Mechanics
Mechanics
2.1 (i)
y
T(y)
L
y
M
T(y+y)+ yg
L
dT M
g
dy l
Solution of this equation is
M
T ( y) gy C
L
where C is the integration constant. This is determined by using the fact that at the
lose end (y=L) of the rope, the tension is zero. This gives
M ( L y)
C Mg and T ( y ) g
L
2.2 Torque r F
It is given that r 2iˆ ˆj and the force has magnitude 50N and acts in the direction
of vector 3iˆ 2 ˆj . Thus the force is 50 times the unit vector in the direction of the
given vector. This gives
3iˆ 2 ˆj
F 50
13
With this the torque is 2iˆ ˆj
50 ˆ
3i 2 ˆj 50 ˆ
k
13 13
2.3 (a)
100N
100N
3 1
F 100 iˆ ˆj
2 2
The left end is at position r 2iˆ 2 ˆj and the force at this end is
3 1
F 100 iˆ ˆj
2 2
Torque with respect to the origin =
8iˆ 2 ˆj 100 3ˆ 1
i
ˆj 2iˆ 2 ˆj 100 3 iˆ 1 ˆj 10iˆ 100 3 iˆ 1 ˆj
2 2
2 2 2 2
500kˆ
TA TB
3m
A B
1m 0.5m
30N
70N 120N
(b) F y 0 gives
TA TB 220 (i)
Net torque about A is zero, which gives
3TB 1 70 1.5 30 2.5 120
(ii)
415
2.5 Component of force in the plane perpendicular to the axis is F cos at a distance of
R from the axis.
Therefore the torque about the axis is RF cos
N2
N1, N2 and W are three forces in a plane. Thus they must pass through one common
point for equilibrium. So the equilibrium conditions are only the force conditions.
F horizontal 0 gives
N1 sin N 2 cos
F vertical 0 gives
N1 cos N1 sin W
Solution of these two equations is
N1 W cos and N 2 W sin
2.7 Free-body diagram of the plank
N 2m
Ry
1m 100N
0.2m
Rx
Nground
Now we balance the horizontal forces F horizontal 0on the block to get
F 294 sin
0.2 294
59 N
(b) Force balance on the plank
F horizontal 0 Rx N sin 59 N
This gives
R y 100 288 188N
Minus sign in front implies that the direction is opposite to that shown in the free-body
diagram above.
N2
N1
F
W
N1 N2
N1+N2
Fx
W W
2.10 We first calculate the forces at the ends of the rod. These forces are applied by the
supports. After finding the forces on the rod, we then calculate the forces and the
torques applied by the wall on the supports.
60cm
35N
F1 F2
1 2
5cm 5cm
N1 N2
N1 N 2 35
2.11
Ry 60cm
Rx
40cm
40N
To find the force applied by the plastic block, we balance torque about the upper left corner.
This leads to
40 N 30 40 N 30N
Balancing the vertical forces gives Ry = 40N
Balancing the horizontal forces gives Rx = 30N
Negative sign means that the direction of Rx is opposite to that assumed in the free-body diagram
above.
Free-body diagram of the pole
30N
40cm
40N
30N
90cm
ĵ
Rx Nx
Ny
Ry
iˆ 20N
To find Ny, we balance the torque on the table about its left hand edge to get
90 Ny 45 20 Ny 10N
By balancing the vertical forces, we get Ry 10N . The negative sign tells us that the force is
direction opposite to that shown above.
Free-body diagram of one of the rods
Ry
2
30
Rx
2
Sx
Sy
90cm
30 Nx
Ny
20N
2Sy 2Sx
To get Nx, we balance the component of the torque coming out of the paper on the entire system
about the lower hinge. This gives
30 3 Nx 45 20 Nx 10 3N
The negative sign again tells us that the direction of the force is opposite to that shown.
Balancing the horizontal component of the force on the table then gives Rx 10 3N
Rx ˆ Ry ˆ
Note: The net force on each rod on its upper end is i j 5 3iˆ 5 ˆj which is along
2 2
the rod as it must be for the equilibrium of a rod held at its ends.
Balancing the horizontal and vertical components of forces on each rod gives
Rx
Sx 5 3N and Sy 5N
2
Thus the net force on each rod is 10N compressive.
2.13 Free body diagrams of the two side portions and the portion AC over the pulley:
N
TA TC
TA
TC
RM
g
L
F
L2 M
g
L
L1 M
g
L
Tension TA and TC at both ends of the portion over the pulley is the same because the torque
L1
about the centre must vanish. This gives TA TC Mg
L
Free body diagrams of the portion AB and BC
Neffy Neffy
Neffx Neffx
TB TB
RM RM
g g
2L 2L
TA TC
Notice that Torque of the normal reaction about the centre of the cylinder vanishes because for
each small portion of the rope over the cylinder, the normal reaction is radial. Thus T A (or TC)
and TB cannot be equal because they together provide a torque to balance the torque due to the
weight of the rope. Balancing the torque about the centre on AB gives
R RM R M
R TA g R TB TB L1 g
2 2L 2 2 L
Thus if the net force by the cylinder on the rope is Neff at an angle from the horizontal then by
force balance
R M R M
N eff sin L1 g N eff cos L1 g
2 L 2 2 L
Note that Neff acts at a point different from the centre of BC because on different infinitesimal
portions it is different.
