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Sindarin English Dictionary - Hisweloke
Sindarin English Dictionary - Hisweloke
English-Sindarin Dictionary
This material may be distributed only subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Creative
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ISBN 978-1-291-33216-2
Acknowledgements and explanations
This dictionary started from entries compiled from Hisweloke's Sindarin-English dictionary, without
whose original work this project would have taken an awful lot longer.
Words marked with a * have been deduced (attested only in compounds or other words).
Words marked with a † have been normalised or reconstructed from Noldorin.
All words marked with a ᵲ have been reconstructed by either myself or one of a number of other
linguists (I would love to give credit to everyone whose work appears in this dictionary, however I have
been unable to track down the creators of every word).
All reconstructions used in this dictionary come from one of the following methods:
This dictionary does not contain regular plurals, or any parts of verbs apart from the stem (with one or
two exceptions for irregulars).
I have compiled the English-Sindarin dictionary to make life easier for students of Sindarin, however I
advise you to cross-reference the Sindarin words back to their original glosses in the Sindarin-English
to ensure the word means exactly what you want it to.
Linguistic abbreviations
abst. abstract
adj. adjective
adv. adverb
arch. archaic
augm. augmented
by ext. by extension
card. cardinal
conj. conjunction
coll. collective
dim. diminutive
fem. feminine
imp. imperative
interj. interjection
masc. masculine
Mil. Military
n. noun
N. indicates an original Noldorin word that has been normalised
num. number
ord. ordinal
pl. plural
poet. poetic
pp. past participle
pref. prefix
prep. preposition
pron. pronoun
rel. relative
sing. singular
v. verb
Other abbreviations
Ety The Etymologies
GL Gnomish Lexicon
LB The Lays of Beleriand
Letters The Letters of JRR Tolkien
LotR The Lord of the Rings
MR Morgoth's Ring
PE Parma Eldalamberon
PM The Peoples of Middle-Earth
RC The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion
SD Sauron Defeated
UT Unfinished Tales
VT Vinyar Tengwar
WJ The War of the Jewels
WR The War of the Ring
Sindarin-English
A
a I (adh/ah/ar before a vowel) conj. and (ar = Exilic, ah = Doriathrin, for adh = see PE/17 for a
discussion on this)
ablad n. prohibition, refusal (with reference to the gesture one makes with the hand)
abonnen pl. ebœnnin n. and adj. 1. born later, born after ○ 2.as a noun, man, one born later than the
Elves, a human being (elvish name for men) ◇ ab-+onnen "after-born"
ᵲ ach n. bone
achad n. neck (properly referring only to the bony vertebral part not including the throat)
*achas n. dread, fear ← Daerachas WJ/187 ◈ This might also be *gachas, mutated in composition
*adertha- v. to reunite
aear n. sea ◈ Tolkien changed this word several times, see gaear, aearon
aearon n.augm.of aear great sea, ocean ◈ Tolkien changed this word several times, see gaearon
†aegas pl. †aegais (oeges N.) n. abst. of aeg mountain peak ◇ Ety/349, X/OE
aeglos n. 1. snowthorn, a plant like furze (gorse), but larger and with white flowers ○ 2. icicle ◇
aeg+loss
aen unkn. (unknown meaning) ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ Some scholars believe this word to be cognate to
Quenya nai "may it be". Others think that it is the pronoun "they", or the future conditional tense.
¶ ᵲ aep n. cherry
aer I n. sea ◈ Tolkien changed this word several times, see aear, gaear
aerlinn n. unsure meaning, probably a holy song, a song about the sea ◇ RGEO/70, X/ND4 ◇
*agar n. blood
agarwaen, agarwen adj. bloodstained ◇ agar+gwaen
aglar n. great glory, brilliance, splendour (Probable that this is a- intensive prefix + claur) See also
claur
†aglonn (aglond N., aglon N.) n. defile, pass between high walls
ai I interj. ah!
