performance are Thailand as follow-up project destination. Thailand, same as Kenya USD) per year as the water is sourced from expensive water
awarded the Travelife label, enabling their achievement to be was selected based on a multicriteria decision analysis. Criteria trucks.
clearly communicated to customers. There are 16 Travelife used included passenger volume and water scarcity statistics from Improvement plan included:
certified hotels in Thailand (October 2014). the World Business Council for Sustainable Development’s Global In addition, committing to achieve Kuoni Water Champion sta- h Installation of multiple meters to establish where

Water Tool among others. Even if the Water Management Manual tus has various other benefits, which go beyond the bottom line. water is being used
Kuoni values its relationships with sustainable hotels and covers the same areas where improvements may be made with Participation in the program can help reduce the risk of conflict h Installation of efficient showerheads

accommodation and aims to promote them with our customers by regards to water consumption, differences exist between Kenya with the local community and thereby help legitimise the h Installation of new toilets using either 3 or 4,5 litres per flush

displaying the Travelife label in our catalogues and by highlighting and Thailand. Participating hotels in Thailand were selected tourism business. It also increases staff engagement. According h Training of staff on water saving

hotels achieving sustainable water management practices through based on customer volumes in Bangkok and Phuket, providing a to Business in the Community, 75% of employees who believe
the Kuoni Water Champion Award as described below. wide range of case studies. In Bangkok, the Municipality Network their organization is focused on sustainable development show
delivers most of the water to the hotels while, in Phuket, water high levels of commitment.
can be sourced from wells, rainwater reservoirs and even from Kuoni Water Champion Candidate:
water trucks. The climate is also playing an important role as the Generally, participating in the program can help you gain Katathani
monsoon in Thailand has a dramatic impact on water resources. a competitive edge and market your tourism business towards Profile:
Moreover, the high level of humidity in Thailand has consequences a more environmentally conscious consumer. And, as mentioned Hotel along the southern coast of Phuket, capacity of 1400 PAX
on water consumption. Most hotels in Bangkok use cooling towers, previously, this market segment is growing. A recent survey from
which represent up to 30% of the entire water consumption. the Institute of Tourism (Lucerne University of Applied Sciences Initial Water Consumption
and Arts) found that 22% of customers consider sustainability as 500 litres/bednight
one of their Top 3 deciding factors when choosing a hotel. Visitors
want to know that their trip is not having a negative impact on Resulting Water Consumption
the environment, and with the Kuoni Water Champion Award 425 litres/bednight
you can let them know what you are doing.

= 15% savings
Improvement plan included:
h Implementation of a new towel and bed linen reuse program

rewarding the participating guests

h Training of staff on water saving
12 | sk ills m ap 13

10 Steps to
Become a Kuoni
Water Champion

✓ C ommit to a long-term engagement on sustainable water management

together with Kuoni

 urchase and install water meters in strategic locations in order to

✓P
define water consumption throughout the hotel (e.g. laundry, kitchen,
pool, gardens/lawns, guest rooms, staff rooms, spa, etc.)

✓ C ollect basic water consumption data and complete simple calculations

through the worksheets detailed within this manual

 og water consumption over a period of a few weeks and analyse

✓L
consumption per guest night

✓ I mplement water saving practices (technical solutions, Skills Map

staff training, etc.) n, yo u w il l:
in g th is sect io
Af te r co m pl et
Sect io n ement in
volved for a succ essful water manag
✓ Continue logging consumption data and calculate savings achieved • Have an underst
ding of the steps in
an
1. Planning yo ur ho te l t team in your hote
l
water managemen ram
• Be able to form a d to run a water m an ag em en t prog
ills re qu ire
✓ Report on your success and action plan to Kuoni • Know the sk
r is supplied from
• Know where wate wa te r
quantities
is used and in what n by using several meters
 ata
2. D e an d ho w
• Know wher r consumptio
Collection nce of logging wate
• Know the importa property
✓ C ommit to ‘access to water’ (or improved quality of water) throughout the ho
tel
the current system
e associated with
related community project • Know what co sts ar
ev ab le throughout your
water systems
ts
r and cost savin gs ar e ac hi ective replacemen
• Know what wate um bi ng fix tu re s can work as cost-eff
 ost Benefit
3. C of which pl
• Have an overview
Analysis m s t system
✓ Demonstrate an increased level of guest awareness and participation for outdat ed sy ste
ne fit s of in sta llin g a water treatmen
the be ur
• Be familiar with ction targets for yo
th e rig ht wa te r consumption redu
to choose
• Understand how in what time
 efining the
4. D ts can be achieved
✓ Show off your Kuoni Water Champion Award! Action Plan
•H
busines s
 ave an overview
of what kinds of im pr ov em en

frame e long-term is
ito r yo ur wa te r consumption in th
continuing to mon
• Understand why
5. Monitoring ter managemen
key to successfu wa l
on
a training session
ts in yo ur ho te l would benefit from
en
•K now which departm
6. Training Staff wate r m an ag em en t
eady available
tra in ing resources are alr
• Kn ow wh at r management with
co m m un ica te yo ur sustainable wate
of how to
• Have an overview munity projects
 reating
7. C clients ur cli en ts in wa te r-related local com
Customer how to include yo
• Gather ideas on
Awareness
 1

Planning
Which stakeholders and em-
ployees in the hotel are involved
in effective water management?
What are their roles and re-
sponsibilities? How can they
best prepare for their individ-
ual tasks? This section provides
information on how to plan and
prepare for a successful water
management in your hotel.
16 17

The first step in planning is to form a water management team. grounds keeping, kitchen and accounting departments) and
A commitment to water reduction begins at the top, so ensure ensure they are involved in all the planning stages. Certain
the management team fully supports this project. Establish individuals must be identified for certain key roles as detailed
a committee with representatives from each of your work below:
areas (e.g., management, housekeeping, maintenance, laundry,

Person Role Experience Required

Managing director understand program objectives, define must be able to motivate staff and
timings and expected results approve changes/spending

Hotel manager co-ordinate collection of data, plan attention to detail with data received,
necessary training analytical thinking to formulate action
plan

Technical/ Maintenance manager data collection, placement of meters, good numeracy, ability to complete
physical measurements, etc. worksheets (hard or soft copy) and
cost-benefit calculations

Accounts budget spending on water saving devices, budget planning

provide bed night figures

Head of housekeeping & laundry data collection, target setting, monitoring understanding the water saving issues

Head of kitchen data collection, target setting, monitoring analyze the water savings potentialities

Head of grounds keeping data collection, target setting, monitoring knowledge about efficiency in watering

One person must be designated as responsible for leading All staff should be encouraged to give feedback about their
the project. In most cases, this would be the hotel or technical opinions on problem areas and possible solutions. They can
manager and should be referred to as the “Water Manager”. also suggest areas where improvements may be made and
The Water Manager must be familiar with the manual and all opportunities exist for engaging the local community. By the
its associated materials (such as the worksheets, training, end of the meeting, the team should be defined with each
suppliers guide, etc.) so they are in a position to explain this to individual’s roles and responsibilities in the program clearly
the rest of the team. It is not necessary for everyone to read the assigned. Potential targets should be discussed, a timeframe for
manual, but they should all be aware of what is available and what these activities agreed upon and the next meeting scheduled.
can be achieved with it.
The water team must then relay this information on to their
The Water Manager must set up an initial meeting with the respective departments so that staff throughout the hotel is
potential water team members (listed above) to give a background informed about the project. It is recommended that some follow
introduction to the project. They should emphasise the benefits up action, however small, be required from all members of the
of the project (cost savings, environmental stewardship, guest water team so that they leave the initial meeting with a task. This
satisfaction, award winning, etc.). The manual and its tools can will ensure that the WMP stays fresh in people’s minds and that
then be introduced so that all the team are clear about the they really start to think about options and possibilities as they
type of action required from them (data collection, monitoring, move around their daily activities. Changing behaviour does not
identifying gaps in training. etc.). happen within a single meeting: it needs continual reinforce-
ment, deliverables and support. A strong Water Management
policy will help anticipate the potential future water shortage and
also to qualify for eco labels such as Green Leaf and Travelife.
18

Data
Collection
What you don’t measure, you
can’t manage. This section out-
lines the importance of meas-
uring your baseline water con-
sumption on a regular basis and
guides the user on how to find
out the hotel’s full water cost,
while seeing where water con-
sumption is the highest.
20 21

In order to be able to observe monthly variation, the user should Comparing baseline figures (Worksheets 1-7) with industry “best
first establish the baseline consumption and develop a good practice” figures (these are available in Annex III) will allow the
understanding of “normal” figures. Once this is in place, any user to gauge how much improvement may be possible, allow
changes to these figures can be detected and explained. For for cost benefit calculations, guide decision making and help
instance, if the user is familiar with the water consumption formulate your action plan. You will be guided through these
pattern, a sudden increase in consumption of 20% may be readily tasks in the following sections.
explained as, for example, resulting from additional irrigation The worksheets in this chapter have been designed as a step-by-
during the dry season. Data will allow the user to measure results step process to generate your baseline figures. They should be
and gauge the effectiveness of any water saving plan. filled out in numerical order as follows:

NO Sheet Title Use this sheet to….. data you will need time needed How to calculate per How much does one
1 Water cont- calculate volume of water used for monthly water consumption from 2hrs capita water consump- cubic meter of water
tion (Worksheet 1) cost? (Worksheet 2)
sumption per one bed night and how this varies borehole, municipal, rainwater and water
bed night from month to month tanker sources, monthly bed night figures
2 Unit cost calculate the actual cost of one cubic local water costs (water rates, tankers, 4hrs
calculation meter of water from different sources rainwater infrastructure cost and
for water (groundwater, municipal, tanker, collection potential), pump power The “Water consumption per bed night” figure represents Water can be sourced from a number of different locations
rainwater, treated water) requirement, groundwater treatment and how much water is required for one guest for a 24hr period. and this can be factored into Worksheet 2 to allow the user to
maintenance costs The calculation takes into account the total amount of water con- determine the average cost of their current supply. The worksheet
3 Unit cost calculate your heating costs for one capacity, installation costs and running 2hr sumption divided by the number of guests present in the hotel. will calculate the average cost per cubic meter of water (cost/m3).
calculation litre of water from different sources costs of all water heating devices This value is global and doesn’t indicate what the guests have This is based on the proportion of water used from each source
for hot water (solar, electric, boiler) really used during their stay in their room, as it also includes (automatically defined by the inputs in Worksheet 1 “Water
gardening, laundry, kitchen etc. consumption per bed night”) combined with the costs associated
4 Laundry calculate the unit cost of washing one laundry washer, dryer and presser power 3hrs with each particular source.
budget sheet item of laundry such as a bed sheet & water ratings and purchase costs, To calculate this, water usage and bed night data are required
or towel monthly laundry logs, detergent and (the total amount of water used will vary depending on the
labour costs number of guests). Your water supply can come from a variety Water sources may comprise one or more of the following:
5 Flow rate record & calculate flow rates from this is a physical measurement, so it can 2hr of sources such as a borehole, water tanker, rainwater harvesting h groundwater


measurements different parts of the hotel (such as be collected directly or the municipal supply. Data on water usage from these sources h municipal
 water (via pipeline)
showers, sinks, etc.) can be taken from a variety of sources such as: h water
 tankers (bowsers/trucks)
h rainwater
 harvesting
6 Water balance compile your water budget, factoring water volumes used in different areas of 2.5hrs h meter readings from the municipal supply
 h treated
 wastewater
sheet in water consumed in different hotel (sub-metering)
(or the monthly bills),
departments using measurements or h meter readings from a borehole,

estimations h meters around the site,


7 Towel re-use monitor with housekeeping staff this is a record sheet so data can be 0.5hr intro, h estimations based on tank volumes


calculation number of towels re-used throughout collected directly 0.5hr (filling/emptying frequency),
one week and calculate % re-use compiling h receipts for payments made to water tankers,


water licenses & fees.

If you have no data available related to water consumption at

your site, it is essential to install meters on your supply and
distribution lines. To achieve a maximum benefit, the meters
should be placed on the distribution lines to different depart-
ments (kitchen, laundry, swimming pool, irrigation, guest
rooms, cooling towers, etc.) on both hot and cold water supply
(See Annex V for guidance on meter installation).

Completing a worksheet may require the user to consult various Initially, there may be some data which is unavailable, therefore It is beneficial to have readings over a long period of time so
data sheets, perform measurements, collect information and average figures have been provided. These should be refined as that any daily variables (such as filling a swimming pool, a
complete calculations. The worksheets may be found in Excel soon as possible with site specific data to ensure correct results. burst pipeline, etc.) will be averaged and consumption can be
format in the memory stick located inside the back cover of this correlated with bed nights. Therefore, in the Worksheet 1, you are
book. The user may print them and fill them in manually (such The automatic results provided in the worksheet will guide asked to fulfil data covering 24 months. You should also be able
as for Worksheet 7: Towel re-use record sheets) or complete them the user to the next worksheet or will be used for cost-benefit to provide bed night data for the same time period for which you
electronically. analyses. For example, the user takes the results from Worksheet collect water consumption data.
4 (Laundry Cost) and Worksheet 7 (Towel re-use record sheet) to
It is strongly advised that the electronic version be used complete a cost-benefit calculation (see Section 3). Suggestions
wherever possible, as many final figures and calculations will for the Action Plan (see Section 4) may also be provided.
be automatically filled in. The user should only fill in the blue
boxes. Using the electronic version of the worksheets will also Annex II contains worked examples of the worksheets based on
facilitate changing variables (such as when comparing prices). a hypothetical hotel called “Gwaylo Springs”. These examples
may be used as guidance on how the worksheets should be
completed and interpreted.

22 23

There are different factors which affect the cost, quality and sustainability of each of these sources:

Initial cost On-going cost Quality Sustainability

groundwater low to medium medium good to poor depending quantity may be affected
(including on area, coastal ground- by nearby boreholes (new
treatment, salt water is often “hard” and developments), quality may
damage etc.) high in salts be affected by septic tanks
etc., over-extraction causes
saltwater contamination
(coastal locations)
municipal minimal high generally good (depending may be affected by nearby
on municipal treatment) developments (loss of
pressure, continuity
of supply), dry season
shortages, overuse may affect
downstream users
water tankers none very high unknown - dependent on should only be used in case
source there are no other solutions

rainwater medium to minimal excellent, providing clean excellent, although more

harvesting high (maintenance of collection & storage unpredictable as rainfall
gutters, cleaning patterns vary.
of collection
surfaces)
treated waste- high low to medium suitable for irrigation excellent, no untreated
water depending on providing good wastewater disposed of into
type of system management ground, represents a large
proportion of usable water

more sensitive areas such as the laundry or the kitchen. Pumps need
The user can add details of their rainwater harvesting and/or also to be taken into account when calculating the real cost of water.
wastewater treatment system to the worksheet if these are already Most of the hotels underestimate the pumping costs, including the
in place, but where they do not exist, a hypothetical system can initial investment in the pumps, the fact that their life expectancy
be added to compare unit costs with other sources and identify is most of the time inferior to the technical guidance, maintenance
how this influences overall costs. Worksheet 10 allows the user to costs and the electrical supply needed to transfer the water between
consider more details of the wastewater treatment system (actual the different areas of the hotel. This Manual and the calculation
or hypothetical) such as cost benefit and water savings. spreadsheets will facilitate your calculation of the real water costs
by integrating external costs especially related to pumping. Thus,
although many hotels initially regard groundwater as a virtually free
Direct vs. Indirect resource, the associated costs are much higher than expected. This
may be a strong argument for changing the source and/or reducing
Costs of Water overall consumption.

The true cost of water is a function of direct and indirect costs. Direct Treating wastewater on site and utilizing it for irrigation may demon-
costs relate to the tangible costs of obtaining water such as water strate a significant saving of costs. This is explained on Worksheet 10
bills, electricity for pumping and water tariffs imposed by the supplier. (Cost Benefit Analysis Wastewater Treatment System).