2.14 The support does not apply any torque about the x-axis. All other components and torques
are balanced by the support.
2.15 When forces are applied at two points of the rod, force balance demands that the force be
equal and opposite. However two such forces acting at two different points will give rise to
a couple moment. The couple moment is zero only if the forces point along the rod (see
figure below)
Couple moment non-zero Couple moment zero
2.16 Let cables OA and OC make angle 1 and OB and OD angle 2 with the vertical. Then
balancing the vertical forces gives
2T (sin 1 sin 2 ) 45000
The sine of the angles is easily calculated to be
1 1 2
sin 1 sin 2
2 11 4 5
2.17 The torque direction is given by the direction of cross product nˆ F , which is
perpendicular to n̂ . This implies there is no component of the torque in the direction of n̂ .
D C
50
The force F 120iˆ 50 ˆj is at an angle tan 1 22.6 from the line DC. Thus it does
120
not pass through O and intersects with side AD and diagonal BD of the square. Therefore:
(i) It is not possible to keep the square in equilibrium by applying the third force at O.
(ii) It is possible to keep the square in equilibrium by applying the third force at a point
on BD.
Equation of BD with O as origin is y x
a 5 3a
Equation of line along which the third force acts is y x
2 12 2
3
Solving the two equations gives y x a
34
This gives the distance of point O = 0.125a
1 3
And from B = 2 a 0.58a
2 34
(iii) It is clear that for equilibrium, the force can be applied only on AD and BC.
Chapter 3
3.1 For the three trusses shown, m = 21, j = 12. Thus they all satisfy 2j-3 = m. Thus they are
all simple trusses.
3.2 Showing that pin E is in equilibrium
There are five forces acting on E of which two (FE and ED) are horizontal, two (CE and
the external load) are vertical and one (BE) is at an angle. We wish to check if the
horizontal and vertical forces add up to zero. It is solved in 3.1 that
B C
NAy
NAx 5000N
A D
ND
The direction of the forces applied by the external supports has been anticipated as
shown. To find ND, we balance torque about A to get
2 N D (2 1.5 cos 60) 5000
N D 6875N
2.75 5000
Now balancing the vertical and horizontal forces on the truss gives
NAx = 0 and NAy = 1875N
The negative sign again tells us that the direction of the force is opposite to that
shown.
We begin to apply the method of joints from point D since at this point there are two
unknown forces FAD and FCD. Assuming these forces to be tensile gives the free body
diagram of joint D as follows
FCD
60
FAD
6875N
FAB
FAC
60
3969N
1875N
In drawing the figure above, we have shown the direction of FAD according to it being a
compressive force.
The length of rod AC is = 2 1.5 cos 602 1.5 sin 602 3.04 m
So
1.5 sin 60 2 1.5 cos 60
sin 0.427 and cos 0.904
3.04 3.04
Now balancing the horizontal forces at A gives
FAB sin 60 FAC sin 1875
and balancing the vertical forces at A gives
FAB cos 60 FAC cos 3969
Solving these two equations gives FAB = 0 and FAC = 4390N
Since the sign of FAC is positive it is in the same direction as assumed and therefore tensile.
Now we can easily see that force FBC will be zero because point B is under equilibrium under
only two forces FAB and FBC and FAB has already been determined to be zero. Thus FBC = 0.
Thus all the forces are now determined. They are
FCD 7939N (compressive) FAD 3969N (compressive)
FAB = 0 FAC = 4390N (tensile) and FBC = 0.
Finally to check our answer we make the forces at point C and see if they all balance. The
free body diagram of point C is
7939N
60
5000N
4390N
Ry
B 30cm C
Rx
20cm
30N
N
A
Since point C is in equilibrium under one known and two unknown forces, both unknown
forces can be determined easily. The forces on C look as follows
FAC
FBC
30N
Balancing the vertical forces at C gives
FAC sin 30
2
With sin this implies FAC = 54N (compressive)
13
Balancing the horizontal forces at C gives
3
FBC FAC cos 54 45N (tensile)
13
The only force left is at AB. We calculate this by balancing forces acting on pin A, which
look as follows.
FAB
N
FAC
This gives
FAB FAC sin 30N
Additionally we can also solve for the normal reaction N and the forces Rx and Ry. These
are
N = 54N, Rx = 45N, and Ry = 30N
3.5 Rod AB provides a vertical force to hold pin A. However if it is removed and the
vertical force is provided by a fixed pin joint, the structure will remain stable because we
need 3j=6 forces for equilibrium of 3 joints; two of these are provided by the fixed
supports and two by the two members. The forces in the members remain the same. So
do the forces by the two support except that the fixed point at A also provides a vertical
fore of 30N that was earlier provided by member AB.