aith n. spearpoint
al- I pref. arch. no, not. This is Doriathrin, ú is the preferred Sindarin for later materials
alfirin n. and adj. 1. immortal ○ 2.as a noun, name of a flower, bell-like and running through many soft
and gentle colours ○ 3.as a noun, also used for another small white flower ◇ al-+firin
amar (ambar N.) n. earth, the appointed home of Elves and Men
ambenn (ambend N., amben N.) adv, adj. 1. uphill, sloping upwards 2. a difficult task (an uphill
struggle)
ᵲ amchaled adj. uplifting (am+haled)
amloth n.Mil. flower or floreate device used as crest fixed to the point of a tall helmet ◇ WJ/318 ◇
am+loth "uprising flower"
ammen pron. 1st pl. of us, for us, toward us ◇ LotR/II:IV, LB/354, VT/44:21,27 ◇ an+men
amrûn n. east, orient ◇ Ety/348, Ety/384, S/437, LotR/E ◇ am+rhûn "uprising, sunrise"
andaith n. long-mark, sign used in writing alphabetic tengwar over a vowel, to indicate that it is
lengthened. ◇ LotR/E, Ety/391, X/EI
†andrann (anrand N.) n. cycle, age (100 Valian Years) ◇ Ety/382, X/ND4
anfang pl. enfeng n. one of the Longbeards (a tribe of Dwarves) ◇ Ety/348, Ety/387, WJ/322
angerthas n. runic alphabet, long rune-rows (extended version of the Certhas) ◇ S/427, LotR/E ◇
ann-thennath n. pl. a verse mode, lit. "long-shorts" (alternance of long and short vowels, or rather
alternance of long and short verse units, possibly of masculine and feminine rhymes) ◇ LotR/I:XI
◈ The word is not translated by Tolkien. Refer to Tolkien's Legendarium p. 115 for a discussion of its
probable meaning
annúnaid n. the "Westron" language (one of the names for Common Speech) ◇ PM/316
aphadrim n. class pl. of aphadon followers, men (elvish name for men)
†apharch (afarch N.) adj. very dry, arid ◇ VT/45:5, X/PH ◇ a- (intensive prefix) + parch
ara- (ar- S.) pref. high, noble, royal ◇ S/428 ◇ Reduced form of aran, element in the names of the
kings of Arnor and Arthedain
aran n. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region) ◇ Ety/360, S/428, LotR/II:IV, LotR/VI:VII,
SD/129-31, Letters/426
Aran Einior n. one of the names given to the Vala Manwë, 'elder king'
Aran Tauron n. one of the names given to the Vala Oromë, 'forester king'
ardhon n. augm. of ardh great region, province ○ 2. by ext. world ← Calenardhon S/386, PM/348
arnediad (arnœdiad S., N.) adj. innumerable, countless, endless, without reckoning, numberless ◇
Ety/349, Ety/378, S/428, VT/46:6 ◇ ar-+nediad
arnen adj. (?) royal ← Emyn Arnen, Lonnath-Ernin LotR/V:I, WR/294, WR/370
aronoded adj. innumerable, countless, endless ◇ Ety/378 ◇ ar-gonoded. See also arnediad
*arth adj. (unknown meaning, perhaps (?) noble, lofty, exalted) ← Arthedain LotR
atheg n. masc. dim. of adar, 1 play name for the thumb meaning "little father" VT/48:6,17
ava- v. to refuse.
avar n. 1. refuser ○ 2. the Avari, Elves who refused the invitation of the Valar ◇ WJ/380, VT/47:12 ◈
This plural name was known to the loremasters, but went out of daily use at the time of the Exile
see gavar
avo v. imp. of ava-, don't! ◇ WJ/371 ◈ Used as a negative adverb before an imperative: avo garo "don't
do it!". Sometimes used as prefix: avgaro
ᵲ badh- v. to judge
badhor n. judge ◇ Ety/350. This is gender neutral, for the masculine see badhron
bar n. 1. dwelling, home ○ 2.by ext., inhabited land ◇ S/428, WR/379-80, SD/129-31
baran adj. brown, swart, dark brown, golden brown, yellow brown ◇ Ety/351, LotR/F, TC/179,
RC/343
*bass/bast n. bread PM/404-405, VT/44:21 ◈ In the Etymologies, the word for "bread" is given as
bast, Quenya masta, but it seems that Tolkien later changed his mind and updated the word to bass,
as shown in Quenya massánie, Sindarin bassoneth.