Indirect costs relate to secondary costs which may not always be In summary
obvious or easy to quantify. The case in point may be shown by the Direct costs include: water bills (municipal and groundwater),
utilization of groundwater which is sometimes treated with a reverse borehole rates, installation costs (construction and materials).
osmosis system which involves an initial purchase cost as well as Indirect costs include: water treatment (reverse osmosis, softener),
ongoing costs of electricity and filter replacement. Water softeners maintenance, fitting replacement, machinery (pumps) replacement
are also used to reduce water “hardness” which again have a purchase
and running cost. As these systems are usually limited in capacity, a Worksheet 2 incorporates these direct and indirect costs to give a true
hotel will often use the preferentially treated or softened water in value on the worth of water.
24 x x x x x x | 25

How much does How high are

your hot water cost? your laundry costs?
(Worksheet 3) (Worksheet 4)

Hot water costs can be twenty times higher than cold water costs. Laundries are often high users of water and have high associated
Therefore, there is a huge cost savings associated with reducing energy costs. Reducing the volume of laundry will have a direct
the volumes of hot water. Once you complete this worksheet, you impact on these costs and also result in water savings.
will determine the overall cost of your hot water and be able to
gauge whether the installation cost of solar hot water heaters is Worksheet 4 explains the method to quantify the unit price
worthwhile. Hot water represents also 30 to 40 percent of water for washing one bed sheet and one towel. Where you do not
used by guests for shower, so any improvement in the shower have all data available, average values have been provided.
heads will have great consequences on hot water consumptions. Most information required can be collected from:

The calculations for Worksheet 3 are based on the cost for h the
 product specification stickers (usually located on the back
heating water in different locations. Heating sources in hotels of the machine)
include solar panels, electric heaters and boilers. It is often not h record
 sheets from laundry staff with type and amount of
possible to work out the exact amount of hot water generated, loads washed
as these heating sources are usually decentralised, numerous h verbal
 explanation from laundry staff on load per machine,
and located close to their point of use. Therefore, it is best to typical quantities, cycle durations, washing method (e.g.,
analyse one heating unit (per type of hearing source) to generate whether sheets are line dried, tumble dried and/or pressed),
sample figures that may then be applied to other similar areas etc.
throughout the hotel. It may be possible to run a controlled test h records
 from detergent suppliers regarding quantities and
on site to determine the time taken to heat a certain volume current prices
of water for each of these sources. You will need to know the h average
 man-hours and salaries of laundry staff
following information to complete the worksheet for boilers and
electric heaters: The cost of laundering items will also be dependent on their
h Volume
 of water heated per day (usually determined by drying method. You need to specify if the towels and bed sheets
multiplying tank volume by the number of heating cycles run are tumble dried and/or pressed to allow for all relevant costs.
per day) This may be done simply by entering a “yes” or “no” in the
h Fuel
 or LPG required (in litres or kg) and cost of 1 litre of fuel drying and pressing machine sections of Worksheet 4. You are
or 1 kilo of LPG, or then required to fill in details on purchase costs of the appliances,
h Power
 rating of the appliance (in kilowatts) and time required their average lifetimes, power usage (defined as “running
to heat the full volume of the tank (in hours) electricity” in Rows “o” and “s” on the worksheet), load capacity
and times for tumblers and pressing time, if applicable. If laundry
This calculation represents a simplified snapshot of what is items are line dried you will enter “no” to both questions.
usually a complex system. It is the responsibility of the Water
Manager to identify how best to apply the calculations to give If your laundry is externalized, follow the explanations in
the most accurate figures. It should also be appreciated that the Annex II Worksheet 4 to monitor your potential savings
many heating systems do not operate on 100% efficiency. Whilst associated to a reuse towel and bed linen programme.
this factor is not included on the worksheet, the user may see
what effect greater efficiency has on the cost by reducing time
for heating or increased volume of water heated. This may give a Consider that….
positive argument for overhauling or replacing machinery.
Drying laundry often constitutes 30 -50% of the total cost. Can this
be reduced? Tropical locations often represent an ideal climate for
line drying items (outside of the rainy season). Even if this means
increasing the number of items in circulation (to allow for the longer
turnaround time), this may prove to be far cheaper than continuing
with power hungry dryers.

Figure 2 Product specification sticker showing Figure 3 Some machines only detail the total power
“running power” and “inbuilt heating unit”. consumption. In such a situation, you can estimate
These figures should be input in Rows g and h that 20% of the total power will be required for
in Worksheet 4, respectively. running power (Row g) and 80% for heating (Row h)
26 27

How to measure Determining the How much do visitors

tap flow rates water balance re-use their towels?
(Worksheet 5) (Worksheet 6) (Worksheet 7)

To determine flow rates, you will need to physically measure the This worksheet considers where water is used throughout the Towel re-use programs have been promoted for a
water coming from a number of taps and showers. You should do hotel and is a vital tool in understanding where and how your number of years and most hotels have a system of
this from five different locations in order to get a good average. water is used. Once you have a good idea of these figures, you encouraging their guests to hang up towels which
Record which locations are measured and when so that you will be better placed to assess: What is normal? What can be do not need washing. Before encouraging a towel
can test the same taps and showers at different times of the day. improved? What changes have shown success? You will only be re-use program, it is necessary to know how much
There is usually less pressure when all guests take their showers able to use this worksheet and benefit from it if you have placed the guests are currently participating in the program
between 7AM and 9AM and between 6PM and 8PM (these meters strategically so that consumption to different areas of (if at all). This worksheet allows the user to monitor
timings are indicative and will depend on the purpose of your the hotel and/or from different sources may be recorded. For this on a weekly basis so it should be completed at the
guest visit: business or holidays). Also note if the taps or showers example, you may have a meter on your borehole, which will start of the study period (for pre-existing programs)
are low flow models or standard. allow a comparison of the proportion of borehole vs. municipal and then every month to check progress. Completing
water, or you may have a meter on the irrigation line which the worksheet will help management determine if
Measurements (five from each) are needed from the following: will show the proportion of this usage as compared with the the program needs re-emphasizing through training
total. See Annex V for an explanation on how to place meters of staff (Section 6) or guest sensitization (Section 7).
h guest bathroom showers for maximum benefit and how they should be properly read.
h guest bathroom sinks Having a towel re-use program that is functioning
h staff washroom showers Consumption may be estimated in areas which are not metered. properly is an easy and tangible way of channelling
h staff washroom sinks Typical figures are listed in the Annex III and can be compared saved funds towards a community water project if
h irrigation lines (tapstands, hydrants or other) with calculations generated in the worksheet. An allowance has existing and getting customers involved in the local
been made for bathtubs (guests only) if these are installed. These community as well. See how you can encourage your
do not include flow ratings as they are based on water volume guests to increase their participation in towel re-use
Follow these steps to gauge the flow rates: only, as are the toilets. General information regarding irrigation programs in Section 7.
is listed in Annex VII.
1) Turn on the shower or sink taps at full flow
(i.e., both the hot and the cold taps should be fully open). Familiarisation with actual volumes and comparison with
2) P lace a suitable container (5L is generally appropriate, estimated and best practice volumes will allow the Water How to explain the work
although a smaller container may be necessary for the sink) Manager to quickly see where discrepancies occur. Using this
under the flow and measure how much time it takes to fill information will determine the course and content of the
sheet to housekeeping staff
with water. Action Plan, described in Section 3. Discrepancies are red flags You may use the following text to introduce Worksheet 7
3) If the flow is not steady, repeat the measurement three times and could indicate leakages (see Annex VIII) for information of to the housekeeping staff. Consult the worked example
and calculate the average time needed to fill the container. detecting leaks, poor water usage (see Section 6 Training Staff in Annex II for further explanation.
for remedies) or an inefficient irrigation system (see Annex VII),
It is important to note that the frequency of use of staff facilities for example. It is the Water Manager’s role to identify these red “Guests are informed about the towel and/or bed linen
is often higher and therefore increases wear and tear. This often flags. reuse program, thanks to the communication in the
results in fixtures becoming modified to avoid continual repair, rooms. Washing a towel or sheet requires about 10 litres
which may result in high flow rates (for example, where shower of water and costs between 10-15 THB (0.35 - 0.45 USD).
heads are removed). A cost benefit analysis (see Section 3) can Our hotel has a towel re-use program in place but how
be beneficial in determining if such modifications should be Consider that…. many guests really follow this? This brief study captures
avoided. how many of our visitors actually do re-use their towels.
The “estimate” column reflects a snapshot of an average month, Please make a note of the necessary numbers as you do
A video in English and Thai languages is available on the whilst the “measured” column reflects the actual volume used. If your rounds every day for one week, it will take no more
memory stick. It explains how to physically measure shower the difference between the two is greater than can be attributable than a couple of minutes to complete.
head water flow. by variable guest numbers and/or irrigation requirement, the Water
Manager should investigate possible reasons for this. Please enter your name in the table and add the number
of guests you have cleaned for and how many towels you
found hung up (i.e. you didn't take them for washing). If
Consider that…. you are aware that the guests are leaving the same day
then please exclude these numbers from the record, as
Acceptable flow rates for taps should not be in excess of 6 litres per all the laundry is washed at that time.”
minute. Showerheads should not have a higher flow rate than 10
litres per minute. If your figures are higher, you may be wasting a
lot of water. Worksheet 9 (Cost Benefit Calculations for Plumbing
Fixtures) will help you to identify the savings you can make. Bear in
mind that flow rates may vary throughout the day depending on other
users and distance from supply tank.
28

Cost
Benefit
Analysis
This section presents three cost
benefit analyses – related to
laundry, plumbing fixtures and
wastewater treatment systems
– available in this manual and
accompanying memory stick.
Completing these worksheets
enables the Water Manager to
have strong arguments for lev-
eraging change within the hotel.
30 31

A cost benefit analysis (CBA) considers the money Cost benefit calculations can be applied to any area of
saved through implementing a particular measure hotel operations and should be completed as a matter
compared with the cost of putting that measure in place. of course prior to any purchasing decisions. This manual
The savings can result from reduced bills, less regular considers three water-related CBA calculations as
maintenance, lower running costs and extended lifespan follows:
of appliances (amongst others) and are expressed per
unit of time. Implementation cost refers to material 1. costs savings associated with a towel re-use program
purchases, training costs and anything else needed 2. cost savings from replacing inefficient plumbing
to get the new system working. These figures are then fixtures
compared to generate a payback period, i.e. how long 3. cost-benefit assessment of installing a wastewater
the system takes to pay for itself. treatment system

Implementation Costs
Payback period =
Savings
Arguments for convincing
The CBA allows the Water Manager to produce
management
a convincing argument for change within their
establishment. Armed with such figures, it is possible Completing the three worksheets in this section generates a
to demonstrate a purely economic advantage to number of figures that allows the Water Manager to quantify
implementing a particular device, system or technique. the cost-benefit of various options (for the existing situation
or proposed action). This represents a critical step in decision
A soundly calculated CBA may be the reason a making as numbers often speak more loudly than words.
suggestion achieves reality where budget constraints Consider the difference in presentation to your manager of
may hold more emphasis than environmental matters. the following:
The CBA can also take into account the less tangible
benefits of a water reduction system, such as the “I think we should replace our guest showerheads
improved supply of water to a community further down with low flow models because they save water”
the pipeline, or the reduced carbon emissions from less
water heating.Whilst this last point is not covered within VERSUS
the context of this manual, it is valid to say that reducing
your water footprint will achieve cost savings with the “If we install low flow showerheads
added incentive of environmental and social benefits we will save 500,000 baht (15,720 USD) per year
(even if these can’t be quantified). Therefore, with the on our water and power bills,
correct figures to hand, the Water Manager is in a very and we’ll also save 25,000 m3 of water
strong position to suggest change. which is nearly 17% of our current total”

NO Sheet Title Use this sheet to….. data you will need time needed

8 Laundry Cost-Benefit assess the potential data from Worksheets 2hrs

Calculations savings of a towel 1, 4 & 7
or bed sheet re-use
program
9 Cost-Benefit assess the potential data from Worksheets 2hrs
calculations for savings from modified 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 and
plumbing fixtures plumbing fixtures Annex VI
10 Wastewater treatment establish the cost of construction and 0.5hrs (plus external
plant Cost-Benefit treating 1m3 of waste running costs of consultation on
water and how much existing or proposed system design)
this saves you on an system, data from
annual basis Worksheets 1, 2 & 6

As the cost benefit is closely associated with meas- This means it is essential to re-measure flows and
ured flow rates from Worksheet 5 and figures from double check laundry figures. Any mistakes made
Worksheet 4, it is a valuable exercise to recheck these in the data can have ramifications in the final results
figures to ensure absolute accuracy. and distort the CBA.
32 33

Cost Benefit Cost Benefit Analysis Cost Benefit Analysis

Analysis for Laundry Tip concerning bath towels for Plumbing Fixtures Wastewater Treatment
(Worksheet 8) The size of the bath towel has an impact on the total amount of
laundry. In some hotels the bath towel can be as big as 100 x 140
(Worksheet 9) System (Worksheet 10)
cm when the minimal size would be 60 x 120 cm. The smallest bath
towel is twice lighter than the biggest, 500g versus 1kg. In the case
of a hotel washing 500 bath towels per day, switching from heavy
to light towels, there would be annual potential laundry savings of: This sheet calculates how much water could be saved by regulat-
Using data from previous worksheets, this calculation will ing plumbing fixtures such as taps, showerheads and toilets. As Where no sewerage network exists, it is necessary to take steps to
identify cost savings associated with reducing the number of 500 x 0.5 x 365 = 91,250 kg = more than 90 tonnes usage varies throughout the hotel in terms of frequency and ensure your wastewater is not contaminating the environment.
towels or bed sheets that a guest uses during his stay. Laundries duration, guest and staff fixtures are considered separately. Water This can occur when water which has not undergone sufficient
operate differently between hotels, but most record every wash Annual potential savings: saving devices will result in a saving of both water (see Worksheet treatment is discharged into soak pits, streams, the sea, lakes, etc.
completed (in kilograms) and what it comprises. This is impor- 90,000 x 14* = 1,260,000 THB (39,060 USD) 9, Column E) and money (see Worksheet 9, Column F) for those and then causes pollution in the receiving body. This is particu-
tant information and should be collected if not already done so. fixtures which are using more than the optimal amount of water larly problematic for groundwater, as there may be extraction
Annual water savings: 90,000 X 8* = 720 m3 (industry recommended averages are found in Annex III). wells close by whose water quality is compromised.
Providing you know how many towels or sheets comprise a full For fixtures which utilize hot water, savings will be significantly
load, you can relate this to number of items per day. Where this Think about it when you buy new bath towels! higher due to the cost of heating water (see Worksheet 3). It is If you are currently operating a wastewater treatment system,
information is already being recorded it may also be logged in a assumed that guests will have hot water for their showers, but Worksheet 10 allows you to calculate the cost of treating one cubic
spreadsheet that will allow for a more rapid calculation of daily *Gwaylo Springs data: the user must indicate if employees also have hot water for their meter of this water. If you are considering installing a system, you
and monthly totals. If not, it will be necessary to go through the washing one kg of laundry costs 14 THB and uses 8 litres showers (insert “yes” or “no” in the blue box in column A). will need to have an idea of type, size and design of the system
logs and add up all the values. Data required is: you would be interested in. Wastewater treatment systems come
The user then decides which type of fittings they would like to in many shapes and sizes, some of which are relatively high-tech
h weight of bath towels laundered per month purchase to replace current fixtures. Some suitable fittings with and fairly compact (often underground) and others which utilize
h weight of pool towels laundered per month typical prices for Thailand are shown in Annex VI. The savings natural processes through constructed wetlands and reed beds,
h weight of bed sheets laundered per month are then compared with the installation costs of new fittings to requiring more land but utilizing a more simple technology.
h weight of total items laundered per month generate the cost benefit analysis. This is displayed as the payback
period, which represents the time it takes for the installation cost All types of systems should produce water of a quality that is
to be absorbed by the savings. within the so-called “discharge to environment” levels providing
they are designed, constructed and operated correctly. Informa-
The user can then assess which option to follow up on based on tion on different types of system can be reviewed at http://www.
Extrapolating average the water savings, cost savings and payback period for each of the sswm.info/category/implementation-tools/wastewater-treatment.
annual figures areas studied (guest rooms, staff facilities, etc.). Biological additives are sometimes used to improve water
quality, but these are often not sufficient on their own, they have
If it is not possible to obtain data for the whole year, then using data a relatively high on-going cost and their availability cannot be
from a few months will suffice to give a reasonable approximation for please note guaranteed in the long term.
the average annual value. Simply extrapolate the values as follows:
Even if the CBA argument is not enough to warrant changing Treated wastewater may be used for irrigation providing its qual-
Weight of items laundered certain fixtures immediately (in particular, for example, the ity is within certain guidelines (consult your local regulations).
for time period logged x 12 months more expensive showerheads or toilets), it does not mean Based on the quantity of irrigation water required, Worksheet 10
Extrapolated total = these options should be rejected. On the contrary, the fittings displays the water and cost savings associated with utilizing this
Number of months the can just be installed as part of the next planned replacement/ source of water. Treated wastewater may also be used for cooling
data was logged for refurbishment program. This is important information to pass towers, see Annex IX for more details.
on to the hotel’s procurement officer straight away so that the
So, if you had logged 5,000 kilograms of bath towels laundered over calculations will not have to be re-done and the items can be
three months, you would extrapolate the value of 20,000 kilograms factored into future budgets.
of bath towels laundered for the year.

The worksheet incorporates existing towel re-use programs that

will have been quantified by Worksheet 7. The user then specifies
the improved re-use value to see the savings achieved. Encourag-
ing guests to hang up their towels is an easy way to engage them
in water saving. They can do something achievable, which also
results in significant, tangible cost savings for the hotel.

Improved re-use will only be effective if all staff and guests are
aware of the program, in particular if guests are verbally informed
of the program during check in for example and have clear
signs and information in their rooms. More information on
communicating a towel re-use program is explained in Section 6
and Section 7.
34

Defining the
Action Plan
The key to developing a great
Action Plan is to tap into areas
whose improvement makes fi-
nancial sense. This is a great
way to get initial buy-in from
hotel management and own-
ers. The worksheets provided
in the accompanying memory
stick automatically generate
summaries of your data collec-
tion process to give insight on
where to focus efforts first. Im-
proving your water manage-
ment can be easy to accomplish
by setting short-, mid- and long-
term goals. Examples of possi-
ble goals are provided.
36 37

Summary of
Worksheet Results

After completing Worksheets 1- 10 as outlined in Section 2 & 3 The Action Plan Summary sheet allows the user to have an 15% cooling tower
of this manual, the results are automatically pulled in from each overview of key facts and figures that may be used to formulate
sheet and displayed in two summary sheets as shown below the Action Plan. 2% pool
(the Action Plan and Water Champions Summary Sheets). 10% laundry
5% kitchen
Sample of Action Plan Summary sheet for Gwaylo Springs.