B C
Rx
N
A D
100N
Since pin D has only two unknown forces acting on it, we can start our calculations from this
point onwards. The forces on D are
FCD
FAD
100N
Next we go to pin C and balance the forces there. The forces acting on C are
FAC
FBC
100N
FAB
N
100 2 N
500N
Ny
Nx
A E
(i) There are 4 reaction forces at the supporting pins at A and B. In addition the forces
generated by the members of the truss equal 6. This makes the total number of forces
available = 10. The number of joints in the truss is 5 that require exactly 10 number
of forces for equilibrium. Thus the truss is a stable one.
(ii) It is also statically determinate since the number of forces available is equal to the
number of equations to be satisfied for equilibrium.
(iii) First we find Nx by balancing the torque about point B. This gives
0.75 Nx 1.5 500 Nx 1000N
We now begin by balancing the forces at point D
FED
FCD
500N
FCE
FAE
500 2 N
Ny
1000N
500N
FAC
FBC 500N
500N
3.8 Since each member of the truss weighs 50N, at each pin we take the load by each pin at
that point to be 25N. The free body diagram of the truss is as follows; here each small
arrow pointing down indicates the weight of the truss member, acting at its centre.
NBy
NBx
C
B
D
A
E
1000N
NE
We firs find NE. To do this we balance the torque about B. This gives
l 3l
l NE 150 l 50 100 2l 1000 N E 2275N
2 2
This immediately gives, by balancing forces on the entire truss
NBx = 0 and NBy = 925N
The negative sign showing that the force I opposite to the direction assumed in the figure
above.
We begin at pin D as there are two unknown forces there. The force diagram on pin D is as
follows (there are two members meeting at pin D that give a load of 225=50N there)
FCD
FDE
1050N
2275N
1050N FAE
FCE +75N
Next we go to pin A. The forces acting there are (including 325=75N from 3 members)
FAB FAC
1050N
75N
Net we move to point B where the forces are (including 225N=50N from two members)
FAB
FBC
50N
925N
B C
NA ND
A
F E D
Nx
5000N
Balancing the vertical and horizontal forces on the truss, this gives
11750
NA and Nx 0
3
For calculating force in members, we take the weight of each member shared equally at each
joint. The forces on A are (including the weight of two members)
11750
N
3
FAF
500N
FAB
F 10250
Fx 0 gives FAF AB2 3 N (tensile )
Next we go to point F. The forces at point F are (including the weight of three members)
FBF
10250
N
3 FFE
750N
4832N
FBC
750N
FBE
1000N
FBE 4832
F y 0 gives
2
1000 750
2
FBE 2357 N (tensile )
4832 2357
F x 0 gives FBC
2
2
0 FBC 5083N
Negative sign above means that the direction of the force is opposite to the one assumed. So
FCD
5083N
750N
FCE
FCD
F x 0 gives
2
5083 FCD 7188 N (compressive)
FCD
F y 0 gives FCE 750
2
5083 FCE 4333N (tensile )
16750
Next we go to pin D where the normal reaction is N and balance the forces there. The
3
force diagram there is (including 500N form the weight of two members)
16750
N
3
FED
500N
7188N
It is easily seen that the vertical forces balance at this point. This points to the correctness of our
2357N 4333N
10250
N 5083N
3
1000N
5000N
All these forces balance as can be seen by calculating the net x and y components of the
2000N
NBy
C
1000N
NBx B D
A E
NE
8000
3 N E 4 2000 N E
3
2000
NBx = 1000 N and NBy = N
3
Negative sign above means that the direction of the force is opposite to the one assumed.
We begin at pin D. The forces there are
FED
FCD
1000N
2000N
1 1.5 2 1
In the diagram above cos 0.667 and sin 0.745
1.5 1.5
Balancing the vertical forces gives
FED sin 2000 FED 2683N (compressive)
Balancing the horizontal forces gives
FCD FED cos 1000 2789N
Next we go to pin E. The forces there are
8000
N
3
FAE
FCE
2683N
FAC
1192N
FAB
895N
2789N
FBC
895N
The vertical forces are already balanced here. Balancing the horizontal forces gives
FBC 2 895 cos 2789 FBC 1596N(tensile)
To check our answers, we finally balance the forces at pin B and see if they all balance there.
At pin B the forces are as follows
895N
1596N
1000N
2000
N
3
It is easily seen that all the forces above balance. So our answers are all consistent.
B C D
NAy NE
NAx
A H G F E
353000N
176500N
FEF
57600N FDE
5000N
FCD
FDF
7500N
106400N
FGF 85425N
57600N FCF
10000N
FCG
114525N 114525N
57600N
7500N
Finally we check our answer at point C. The forces there (including the weight of 5
members meeting there) are
48500N 48500N
85425N 85425N
65100N FCF
12500N
As is easily seen, the forces at C balance and therefore our calculations have been
consistent throughout.