basta- (mbasta-) v. to bake bread (this may just be an alternate form of bas-)
Belegol n. one of the names given to the Vala Aulë, 'great burden'
ᵲ beltha- v. to expand
benn n. masc. 1. man, male 2. by ext. husband (but not the normal word, see hervenn)◇ Ety/352,
VT/45:9
bess n. fem. 1. (young) woman 2. by ext. wife (but not the normal word, see hervess) ◇ Ety/352,
SD/129-31
†bessain n. fem. bread-giver ◇ PM/404-405, X/Z ◈ See bass for a discussion regarding this word
¶ ᵲ blaud n. pride GL
¶ ᵲ bless n. grace
bo prep. on ◇ VT/44:21,26
†boe (bui N.) v. impers. to need. This verb takes no other form. ◇ Ety/372, X/Z
bôr n. steadfast, trusty man, faithful vassal ◇ Ety/353
braig adj. wild, fierce ◇ Ety/373, VT/45:34 ◈ The form brerg in the Etymologies is a misreading
according to VT/45:34
brand (brann N.) adj. 1. lofty, noble, fine ○ 2. high (in size) ◇ Ety/351, TAI/150, X/ND1
bregol adj. violent, sudden, fierce ◇ Ety/352, Ety/373◈ See also bregolas
*brenia- v. to endure ◇ Ety/353, VT/45:7 ◈ The form bronio in the Etymologies is a misreading
according to VT/45:7
brûn adj. old, that has long endured, or been established, or in use ◇ Ety/353
bund (bunn N.) n. 1. snout, nose ○ 2.by ext. cape (of land) ◇ Ety/372, X/ND2
cabed ger. of cab-, 1. leap ○ 2.by ext., deep gorge ◇ S/386, WJ/100 ◈ Emended by Tolkien from
earlier cabad. This is our sole late example that basic verbs should perhaps form their gerund in -ed,
whereas derived verbs are well attested to use -ad
†cae I (coe N.) n. earth ◇ Ety/363, X/OE ◈ This word is indeclinable, according to the Etymologies
ᵲ caf- v. to bow
calan n. day, period of actual daylight ◇ aLotR/D ◈ Attested in the first edition of LotR, but omitted
from the second. See also aur, arad
calen adj. green ◇ Ety/362, S/429, Letters/282, RC/349, VT/42:19 ◇ Etym. "bright-coloured"
canath n. "quarter", silver coin used in Gondor, the fourth part of a "mirian" ◇ PM/45 see also
mirian
cant n. outline, shape ← morchaint S/432, Ety/362, VT/42:28◈ See also cannas
caras n. 1. circular earthwall with dike ○ 2. city (built above ground) ◇ Ety/362, LotR/II:VII, RC/311
carch n. tooth, fang ◇ Ety/362, S/429
carfa- (carva-) v. to talk (treated like car- in the past tense) PE/17
*caun III pl. conin n. prince, ruler ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308 ◇ MS *kaun, Q. cáno
ᵲ cautha- v. to startle
celebren adj. like silver (in hue or worth) ◇ Ety/367, S/429, VT/45:25
cerin n. 1. circular enclosure ○ 2.by ext., mound (Cerin Amroth)◇ Ety/365, S/429
certh pl. cirth n. rune ◇ WJ/396, LotR/E ◇ Etym. "cutting"◈ See also certhas.