1 consumption per bed night

Your average daily consumption is 1.016 m3/day 17% irrigation
Your average consumption per bednight is 1,11 m3/bednight
Your maximum was 1,71 m3/bednight 43% guests
Your minimum was 0,56 m3/bednight
The industry average is 0,75 m3/bednight 0% health spa/club
Your average value is 1,48 times greater than the industry average
Best practice 0,5 m3/bednight (note 1) 8% staff
Your average value is 2,23 times greater than the industry best practice
2 water costs
Primary supply of water is groundwater
This constitues 77,5% of your total supply
Average overall cost of water 10,2 THB/m3
Softened water 7,8 THB/m3
Desalinated water 9,7 THB/m3
Rainwater 1 THB/m3
Water Trucks 100,0 THB/m3 7 towel re-use
3 hot water costs Current re-use of towels is 9%
Hot water - solar cost 0,05 THB/litre This is 21% less than best practice
Hot water - electric heater cost 0,082 THB/litre 8 CBA laundry
Hot water - LPG boiler cost 0,10 THB/litre With an improved re-use figure of 25%
4 laundry costs You will reduce items laundered by 61.948 per year
Laundering one towel costs you 11,2 THB Saving a laundry cost of 783.570 THB/year
And uses 6,8 litres of water per item With a water saving of 476.691 litres/year
Laundering one sheet costs you 14,1 THB Which is equivalent to 0,13% of total water consumption
And uses 8,6 litres of water per item 9 CBA plumbing fixtures
5 flow measurements from fittings The total water wasted by fittings is 97.133 m3/year
Average flow rates in the following areas are Which is equivalent to 26% of total consumption
Guest bathroom sink 2,7 times greater than optimal flow Which costs an extra 2.009.326 THB/year
Guest bathroom shower 2,1 times greater than optimal flow The total cost of replacing all wasteful fittings is 5.880.000 THB
Staff washroom sink 1,95 times greater than optimal flow The payback period for all fittings is 2,9 years
Staff washroom shower 2,5 times greater than optimal flow The fittings wasting the most amount of water are guest showers
6 water budget analysis Which waste a total of 35.482 m3/year
Water is used in departments as follows (estimate) m3/day % of total The fittings costing the most in wasted water are guest showers
Laundry 105 10% Which cost an extra of 1.381.709 THB/year
Guests 438 43% The fittings with the fastest payback period are staff sinks
Staff 77 8% With a payback period of 0,2 years
Health club/spa 2 0,1% The fittings with the longest payback period are guest toilets
Irrigation 174 17% With a payback period of 25 years
Kitchen 45 5% 10 wastewater treatment system
Pool 19 2% Type of system proposed constructed wetland
Cooling Tower 150 15% Reduction in water required from other sources 63.491 m3/year
Others (watersports, golf club etc) 0 0% Which is equivalent to 17% of total consumption
Total average daily consumption (estimate) 1010 m3/day Equivalent cost 473.102 THB/year

This data is summarised on the following page

Note 1: Katathani Beach Resort Phuket (autonomous water treatment plant, low flow devices installed)
38 39

Kuoni Water Champion

Summary Sheet

The Water Champion Summary sheet is also generated which

displays the data specific to the Kuoni Water Champion Award.
This sheet indicates how consumption per bed night varies from
month to month and encourages the user to note what this
variation can be attributable to. An example sheet is shown below.

WATER CHAMPION SUMMARY SHEET

Hotel name: Gwaylo Springs
Location: Phuket
Cost of water: 10 THB/m3 (from worksheet 2)

month m3/bednight % change notes

indicate month and year data from worksheet 3.1 (m3/bednight - previous note events which may affect
(column F) month)/previous month x consumption such as training,
100% e.g. ((b-a)/b x 100% modifications, rainy season etc

Jan 13 0,87

Feb 13 1,19 36,41

Mrz 13 1,62 35,55

Apr 13 1,30 -19,61

Mai 13 1,18 -8,86

Jun 13 1,51 27,91

Jul 13 0,85 -44,09

Aug 13 0,92 8,24

Sep 13 0,98 7,13

Okt 13 0,79 -19,85

Nov 13 0,92 16,65

Dez 13 1,03 12,14

Jan 14 1,00 -2,65

Feb 14 1,14 14,19

Mrz 14 1,67 45,75

Apr 14 1,51 -9,36

Mai 14 1,71 13,19

Jun 14 1,61 -5,82%

Jul 14 1,24 -23,01%

Aug 14 1,09 -12,16% start of Kuoni WMP + meters in

place

Sep 14 0,89 -18,06%

Okt 14 0,56 -37,37% leaks identified and repaired

Nov 14 0,88 57,19% max capacity

Dez 14 0,85 -3,50% new showerheads installed

Worksheets 1 to 10 should be submitted to Kuoni (along with the Action Plan Summary and Water Champion Summary)
to prove that consumption per bed night has been successfully reduced through implementation of a water management program.
40 41

How to create Types of Targets &

your Action Plan 3. Define best practice measures for inclusion Their Timeframes
This includes areas such as guest sensitization, staff training,
modification of irrigation regime, etc. and also defines time
frames and staffing requirements.

By this stage, the Water Manager and his/her team will have 4. Define reduction targets for water consumption
collected useful data and developed a good understanding of how These may be short, medium and long terms targets based on
much water is being used for different purposes throughout the Steps 1 and 3. Some possible targets based on various timeframes
hotel. They will also be aware of how much their current system are listed below.
is costing them and where the best opportunities lie for making Short term goals (0-2 months)
savings. This information can be used to formulate a plan in An example of an Action Plan generated by a hotel implementing
which achievable targets are set and scheduled. This is referred to a WMP is displayed below (the template can be found in the h install meters throughout the supply and distribution system
as the Action Plan and should involve the following steps: memory stick). It will be necessary to update the plan on a h in large kitchens, install mixer taps or push taps with integral spray hoses
regular basis so that the tasks may be defined and scheduled as h install infra-red controlled spray or push taps
1. Define areas needing improvement the project progresses. It will not be possible to define these at h install infra-red controlled urinal flushing
The worksheets highlight areas of potential savings which allow project out-set as the data set may not be complete. The work- h install waterless urinals
targets to be defined, improvements to be scheduled and costs sheets and in particular the Action Plan Summary sheet should h improve recovery rate of the rainwater harvesting system (if present) i.e. fix gutters, pipework, tanks,
to be estimated. This can then be built into budgets and changes be utilized to guide this process. h conduct staff training on efficient water use (with housekeeping, groundskeepers, maintenance, kitchen and laundry staff),
implemented at agreed times. h using your water budget analysis, conduct an assessment of the plumbing system to identify and fix leaks


The Planning stage, as described in Section 1, is really the first step along pipe network and storage tanks (see Annex VIII)
2. Develop a monitoring regime in the implementation of the WMP and focuses on putting in h repair or replace leaking plumbing fixtures
Described in Section 5, the monitoring system must be closely meters and collecting information. It is essential, therefore, that h replace the least efficient plumbing fixtures
quality controlled when first set up and continually checked for this stage be completed as soon as possible so that you are in a
accuracy. position to define a really useful and achievable Action Plan.

Medium term goals (3-6 months)

h replace laundry appliances with water and energy efficient models
Action Plan
h analyse feasibility of rainwater harvesting system (if not in place) or expand the present system (wherever possible),
h implement or re-establish a towel re-use program (staff and guest education)
h modify any inefficiencies in the irrigation system
worksheets to h replace inefficient plumbing fixtures
date tasks meetings details
complete
WK 1 05 Aug 14 1,2,3,7 form water team and assign roles Water 1
WK 2 12-Aug-14 4,5,6,7 procure meters Long term goals (+6 months)
WK 3 19-Aug-14 8,9,10 install meters & initiatite monitoring
(quality control) h design and construction of a wastewater treatment system
h design and construction of a rainwater harvesting system (if not present)
WK 4 26-Aug-14 analyse results define target areas and complete Water 2 baseline established h gradual replacement of guest toilets with 6 litre or dual flush models
sections below h replacement of all other inefficient plumbing fixtures

WK 5 02-Sep-14 initiate short term goals (good aim to reduce water consumption
practice, leaks, training) per bed night by 10%
WK 6 09-Sep-14
WK 7 16-Sep-14
WK 8 23-Sep-14 Water 3
WK 9 30-Sep-14 Initiate medium term goals aim to reduce water consumption
(irrigation regime) bed night by 10%
WK 10 07-Okt-14
WK 11 14-Okt-14
WK 12 21-Okt-14 Water 4
WK 13 28-Okt-14 Initiate long term goals aim to reduce water consumption per
(replacing fittings) bed night by 10%
costs sa v in g s can often be
mediate e
Whilst some im keeping an ey
WK 14 04-Nov-14
is w ell w o rth
tained, it e achieved.
very easily ob
WK 15 11-Nov-14

in g s th a t ca n b
-term cost sav
WK 16 18-Nov-14 Water5
e
WK 17 25-Nov-14 update all on the longer d to b e vis io nary and mak
eing prepare ese
This means b appreciate th
worksheets and
reanalyse
rde r to fu lly
ments in o
capital invest
WK 18 02-Dez-14 compile data apply for
(WC summary, AC Kuoni Water Champion Award
ings.
long-term sav
summary)
42

Monitoring
Monitoring your water con-
sumption as a regular matter
of course is vital to understand
developing trends in your rate
of consumption and to detect
anomalies, which could indi-
cate leaks. It is also key in know-
ing just how much progress
your WMP is making.
44 45

What cannot be measured cannot be controlled. Monitoring is Monitoring also allows you to measure your success and keep Monitoring can also highlight trends of concern, such as a A monitoring sheet is included on the memory stick which
an essential component of any plan, be it managing water, solid track of when targets are achieved. It is essential to schedule departmental consumption increasing more than would be may be modified for your hotel to reflect site-specific meter
waste or energy. Fluctuations in consumption will occur based review sessions to establish your water consumption status on expected at that level of occupancy. This could indicate leakage locations and to ensure that readings are recorded correctly.
on season (for example, increased irrigation demand in the dry a regular basis (such as monthly water meetings). The Water in the piping system, overflow of balance tanks, leakage of A paper copy of this sheet should be used by the facilities
season) and occupancy, but also on the success of your water Champion summary sheet in Section 4 updates relevant toilet cisterns or a faulty meter. Any increase should immedi- managers for manual data entry during daily rounds, and the
saving measures. Once you have calculated your consumption information to display a month by month summary of your ately be apparent to the Water Manager as it will fall outside Water Manager should input this at the end of the month into
per bed night (Worksheet 1) and have understood how external consumption per bed night so that you can see at a glance the the normal values associated with that particular area and the electronic spreadsheet (see blue columns in the sample
measures such as the climate cause this to fluctuate throughout success of your actions. Once you achieve a lasting reduction, measures can be taken to rectify the problem. monitoring sheet from the fictitious hotel Gwaylo Springs).
the year, you can identify the effect of internal measures such as you will be eligible for the status of Kuoni Water Champion.
water saving techniques.

MONITORING SHEET MONTH Sep 13 MONITORING SHEET MONTH Sep 13 (continued)

municipal- water
date borehole date guests laundry irrigation
ity tanks
note 1 3 3 4 .587 223. 453 550 note 1 0 10 0
1st 3 3 5.150 563 223. 603 150 560 10 1st 40 0 400 125 115 174 174
2nd 3 3 5.596 446 223. 734 131 560 0 2nd 865 465 2 40 115 3 52 178
3rd 3 3 6 .154 558 223. 900 166 560 0 3rd 1 . 2 98 433 3 67 127 50 3 151
4th 3 3 6 .46 7 313 224. 000 100 560 0 4th 1.724 426 498 131 68 3 180
5th 3 3 7 .212 745 224. 1 30 130 560 0 5th 2 . 0 99 375 60 1 103 854 171
6th 3 3 7 .4 6 0 248 224. 260 130 560 0 6th 2 . 543 444 710 109 1021 167
7th 3 3 8.007 547 224. 376 116 650 90 7th 2 . 998 455 80 5 95 1205 184
8th 3 3 8.3 99 392 224. 503 127 650 0 8th 3 . 40 1 403 91 3 108 1 3 96 191
9th 3 3 9.17 7 778 224. 635 132 650 0 9th 3 . 7 89 388 1034 121 1 561 165
10th 3 3 9.6 01 424 224. 773 138 650 0 10th 4. 2 0 1 412 1101 67 1723 162
11th 3 4 0.4 14 813 224. 902 129 650 0 11th 4. 67 5 474 1200 99 1 8 99 176
12th 3 4 0.98 6 572 225. 007 105 650 0 12th 5. 0 99 424 1305 105 2023 124
13th 3 4 1.492 506 225. 1 45 138 650 0 13th 5. 50 3 404 1 40 8 103 2205 182
14th 3 4 1.6 05 113 225. 278 133 650 0 14th 5. 97 6 473 1 50 9 101 2 3 98 193
15th 3 4 2.028 423 225. 403 125 71 0 60 15th 6. 3 2 2 346 1 61 0 101 2 50 3 105
16th 3 4 2.4 90 462 225. 543 140 71 0 0 16th 6. 80 4 482 1723 113 2 685 182
17th 3 4 2.96 1 472 225. 685 142 71 0 0 17th 7.232 428 1834 111 2 845 160
18th 3 4 3 .3 85 424 225. 801 116 71 0 0 18th 7 . 63 3 401 1 946 112 3025 180
19th 3 4 4.001 616 225. 930 129 71 0 0 19th 8. 0 1 2 379 2035 89 3206 181
20th 3 4 4.83 4 833 226. 076 146 81 0 100 20th 8. 42 3 411 2 1 43 108 3 3 54 148
21st 3 4 5.3 4 5 511 226. 205 129 81 0 0 21st 8. 90 2 479 2 2 54 111 3 50 3 149
22nd 3 4 5.8 02 457 226. 342 137 81 0 0 22nd 9. 3 2 4 422 2 3 62 108 3 654 151
23rd 3 4 6 .24 1 439 226. 499 157 81 0 0 23rd 9. 7 3 2 408 2 47 2 110 3 82 3 169
24th 3 4 6 .800 559 226. 623 124 81 0 0 24th 10.232 500 2 583 111 40 0 3 180
25th 3 4 7 .17 6 376 226. 735 112 81 0 0 25th 1 0 . 695 463 2703 120 41 55 152
26th 3 4 7 .599 423 226. 872 137 81 0 0 26th 11.005 310 2 80 9 106 43 2 3 168
27th 3 4 7 .890 291 226. 930 58 81 0 0 27th 1 1 . 43 6 431 2 91 4 105 450 2 179
28th 3 4 8.216 326 227. 074 144 850 40 28th 1 1 . 865 429 3002 88 463 2 130
29th 3 4 8.3 8 6 170 227. 200 126 850 0 29th 1 2 . 3 42 477 3112 110 480 4 172
30th 3 4 8.514 128 227. 322 122 850 0 30th 1 2 . 7 54 412 3223 111 497 4 170
31st 0 0 0 0 0 0 31st 0 0 0 0 0 0
TOTALS= 0 13.927 3.869 300 TOTALS= 12.754 3.213 4.974

Notes

1. Value should be carried over from previous month to generate figure for 1st of month.
2. If the month has less than 31 days, fulfill with 0.
46

Training
Staff
Sustainable water management
is truly a team effort. All the
technological gadgets in the
world won’t help if staff mem-
bers leave taps running, for ex-
ample. It is essential that all
staff members are aware of the
WMP and know how they can
also contribute to its success.
48 M ar k eting and Sales | 49

Training Material
Equipment changes (such as installing low flow taps) may It is recommended that the Travel Foundation training materials
be viewed as a “permanent fix” to achieve water efficiency. be utilized for training purposes. Founded in 2003, the Travel
Changing employee behaviour, such as an operating procedure, Foundation is an independent charity working with the travel
may be viewed as a quick and inexpensive way to achieve similar industry towards a sustainable future. Kuoni has partnered with
savings without up-front capital expense. In reality, both the the Travel Foundation, for example, through a sustainability
technical and human side of water management issues must be management training and development program with key
addressed. Consistent training and awareness in combination suppliers in Gran Canaria with the ultimate aim of helping these
with proper tools and equipment will achieve more permanent suppliers achieve certification by the Travelife Sustainability
water savings. System.

In Bangkok, the Metropolitan Waterworks Authority is providing The Travel Foundation has produced a number of presentations
posters and flyers explaining how to use water in a better way in for staff training on water reduction covering the following
everyday life. These documents could be displayed in the staff departments:
area (staff board, canteen, lockers, etc.) or distributed during
water awareness trainings. h Food & Beverage
http://www.mwa.co.th/ewtadmin/ewt/mwa_internet_eng/main. h Groundskeepers
php?filename=index h Housekeeping

h Laundry

Introduction of new techniques or technologies will also require h Maintenance

training so that staff members are aware of the correct operation, h Office Staff

cleaning and maintenance of these items. For example, a water- h Purchasing

less urinal does not need excessive cleaning with water – doing
so may cause the seal to fail and lead to odours which is precisely All presentations are provided on the memory stick complete
what it should avoid. Without sufficient explanation, existing with notes regarding discussion points and questions to be
practices will not be amended for new technology, particularly if included in the training. The presentations even include
that technology is something unfamiliar. training on energy and waste reduction, along with case studies
and an exercise in action planning for each department.
Certain departments of the hotels may have been highlighted
as “excessive water consumers”. Therefore, these are the areas Site specific details (such as consumption patterns and reduction
where training should first focus. This focus should be generated targets) should be incorporated into these presentations so
by the analysis of the water budget (Worksheet 6) where actual that the employees are clear about departmental goals. A follow
consumption is compared with expected (or best practice) up after two weeks on this training is essential to ensure that
consumption. With these figures in hand, the Water Manager all are adopting new practices/habits. The departmental head
may address specific departments and promote best practice should be responsible for both monitoring behaviour change
habits through focused training modules. Training should be and implementation of water saving measures after training has
scheduled as part of the action plan in order of priority. occurred. The departmental head should report back to the Water
Manager at least on a monthly basis.