NA NE
C
B D
RA
A H G F E
1000N
FEF
E
FDE
FDF
2236N
D
FCD
FCF
0N
FGF
F 2000N
FAH
A
FAB
FCH
45
2000N
4000N H
2000N
2000 2 N 1000N
As is easily seen, the horizontal a n vertical forces all balance at C. Thus our answers are all
correct.
To calculate the forces by method of sections, we make a cut through the truss so that it
passes the concerned members. In the present case we take the following section of the truss
and show various forces on that section.
2000N
2000N
FCB
B FCH
FGH
A H
In the figure above, FCH is determined easily by taking torque about A since the torque due to
FCB and FGH both vanish about A. This gives
FCH
AH AH 2000 FCH 2000 2 N (tensile)
2
To find FCB, we balance the vertical component of the forces to get
FCH 2000
FCB sin 0 FCB 4472 N
2 sin
Negative sign here means that the force is opposite to the direction assumed and therefore is
compressive in nature.
Finally, balancing the horizontal forces leads to
FCH
FGH FCB cos 0 FGH 2000 4472 0.894 2000 N (tensile)
2
3.13 The free-body diagram of the truss on one side is as follows (Notice that the weight of
the truck is equally divided between the two trusses)
B C D
NE
NA
A E
RA
H G F
50kN
FCD D
37.5 kN
E
FGF F
FGD
50kN
To find FGF, we balance torque about point D about which the torques due to FCD and FGD
vanish. This gives
4 37.5 5 FGF FGF 30kN (tensile)
To obtain FCD, we take torque about point where FDG and FGF intersect, which is point G.
This leads to
5 FCD 8 37.5 4 50 FCD 20kN (compressive)
Now we balance the horizontal and vertical forces on the truss. Balancing horizontal forces
gives
4
FGD 20 30 0 FGD 16kN
41
Negative sign here means that the force is opposite to the direction assumed and therefore is
compressive in nature.
To find the forces in the members BC and BG, we make a cut through the members BC, BG
and HG as follows and then calculate the forces.
B FBC
12.5 kN
A
FGH
H
FBG
To obtain FBC, we take torque about point where FGH and FBG intersect, which is point G.
This leads to
5 FBC 8 12.5 FBC 20kN (compressive)
Next we find FGH by taking torque about B. We get
5 FGH 4 12.5 FGH 10kN (tensile)
Finally we get FBG by balancing vertical and horizontal forces. Horizontal force balance
gives
4
FBG 10 FBG 16kN (tensile)
41
Finally to find FCG, we make the following cut through the truss
B FCG D
37.5kN
12.5kN
A E
H G F
50kN
4.1
sN
Frictional
force
4.2 Since the block is in equilibrium under three forces, the three forces must pass through
the same point. Thus the normal reaction will be at the point where the arrow showing
the weight meets the inclined plane. This is shown below.
f
N
mg
F
f
mg
Since the maximum frictional force f max N , for equilibrium we should have
mg
F sin mg F cos F
sin cos
4.4 We consider two different situations when the weight on the table is about to move to
the left or to the right. When it is about to move to the left, its free body diagram will
look as follows
10g
mg
50g
10g
mg
50g
4.5 Taking the x axis along the plane and the y axis perpendicular to the plane, the free-body
diagram of the block looks as follows.
Y
N
X
F 30º
30º
F
100g
4.6 Free body diagram of the box when it is about to move (i.e. the frictional force is at its
maximum) is shown below
N
F
h b
N
mg
When the box is about to move, the friction is at its maximum and is equal to N. The force F
also equals N at this point. This creates a couple that is counterbalanced by the couple formed
by the weight of the box mg and N (=mg). This is the reason that N shifts towards the direction
a
of the push. However, the maximum couple moment that can be created by mg and N is mg .