ᵲ cess n. feather
ᵲ cil- v. to choose
ᵲ círam n. anchor
cirith n. cleft, high climbing pass, narrow passage cut through earth or rock, ravine, defile ◇ S/387,
UT/426, TC/181, RC/334-335
côl n. gold (metal) ◇ Ety/365 For the colour, see malt, mallen
conath n. coll. of caun II, 1. many voices ○ 2.by ext., lamentation ◇ PM/361-362
cordof n. pippin (seed of certain fruits, or more probably small red apple) ◇ SD/129-31
ᵲ corf n. ring
cram n. cake of compressed flour or meal (often containing honey and milk) ◇ Ety/365, LotR/II:VIII
¶ ᵲ cur n. cheese
curunír n. masc. man of craft, wizard, Saruman ◇ Ety/366, LotR/III:VIII, LotR/B, VT/45:24 ◇
curu+dîr "man of skill"
dadbenn adv. 1. downhill, inclined ○ 2. by ext. easy to achieve ◇ Ety/354, Ety/380, VT/46:8, X/ND4
◇ dad+pend
ᵲ daetha- v. to praise
dangweth n. answer, reply giving new information ◇ PM/395 ◇ OS *ndanagwetʰa "back report"
The word dambeth was rejected by Tolkien in favour of this word.
daur n. 1. pause, stop ○ 2.by ext., league (about 3 miles) ◇ UT/279, UT/285
ᵲ def- v. to strive
dem adj. sad, gloomy ◇ Ety/354 ◈ No language indication in the Etymologies, but Noldorin from
context and phonological evidence
denwaith n.pl. the Nandor (a tribe of Elves), the people of Denwe ◇ WJ/385 ◇ Den(we)+gwaith
di- pref. beneath, under ← di-nguruthos LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72, Letters/278, VT/45:37 ◈ The only
known usage of this word is as prefix, but VT/45:37 lists it as a unitary word di
díhena- v. to forgive (with matter forgiven as object?) ◇ VT/44:29 See also gohena-
dîn I n. silence ◇ S/430, LB/354 ◈ Adjectival use seems to be attested in several place names (Amon
Dín "Silent Hill", etc.), though an adjective dínen I is also attested (Rath Dínen "Silent Street").
When compared with other toponyms where lenition does occur (Taur-na-Chardhîn "Forest of the
Southern Silence" in WJ/185,193 and Dor Dhínen in WJ/333,338), the forms dîn and dínen clearly
seem to be unmutated. Absence of lenition in these examples from LotR was therefore tentatively
explained by resistance to mutation (as in Nan Tathren, Ered Mithrin). However, Tolkien apparently
changed his mind in his unfinished index of names from LotR, where he explains both words as
mutated adjectives whose unlenited forms are respectively tîn II and tínen. Such hesitations
between mutated and unmutated forms is not unusual, for instance a similar issue is met with
gaear and aear. Of course, Taur-na-Chardhîn and Dor Dhínen would hardly be explainable in that
alternate scenario
dínen adj. silent ◇ S/430, WJ/194 ◈ See also dîn I for a discussion regarding this word
dîr n.masc.arch. man, referring to an adult male (elf, mortal, or of any other speaking race) ◇ Ety/354,
Ety/352
dírnaith n.Mil. a military wedge-formation launched over a short distance against an enemy massing
but not yet arrayed, or against a defensive formation on open ground ◇ UT/282 ◇ dîr+naith
"man spearhead"
doll (dolt N.) adj. dark, dusky, obscure ◇ Ety/355, Ety/376, Tengwestie/20031207
dôr (dor S., N.) n. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live ◇ Ety/376, S/430, WJ/413,
Letters/417, VT/45:38, RC/384 ◈ The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In
composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor
dornhoth n.class pl. of dorn the Dwarves, lit. "the Thrawn Folk" ◇ WJ/388 ◇ dorn+hoth
dosta- v. to burn
drambor n. 1. clenched fist ○ 2.by ext., blow (with fist) ◇ Ety/354 ◇ dram+paur
ᵲ drava- v. to beat
*drega- v. to flee ◈ Only the imperative drego is attested. Therefore, the verb may also be dreg- (inf.
dregi)
drû pl. drúin n. wild man, Wose, Púkel-Man ◇ UT/385 ◈ In PE/11:31, an older Gnomish word drû,
drui meant "wood, forest", and in PE/13:142, the early Noldorin word drú was assigned the
meaning "dark". Drû pl. Drúin later came to be used for the name of the Woses, with other
derivatives (Drúadan, etc.). "Wose" is actually the modernization of an Anglo-Saxon word wasa only
found in the compound wudu-wasa "wild man of the woods", cf. UT/385 sq. In the drafts of the
"Ride of the Rohirrim" in WR/343-346, the Woses first appeared as "the dark men of Eilenach".