Training may also be reinforced with the use of posters in key

please note locations, either those produced by the Travel Foundation
Even if the CBA argument is not enough to warrant changing (found on the memory stick) or those produced by the hotel
certain fixtures immediately (in particular, for example, the in house. You will also find on the memory stick a Power Point
more expensive showerheads or toilets), it does not mean presentation in English and Thai languages for the staff to be
these options should be rejected. On the contrary, the fittings trained about water issues.
can just be installed as part of the next planned replacement/
refurbishment program. This is important information to pass
on to the hotel’s procurement officer straight away so that the
calculations will not have to be re-done and the items can be
factored into future budgets.
50

Creating
Customer
Awareness
Your clients want to know that
their trip is not having a nega-
tive impact on the environment,
and the Kuoni Water Champion
Award is a great way to let them
know just that. When intro-
duced and promoted correctly,
guests will not only assist with
your water reduction measures
but will respect your establish-
ment for its duty of care to the
environment.
52 53

This system allows avoiding two big concerns. Remark

1. Often staff replaces towels although the guests wanted to
reuse them. In this case the hotel is sending a bad message to When you implement a decline housekeeping policy you
the guests previously informed about the possibility to reuse must keep in mind that the bedrooms still need to be regularly
their towels. This is counterproductive and damages the image cleaned and visited for health and safety reasons. It’s particu-
of the hotel as well as the guest’s experience. If your staff is larly important in humid locations where it’s not possible to
replacing towels in every room, every day, you’d better remove keep bed sheets or towels more than a few days before they
all communication inviting your guests to reuse their towels. start to be impacted by moisture. In this case propose the
2. Another issue is when guests would have liked new towels, but decline housekeeping service for a determined period like two
did not receive one. As a consequence, they are disappointed nights, three days for example.
and this might even lead to negative reviews on TripAdvisor.

Tips to create and implement your own

towel/bed linen reuse communication in the bedroom
h Use readable texts and font size, avoid small letters.

Your communication cardboard should measure

at least 15x15 cm and should be easy to read.
h Consider your guests languages and translate your text

depending on where your guests mainly come from

(Thai, English, German, Russian, Chinese, etc.)
h Mention your sustainability involvement and commitment

and refer to your environmental policy, action plan and

award(s) if you have any
h Give the guests the choice, the message should encourage

rather than put pressure

h Provide the data that you monitor, for example your

water or energy savings

h Engage your guests to participate in the reuse programme

by rewarding them or donate the equivalent money to

a charity and communicate about it
h Implement first your reuse programme in a limited area

of the hotel to test your communication tools and

monitor the results before you launch the programme
in the whole property
h Discuss the programme with your guests:

Did they understand the system?

Hoteliers are often concerned that by asking guests to change Upon qualification as a Water Champion, you will have a Why didn’t they participate? How to make it more efficient?
their behaviour or reduce their consumption of something, distinctive award to display at reception, which provides an
that this will negatively affect their holiday experience. This is easy way for guests to be introduced to the project. If your
not the case if adequate information is provided at all relevant hotel already achieved any sustainability awards, certificates or
locations so that clients feel good if they participate in the plaques, they should also be displayed at the reception, not in the
environmental efforts. If guests consider their contribution sales or owners office. All staff members must be well informed
and sustainability efforts an asset rather than a nuisance, they about the WMP so that they may communicate this to guests
will be happy to participate. and give details regarding specific actions or further sources of
information.
Communication with the guests on particular issues is referred
to as sensitisation. Sensitisation will alert them to the fact the An example of engaging visitors to take part in a laundry re-use
hotel is working hard on the issue of water reduction and allow scheme is indicated below. In this scheme, the customer is
them to become involved and offer feedback. Specific ways of encouraged to act in an environmentally-friendly way and is
engaging guests may include the following: rewarded by knowing that he can donate funds to a local com-
munity project or get a voucher reward.
1. Briefing during check in to explain WMP aims and objectives
as well as the hotel sustainability award(s) or environmental There is a new trend regarding towel and bed linen reuse
policy, program that was initiated at a large scale by Starwood Interna- Gwaylo Springs Case Study
2. Information in guest folder (in room), tional Hotel Chain, implementing a system called Make A Green Thanks to your support we managed to reduce our water
3. Information in the hotel lobby (on an environment board, for Choice, which will be described in the following pages. Guests consumption by 10 percent last year and to donate 50 000 THB
example) regarding water reduction actions, water availability are invited to decline housekeeping during one day and receive The team of Gwaylo Springs hotel is committing to reduce (1 550 USD) to the charity.
in a community context and engagement with the local a reward for this choice, which can be a donation to a local its environmental footprint by reducing water, energy
community to improve access to water charity, fidelity points or a voucher (equivalent to the estimated consumption and waste production (read more in our This means there will be no cleaning, replenishment of
4. Re-emphasis of a towel re-use program, cost of cleaning a room, around 150 THB, 5 USD). Guests feel environmental guide). Our efforts were awarded in 2014 toiletries and change of bed linen and towels. To participate,
5. Encourage reduction of tap and shower use, more comfortable with this scheme as they get a reward for their by XXX sustainability labels. please contact the reception before midnight to decline the
6. Encourage reporting leaking taps, showers & cisterns, positive behaviour. From the housekeeping operational point of following day’s services. Together we can leave a better planet
7.  Encourage feedback on other potential water saving measures view it’s also easier for the staff to understand when they need We kindly ask you to participate in our “Make A Green Choice” for our children! Guests need to be informed about the
in standard guest satisfaction surveys to change or not the towels and there is no confusion in the programme. For each night you decline housekeeping services program during check in.
8. Rewarding guests participating in water reduction programs message sent to housekeeping staff: or they clean the room, or (except day of departure), you can receive a voucher for our bar
they don’t. and restaurant or donate this money to the charity we support: http://www.frompointato.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/
Gwaylokids. Sheraton-Westin-Starwood-Make-A-Green-Choice-Program.png
54 55
samp le po ster
T I P S F OR OU R CUSTOMERS
WATER SAVING
res,
ter. Very simple measu
cle an and to sav e precious drinking wa
nment
get to keep the enviro
el in reaching its tar home you could save same things at
You can assist this hot . If you keep doing the
h effo rt, can sav e up to 40 litres per day
a hig
which do not demand
m your water bill.
0 TH B (15 0 US D) per person a year fro
4 80
your teeth
e. g. when you brush
don’t need the water,
3 Keep the taps closed while you hroom and help us sav
e wa ter and detergents
for tow els in the bat
3 Read the instructions else in the hotel
the whole day hroom or anywhere
3 Keep the same pool towel for ice any lea ks or run ning water in your bat
ately if you not
3 Inform housekeeping immedi r own!
e any wa ter saving ideas of you
3 Let us know if you hav

Conclusion
The business world of today is changing fast. Adaptation
to these changes at an early stage is key to being well
placed for the future and the uncertainties which lie
ahead. Some things we know for a fact – the climate is
less predictable, the world economy is challenging, and
natural resources are becoming stretched, especially
water in Asia. Some things are uncertain – such as the
security of our region in years to come. Whilst we can’t
change or influence many of these factors, we can be
prepared; and it will be the best prepared hotels which
are able to survive the storms ahead.

“Sustainability will become a defining issue

for the industry in 2015 and beyond.
Rising populations and increasingly scarce
resources will provide a challenging business
environment in which sustainability will need to
be embedded withinall facets of the industry,
rather than regarded as a standalone issue.”
deloitte hospitality 2015

We recognise that all decisions are made within certain

limitations and essentially boil down to “Is this worth
it?” This manual has given you the tools to be able to
answer this question with facts and figures and enhance
your ability to make good business decisions. Happily,
the decisions that make economic sense are often in line
with sustainable and responsible management, provid-
ing these are considered with an adequate timeframe. It
is no longer possible to work with a short term view. To
prosper in today’s dynamic, challenging and exciting
environment, you have to think to the future.
56 57

Annex
58 59

Worksheet 1:
I. References & How to calculate water
Online Tools consumption per bed night
documents Websites
Critchley, R. (2007). Water and Energy Efficient Showers. Energy Star (www.energystar.gov/benchmark) - an interactive WORKSHEET 1
Liverpool: John Moores University. energy management tool that allows you to track and assess Water Consumption per bed night
energy and water consumption across your entire portfolio
Hotel name Gwaylo Springs
Erickson, B. How to Calculate Lawn Irrigation Water Usage of buildings
and Costs. Retrieved from: http://www.todayshomeowner.com/ Location Phuket
calculating-lawn-irrigation-costs/ Global Stewards (www.globalstewards.org/hotel.htm) - tips for
green hotels
Guidelines for Estimating Unmetered Landscaping Water A B C D E F G
Use. Retrieved from: https://www.etde.org/etdeweb/purl.cover. Global Water Tool ([email protected]) – an online tool to monitor Total
jsp?purl=/985008/ your water use and compare between different global sites Borehole Municipal Water tanker Rainwater
Month consumption Bednights m3/bednight
consumption consumption consumption harvesting
in m3
Seneviratne, M. (2007). A Practical approach to Water Conserva- Rainwater Harvesting (www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Urban/
total from all divide
tion for Commercial and Industrial Facilities. Elsevier. Components.htm) - an excellent resource guide based on Indian indicate month monthly total monthly total monthly total monthly total in total number of
sources for month consumption by
RWH expertise (dating back > 1000yrs) and year in m3 (all boreholes) in m3 in m3 m3 (note 1) guest nights
(A+B+C+D) bednights (E/F)
Travel Foundation & Forum for the Future. (2012). Survival of the
Fittest – Sustainable Tourism Means Business. Retrieved from: Scientific American (www.scientificamerican.com/report. Jan-13 2 2 . 57 9 6. 2 7 2 30 30 2 8. 91 2 3 3 .0 98 0 ,87
http://www.thetravelfoundation.org.uk/news/white_paper_sur- cfm?id=water) - special report on “Confronting a World
Feb-13 2 8. 7 64 7 . 990 21 21 3 6. 7 96 3 0 .880 1,19
vival_of_the_fittest/ Freshwater Crisis” with links to related articles.
Mar-13 3 3 . 92 3 9. 42 3 43 43 43 . 43 2 2 6 .891 1,6 2
UK Environment Agency. (2007). Conserving Water in The Travel Foundation (www.thetravelfoundation.org.uk) - a Apr-13 3 2 . 0 42 8. 90 1 113 113 41 . 1 68 3 1.70 9 1,3 0
Buildings. Retrieved from: http://a0768b4a8a31e106d8b0- charity working with the travel industry for a sustainable future.
50dc802554eb38a24458b98ff72d550b.r19.cf3.rackcdn.com/ Website contains “green business tools” (audits, top tips, posters, May-13 17.172 4. 7 7 0 2 48 2 48 2 2 . 43 9 18.96 4 1,18
geho1107bnjr-e-e.pdf guidelines & training). Jun-13 2 2 . 844 6. 3 46 205 205 2 9. 60 0 19.557 1,51
Jul-13 2 0 . 480 5. 689 204 204 2 6. 57 8 3 1.4 10 0 ,85
Earthcheck eco label Fact sheet: http://www.earthcheck.org/ The Water Calculator (www.thewatercalculator.org.uk) - a UK
media/7950/FS06%20-%20Reducing%20Water%20Consump- based tool to calculate daily water consumption (intended for Aug-13 2 0 . 98 6 5. 83 0 1 96 1 96 27.207 2 9.70 5 0 ,92
tion%20I.pdf domestic sites, but parts can be applied to hotels) Sep-13 1 3 . 92 7 3 . 869 300 300 1 8 . 3 96 18.74 8 0 ,98

Earthcheck Tips for reducing water: http://www.earthcheck.org/ Travelife (www.travelife.org) - a membership organisation Oct-13 18.239 5. 0 67 2 52 2 52 23.810 3 0 .2 74 0 ,79
media/7957/FS07%20-%20Reducing%20Water%20Consump- which certifies hotels. Also provides sustainability guidelines, Nov-13 2 0 . 466 5. 685 135 135 2 6. 42 2 2 8.80 0 0 ,92
tion%20II.pdf handbook, training, etc.
Dec-13 23.377 6. 494 50 50 2 9. 97 1 2 9.13 2 1,0 3
Earthcheck White Paper Tourism and Water: http://www. The Green Leaf (www.greenleafthai.org/en/)eco label for Jan-14 2 5. 895 7 . 1 93 30 30 3 3 . 1 48 3 3 .0 99 1,0 0
griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/598304/2nd-White- Thailand - the most famous eco label for Thai accommodations:
Feb-14 2 7 . 53 3 7 . 648 21 21 3 5. 2 2 3 3 0 .80 0 1,14
Paper-27-3-14.pdf
Whole World Water (www.wholeworldwater.co) - an initiative Mar-14 3 9. 2 2 9 1 0 . 897 43 43 50 . 2 1 3 3 0 .12 6 1,6 7
International Tourism Partnership study about water and tour- to divert funds towards low income communities for improved Apr-14 3 8. 464 1 0 . 685 113 113 49. 3 7 5 3 2 .6 82 1,51
ism: http://www.greenhotelier.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/ access to water. Members pay a fee and start to produce their own
ITP-Water-Risk-Assesement-Final.pdf bottled water in recyclable bottles with a simple to use system. May-14 2 5. 445 7 . 0 68 2 48 2 48 33.010 19.3 0 4 1,71
Jun-14 2 1 . 598 6. 0 0 0 205 205 2 8. 0 0 8 17.3 91 1,6 1
Jul-14 2 5. 450 7.070 204 204 3 2 . 92 9 2 6 .558 1,2 4
Aug-14 2 2 . 660 6. 2 95 1 96 1 96 2 9. 3 46 2 6 .94 5 1,0 9
Sep-14 1 3 . 0 90 3 . 63 6 300 300 17.326 19.4 15 0 ,89
Oct-14 1 3 . 0 90 3 . 63 6 2 52 2 52 17.230 3 0 .82 6 0 ,56
Nov-14 20.000 5. 556 135 135 2 5. 82 6 2 9.3 95 0 ,88

II. Sample Worksheets Dec-14

Average = sum
1 9. 3 97 5. 3 8 8 50 50 2 4. 886 2 9.3 52 0 ,85

with Case Study column/number of

values
2 3 . 61 0 6. 558 1 50 1 50 3 0 . 469 2 7.2 94 1,11

Notes
The following section contains guidelines to help you complete
each worksheet together with a worked example from the 1. I f rainwater is not metered or measured within a specific tank, consider the total collection area (m2) and the percentage of rainwater collected
hypothetical “Gwaylo Springs” hotel. Blue boxes indicate fields (allow for broken and/or missing gutters). This will give automatically the average monthly volume. This also assumes that all rainwater may be stored,
where the Water Manager must enter data. so you must consider your storage capacity and water management to gauge if this is realistic.
Percentage of rainwater actually fed to tanks 90 % (recovery rate)
Roof collection area 80 0 m2
60 61

Worksheet 2:
How much does one cubic
meter of water cost?
Gwaylo Springs Case Study
Unit Cost Calculation for Water
If you have no data for one of the A,B,C columns, please fill in
This hotel sources water from all kind of origins: borehole “0”. The data we are looking for is the average bed night water HOTEL Gwaylo Springs
(wells), municipal, water tanker and rainwater. Note that the consumption in litres per bed night.
Average daily consumption (m ) 3
Ψ 1 0 1 5, 6 see worksheet 1 column E average/30
rainwater calculation is automatically generated from the
data you will provide (water harvesting surface + recovery In this example the result is 1.11 m3 / day (1,110 litres per day). Number of Rooms Φ 7 50
estimation) at the bottom of the sheet. In this example, This data will be useful to benchmark your hotel consump-
rainwater is collected from a roof area of 800m2 and the tions with the other hotels in Thailand and it will also
recovery rate is 90% as gutters are new. represent a reference for your own calculations, to monitor GROUNDWATER - supply costs
When you complete Column A, B, C, F, you need to provide the impact of your Water Management (as this data is linked
two years data. The best would be to start from January but to your occupancy it could also register huge variation if your a Proportion of supply 7 7 , 5% % from worksheet 1 =A/E (averages) x 100%
you can also start from another month of the year. hotel has seasonal activity with low and high occupancies). b Groundwater authority license 60 0 THB per well
c Groundwater authority rates 3,0 THB/m3 standard rate in Phuket is 3 THB/m3
d Well/borehole development 100.000 THB borehole/well construction
e Lifetime 20 yrs estimate life expectancy of well
f Pump(s) - intial cost 40 . 0 0 0 THB
g Lifetime 5 yrs estimate life expectancy of pump(s)
h Pumping cost - electricity consumption 1,7 THB/m3 note 1
i reservoir, tanks investment 1 5. 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 THB including also equipment
j reservoir, tanks lifetime 2 5, 0 yrs
k number of wells 14 wells

GROUNDWATER - associated costs

i Water softener - intial cost 1 50 . 0 0 0 THB installation price
j Water softener - lifetime 15 yrs estimate length of time until replacement
k Water softener -annual costs 50 . 0 0 0 THB filters/materials/maintenance
l Amount of water processed 50 0 m3/day
m Reverse Osmosis plant - intial cost 50 0 . 0 0 0 THB installation price
n Reverse Osmosis plant - lifetime 15 yrs estimate length of time until replacement
o Reverse Osmosis plant - annual costs 50 . 0 0 0 THB filters/materials/maintenance
p Amount of water processed 100 m3/day