2
Thus for the box not to topple, the couple created by F and the friction should remain less than
a
mg . Thus implies
2
a a
h mg mg h
2 2
4.7 suppose each break show makes an angle at the centre as shown below
The force F is assumed distributed uniformly over the shoe. Then the torque due to the
frictional force will be
b
Fr
r dr
2F b 3 a 3
2F a 2 ab b 2
a
b 2
a2
3 b2 a2 3 a b
2
With two shoes therefore, the torque would be
4F a 2 ab b 2
3 a b
4.8 It is given that mass M is balanced by mass m. The contact angle is π. Since each time the
string is wound once more around the rod, the mass M that can be balanced by m becomes
twice as large, we have
M m exp( )
2M m exp(3 ) 2 exp( 2 )
4M m exp(5 )
This gives = 0.11
L1
4.9 Neglecting the length of the rope passing over the pulley, we have mass M on one
L1 L2
L2
side of the pulley that is balanced by mass M on the other side. Thus we have
L1 L2
L1 L2
Mg exp( ) Mg L1 exp( ) L2
L1 L2 L1 L2
4.10 As the weight is put, it has a tendency to move down. Hence the frictional force will be in
the counterclockwise direction. Thus if the tension in the rope on the spring balance side is
T1 and that on the weight side is T2 then
T2 T1 exp
2
4.11 There is a range of M2 that exists because frictional force can act with its maximum value
in one direction to the maximum in the other direction. Largest value of M2 is when the
mass M1 is about to slide up the plane. The free body diagram of M1 in that case is as
follows
N
T
M1g
N
T
M1g
Thus we have
T M 1 g sin 1 M 1 g cos M 1 g (sin 1 cos )
Now the rope has a tendency to move counterclockwise, the frictional force due to the pulley
will be acting clockwise. Thus we have
M 2 g exp 2 T M 2 g M 1 g sin 1 cos exp 2
2 2
Thus
M 2 M 1 sin 1 cos exp 2
2
4.12Free body diagram of the tire when it is loaded and is about to roll is as follows
f
W N
5.1 Consider a composite surface of total area A made up of N different surfaces. Then the
coordinates X C , YC of the centroid satisfy
AX C xdA
AYC ydA
Now in the definition of the centroid, the integrals can be performed separately over each surface
so that we can write
AX C xdA Ai X Ci
i i i
5.2 By symmetry it is clear that XC = 2. We are nevertheless going to prove it below. We first
calculate the area of the surface. It is
4 4
A ydx 4 x 2 dx
2
0 0
4
16 x 2 dx
2
Substituting z x 2 we get
2
16 32
A 16 z 2 dz 16
2
3 3
Y To calculate Xc, we take vertical strips of width dx on the
surface at distance x from the origin and then calculate
XC
xdA
A
O X
x
Thus
x 4 x 2 dx
4
2
XC 0
2
32
3
Similarly to calculate YC, we take horizontal strips of width dy at height y and calculate
YC
ydA
Y A
At height y, the strip extends from x1 to x2. These
points are given by the equation
y 4 x 2 x1 2 4 y
2
y
x2 2 4 y
X
O x1 x2 Therefore dA ( x2 x1 )dy 2 4 y dy
We thus have
4
32
YC 2 y 4 y dy
3 0
1
128 cos 2 cos 4 d cos
0
256
15
This gives
8
YC
5
8
Thus the centroid is at 2,
5
5.3 One curve (call it curve 1) y 4 ( x 2) 2 in this problem is the same as that in the
problem above. The other curve (curve 2) is
y 16 4( x 2) 2 4 4 x 2
2
128
The y-axis of curve 2 is thus 4 times curve 1. The area of curve 2 is therefore . Similarly
3
8 32
the x coordinate the centroid of curve will remain at 2 but the y coordinate will be 4 .
5 5
Thus we have
A1
32
X C1 , YC1 2, 8 ; A2
128
X C 2 , YC 2 2, 32
3 5 3 5
The area A for which we wish to obtain the centroid X C , YC is obtained by removing surface
formed by curve 1 from the surface formed by curve 2. We thus have
128 32
A 32
3 3
AX C A2 X C 2 A1 X C1 32 X C A2 A1 2 XC 2
128 32 32 8
AYC A2YC 2 A1YC1 32YC YC 8
3 5 3 5
w2
f(x)
w1
X
X1 X2
The total force on the beam will be equal to the area under the curve. Thus the total force is
equal to
w1 w2
X 2 X1
2
This load will be acting at the centroid of the area. Thus it acts at
w2 w1
X2
x w x X 1 dx
X 2 X1
1
XC
X1
w1 w2 X 2 X 1
2
w1
X 2
2 X 1
2
w 2
w1 X 12 X 22 X 1 X 2 w2 w1 X 1 X 2 X 1
2 3 2
w1 w2 X 2 X 1
2
3w1 X 2 3w1 X 1 2w2 X 1 2w2 X 2 2w2 X 1 X 2 2w1 X 12 2w1 X 22 2w1 X 1 X 2 3w2 X 12 3w2 X 1 X 2 3w1 X 12 3w1 X 1 X 2
2 2 2 2
3w1 w2 X 2 X 1
w1 X 22 2w1 X 12 w2 X 12 2w2 X 22 w2 X 1 X 2 w1 X 1 X 2
3w1 w2 X 2 X 1
X 22 w1 2w2 X 12 2 w1 w2 w2 X 1 X 2 w1 X 1 X 2
3w1 w2 X 2 X 1
1 2 w1 w2 X 1 w1 2 w2 X 2
3 w1 w2
5.5 From figure 5.14, for a plate of width w
w1 gh1 w w2 gh2 w
Similarly, from figure 5.15
h1 h2
X 1 Y1 X 2 Y2
cos cos
This gives from formula 5.9
1 (2h1 h2 )h1 (h1 2h2 )h2
X C YC
3 (h1 h2 ) cos
2 h12 h1 h2 h22
3 h1 h2 cos
which is equivalent to the depth given by formula (5.17)
N1
NA
0.25m
0.5m
153.125N
NB
19.6N
The average pressure is the pressure of water at the centroid of the submerged part. Thus the
average pressure will be
ghcentroid( plate) 1000 9.8 0.125 1225Nm 2
Thus the total force due to the water pressure is
F 0.5 0.25 1225 153.125N
This force acts at the centroid of the loading that is triangular in this case. Thus it is at a distance
1
0.25 2 0.50 0.417m
3
below point A.
