Materials On Die
Materials On Die
Materials On Die
In the contribution the stress of die materials of thermal fatigue is defined and material life is derived theoretically
and compared with the measured values. The important properties of the die materials as thermal conductivity,
coefficient of thermal expansivity, modulus of elasticity and mechanical properties are described. Binding to it sin-
gle die materials as carbon steels and chrome-tungsten steels are analyzed. As the perspective die material for pres-
sure die casting of ferrous metals appears molybdenum with regard to advantageous properties.
Key words: stress of material, thermal fatigue, service life, material properties
Materijal matrica za tlačno lijevanje. U članku je definirano naprezanje materijala pri toplinskom umoru i iz-
veden teorijski životno (radno) vrijeme materijala te uspoređene sa izmjerenim vrijednostima. Opisana su važna
svojstva materijala, kao što je toplinska vodljivost, koeficijent toplinske rastegljivosti, modul elastičnosti i mehanička
svojstva. U nastavku su analizirani materijali kao što su ugljični čelici te krom-volframovi čelici. Kao perspektivni
materijal za tlačno lijevanje željeznih slitina se pojavljuje molibdan sa prestižnim svojstvima.
Ključne riječi: naprezanje materijala, toplinski umor, radni vijek, svojstva materijala
INTRODUCTION
At operation of pressure die casting dies are cycli-
cally stressed on thermal fatigue. After exhausting of
material sliding properties the end of die service life
comes. For the more profound explanation it is neces-
sary further to analyze thermal conditions and single
important properties of die material during the opera-
tion of pressure die casting.
δ=a(T1-T0) (1)
THE SERVICE LIFE OF DIE MATERIAL
Because the layer cannot be expanded the compres-
sive stress σ arises in it If the number of the pressing liquid metal into the
δmE die N is considered as the quasicontinous function with
σ= (2)
m–1 indirect proportional dependence on the pouring tem-
where m – Poisson’s constant, E – Young’s modulus of perature T then every elementary increase of the pour-
die material. If we substitute competent values E = ing temperature dT means lowering indirect proportion-
2,2·105 MPa, α = 1,3·10-5, m = 3,3, To = 300 °C, T1 = 600 al cycles of the die material service life .
°C we obtain σ = 1 200 MPa that evokes a tensile stress Then it is:
dN
dT = – k (3)
E. Ragan, J. Dobránsky, P. Baron, T. Olejár, Faculty of Manufacturing N
Technologies, Prešov, Technical University in Košice, Slovakia where: k – constant /°C.
gered. We face to attacking by the large hardness of die Mo most often also the addition of V sometimes
face and protective layers. also W and Co. the cobalt lowers the inclination to
brittle fracture at higher temperatures and increases
plastic properties in heat. With lowering content of
MATERIAL FOR DIES
chrome and further additions it was reached the
For dies of pressure die casting carbon steels, low- considerable improvement of service life. The tests
alloyed steels, high-alloyed steels, chrome steels, tung- at die casting brass showed that the better resist-
sten steels and chrome-molybdenum steels are used. ance to cracks is at tempering on smaller strength
- Carbon steels are used for die parts being not in 1 050 up to 1 300 MPa than on 1 600 MPa. At die
contact with liquid metal as the clamping die box, casting aluminum alloys it would be necessary the
the guide and supporting plate of ejectors and the increase effect of protective layers obtained by ni-
hydraulic drawer of cores. triding or sulfonitriding recommended at these
- Low-alloyed steels are used especially for zinc al- steels [16,17].
loys. They are steels with the content 0,30 up to
0,45 % C alloyed with Cr respectively V and Mo. MATERIALS ON DIES
Further they are carbon constructional steels with
DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS
high strength after heat treatment 1 000 up to 1 200
MPa. It is possible to reach martensitic structure The important factor is the steel quality not only ac-
into larger depth with carbide-created elements. At cording to composition but also according to cleanli-
tempering they shift the decrease of martensit de- ness. It goes about low content of sulfur and phosphorus
composition on pearlit into higher temperatures. It but also the smallest content of inclusions their fineness
limits their use on lower temperatures of pour when and regular distribution. The inclusions always lower
the decrease of hardness is not large. resistance to origin of cracks network. Remelting steel
- High-alloyed steels contain so many carbide-created in vacuum is also important. It is possible to obtain the
elements that by tempering at temperature higher improvement of material service life by further change
than 400 °C it comes to increase of hardness meas- of the chrome, molybdenum, tungsten and vanad so that
ured at room temperature marked as the secondary the suitable secondary hardness is reached at the small-
hardness. It is higher at larger number of the car- est content of these elements. We obtain with it also si-
bide-created elements connecting with the origin of multaneously the largest possible thermal conductivity.
complex carbides and shifting into higher tempera- It is possible to reach the further improvement by low-
tures. Therefore the steels for dies shifted from the ering hardness after tempering. [18,19]
chrome and tungsten steels to the combinations W- At large series of die casting in production of auto-
Cr, W-Cr-Co, Cr-Mo, Cr-Mo-V, Cr-Mo-V-W. At mobiles the choice of materials on dies for zinc alloys
hardening under temperature of the martensite crea- aims at chrome-molybdenum steels used for die casting
tion beginning the steel contains the martensite and aluminum alloys. The analogous tending can be oc-
the residual austenite that at tempering decomposes curred for other alloy die cast.
on the martensite or bainite and with it possible to Molybdenum is appeared as the perspective material
contribute to the secondary hardness [12]. on dies for die cast. It has the relative high thermal con-
- Chrome steels are martensitic with so large content ductivity the low coefficient of thermal expansivity so
of chrome that they are anticorrosive and heat-re- that also at large modulus of elasticity the high stress
sisting and with so large content of carbon that they does not rise. It is brittle in the interval of low tempera-
are hardenable. By additions of the carbide-created tures. It can come to cracking. As to it has not the pro-
elements the finer grain at higher temperature of tective layer on the die face e.g. nitriding one it comes
austenitization and shifting zone of secondary to sublimation at die cast. [20]
hardness into higher temperatures is reached. Further the composite materials have a perspective.
- Tungsten steels are the steels with the content 0,30 According to [21,22] the filling chamber was from the
up to 0,35 % C, 2 up to 2,5 % Cr and 4,5 up to 11 % composite materials reinforced by particles of titan (TiB
W. In USA they are without further additions in Slo- and TiC) for die cast of aluminium alloys in USA.
vakia still with addition V and Ni and in Germany
also Co. The tungsten-chrome steels have larger CONCLUSION
hardness into higher temperatures of tempering.
They match on dies for resistance to wear and stick- In the contribution the cyclical stresses on thermal
ing e.g. in region of gate [13,14]. The thermal con- fatigue of die materials are described and analytically
ductivity of the tungsten steels is not so good as at derived. Further exhausting of the material sliding prop-
the steels without tungsten. Tungsten and cobalt im- erties are derived with the end of die service life. The
prove however the resistance to wear [15]. single properties of the die materials are also described.
- Chrome-molybdenum steels have the content ap- The development was very important at transition from
prox. 0,30 % C, 2,8 up to 5 % Cr, 0,5 up to 2,5 % zinc to aluminum and copper alloys at die cast and it can
do service at transition from research to working of the [13] I. Orlovský, M. Hatala, Technički Vjesnik, 16 (2009) 2,
ferrous alloys die cast. 27-30.
[14] P. Demeč, J. Svetlík, Acta Mechanica Slovaca, 13 (2009) 4,
68 – 73.
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This work has been supported by Cultural and Educa-
401-404. tional Grant Agency of Ministry of Education of Slovak
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