GROUNDWATER - salt damage costs

(only complete this section if groundwater is saline)
q Labour for cleaning of pipes/fittings 5 man days/month where salt has caused scaling & blockages
r Daily labour cost 50 0 THB/day average salary of maintenance staff
estimate optimal number of years of operation of
s Fittings - optimal lifetime 15 yrs
pipes, taps, shower heads
estimate the actual lifetime as a result of salt
t Actual lifetime 8, 0 yrs
damage
u Cost of fittings affected 90 0 THB/room estimate per room (note 2)
estimate for machinery the optimal number of years
v Machinery - optimal lifetime 15 yrs
of operation (note 3)
w Actual lifetime 12 yrs estimate the actual number of years of operation
combined cost of solar and electric boilers, washing
x Machinery cost 50 0 . 0 0 0 THB
machines, dishwashers etc
62 63

now do the calculations…… TREATED WASTEWATER (note 5)

y Total annual water consumption (m3/yr) 287. 260 =Ψ*a*365 a Initial cost 1 5. 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 THB installation, infrastructure req.
=k*(b + d/e + f/g) + b Lifetime 25 yrs estimated time until system needs replacing
z Groundwater supply costs (THB/yr) 2.14 0. 520 installation, running and rates
(c+h)*+j/i
c Running cost - power requirement 4, 0 kW
A Groundwater salt cost (labour) 3 0. 000 =q*r*12 time needed for fixing damaged fittings
d Running cost - hrs running/day 12 hrs
B Groundwater salt cost (fittings) 3 9.375 =(u*Φ)*(1/t - 1/s) replacement cost of damaged fittings
ongoing costs associated with the system (not
C Groundwater salt cost (machinery) 8.333 =x*(1/w - 1/v) replacement/maintenance of machinery e Running cost - additives/labour etc 300.000 THB/yr
infrastructure)
D Softened water costs an additional (THB/m3) 0,33 =(i/j +k)/l*365 f Treated effluent produced (m3/day) 40 6 =daily flow(i)* % of total water used into system (approx 40% if irrigating)
E Desalinated water costs an additional (THB/m )3
2 =(m/n +o)/p*365 g Total annual water cost (THB) 90 0 . 1 87 =(a/b)+(c*d*3,9)+e
Water cost (THB/m3) 8,1 =((z+A+B+C)/y)+(D*l/Ψ)+(E*p/Ψ) h Water cost (THB/m3) 6, 1 =g/(365*f)

now do the calculations……

water cost
MUNICIPAL WATER - supply costs proportion of supply (%)
(THB/m3)
a Proportion of supply 22% % (worksheet 1) =B/E (averages) x 100% a Groundwater 8, 1 77% pull figures from relevant section above
b Total monthly water consumption 6 .558 m3/month (worksheet 1) b Municipal 1 5, 8 22% pull figures from relevant section above
progressive scale, >200m3/month = 15,8 THB/m3 c Water tanker 100,0 0% pull figures from relevant section above
c Total monthly water cost 103 .623 THB
(see 'water rates' sheet)
d Rainwater harvesting 0,7 0% pull figures from relevant section above
d Total annual water cost 1.243. 480 THB
Do you pay sewerage fees? note 3 no answer "yes" or "no"
e Water cost (THB/m3) 15,8 =d/(b*12)
e Sewerage cost note 6 0 only if you pay sewerage fees
Average water cost (THB/m ) 3
10,2 =(a*a%)+(b*b%)+(c*c%)+(d*d%)+(b*b%*75%)
WATER TANKER (bowser)
a Proportion of supply 0,49% % (worksheet 1) =C/E (averages) x 100%
Notes
b Size of tankers 6 .000 litres per truck
c Cost of tanker 600 THB 1. I n general groundwater is found at 20-40m on the Thai coast. Pumps can move approximately 2m3/hr per kW of power rating at this head.
As 1kWhr = 1 unit = 3,6 THB, this means 1m3 = 1,7 THB.
d Water cost (THB/m3) 100 =1000*c/b
2. Consider the combined cost of the shower head, taps, toilet cistern etc. which are affected by salt.
3. Consider only the machinery which is affected by salt damage e.g. if clothes washing machines utilise softened water do not include.
RAINWATER (note 4)
4. I f no Rain Water Harvesting system is currently in place, you can add a hypothetical system to see the cost implications and savings,
a Proportion of supply 0,5 % % (worksheet 1) =D/E (averages) x 100% more details in Annex IV.
b Initial cost 20. 000 THB gutters and tanks 5. Worksheet 10 allows you to propose a system to calculate relative water cost.
c Lifetime 15 yrs estimated time until replacing 6. Only add this section if you are connected to a municipal sewer and pay rates.
d Collection area (m2) 800 m2 (worksheet 1) sum plan area of all rooves with gutters
Enter “BK” for Bangkok, Gwaylo Springs Case Study Water tanker:
Location PH “PH” for Phuket or “CM” Occasionally water tankers are required to deliver water with
for Chang Mai an average cost of 100 THB/m3 (3.1 USD/m3) so they are only
e Annual rainfall 2.499 mm (sheet RWH) average annual rainfall figures Groundwater: used in times of emergency. Water tankers represent the most
Most of the hotel water is supplied by fourteen wells, each expensive and less sustainable way to supply water to a hotel.
f Recovery rate 9 0% (worksheet 1) based on missing/broken gutters and pipelines
costing 100,000 THB (3,113 USD) to develop and 40,000 THB
g Annual volume (m3) 1.799 =d*e*f/1000 (1,245 USD) for the pump. A huge water reservoir was built for Rainwater:
a cost of 15,000,000 THB (407,063 USD). There is a rainwater harvesting system on the utility build-
h Water cost (THB/m3) 0 ,7 =b/c/g
A water softener and a reverse osmosis are in place and treat ings covering a total surface area of 800 m2 which contributes
100 m3/day which are used for drinking water for staff and 0.5% of the total water requirement at a cost of only 0.7 THB/
guests. This results show a net cost of treated groundwater of m3 (0.02 USD/m3). Rainwater harvesting represents a huge
8.1 THB/m3 (0.25 USD/ m3) potential for offsetting expensive other water supplies.

Municipal water: Treated wastewater:

Municipal water is providing 22% of the total water supply, There is a waste water treatment plant on site processing 40%
at a cost of 15.8 THB per m3 (0.5 USD/ m3), almost twice more of the total water consumed in the hotel. Most of this water is
expensive as groundwater. used for gardens. The cost of this treated water is 6.1 THB per
m3 (0.18 USD/m3).
64 65

Worksheet 3: Worksheet 4:
How much does your hot water cost? How high are your laundry costs?

LAUNDRY BUDGET SHEET Gwaylo Springs

Unit Cost Calculation for Hot Water (in litres)
HOTEL Gwaylo Springs
Washing machine: units details average
1-3M THB for industrial
SOLAR HEATING a Value: THB (purchase cost)
1.000.000 machine
a Volume of water heated/day 400 litres calculate each heater separately (note 1) b Lifetime 20 years of use purchased in 2007 10-20yrs
b Initial cost 7 5.000 THB purchase cost c Capacity (one load) 80 kg calculated with the staff indicated on product sticker
c Lifetime 10 yrs estimate life of unit
One load requires….
ELECTRIC HEATING (note 2) d Cycle run time (average) 1,0 hrs 0.5-1.25 depending on cycle
Type of heater In solar panels approximately 7-15 litres per
e Water (cold) litres
41 5 kg (machine capacity)
d Power rating 12, 0 kW calculate each heater separately
65% of cold water requi-
e Volume of water heated/day 1.13 5 litres consider tank volume and allow for multiple fills/cycles per day f Water (hot) litres
2 69 rement
f Time in hrs to heat tank 2, 0 hours estimate duration to reach optimal temperature
g Running electricity 20.000 W (rating) variable
How is the water heated?
BOILER HEATING (CENTRALISED)
h Inbuilt heating unit W (rating)
LPG
h% Proportion of total estimate
calculate boiler and storage volumes, allow for multiple fills/
g Volume of water heated/day 250.000 litres THB (per wash cycle
cycles per day (maximum vol) i Solar heated water 14 ref worksheet 3 * f 0.25-0.5 THB per litre
equivalent)
h LPG required/day 1.200 Kg maximum amount of LPG used in one day
i% Proportion of total estimate heats 75% of water
i Unit cost of LPG 20 THB/Kg from 17 to 21 baht per kg
THB (per wash cycle
j Boiler heated water 1 44 ref worksheet 3 * f 0.5-1 THB per litre
equivalent)
now do the calculations…… j% Proportion of total 10 0 % estimate all heated water comes from LPG boiler

Average solar hot water cost (THB/litre) 0.05 =b/(a*365*c) Drying machine:
Average electric hot water cost (THB/litre) 0.08 =(d*f*3,9)/e specify method of drying
Are towels tumble dried? y es are sheets tumble dried? yes
("yes" or "no")
Average boiler water cost (THB/litre) 0.10 =(h*i)/g
0,2-3 M THB for industrial
k Value: THB (purchase cost)
1 . 3 60 . 0 0 0 machine
Notes l Lifetime 15 years of use purchased in 2008 10-20yrs
1. Sum the capacity of a single solar boiler. If the tank is emptied during the day and has the chance to heat water m Capacity (one load) 30 kg variable
through a second cycle allow for this by multiplying the volume by two. By calculating one area hot water requirement
a proportional measurement may be done.
2. We consider the cost of 1 kWh average is 3,9 THB. One load requires….
n Cycle run time (average) 1,00 hrs discussed with staff
Gwaylo Springs Case Study It happens that hotels install solar panels to heat water but o Running electricity 30.000 W (rating)
underestimate the number of panels needed. In this case, solar
energy is only providing a limited part of the energy and the rest
Solar, electric and boiler are all utilized at this hotel. is supplied by the electrical resistance inside the water tanks. pressing machine: sheets
The solar boilers are utilized for the new rooms far from
the main site and have a capacity of 200 litres which serves It’s a typical problem, difficult to monitor if there is no electri-
specify method of drying
Are towels pressed? are sheets pressed? yes
y es ("yes" or "no")
two rooms and heats two cycles of water per day (minimum cal meter controlling energy consumption linked to the solar
estimate). The cost for solar hot water is 0.05 THB/litre (0.0015 panels. Therefore we advise to implement electric sub meters p Value: 1 . 3 60 . 0 0 0 THB (purchase cost) 1-5M THB
USD/litre).The electric heaters boost the guest and staff areas on your solar panel installation to know the exact percentage
q Lifetime 15 years of use 15-20 yrs
and utilize four 2.5 kW heating units within the 1135 litres tank. of electricity needed to heat the water. By monitoring this
Two hours are needed to heat the whole tank, giving a unit cost data you will be able to control the efficiency of your system. A time for one item
r Pressing time average 1-2mins for bedsheet
of 0.08 THB/litres (0.002 USD/litre). centralized boiler which runs on LPG is used to heat water for 2,0 (minutes)
the kitchen, for the laundry and the majority of the guest rooms. s Running electricity W (rating) variable
30.000
Note that a specialist must regularly control your solar installa- The volume of the tanks is 50,000 litres and there are 5 heating
tion and that the dimensioning should be properly designed to cycles throughout the day. This gives a unit cost of 0.1 THB/litre
avoid the solar panels to need a permanent electrical input. (0.003 USD/litre)
66 67

All other costs

THB (total staff cost for
Worksheet 5:
t Labour 17 .500
one day)
average kg washed in
35 people on 400 Baht/day, plus manager
depends on size of laundry
How to measure tap flow rates
u Production depends on size of laundry
7 .000 one day
v Total machine capacity 4 80 kgs (all washing machines) 6 X 80kg
w Total dryer capacity 60 kgs (all drying machines) 2 X 30kg
FLOW RATE MEASUREMENTS
x Towel 200 THB (purchase cost) 250-1000THB
Hotel name Gwaylo Springs
y Lifetime 18 0 washes/lifetime based on washing every 2nd day for 1yr 200-1000
z Bedsheet THB (purchase cost) 250-1200THB Location Phuket
4 00
A Lifetime 360 washes/lifetime based on washing every 2nd day for 2yrs 300-1500
0,5-1 if autodosing, A B C D E F G
B Chemicals (towels) THB/kg
0, 5 from Ecolab 1-1,5 if manual
Size of measuring
0,5-1 if autodosing, Location Time to fill Flowrate (litres/min)
C Chemicals (sheets) THB/kg container
0, 5 from Ecolab 0,9-1,2 if manual
D Sheet weight 1, 0 kg 18-20 sheets/load variable take five separate readings and record in seconds. insert specific location
in litres =60*A / average(B,C,D,E,F)
e.g. room number, ladies staff toilet, tapstand location etc.
E Towel weight 0, 8 kg 25 towels/load variable
rm 223 rm 225 rm 112 rm 86 rm 166
F POWER 4 THB/kWh (unit) current price MEA costs 2014
from worksheet 2 “average cost of 5 to 100 THB depending on Guest bathroom sink 5 16 19 18 17 21 16 .5
G WATER THB/m3
10 water” source
rm 223 rm 225 rm 112 rm 86 rm 166

Guest bathroom
Now do the calculations…… (note that formulae are case sensitive) 5 13 16 10 17 16 2 0 .8
shower
towels bedsheet laidies 1 laidies 2 ladies 3 men 1 men 2
(THB per kg) (THB per kg)
water 0, 1 =(e+f)*G/1000/c 0,1 =(e+f)*G/1000/c Staff washroom sink 5 32 30 25 19 22 11,7

hot water - inbuilt unit 0, 0 =c*d*h*h%*F/1000 0,0 =c*d*h*h%*F/1000 laidies 1 laidies 2 ladies 3 men 1 men 2

hot water - solar (preheat) 0, 0 =i*i%/c 0,0 =i*i%/c Staff washroom

5 10 13 14 12 11 2 5.0
shower
hot water - boiler (preheat) 1, 8 =j*j%/c 1 ,8 =j*j%/c
garden 1 garden 2 garden 3 garden 4 garden 5
power -washing 0, 9 =g*d*F/c 0,9 =g*d*F/c
power - drying 3,5 =n*o*F/1000/m 3,5 =n*o*F/1000/m Hosepipes 5 15 17 14 13 15 2 0 ,3

power - pressing 3,5 =s*r/60*F/1000 3,5 =s*r/60*F/1000 garden 6 garden 7 garden 8 garden 9 garden 10

labour 2, 5 =t/u 2,5 =t/u Manual sprinklers 5 26 29 22 23 21 12 .4

chemicals (detergents) 0, 5 =B 0,5 =C
garden 11 garden 12 garden 13 garden 14 garden 15
materials 1, 1 =x/y 1 ,1 =z/A
Auto sprinklers 5 35 35 35 35 32 8,7
machinery - washer 0, 0 =(c/v)*a/(365*b*u) 0,0 =(c/v)*a/(365*b*u)
machinery - dryer 0, 1 =(m/w)*k/(365*l*u) 0,1 =(m/w)*k/(365*l*u)
machinery - presser 0, 1 =p/(365*q*u) 0,1 =p/(365*q*u)
total 14 , 1 =sum all costs 1 4,1 =sum all costs
cost per item in THB 11, 2 =total*E 1 4,1 =total*D
water per item in litres 6,8 =E*(e+f)/c 8,6 =D*(e+f)/c

Gwaylo Springs Case Study

To complete the last line, you can ask your supplier if water
consumption is monitored in m3 per tonne of laundry. Then,
The laundry is large with a workforce of 35, and approximately calculate the amount of water needed to wash one kg of laundry
7 tonnes of washing is processed every day utilizing six different and weigh one towel and one bed sheet.
washing machines. Machines are automated for detergent Gwaylo Springs Case Study
dosing. All towels and sheets are tumble dried and sheets are Example: your supplier indicates that 10 m3 of water It can be seen immediately that the flows for the guest sink
then pressed, leading to high power costs. Average cost of wash- per tonne of laundry are being used. and shower, plus staff shower are excessive (if in doubt about
ing one towel is 11.2 THB (0.3 USD) and one sheet is 14.1 THB This means: 10,000 litres / 1,000 kg = 10 litres per kg Flow measurements varied considerably between rooms (as the validity of these readings, they should be re-measured).
(0.43 USD), the majority of which stems from the power Each towel weighs 0.7 kg, meaning that it needs 0.7 x 10 = measured in different blocks and floors). Staff showers were The values that should be reached are around 10 litres per
requirement for washing and drying (plus pressing for the 7 litres to be washed. Each bed sheet weighs 0.9 kg, in a poor state of repair. A few guest taps had the aerator minute for the showers and 6 litres per minute for the taps.
sheets), labour and chemicals. If your laundry is externalized, meaning that it needs 9 litres to be washed. missing, leading to high measured flows (Rooms 223 and 86). You can also have a look at the videos, available in the
collect the data from your invoices to fulfil the bottom lines Flows around the grounds (labelled “Garden 1” to “Garden memory stick, explaining in English and Thai, how to
(in blue in the case study), cost per item in THB for one towel If above data is not available, you can use as approximate 15”) are for estimating the irrigation requirement. measure the water flow.
in the left column and for one bed sheet in the right column. reference: 7 litres per washed towel and 9 litres per bed sheet.
68 69

Worksheet 6:
Determining the Water Balance location
Staff (estimate)
flowrate (l/min) or flush usage/day (mins or volume/day (litres) =
notes
volume (l) number of flushes) A*B
A B C
from worksheet 5 note 1
staff washroom sink 1 6, 5 5 82
staff washroom shower 20,8 15 313

Water Balance Sheet staff toilet 1 5, 0 5 75

HOTEL Gwaylo Springs e s t i m a t e ba t h c a p ac i t y

guest bathtub volume 120,0 0,1 12
and frequency of use
Average daily consumption (m ) 3
101 5,6 i - see worksheet 1 column E average/30
Average staff usage = sum C values*number of staff/1000 43 8, 5 m3/day
Hotel capacity 1 500 ii - maximum number of guests
Average occupancy 61 % iii - see worksheet 1 column F average/30/ii
Health Club/Spa/Gym (estimate)
Number of staff 700 number of users/day 30,0 5
Average consumption (m3/day) 1,5 =u s ers *0 . 0 5m 3 /d ay
average daily volume (m3) metered estimated best practice
use meter readings if calculations below will optimal figures Irrigation (estimate)
available (or leave blank) autofill column to aim for
A B C Total irrigated area (m2) 1 5. 0 0 0 a note 2
laundry 1 05,0 1 05,0 Manual - hosepipe proportion 50 % b

guests 438,5 1 83,6

number of hosepipes 50 c

staff 76,9 68,6

hours of use per day 4 d

health club/spa 1 ,5 1 ,5
flowrate (l/min) 20 e note 3
Manual - sprinkler proportion 0% f
irrigation 1 74 56
number of sprinklers g
kitchen 45,5
hours of use per day h
pool 1 9,0
flowrate (l/min) 12 i note 3
cooling tower 1 50,0
Automatic - spinkler proportion 50 % j
others (watersports, golf club etc) 0
number of sprinklers 50 k
10 1 5,6 1 01 0,2
hours of use per day 4 l
flowrate (l/min) 9 m note 3
Laundry (estimate)
Average consumption (m /day)3
=0.06*((b*c*d*e)+(f*g*h*i)+(j*k*l*m)) 174 water point calc
See worksheet 4, row u. Most machines use approximately 15-20litres
Average kg washed per day 7. 000 of hot and cold (combined) water per kg of laundry, consult your machine Optimal consumption (m3/day) =a*0.005*75% 56 note 4 - green grass calc
data sheet
Average consumption (m3/day) 105,0 =daily kg * 0.015
Kitchen (estimate)
Average consumption (m /day)3
45, 5 =ii*iii*0.05m3/day note 5
Guests (estimate)
flowrate (l/min) or flush usage/day (mins or volume/day (litres) =
location notes Pool (estimate)
volume (l) number of flushes) A*B
total surface area (m2) 3.000 a add all pools surface area
A B C
backwash volume per day (l) 10.000 b add all pools backwash volume (estimate)
from worksheet 5 note 1
Average consumption (m3/day) 1 9, 0 =(a*0.003)+(b/1000) note 6
guest bathroom sink flowrate 1 6,5 5 82
guest bathroom shower flowrate 2 0,8 15 31 3
Cooling tower (estimate)
guest toilet flush volume 15,0 5 75
number of cooling towers 2
estimate bath capacity
guest bathtub volume 120,0 0,1 12 monthly fresh water supply 4. 50 0
and frequency of use
Average total guest usage = sum C values*ii*iii/1000 438,5 m3/day Average consumption (m3/day) 1 50
70 71

Notes
1. Guests will take longer showers than staff. Hot water showers will last longer than cold water showers.
Toilet usage reflects number of flushes. Values are noted per person (guest or staff).
2. Use a site map, building plans or google earth image to measure areas.
3. Do a direct measurement on a selection of taps/pipes as per worksheet 5, for sprinklers also consult product data sheets.
4.The optimal amount of irrigation required is approximately 5mm per day (see Annex VII for details) and an irrigation efficiency of 75% is assumed.
5. Where no information is available on kitchen consumption, a value of 50l/p/day is used. However,
this figure is highly dependent on kitchen practices and should be used as an indication only.
6. Water required to keep pools topped up due to losses from evaporation and backwashing, average estimated is 3l per square meter.