We now apply equilibrium conditions to the door. This leads to
N1 19.6 N
0.5 N B 0.417 153.125 N B 127.7 N
N A N B 153.125 25.4 N
To find Ixx, we take a strip (see figure above) of width dy parallel to the x-axis and calculate
b2
ab 3
I xx y ady
2
b 2
12
Similarly to find Iyy, we take a strip (see figure above) of width dx parallel to the x-axis and
calculate
a 2
a 3b
I yy x bdx
2
a 2
12
To find Ixy, we take a small square (see figure above) of size dxdy parallel and calculate
a 2 b2
I xy xy dxdy 0
a 2 b 2
5.8
Y’
X’
b
O
a2 b2
cos 2 1 sin 2 2 2
a b2
From the formula for transformation of area moments (taking X and Y axis as in the problem
above) we get
I xx I yy I xx I yy
I x'x' cos 2 I xy sin 2
2 2
ab a 2 b 2
ab b 2 a 2 a 2 b 2
24 24
a2 b2
a 3b 3
6 a2 b2
Similary
I xx I yy I xx I yy
I y'y ' cos 2 I xy sin 2
2 2
ab a 2 b 2
ab b 2 a 2 a 2 b 2
24 24 a2 b2
ab a 4 b 4
12 a 2 b 2
and
I xx I yy
I x' y' sin 2 I xy cos 2
2
ab b 2 a 2 2ab
24 a b2
2
a b a b
2 2
2 2
12 a 2 b 2
5.9
b X
To calculate IXX we take a horizontal strip of width dy at y (see figure) for dA and calculate
b
a 2
I XX y dA 2 y 2
2
b y 2 dy
b
b
ab b 2 a 2 1 ab b 2 a 2
8 2 8
2
ab a 3b 2
16
Product of inertia is calculated using the formula
I xx I yy
I x' y' sin 120 I xy cos 120
2
3 abb 2 a 2
2 8
ab
3 a 2 b 2
16
5.10
X
x1 x2
O
To calculate IXX we take a horizontal of width dy strip at y (see figure) for dA and calculate
R
I XX y dA 2 y 2 R 2 y 2 dy
2
0
4 2
R
sin 2 d
2
2 0
R4
8
Y
X
O
Similarly for IYY, we take a vertical strip of width dx at x for dA (see figure) and calculate
I YY x 2 dA
2R
x R 2 x R dx
2 2
R 4 1 2 cos cos 2 sin 2 d
0
Now sin d
2
, cos sin
2
d 0 and sin 2 cos 2 d . This gives
0
2 0 0
8
5 4
I YY R
8
If the centroid is at O’ which has the coordinates x0 , y0 and the coordinates of a point with
(x0,y0) X’
X
O
Therefore
I xy xy dA x0 x y0 y dA x0 y0 A x0 y dA y0 xdA xy dA
xdA 0 ydA 0
Thus
I xy x0 y0 A xy dA
5.12 Consider the moments and product of inertia of a square about a set of axes parallel to its
sides and passing through its centre.
5.13 The formulae for the moments of inertia in rotated frames are
I xx I yy I xx I yy
I x'x' cos 2 I xy sin 2
2 2
I xx I yy I xx I yy
I y'y' cos 2 I xy sin 2
2 2
d 2 I x'x' I xx I yy
4 cos 2 4 I xy sin 2
d 2 2
d 2 I y'y' I xx I yy
4 cos 2 4 I xy sin 2
d 2
2
Thus the two derivatives have opposite signs. This implies if one of them is a maximum, the
other one will be a minimum.
Chapter 8
8.1 Since there is no external force on the system in the horizontal direction, the total momentum
in the horizontal direction is conserved.
Initial momentum in the horizontal direction = momentum of the carriage + momentum of rain
= Mv 0
= Mv
Final momentum of the system after time t = M mt v f
8.3 Exactly like in problem 8.2, there will be no change in the speeds of the two bicyclists. This
is easily done by considering the momentum of the two friends before and after the books
are given by one of them to the other person. Consider the person giving the books. Her
momentum before transferring the books is Mv . After she gives the books, let her speed by
vf. Then by momentum conservation
Mv mv M mv f vf v
8.4 Conserve momentum after the first bullet has been fired. Initial momentum is 0. Let the
velocity (since the motion is one dimensional, we write only the symbol for it, the direction
is taken care of by the sign) of the gun after the bullet is fired be v1. Since the relative
velocity of the bullet when it leaves the gun is u, and the bullet leaves the gun when the gun
is already moving with v, bullet’s speed ug with respect to the ground is calculated as
follows:
u u g v1 u g u v1
M 0 N 1mv1 mu v1 0 v1
mu
M 0 Nm
8.5 (i) Momentum of the system = sum of the momentum of each particle
= 0.2iˆ 0.4 ˆj kg ms1
(ii) velocity of the centre of mass = total momentum/total mass
1
0.3
0.2iˆ 0.4 ˆj
2 4
iˆ ˆj ms 1
3 3
x
R
To obtain the z coordinate of the CM, consider a rectangular sheet of thickness dz at height z, as
shown in the figure below.
z
R
If the density of the material that the cylinder is made of is , the z coordinate of the CM, by
definition, is
R
2 L R 2 z 2 zdz R
4
z CM R 2 z 2 zdz
0
L R 2
2
R 2 0
To evaluate the integral, we substitute z R sin and dz R cos d . This gives
2
4
z CM
R 2 R cos R sin R cos d
0
1
d cos
4R
cos
2
0
4R
3
h
r
z
R
2
The CM is on the axis of the cone by symmetry. To calculate its height, we take a thin disc of
thickness dz at height z. By similarity of triangles, it radius r is given by
r h z
r R R
hz h h
If the density of the material that the cone is made of is , then the position of the CM is given
by
h
z r 2 dz
h
3 R2 h
z CM 0
2 2 h 2 z 2 2hz zdz
1 2 R h0h 4
R h
3
It is reasonable that the location of the CM is more towards the base since larger mass of the
cone is concentrated there.
(ii) Hemispherical bowl of radius R is shown in the figure below.
r
R z
The CM will be on the line passing through the centre of the base. To calculate its height zCM, we
take a ring of height dz at height z. According to the figure
z r R2 z2
z R sin and dz R cos d , sin , cos
R R R
If the mass per unit area for the shell is , then the mass dm of the ring is
dz
dm 2 r R d 2 R 2 z 2 2 R dz
cos
Thus
zR zR
N
8.9 Given N particles of masses mi (i=1-N) with total mass M mi at positions ri (i=1-N),
i 1
position of their CM RCM is given as
N
N
m r m r i i i i
RCM i 1
N
i 1
m
M
i
i 1
Now let us make m subsystems of these masses with number of particles N1, N2, N3……Nm in
Ni
them. Then we have the mass of each subsystem as M i mi . The position of the CM can
i 1
then be written as
N1
N
N2
mi ri mi ri mi ri .......
RCM i 1
N
i 1 i 1
m
M
i
i 1
Ni
By definition of the CM we have for the position RCMi of each subsystem M i RCMi mi ri .
i 1
m
i 1
i M
i 1
i M
i 1
i
This shows that the CM of the system can be calculated by treating each susbsystem as a point
particle of mass Mi located at the CM of each subsystem.
8.10 To find the CM, we will treat the cone and the hemisphere as two subsystems. It is also
clear by symmetry that the CM will be on the extended axis of the cone. Taking the axis
as the z direction with z = 0 at the base of the cone, we have
mass of the sphere z CM ( sphere) mass of the cone z CM (cone)
z CM
total mass
Assuming the entire system is made of a material of uniform density, we get
3R1 2R13 H R22 H
3 3R1 R2 H
4 2 2
z CM 8 3 4
2R13 R22 H 8R13 4 R22 H
3 3
8.11 Since there is no external force on the system in the horizontal direction, the position of the
CM will remain unchanged as the small block moves from one side to the other. Taking
horizontal direction to be the x-direction, let the position of the CM when the block in on
the left be X1 and let it be X2 when the block is on the right. Then the poison of the CM of
the block is (X1R) and (X2+R), respectively. Since the CM does not move, we have
X CM m X 1 R MX 1 m X 2 R MX 2
This immediately gives
X 2 X 1 2mR
m M
8.12When the ball is compressed, it looks like shown in the picture below
Rx
r R 2 R x 2 Rx
2
Thus, if the pressure in the ball remains unchanged, the force that the ball applies on the wall is
F r 2 p 2 pRx
8.12As a photon hits the surface, it gives it an impulse proportional to its momentum. If it gets
2
absorbed, the impulse J and if it is reflected then J . And the force by the
c c
stream of photons hitting the surface will be nJ where n is the number of particles hitting
the surface per second. If the cross-sectional area of the parallel beam of light is a, then
n acN
Thus the pressure P
acN
(i) when the light is completely absorbed P N
a c
acN 2
(ii) when light is perfectly reflected P 2 N
a c
8.14 By equation (8.42b), the force on the planar surface will be equal to momentum
transfer per unit time. On hitting the surface, the component of momentum perpendicular
to the plane becomes zero while that parallel to the plane remains unchanged. Thus all the
momentum that water stream carries perpendicular to the surface is transferred to it. The
d 2 d 2
momentum carried by the stream of water per second is v v v 2
4 4
d 2
Its component perpendicular to the surface is v 2
4 2
When the water stream hits the surface, it makes an elliptical cross sectional area on the
d 2 d
surface because the surface is slanted. The major axis of the ellipse is =
2 2
d
And the minor axis remains the same as
2
d 2
Thus the cross-sectional are of the ellipse is =
2 2
d 2
v 2
v 2
Thus the pressure on the surface = 4 2
d 2 2
2 2
8.15 At steady state flow let the mass flow rate from the upper portion of the hour-glass be
m . If the height through which it falls before hitting the lower surface is h then the
amount of mass in the air is the rate at which the mass is falling and the time it takes
2h
for it to reach the bottom. Thus it is m and its weight is m 2hg . Thus the hour
g
glass should have weighed less by this amount. However as the sand hits the bottom,
it transfers momentum to the hour glass that exactly compensates for the weight in the
air. This is shown as follows. As the mass hits the bottom, its speed is 2hg . Thus
8.17 Example (8.9) using equation derived above. The example is solved exactly as done
in the text except that in applying the equation derived above, u rel u (v v ) each
time the bullet is fired. This immediately leads to equation (8.50) and the rest is the
same as done in the example.