Gwaylo Springs Case Study Irrigation – The estimate value was based on tap flows and wa- Cooling tower – the estimated consumption for the cooling
Best practise
tering regime to be 174 m3/day. Best practice value is based on 5 tower indicates that they consume 16% of the total amount of Best practice: Amari Watergate is recycling a part of its
mm/m2 of water per day, meaning 5 litres per m2. In our example water. Water is added to cooling tower systems to balance two waste water; they are filtered and reused for cooling towers.
There were no sub meters in place when the case study work- the garden size is 15,000 m2, so the best practice would be 15,000 main causes of loss: evaporation and blowdown. This system will allow saving 36,500 cubic meter per year
sheet was completed. All the data provided permit to estimate X 5 = 75,000 litres, we also consider an irrigation efficiency of equivalent to 584,000 THB (18,104 USD).
the water consumptions for each department. As soon as the 75%, then the final estimated best practice data is: 75,000 X 75% Evaporation
sub meters will be in place it will be possible to compare these = 56,250 litres (56 in the spreadsheet as it’s cubic meters) The goal of the cooling tower is to remove heat from the Cooling towers’ water consumption needs monitoring and
estimations with the real data. This indicates the irrigation system could be improved and water. Therefore evaporation is the main process to reach represents a priority location to install sub meters. In some
water volumes significantly reduced. The discrepancy between this goal. By improving the energy efficiency of the cooling city hotels, cooling towers can represent up to 40% of the
Laundry – the estimated consumption of 105 m3 per day estimated and best practice could indicate leakages. The differ- towers, it will reduce the evaporative load in the tower and total water consumption.
is the same as the estimated “best practice”. ence may also be attributable to high irrigation during the dry the amount of water needed. Keep in mind that the estimated data represents guidelines
Tips: season, so monthly variations should be analyzed. and best practices. In our example the sum of the metered
h Ensure machines operate with full load to reduce water and Blowdown and estimated total results are very similar with 1010.2 and
chemicals used per tonne washed. Kitchen – the kitchen is not metered but is anticipated to This operation is necessary to evacuate the dissolved solids 1015.6 m3 per day. Eventually this might deviate from your
h Explore the possibility to reuse water from previous rinse use approximately 45.5m3/day based on reasonable kitchen left after water evaporates from the tower. If the concentra- calculation results.
cycles by installing holding tanks. This used water could also practices. In this calculation we propose a reference value of 50 tion of total dissolved solids (TDS) increases, it can cause
be utilized in staff toilets. litres per guest per day. This data should be carefully analyzed scale and corrosion. The blowdown consists in evacuating a Kuoni Water Management Manual aims to provide you with
h Control the leaks and repair any water loss as fast as possible. depending on how many meals usually your guests have in the part of water concentrating high level of TDS. Controlling the the best tools to monitor your water consumption in the
hotel. There is also a difference between buffet and individually amount of blowdowns will allow you to save water. The best different departments of the hotel. To get a realistic picture it
Guest Rooms - the estimated values for the guest consumption served plates. If your guests are only having buffet breakfast and mechanism being automatised adding chemicals and starting is fundamental that you implement sub meters and monitor
are high at 438.5 m3 per day based on the measured tap and lunch, you should change the value in case C68, to 0.03 instead blowdown depending on the level of TDS in the water. regularly the data. You will then identify the areas where you
shower flows and toilet flush volume. Regarding the bathtub of 0.05 (=C6*C5*0.03). need to focus your attention on to reduce water consumption.
it was estimated that an average of 10% guests take one bath LESS CHEMICALS = LESS WATER FOR BLOWDOWN
everyday. The best practice consumption of 183.1 m3 per day Pool – The pool is not metered but was estimated to use 19m3/
suggests that it should be easy to reduce water consumption by day based on maintaining levels. All swimming pools require As presented in the case study below, it’s also possible to reuse
implementing new water saving devices in showers and taps. pool filtration systems to keep the water clean, including pumps, water from the hotel for the cooling towers make-up (fresh
filters, drains and skimmers. Filter cleaning represents the water input). It could be waste water after treatment but it
Staff Facilities – the estimated values were based on tap and greatest use of water. Although water use depends on the type of could also be water produced by other equipment like air
shower flows and are a bit higher than the best practice values. filter system installed and the extent to which the pool is used, handler condensate or air conditioning splits units, these
consider the following: types of water are especially interesting because they don’t
Health Club/Spa – this is anticipated to be a minimal amount need treatment and contain low levels of minerals.
but there is no meter to prove this. h Clean filters only when necessary and not on a set schedule
(i.e., clean only when the filter is no longer operating effectively
and not once every day).
h Utilize the sight glass if one is installed to monitor the visual

quality of the backwash water running through the filter and

determine when backwashing is complete, rather than back-
washing for a predetermined set amount of time.
72 73

Worksheet 7: Worksheet 8:
How much do visitors Laundry Cost
re-use their towels? Benefit Calculations

WORKSHEET 7
WORKSHEET 8
TOWEL RE-USE CALCULATION Gwaylo Springs
LAUNDRY COST BENEFIT CALCULATIONS
HOTEL Gwaylo Springs
Start date: 31-Aug-14
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
a annual bednights 3 2 7 . 53 1 average bednight figure from worksheet 1 x months of hotel operation in one year
number hung number hung number hung number hung number hung number hung number hung
NAME of guests towels of guests towels of guests towels of guests towels of guests towels of guests towels of guests towels b volume laundered (kg/yr) 2.000.000 total kgs (note 1)
Pharatah 12 2 15 1 13 1 12 2 12 2 15 4 11 1 c item average weight (kg) 0,85 Example: 7 items per room weighting 6 kg: average= 6/7= 0,85 kg/item (note 2)
Nawarat 13 1 15 1 11 1 12 1 12 0 15 2 15 2 d average item/bednight 7,2 =b/c/a
Kanoskri 12 1 14 2 12 1 13 2 14 1 13 1 15 1 e current re-use 9% from worksheet 7, concerns only the bathtowels (1kg out of 6kg=16,6%) (note 3)
Kulpramote 14 0 13 1 12 0 15 1 14 0 13 1 15 1 f items currently washed 2 . 3 52 . 941 =a*d, total amount of items washed per year
g improved re-use 25% insert target value
h items potentially washed 2 . 2 90 . 993 =f*(1-((g-e)*0,166)) (note 4)
i items saved 61 . 948 =f-h
saving (THB/yr) 7 8 3 . 57 0 =i*laundry cost from worksheet 4 (average cost)
savings (litres/yr) 47 6. 691 =i*water volume from worksheet 4 (average litres used)

Notes
1. C
 ollect data from laundry logs and sum for the year. Often logs are indicated as "1 load of white towels" for a certain machine.
Relate this to the machine capacity to get kgs laundered.
total = 51 4 57 5 48 3 52 6 52 3 56 8 56 5 2. Consider the small and big towels, the carpet, the pillowcases and all bed linen.
3. Towels represent only a part of the total laundry, in this example 1kg out of 6kg = 16,6%
A B A B A B A B A B A B A B 4. This calculation is including only bath towel percentage: in this example 16,6% = 0,166
now do the calculations…..
C total bednights = 372 sum of all “A” values
D total towels hung = 34 sum of all “B” values
E towels per guest = 1 bathtowels in room (note 1)
% re-use = 9% =D/C/E

Notes
1. H
 ung towels should refer to the main towel the guest is provided with.
If more than one such towel is provided in the room you must indicate this in row E.

Gwaylo Springs Case Study

number of items and you use this data in the case “c”.
In our example we found 0.85 kg per item average weight.
Laundry logs were studied to obtain information regarding The towel weight is 1kg and the average weight of laundry for
total weight of laundry throughout one calendar year, plus one bedroom is 6kg, so the towel reuse programme will have
Gwaylo Springs Case Study the total weight in kilograms of bath towels and bed sheets an impact on only 1/6=16.6% of the laundry. The current
laundered during this time. You need to calculate the average bath towels re-use value from Worksheet 7 is 9%. A target
Of these 12 people for whom she has cleaned, if only 2 of amount of laundry used in one bedroom during one night value of 25% was deemed by the water team to be achiev-
On Sunday, Pharatah has cleaned 6 rooms of 2 guests each them have hung their towels then she would write “12” and to evaluate the impact of the towel reuse programme on the able. The hotel will enjoy yearly savings on laundry costs of
(12 guests), 5 rooms of single guests (5 guests) for a total of 17 “2” respectively in the Sunday column next to her name. The total amount of items laundered. 783,570 THB (24,290 USD) if this is achieved, in addition
guests. Out of these 17, she knows that 5 are checking out so same process is continued throughout the week and with Therefore, calculate the number of items, including towels, to 476 m3 of water saved. The reuse programme would have
we are only interested in the remaining guests. other housekeepers. carpet, bed linen, pillowcases, beach towels, etc. and the total a much bigger impact on cost savings and water if it also
weight of these items. You divide the total weight by the includes the bed linen.
74 75

Worksheet 9:
Cost Benefit Analysis for
Plumbing Fixtures

WORKSHEET 9
COST BENEFIT CALCULATIONS FOR PLUMBING FIXTURES

Hotel name Gwaylo Springs

Location Phuket
Number of rooms 7 50 worksheet 2
average bednight/yr i 3 27. 531 average bednight figure from worksheet 1 x months of hotel operation in one year
Number of staff (in 24hrs) ii 700
Average cost of water iii 10 ,1 8 THB/m3 (refer to worksheet 2) = 1 0. 5 x 5 x 327,531 / 1 000
Cost of hot water to rooms iv 0,1 0 THB/litre (refer to worksheet 3)

Calculating potential savings A B C D E F Calculating payback period J K L

Current flow Optimal flow Difference Usage/day Potential savings/yr (m ) 3
Savings/yr Number of Installation Payback period (years)
rate (l/min) rate (l/min) (l/min) (mins) (THB) note 1 fittings cost in THB
worksheet 5 guests = C x D x i/1000 J x cost (G, H
Annex III =A-B worksheet 6 =E x iii note 2 (installation cost/savings = K/F)
column E staff = C x D x ii x 0.365 or I))
Guest bathroom sink 16 , 5 6 1 0,5 5,00 1 7. 1 68 1 7 4. 7 7 7 Guest bathroom sink 7 50 2 2 5. 0 0 0 1,29
Guest bathroom shower 20, 8 10 1 0,8 10 35. 482 1 . 3 81 . 7 0 9 Guest bathroom shower 7 50 90 0 . 0 0 0 0 , 65
Guest toilet 15 4 1 1 ,0 5 1 8. 01 4 1 8 3 . 3 88 Guest toilet 7 50 4. 50 0 . 0 0 0 2 4, 54
Do staff washroom showers have hot no Staff washroom sink 50 1 5. 0 0 0 0,20
water? answer “y es” or “no”
Staff washroom shower 50 60 . 0 0 0 0,31
Staff washroom sink 11, 7 6 5,7 5 7. 306 7 4. 3 7 4
Staff washroom shower Staff toilet 30 180.000 2 , 98
25, 0 10 1 5,0 5 1 9. 1 63 1 95. 0 7 8
Staff toilet 12 4,25 7,75 3 5. 940 60 . 47 4
total = 97. 1 33 2 . 0 0 9. 3 2 6 Total cost (sum of calculations in column L) 5. 8 80 . 0 0 0
Total payback (M/F total) in year 2,9

Calculating installation cost for low flow fittings (consult Annex VI to select appropriate items)
Sink fitting low flow tap Notes
Product details flow restrictor 1. c alculation based on cost of water plus cost of hot water (guest showers only and assuming 30% of total water is hot)
= E x (iii +(1000 x iv x 30%))
Cost (THB) 3 00 G
2. based on number of rooms x fittings per room (i.e. if hot and cold taps separate or via mixer) or number of staff facilities

Shower fitting low flow showerhead

Product details Cotto Z54 10l/mn
Cost (THB) 1.200 H
Gwaylo Springs Case Study

Toilet fitting low flow toilet The fastest payback periods are found in the staff
Product details American Toilet Ref:2108 4,5/3l/flush For this hotel the total water savings achievable are sink at approximately two months and a half. The guest
approximately 100,000 m3 per year, which is equivalent toilets have the highest installation cost (due to the large
Cost (THB) 6 .000 I to more than 2 million THB (62,000 USD). The greatest number of fittings required and their higher price) and
water and cost savings can be made in the guest showers, the longest payback period. However, the average payback
due tothe cost of the hot water (this value was used in time for all refurbishments combined (including guest
Row iv). Following this is the staff showers, guest toilet, toilets) is 2.9 years. Therefore, full refurbishment is still
guest taps and staff taps (in order of savings). a worthwhile investment.
76 77

Summary of Results

Worksheet 10: Action Plan Summary for Gwaylo Springs

Cost Benefit Analysis of 1 consumption per bed night

a Wastewater Treatment System Your average daily consumption is
Your average consumption per bednight is
1.016
1,11
m3/day
m3/bednight
Your maximum was 1,71 m3/bednight
Your minimum was 0,56 m3/bednight
The industry average is 0,75 m3/bednight
Your average value is 1,48 times greater than the industry average
WORKSHEET 10
Best practice 0,5 m3/bednight (note 1)
WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT COST BENEFIT Your average value is 2,23 times greater than the industry best practice
2 water costs
Hotel name Gwaylo Springs Primary supply of water is groundwater
Location Phuket This constitues 77,5% of your total supply
Irrigation requirement (m /day)
3
i 1 74 from worksheet 6 “irrigation daily volume” Average overall cost of water 10,2 THB/m3
Softened water 7,8 THB/m3
Average daily consumption (m3/day) ii 1 . 01 6 from worksheet 1 column E/30days
Desalinated water 9,7 THB/m3
Cost of current irrigation water (THB) iii 7 from worksheet 2 row z/y (groundwater) note 1 Rainwater 1 THB/m3
for pre-exisiting system use worksheet 2 row h (treated Water Trucks 100,0 THB/m3
Cost of treated water (THB) iv 6,1
water), if proposed system complete table below
3 hot water costs
Hot water - solar cost 0,05 THB/litre
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM Hot water - electric heater cost 0,082 THB/litre
TYPE OF SYSTEM (note 2) constructed wetland - proposed Hot water - LPG boiler cost 0,10 THB/litre
a Initial cost 1.500 . 000 THB installation, infrastructure req. 4 laundry costs
b Lifetime 15 yrs estimated time until system needs replacing Laundering one towel costs you 11,2 THB
c Running cost - power requirement 1,0 kW pumps/aerators etc And uses 6,8 litres of water per item
d Running cost - hrs running/day 12 hrs operating hours (for power only) Laundering one sheet costs you 14,1 THB
ongoing costs associated with the system (not And uses 8,6 litres of water per item
e Running cost - additives/labour etc 120. 000 THB/yr
infrastructure) 5 flow measurements from fittings
proportion of non-irrigation water going into drainage Average flow rates in the following areas are
f Water recovery rate (%) 7 5%
system Guest bathroom sink 2,7 times greater than optimal flow
g Treated effluent produced (m3/day) 6 31 =(ii-i)*f total water recovered after treatment Guest bathroom shower 2,1 times greater than optimal flow
h Total annual running cost (THB) 220. 047 =(a/b)+(c*d*3,9)+e Staff washroom sink 1,95 times greater than optimal flow
Was the wastewater formerly discharging Staff washroom shower 2,5 times greater than optimal flow
no answer “yes” or “no”
to a public sewer? note 3 6 water budget analysis
this should be reflected by your sewerage rates being Water is used in departments as follows (estimate) m3/day % of total
j Sewerage cost saving 0
reduced
Laundry 105 10%
Average water cost (THB/m3) 1,0 =h/(365*g)
Guests 438 43%
k Water savings (m3/yr) = 6 3 .491 m3 Staff 77 8%
Cost savings (THB/yr) = 4 7 3 .1 02 =k*iii Health club/spa 2 0,1%
Irrigation 174 17%
Kitchen 45 5%
1. Most hotels will utilise groundwater prior to any treatment for irrigation, therefore, this value represents basic pumping/supply costs only.
Pool 19 2%
2. It will be necessary to consult a wastewater engineer to compare various systems. Cooling Tower 150 15%
3. If you were previously discharging into a public sewer you will no longer have to pay these rates. Others 0 0%
Total average daily consumption (estimate) 1010 m3/day
Gwaylo Springs Case Study

Treating this water costs the site 1 THB/m3 (0.03 USD/m3).