8.18 (i) Force needed to hold the chain is equal to the force required to hold the part of the
chain hanging vertically. This force is = gh
(ii)If the chain is to be pulled at a constant speed v, its mass increases at the rate of v .
This gives momentum change per unit time = v 2 . This is the additional force required
to provide momentum. Thus the total force is gh v 2 . This is also seen easily by the
rocket equation
dv dM
M u rel Fext
dt dt
dv dM
Now it is given that 0, v, u rel v . This substituted in the rocket
dt dt
equation immediately gives the result derived above.
dM
(i) The rocket equation, with v, u rel v is
dt
dv
M (t ) v 2 F
dt
If at a time t, the length of the chain on the table is x then M (t ) (h x) and
dv dv dx 1 dv 2
. Thus the rocket equation can be rewritten as
dt dx dt 2 dx
dv 2
(h x) v 2 F
2 dx
This is integrated as
V2 x
dv 2 2 dx'
0 F v 2 0 h x'
Upon integration this gives
2 h x h x
2
1 F F
ln 2
ln
F V h F V 2
h
Upon solving this gives
V
1 F 2
h x
x 2hx
8.19 Since the peg is frictionless and the length of the portion of chain passing over the
peg is negligible, the other portion has length (Lx) and the tension in the chain is the
same throughout. Taking the tension to be T, the equation of motion for the two
portions is (see figure)
T
T
( L x)
x(t)
M
( L x) g
L
M
xg
L
M M
x x x g T
L L
M M M M
( L x)( L x) ( L x) g T ( L x) x T ( L x) g
L L L L
g x ( L x)
M 2Mx
M, the net force is g Mg and the acceleration is x .
L L
The solution for the equation above is a sum of the solution of the homogeneous equation
2g L
x x 0 and the particular solution x p . The solution of the homogeneous part is
L 2
2g 2g
xh (t ) A exp t B exp t
l L
Where A and B are two constants to be determined by the initial conditions. The full
solution is
2g 2g L
x(t ) A exp t B exp t
l L 2
3L L
The initial conditions are x(t 0) and x (t 0) 0 . This gives A B . This give
4 8
the solution for x(t) to be
L 2g L 2g L
x(t ) exp t exp t
8 l 8 L 2
L 1 2 g
1 cosh t
2 2 l
8.20 (i) Since the pressure inside the box is p, and the force is unbalanced over an area S,
the force on the box will be pS.
pS
(ii) The acceleration of the box will be
M
(iii) In the simplest calculation, the rate at which the molecules are coming out in one
second will be those contained in a cylinder of height v x , where v x is the average
speed in the x direction in the rms sense. Thus the rate at which the gas will be
leaking out is Snmv x where n is the number density of molecules and m the mass of
each molecule.
(iv) Equation (8.45)
dv dM
M u rel Fext
dt dt
dM
In our case Snmv x ; u rel v x ; Fext 0 so
dt
dv 1
M Snmv x2 Snmv 2 pS by equation (8.40)
dt 3
M
8.21 By the rocket equation v f u ln i . If the mass of the fuel is M, we have
M
f
M i 1000 M , Mf = M. Thus we have
1000 M
6 5 ln
1000
M 6
This gives 1 exp M 2320kg
1000 5
8.22 In this case the rocket equation becomes (assuming vertically up direction to be
positive)
bv u g
dv dv
m mu mg bmv
dt dt
Solution to the equation above is given by the sum of the solution for the homogeneous
part and the particular solution. This gives
u g
v(t ) A exp( bt )
b
u g
A is determined by the initial condition v(t 0) 0 . This gives A . Thus
b