A hypothetical treatment system is proposed here by a But more importantly, it saves the hotel from using the This data is summarised on the following page
wastewater engineer. The constructed wetland system utilizes more expensive groundwater, saving over 473,000 THB
a number of gravel and sand beds, plants and ponds to repli- (14,730 USD) every year and reducing groundwater extraction
cate natural conditions. It is low in energy requirement – the by nearly 64,000 m3 on an annual basis. This system requires
only power needed being that of the pumps to lift the water to space for the different basins, which is not always available
the system. No additives are needed, and man hours are low in the hotel property. There are also other water treatment
with only 5 days per month for two workers being needed to systems on the market, using less space. Check with your
keep the system clear and perform simple maintenance. local suppliers for more details.
78 79

Kuoni Water
15% cooling tower

0% other 0% water for each department Champion Summary

2% pool
10% laundry
5% kitchen
WATER CHAMPION SUMMARY SHEET
Hotel name Gwaylo Springs
Location Phuket
17% irrigation
Cost of water 10 THB/m3 (from worksheet 2)
43% guests

0% health spa/club month m3/bednight % change notes

8% staff Indicate month and Insert data from worksheet 3.1 (m3/bednight - previous Note events which may affect
year (column F) month)/previous month x consumption such as training,
100% e.g. ((b-a)/b x 100% modifications, rainy season etc.

a Jan 13 0,87
7 towel re-use
b Feb 13 1,19 36,41%
Current re-use of towels is 9%
This is 21% less than best practice c Mrz 13 1,62 35,55%
8 CBA laundry d Apr 13 1,30 -19,61%
With an improved re-use figure of 25% e Mai 13 1,18 -8,86%
You will reduce items laundered by 61.948 per year f Jun 13 1,51 27,91%
Saving a laundry cost of 783.570 THB/year
g Jul 13 0,85 -44,09%
With a water saving of 476.691 litres/year
Which is equivalent to 0,13% of total water consumption h Aug 13 0,92 8,24%
9 CBA plumbing fixtures i Sep 13 0,98 7,13%
The total water wasted by fittings is 97.133 m /year
3
j Okt 13 0,79 -19,85%
Which is equivalent to 26% of total consumption k Nov 13 0,92 16,65%
Which costs an extra 2.009.326 THB/year
l Dez 13 1,03 12,14%
The total cost of replacing all wasteful fittings is 5.880.000 THB
The payback period for all fittings is 2,9 years m Jan 14 1,00 -2,65%
The fittings wasting the most amount of water are guest showers n Feb 14 1,14 14,19%
Which waste a total of 35.482 m3/year o Mrz 14 1,67 45,75%
The fittings costing the most in wasted water are guest showers
p Apr 14 1,51 -9,36%
Which cost an extra of 1.381.709 THB/year
the fittings with the fastest payback period are staff sinks q Mai 14 1,71 13,19%
With a payback period of 0,2 years
Jun 14 1,61 -5,82%
The fittings with the longest payback period are guest toilets
With a payback period of 25 years Jul 14 1,24 -23,01%
10 wastewater treatment system Aug 14 1,09 -12,16%
Type of system proposed constructed wetland
Sep 14 0,89 -18,06%
Reduction in water required from other sources 63.491 m3/year
Which is equivalent to 17% of total consumption Okt 14 0,56 -37,37%
Equivalent cost 473.102 THB/year Nov 14 0,88 57,19%

Dez 14 0,85 -3,50%

Notes
1. Katathani Beach Resort Phuket (autonomous water treatment plant, low flow devices installed)

Gwaylo Springs Case Study Guest rooms and irrigation account for the majority of water
used at the hotel (combined, they are 60% of the total). Cooling
towers, laundry and staff areas are the next greatest consumers Gwaylo Springs Case Study November showed an increase in consumption to
The bed night consumption is much higher than the industry (in order). Towel re-use is currently low at 9%, but were this to 0.88 m3/day which was attributed to the hotel operating
average. As the hotel is large, the total volume of water required be improved to 25% then savings of 783,570 THB (24,307 USD) on maximum capacity and hosting a number of outside
per day is more than a million litres. We can see that ground- could be realized. 26% of total water consumption could be The WMP was initiated in August when the consumption daytime visitors (not reflected by the bed night figures).
water is the primary supply and costs the hotel 10.2 THB/m3 saved with adjusted flow rates, the highest proportion being per bed night was 1.09 m3/day and meters were placed December showed a further reduction to 0.85 m3/day which is
(0.32 USD/m3). Hot water is supplied by solar, electricity and a from guest showers (for both water and cost savings). An throughout the site. In October the rate decreased to very positive based on this being the driest month of the year
boiler, the solar and the electric heated water being the cheapest investment of 5,880,000 THB (183,390 USD) would pay for itself 0.56 m3/day (the lowest value since records began). As a and irrigation being at a maximum. Guests’ showers were
options. Laundering towel and sheet costs are 11.2 and 14.1 THB within 2.9 years based on an annual savings of 2,009,326 THB result of sub meters readings and their interpretation fixed as these had been identified as significant water wasters.
(0.3 and 0.42 USD) respectively. Tap and shower flow rates (62,300 USD). A wastewater treatment system would show great (through completion of the worksheets) it was determined With these figures to hand, it is anticipated that consumption
exceed the recommended rates. savings in terms of water by reducing consumption by 17%. that leaks existed. These were identified and fixed by will continue to fall based on the improvements to the system
October and consumption reduced by nearly 38%. as a result of the WMP implementation.
80 81

III. Average Water IV. Rainwater

Consumption Figures Harvesting

Are your consumption figures good or bad? This can only be A well designed 2 people x TAPS (5 mins @ 6 l/min) + Where meters are not in place to monitor RWH volumes, this Points to consider when installing a new RWH system,
assessed once you have completed the worksheets and analysed room will show a SHOWERS (10 mins @ 10 l/min) + may be calculated using the following formula:
the data. You will then be armed with data that may be compared typical daily = TOILET FLUSHING (3 flushes @ 4.25 l/ h t horough calculations must be completed to anticipate the
with best practice figures. consumption of flush) Monthly collection volume (m3) = collection surface area (m ) x
2
volume and distribution of water so that adequate storage is
286 litres monthly rainfall (m) x available.
What sort of figures can be expected? recovery rate (%) h gutters and downpipes should be properly sized and installed

The sections below indicate some average figures so that you can so that they are able to convey storm flow without damage.
you see at a glance if your values are above or below. STAFF FACILITIES The collection surface area can be measured from a site map h access to gutters and roofs is essential to ensure cleanliness

Tap and shower flow rates and toilet flush volume should be or by physically measuring building lengths on site. Total area h if possible, include a “first flush” mechanism which diverts the

LAUNDRY limited as above. Tap and shower use is approximately 5 minutes should reflect all roofs which channel water to the storage tank. initial flow (which may contain impurities) away from the tank
Washing machines should come with product sheets which per day (staff showers are often only cold water which reduces Monthly rainfall figures can be obtained by consulting the table h be sure that your water harvesting area is not contaminated by

detail the volume of water (hot and cold) required for one wash. shower duration). Staff will flush a toilet approximately 3 times below. For more accurate figures you can set up a rainwater chemicals (rooftops with cooling tower concentrate a high level
You can relate this to the machine capacity to get litres of water per day based on a working day of 8 hours. Staff facilities may be monitoring station on your site and record daily figures, which of toxic drops)
required for washing 1 kilogram of laundry. Water volumes may used up to thirty times more than guest facilities which affects will help you to assess annual variations and potential trends
vary depending on wash cycles. An average of 10-18 l/kg is often the type of fixtures chosen in terms of durability and design. (such as climate change which may lead to a gradual increase An excellent source of information on designing a RWH system
used for industrial machines. or decrease in rainwater quantities). Measurements should be can be found at:
Average cost of laundering one towel = 5-15 THB 0.15-0.45 USD) KITCHEN taken daily at the same time. http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Urban/Components.htm
Average cost of laundering one bed sheet= 6-18 THB (0.18-0.55 Kitchen practices vary widely and may offer a key area in which
USD) to reduce consumption. Kitchen good practice tips are detailed More details regarding the correct location and set up of a
Average towel use per bed night = 1.5 in the Travel Foundation training materials in the accompany- monitoring station can be found on http://weatherforschools.
ing USB- Stick me.uk/html/precipitation.html.
GUEST ROOMS
Tap flow should be limited to 6 litres per minute. Guests will use Hand-washing dishes typically uses about 63 litres per session;
taps for approximately 5 minutes per day. if those dishes are rinsed off under a running tap the total water
used averages 150 litres. In comparison, a modern dishwasher
Shower flow should be limited to 10 litres per minute. Guests will can use as little as 15 litres of water per cycle. The dishwasher
use showers for approximately 10 minutes per day, although this must be full, or it will be more wasteful than if you were to wash
will vary with climatic conditions and activities up by hand. Average Monthly Rainfall in mm in Thailand

A low flow toilet uses an average of 6 litres per flush. Where dual GROUNDS
flush toilets are installed, average flush volume should reflect 1 As an indication, a grassed lawn will require approximately 5
full flush and three reduced flushes e.g. a 6/4 litre dual flush toi- mm of water per day in the dry season (3.5 cm per week), which
let would have an average flush volume of 4.25 l = (6+4+4+4)/4. is equivalent to 5 litres required for 1 m2 of grass. This require- month Bangkok Phuket Chang Mai
This value of 4.25 litres should be used for the flush volume in ment must be divided by the so-called “system efficiency” to
Worksheet 6. Guests will flush a toilet approximately 5 times per calculate required water volume. More details are shown in JANUARY 9 42 7
day, 3 of those flushes being in their room and 2 being elsewhere Annex VII.
FEBUARY 30 29 5
(public restrooms).
MARCH 29 60 13
APRIL 65 157 50
MAY 220 345 160
JUNE 150 285 132
JULY 154 284 161
AUGUST 197 272 236
SEPTEMBER 344 417 227
OCTOBER 241 350 122
NOVEMBER 48 188 53
DECEMBER 10 70 20
TOTAL ANNUAL 1.497 2.499 1.186
RAINFALL

Notes
All data from Thai Meteorological Department : 30 years average 1961-1990
http://www.tmd.go.th/en/province_stat.php?
82 83

V. Meter VI. Water

Installation Tips Saving Technologies

Meter validation How to read a meter correctly.

Salt deposits or particles can cause meters to block and misread. The following images show a selection of different meters. The This chapter covers the technology available to help you reduce Green Branding
It is essential that the readings from meters are accurate and meters all read in volumes of m3 (cubic meters) as indicated on your water consumption. Having completed Worksheet 9 you Some brands have well documented flow rates and green
verifiable. This ensures that the figures you record reflect the the dial. Ensure your meter is reading in m3, otherwise you will will have an indication of which plumbing fixtures and fittings credentials, particularly those from Europe where regulations
true volume of water passing. To test a meter it is necessary to have to perform a conversion (some meters read in gallons). The are wasting water and should be replaced. This will usually be are in place to certify the validity of such claims.
establish a means by which water may be directed into a tank of main number pane indicates whole units of cubic meters. The done once the existing fitting has become unusable unless CTM (Ceramic Tile Market) lists on their website the particular
known size. The meter should be read at the start and end of the sub-dials beneath represent a decimal place after the full units, it is possible to modify in situ (such as installation of flow products which use less water with the icon below:
test. The difference in readings should reflect the volume of the are read in a clockwise direction and are interpreted as follows: restrictors). Other relevant issues are also noted, including
tank which has been filled and if not, you will know your meter x0.1 = tenths of a m3 (units of 100litres) management of limescale and Legionella.
is in need of service or replacement. x0.01 = hundredths of a m3 (units of 10litres)
x0.001 = thousandths of a m3 (units of 1litre)
Where should you install meters?
Main meter location must encompass all water supplied to your For meters with high daily flow (such as the borehole and main Cotto Eco label
site. It may be easiest to put a meter on a borehole, or if there are supply meters) you will usually only record the whole units, for www.tei.or.th/greenlabel/
a number of boreholes then the main supply line to the hotel. smaller flows (such as individual rooms), it may be useful to Eng%20PDF/TGL-5-R3-11.pdf
This will be dependent on site layout and water supply delivery. read the sub-dials (this can give a reading to 4 decimal places, see
example below). Bear in mind that the numbers do not instantly
You must ensure that all water sources are factored in, else click on to the next, but move from bottom to top of the screen Example of pipe
numbers will be distorted (e.g. irrigation water may come from on the main dial, therefore, if you only see half the number you before replacement
separate boreholes, rainwater may feed tanks without passing a should be able to assess if it is the next number to be full, or it by PP-R (Polypro-
centralized meter). has passed and the following number is lined up (see example 1). pylene Random)
Green label for toilets
Sub-meter location will be entirely dependent on your plumb- Example 1 - we can
ing system and the hotel layout. It is your role to determine the see the 8 and know Essential points to consider when choosing fittings are:
most practical location for these meters in order to give the that as it is moving h When purchasing fittings, ensure that a supply of spares Make sure that you consider the design flow rate for each of the
most useful data. If possible, departments should be metered upwards, we have is ordered at the same time (many fittings come from fixtures and ask to see the product data sheet. Many of these can
separately so that any water saving measures, training etc. may not yet achieved outside Thailand so have to come as a special delivery, be found on the internet at the following locations:
be independently assessed. It may be necessary to install more that i.e. the reading spares must be available so maintenance and fixing may www.grohe.com/th
than one meter to encompass a whole department (if the supply is “7”. Looking to be achieved efficiently). www.hansgrohe.com
is split between hot and cold or from different sources). Optimal the sub-dials below h If the hotel is undergoing a refurbishment (or a new build), www.americanstandard.co.th
areas for meters should cover:t the first one reads ensure that you have input into choosing the fixtures and www.cotto.co.th
9, the second one 3 fittings. This is often a task left to the contractor and they
h  itchen,
k and so on. This gives may have different ideas about what is “cost effective”. The Thailand Environment Institute is providing a list of
h laundry, the final reading of h Good quality fittings will cost more, but will usually different categories of products with the Green Label. Check
h swimming pool, 37.9362m3. perform better, be less susceptible to leaks and require with your purchasing department if you have an environmental
h irrigation, less maintenance (see cost comparison in next point). friendly purchasing policy and try to identify the products with
h cooling towers, h Stainless steel fittings will cost more at the outset but the Green label. List of different categories of products with the
h guest rooms, Example 2 - this is a are more resilient to salt damage (standard fittings often Green label in Thailand (refrigerators, paints, paper, soaps, etc.)
h staff washrooms/residences ¾” meter measuring only have a thin layer of chrome which quickly becomes can be found here:
h spa/health club/gym etc. water for the unsightly after harsh chemicals are used to remove the http://www.tei.or.th/greenlabel/categories.html
groundskeeping. It limescale). You can complete a cost comparison to compare
Small diameter sub-meters may be installed to show the differ- reads 879.0885 m3. different fittings and should always bear in mind that What is available and what is the most appropriate option to
ence between guest rooms where they vary in terms of plumbing spending more at the outset may pay back in a relatively choose? Details are given below of some of the water saving
fixtures, refurbishment etc. When looking at individual rooms short period. technologies available. Some prices and suppliers have been
or clusters of rooms, it is necessary to ensure bed nights for h 1 chrome tap @ 2,500THB lasts for 1.5 years indicated for the more unusual items, but this is not feasible for
these specific areas may be correlated with meter readings. = 1,666 THB/yr relative expenditure items such as showers, toilets and taps due the huge range on
Higher use rooms are better to study than those infrequently h 1 stainless steel tap @ 4,500THB lasts for 3 years offer. Selection of these items is also highly dependent on hotel
used. It may be possible to ensure guests are housed in such = 1,500 THB/yr relative expenditure style, so it is the responsibility of the water manager to research
rooms as much as possible. h Fittings will last longer with regular cleaning, the most appropriate option which is acceptable visually, but
especially in hard water areas. also durable, fixable and most importantly, water efficient.
It is also important to ensure that plumbing to a particular area h Staff fittings need to be extremely durable and able to

is a true representation of the water being used. In some cases, withstand high levels of wear and tear.
particularly with old plumbing or when hotels have amalga- Example 3 - this
mated, irrigation lines may feed off domestic lines or into is 2” meter on a
other areas. It is necessary to check the routes of all pipework as main supply line.
discrepancies may arise between measured and calculated values It currently reads
where plumbing is shared. 540477.92 m3.

What type of meters should you install?

Size of the meter, usually expressed in inches should be the same
as the pipework it connects to. It may be possible to install a
slightly smaller meter than the pipeline (e.g. a 2½” meter on a 3”
line) in places, but care should be taken not to reduce the avail-
able pressure, particularly on any lines which supply firefighting
water. Pressure pipes from boreholes and pressurized supply
lines must have adequate pressure ratings (this is indicated on
the meter).
84 85

Tap Aerators Flow Constrictors and Regulators

Unfortunately, it is often not possible to obtain spare aerators These are devices fitted onto the bottom of the shower hose or
for those broken or blocked from salt deposits. Therefore, in inside the tap to physically reduce the diameter of the supply
many hotels with low flow taps, once the aerators become line. This ensures that only the optimal flow is transmitted to the
low Flow Showerheads unusable it is necessary to replace the whole tap. This may not be shower or tap.
These shower heads aim to provide the user with the same This showerhead model Z 10 (HM) done due the cost implication (when the tap itself is still in good
quality of shower but with significantly less water.1 by Cotto is using between 5 and 6 litres condition), which can result in “water saving” taps displaying Flow constrictors in taps can convert flow to a water saving spray
Plumbing and pressure distribution within each system may per minute, depending on the pressure. excessive flows (as a result of the missing aerator). It is essential saving approximately 70% of water which is ideal for places
cause flows to vary between locations, but should still be within to make sure that spares are available for any fixtures you where there is no plug in a basin (all water supplied runs away).
the acceptable range. purchase, or if not, that the supplier offers a warranty. These are suitable for hot and cold water applications and for
mixer taps. They are easily removed for cleaning and de-scaling
’Water-saver’ showerheads usually work by creating finer The pictures below indicate the difference in flow with and if required. Where not locally available, rubber washers have
drops or by incorporating air into the flow. Typically, these without an aerator (note the amount of air bubbles in the first been manufactured in house by some hotels. These will need to
showerheads require a pressure of at least one bar, which is picture). The measured flows were 5.8l/min and 11.2l/min be tested and installed carefully to ensure that they result in the
available from mains pressure and pumped systems but rarely respectively. correct flow.
from gravity-feed hot water systems. These water-saver showers
typically work at a flow rate of between four and nine litres per Flow regulators in showers use a similar principal to ensure the
minute, and the effect is usually perceived as a ‘power shower’ correct flow reaches the shower head. They are extremely quick
but with perhaps half the flow rate. to install and can be easily cleaned. These should not be used on
direct feed electric showers as that the hot/cold balance may be
compromised.

L/Min
Flow Rate Z10(HM)
20 Flow constrictors for taps

18
16

14

12
10 A tap with an aerator in place

8 6,39
5,82 5,71 5,81 5,93
5,60 5,60
6 4,84
Flow regulator for a shower
3,75
4
2
Pressure (Bar)
0
0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5

Flow restrictor for taps

Flow restrictors for taps made of plastic need to be

regularly controlled to ensure a good maintenance and
1 A tap with no aerator in place. avoid that they get worn outor block the water flow.
A UK trial showed fitting an aerated showerhead was effective in reducing flow- rate by 28% (3.2 l/min)
on average, whilst improving or only marginally reducing customer satisfaction with the shower performance.
Despite the reduced flow rate, eight of the nine households where an aerated showerhead was fitted asked to keep it.
86 87

VII. Improving
Irrigation Systems

Low Flow Toilets (and dual flush) Urinals Points to consider Ground staff has a remit to maintain grounds in a good condi-
It is essential that toilets flush effectively to maintain standards Uncontrolled urinal flushing can account for large volumes tion and are often not aware of exact quantities of water required
of hygiene, but designs are now available that use significantly of water used in public and commercial buildings. Fitting to achieve this. Irrigation may constitute more than half of the
less water than was required in the past. Many toilets currently flush controllers or waterless urinals overcomes this problem. Limescale total daily water requirement of a tropical hotel and therefore
utilize a flush volume of 9litres, yet toilets now available can Infra-red sensor urinals are also available which will only flush Scale forms in areas of “hard” water, i.e. where the water contains represents a valuable opportunity for achieving reduction. This
operate effectively at 4litres. In domestic properties, flushing the after the sensor detects movement within 1m (after someone has a high proportion of dissolved calcium and/or magnesium. must however, be done in such a way that the appearance of the
toilet can represent more than 30% of total water consumption. used the unit). Waterless urinals that use no water, other than This is common in coastal areas where groundwater is pumped grounds is not compromised.
In hotels, this may be approximately 10% (based on a different for daily cleaning, are now widely available and the best designs from coral aquifers, but also may occur anywhere depending on
distribution of water usage). effectively eliminate odour and trap blockage problems. Either the local geology. Calcium deposits can form on any part of the Estimation of actual amount
option can be a cost effective solution for reducing the amount plumbing system, from showerheads, taps, toilet flush mecha- An irrigation survey can yield information regarding current
Low-cost retrofit options of water used. nisms, dishwashing and laundry machinery, irrigation systems irrigation practices around the site. Firstly, document all avail-
One of the most cost effective domestic water efficiency and even on pump impellors and meters. This problem occurs able irrigation points and how they are used, these can include
measures is to convert an existing toilet to variable flush Waterless urinals collect simply undiluted urine, which can with greater intensity where water is heated, such as in water tap stands (with or without sprinklers), pop up sprinklers, fire
and/or to optimise the full flush volume. Retaining the then be easily treated and used or transported into the drainage boilers and solar units. This “limescale” causes inefficient opera- hydrants and drip irrigation systems. Quantify the flow rate
original siphon avoids the problem of leaking valves. system. Low flush urinals are also available, where the urine is tion of fixtures and may even give faulty readings on meters. at each point (as per Worksheet 5) and determine the hours of
diluted with water. There have been no significant acceptance It also looks unsightly on fittings and during cleaning (usually use per day. Incorporate this information into Worksheet 6 to
Effective flushing volumes problems with water- less urinals for men as it does not call for with acid based products) may result in permanent tarnishing. calculate the estimated total daily irrigation. To check how much
An effective flush volume is the volume of water needed to a change of behaviour on their part, but cleaning methodology The ongoing cleaning, maintenance and replacement costs water is actually applied during an irrigation session, you can
clear the toilet pan and transport solids far enough to avoid must be slightly altered i.e. staff training. Waterless urinals come associated with limescale are reflected in Worksheet 2. position a number of straight-sided containers in the irrigation
blocking the drain. In reality, few toilets when fitted, flush with in many shapes and materials and are available both as high zone and measure the depth of water after the irrigation cycle
the optimum volume of water. Too little water will lead to double quality products and as low-cost options. Legionella has been completed. This should be over the course of 24hours
flushing and increased risk of the drain blocking, whilst too The risk from Legionella growing in peripheral parts of the and 1 week so that an average figure may be obtained.
much will waste water. Many devices are available to avoid wast- From a functional point of view the main distinguishing feature domestic water system such as deadlegs off the recirculating hot
ing water. Cistern displacement devices known as “hippos” are of urinals is the type of stench barrier that prevents the emission water system may be minimised by regular use of these outlets. Calculation of optimal amount
widely available in Europe which are flexible bags full of crystals of gases and odours from urine pipes. Such a product is called When outlets are not in regular use, weekly flushing of these The amount of water actually required will be highly dependent
which expand when wet to occupy 1litre of space, thereby reduc- the EcoSmellStop (ESS) as shown below. devices for several minutes can significantly reduce the number on climate, plant type and irrigation technique.
ing flush volume by that amount. As an alternative a suitable of Legionella discharged from the outlet. Once started, this As an indication, a grassed lawn will require approximately
plastic bottle from which you will remove any paper or plastic Meters procedure has to be sustained and logged, as lapses can result in 5mm of water per day in the dry season (3.5 cm per week),
coverage filled with water can be placed in the cistern. Before Specific information regarding meter selection, installation and a critical increase in Legionella at the outlet. which is equivalent to 5litres required for 1m2 of grass. This
and after you fit this type of device check that the flush works reading can be found in Annex V. Consult local hardware and requirement must be multiplied by the system efficiency rating
well, that the inlet valve does not leak and that it is adjusted so plumbing stores for 1/2” and ¾” meters (they usually will not Where it is difficult to carry out weekly flushing, the stagnant explained below.
that the water is up to the level marked in the cistern. Lowering hold in stock larger diameter items). and potentially contaminated water from within the shower/tap
the water level will reduce the flush volume, but may also make and associated dead-leg needs to be purged to drain before the System efficiency relates to how much irrigation water is actu-
the flush less efficient. If double flushing is needed to clear the appliance is used. It is important that this procedure is carried ally being used by your turf or plants. Your system efficiency is
pan, the amount of water used could actually increase. If there out with minimum production of aerosols, eg additional piping based on the type of irrigation equipment installed as well as the
are problems with flushing, remove the cistern displacement may be used to purge contaminated water to drain. maintenance and scheduling of the system. A perfect system, op-
device immediately. erating at 100% efficiency, would have no leaks, losses, or waste.
Automatic drain valves fitted to showers to drain the mixer But no system is 100% efficient - water is lost from runoff, leaks,
valve and shower hose after use, can produce conditions within and evaporation for example. Efficiency can also be impacted by
the shower that support the growth of Legionella, and are not poor maintenance such as broken sprinkler heads or caused by
recommended as a method for controlling the risk of exposure scheduling problems such as watering during windy periods or
to Legionella. in the middle of the day when evaporation rates are higher.

Concern has been raised that spray fittings and aerators might The type of irrigation equipment that is used to water the
introduce a risk of Legionella by creating aerosols that could be landscape has a big impact on system efficiency. For turf and
inhaled. In practice, well-designed and regulated spray fittings landscape irrigation, there are two main types of equipment:
provide a very gentle flow with little or no splashing. Laminar h Sprinkler systems: water delivered across a wide area through

flow fittings are an alternative to aerators for high-risk applica- sprinkler heads such as pop-up and rotor heads
tions such as care homes. h Micro irrigation: water delivered at lower pressures directly to

the root zone of the plant via drip or micro- spray equipment
h Sprinkler systems tend to have a lower equipment efficiency

The temperature of the water is an important factor in the ranging between 50% to 70% where micro irrigation have less
occurrence of Legionella outbreaks. Sufficiently hot water will losses with efficiency ratings between 70% and 90%. [Alliance
kill off the Legionella. Also, regular de-scaling and regulating the for Water Efficiency 2009]
flow of water to taps will reduce the amount of aerosol droplets In addition, many sites utilise hosepipes to manually water
produced, which is how Legionella usually enters the body. some areas (where sprinklers are not available or inappropriate).
Water sitting in warm pipes for long periods is another concern Whilst losses may be small as all water is applied in some form
that could be made worse by reduced flows. However, good water to the grass, it is extremely inefficient due to irregular coverage
and energy efficient design aims to reduce dead legs and these and unequal volumes applied.
issues should be considered on a case-by-case basis.

More information may be found at:

Health & Safety Executive, Legionnaires' disease
(www.hse.gov.uk/legionnaires)
88 89

IX.
Other water
saving technologies
To determine your system efficiency, choose the efficiency rating Overflows Micro fibre cleaning clothes: they are used for all types of Liquid pool blanket: to avoid evaporation, you can use this
from the list below that best matches the characteristics of your Most hotel toilets and water tanks will have overflows which glass and mirror cleaning in the bathrooms and need less water liquid which is harmless for the users, it will conserve between
system [Alliance for Water Efficiency 2009]: could indicate cistern mechanism or float-operated-valve and chemicals. Ask your detergent supplier if they have this 30-50% of the water that is normally lost to evaporation.
h Low Efficiency – 50%: sprinkler type systems that are aging leakage. Where pressure or temperature relief valves are used, product. Ask your swimming pool supplier about the available products
with poor maintenance and lack of proper scheduling or these must discharge in a safe and clear way. When valve flush in Thailand.
hosepipes. mechanisms and internal overflows for toilets are introduced,
h Medium Efficiency – 65%: sprinkler type systems that have leaks are harder to spot than with traditional overflow warning
regular maintenance and proper scheduling pipes.
h High Efficiency – 85%: micro irrigation systems that have

regular maintenance and proper scheduling. Detecting leaks automatically

There are products on the market that are designed to detect
The optimal daily irrigation requirement for your site can be leaking and burst pipes, and either sound an alarm or shut off
calculated by the following formula: the water supply to reduce damage and the amount of water
wasted. Most provide a simple switch to turn off the water when
Volume per day = irrigated area (m2) x 3.6 / efficiency (%) the building is unoccupied for any length of time. Since the
devices are usually fitted indoors, they do not detect leaks in the Air water generator: this machine transforms humidity
Good Practice Irrigation Tips pipe between the water meter and the building. into drinkable water thanks to series of filters (electrostatic,
Specific training for groundskeepers is available in the Travelife The main reason for installing these types of devices is to sediment, pre-carbon, reverse osmosis membrane, post carbon,
Foundation training material in the accompanying USB-Stick. protect the property rather than to conserve water, but the most micro molecular), allowing for a two-fold advantage by reducing
Other Best Practice guides are: sophisticated devices can actually help to save water as they can humidity levels and producing drinking water.
detect very low but continuous flows, for example a leaking ball http://www.pure-aqua-thailand.com/
h Test drought resistant grass for suitability within your grounds valve or toilet flush valve. The Ecoflo Waterfuse is claimed to
h  ultivate the soil deeply and dig in large quantities of organic
C detect flows as low as two litres per hour.
matter to improve soil structure, soil water retention and water
availability for plants. Well-rotted garden compost, composted
bark and well-rotted farmyard manure are all suitable forms of Detecting a leaking flush valve (toilets)
organic matter.
h Replanting grass areas with rockery or alternative low water Small streams make big rivers Waste water treatment system to recycle water and use
demand species. traditional proverb it for cooling towers
h Irrigate between the hours of 5PM till 5AM (where possible) to It’s now possible to recycle a part of your waste water and use
reduce evapo-transpiration. These losses represent water given Small leaks can easily go unnoticed but may be detected by the it for the cooling towers. You will need enough space for the
out to the atmosphere via plants, the rate of which may be twice following test: treatment plant (30 m2) plus a reserve tank (5 m3) and a pumping
as fast during sunny daytime periods as at night. If the toilet has been flushed recently, allow the water under the system. Thanks to this technology it’s possible to recycle 100m3
h Utilise grey water or treated wastewater for irrigation rim to drain for about a minute. Wearing rubber gloves, dry the per day. SynergyComplete, a company based in Bangkok pro-
h Keep equipment well maintained to improve efficiency back of the pan below the rim with toilet paper. Any leak should poses to install the system for free and get paid on the savings
h Consider installation of proper irrigation system to reduce be obvious. If you can’t see a leak, hold a sheet of toilet paper during a certain amount of years, which makes the operation
wastage and improve efficiency (such as drip irrigation system against the back of the pan for about 30 seconds and check that financially very interesting and viable.
and soil moisture sensors) it stays dry. Since most cisterns with valves have an internal
overflow that discharges into the pan, a leak could be due to Note: 100m3 water reused every day represent a yearly saving of:
either the inlet or the flush valve. If turning off the water to the 100 x 365 x 18 = 657,000 THB (20,367 USD).
toilet quickly stops the leak, check the inlet valve.
VIII. Finally, one of the most effective methods of leak detection is Ozone for cooling tower and laundry: these machines Build your own rain water reservoir

Detecting Leaks human observation. An underground leakage will gradually

saturate the surrounding ground and may result in prolific
allow to reduce the amount of chemicals and water needed in
both cooling towers and laundry.
This solution is only possible for resorts with large land areas
and the opportunity to collect rain water from the surroundings.
plant growth on the surface. It is extremely valuable to complete http://www.energica.co.th These dispositions are unique but can provide important results.
regular walk round surveys of the hotel (with the head grounds-
man if possible) in order to identify overly green patches which Evason Phuket hotel managed to build such a reservoir and is
are not attributable to irrigation. All staff can also be watchful tremendously reducing it needs for external water supplies.
Regular maintenance is crucial if savings are not to be lost for surface leaks and overflows during their daily routines. By The water is captured in the reservoir, pumped and treated,
through leakage or malfunction. Even slow leaks can lead to doing so, leaks will more chance of being detected at an early before being distributed to the resort. The installation cost was
significant amounts of water being lost if they are not fixed stage before too much water has been lost. 1,160,000 THB (36,000 USD), leading to an annual saving of
promptly. 10,646,700 THB (330,000 USD). Previous to this reservoir, water
Leaks in one bedroom calculation: was transported to the hotel by means of trucks.
Checking for leaks (WWF, Horwath HTL & HICAP 2010)
Sub-meters must be installed for this check to be viable at a Cost
hotel. Take a meter reading last thing at night when everyone where water loss per year
1m3 =16 THB
has gone home and first thing in the morning before everyone
arrives. If the reading has changed, indicating water has been Tap wasting one
used, this is likely to be a leak. Any water normally used at night 20,000 litres 320 THB
drop per second
will have to be shut off or accounted for.
Reading the water meter regularly and calculating the amount Toilet with audible 100,000 litres 1,600 THB
of water used per person will allow you to check efficiency leaking
measures against benchmarks and previous performance, and
can help to identify leaks or other problems quickly. TOTAL 120 m3 1,920 THB

If your hotel has 10 rooms with leakage problems, it would mean:

1,200 m3 and 19,200 THB lost every year just because of non
reactive maintenance procedures.
90 91

Imprint

Published by: Kuoni Group, Zurich, Switzerland

Copyright: © 2014 Kuoni Group

Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is

authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the
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Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited
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Citation: Kuoni Water Management Manual for Hotels. Thailand: Kuoni. 90pp.

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Produced by: Kuoni Group with support of Nicolas Dubrocard, Water Consultant

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Case study
photos: Wooden pier on Ko Samui island, p1; Longtale boats at the beautiful beach, Thailand,
p2 & p3; Longtailboat In Phang Nga Area, p6 & p7; Floating market of Damnoen
Saduak, Bangkok, p8; Hat Yao beach Ko Phangan, Thailand, p17; tropical sunset
swimming pool scene with palm tree silhouettes at koh samui, thailand, p90 & p91

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