Though internally said to derive from drughu in their own tongue, Tolkien's choice for the Sindarin
name of the Woses was apparently influenced by earlier meanings assigned to this word
drúadan pl. drúedain n. wild man, one of the Woses ◇ UT/385 ◇ drû+adan
drúath n. coll. of drû the people of the Drû, the Woses ◇ UT/385
drúwaith n. class pl. of drû, the wilderness of the Drû-men (q.v.) ◇ UT/385 ◇ drû+gwaith
dû n. nightfall, late evening, night, dimness ◇ Ety/354, S/430, VT/45:9 ◈ dúath S., N. n. coll.
dúath n. coll. of dû, 1. darkness, shadow ○ 2. nightshade ◇ Ety/354, S/430 ◇ Either the collective
plural of dû, or a compound dû+gwath "night shade" (hence dúwath)
duin n. (long and large) river (having strong current) ◇ S/430, LotR/F, TC/179, VT/48:24
*dúnedhel n. Elf of the West, Elf of Beleriand (including Noldor and Sindar) ◇ WJ/378 ◇ dûn+edhel,
OS *ndûnedelo
ech n. spine ◇ Ety/355, VT/45:12 ◈ The Etymologies as published gloss this word as "spear", but the
correct reading is provided in VT/45
ᵲ echuia- v. to awaken
*edra- v. to open
êg n. thorn ◇ Ety/355
egladhrim n. class pl. of eglan "The Forsaken", Elves of the Falathrim ◇ WJ/189, WJ/365, WJ/379 ◇
eglan+rim
eglan n. and adj. 1. forsaken ○ 2. as a noun, an Elf of the Falathrim ◇ WJ/365, WJ/379-380
eglath n. coll. of egol "The Forsaken", Elves of the Falathrim ◇ WJ/189, WJ/344 see also egladhrim
eitha- v. 1. to prick with a sharp point, to stab ○ 2.by ext., to treat with scorn, insult ◇ WJ/365
eithel n. issue of water, spring, well ◇ Ety/363, S/430, S/433, WJ/85, TC/187
eithro adv. also (VT/50)
êl pl. elin n.Arch.Poet. star (little used except in verses) ◇ WJ/363, MR/373, RGEO/73, Letters/281 See
also elenath
elanor n. a flower, a kind of enlarged pimpernel bearing golden and silver flowers ◇ LotR/VI:IX,
UT/432, Letters/402 ◇ êl+anor "star-sun"
elenath n.coll.of êl, starry host, all the host of the stars of heaven ◇ LotR/II:I, RGEO/73-75, WJ/363
Elbereth n. one of the names given to the Vala Varda, 'star queen'
elia- v. to rain
emel/emil (emmel S.) n. fem. mother ◇ Emeldir S/155, VT/48:17 See naneth for the usual word
emig n.fem.dim. of emel, Play name for the index finger meaning "little mother" ◇ VT/48:6,17
emlin (emmelin N., emelin N.) n. yellow bird, "yellow hammer" ◇ Ety/386
enchui (∗enegui Arch. encui S.) adj. num. ord. sixth ◇ VT/42:10,25,28
ened (enedh N.) n. core, centre, middle ◇ Ety/356, Ety/376, UT/450, Letters/224, VT/41:12,16 ◈
While the word is written enedh in the Etymologies, it seems that Tolkien considered and reconsidered
its form throughout his life. Late rough jottings (c. 1968), as well as the text of letter no. 168 and
the fact that the toponym Enedwaith was never changed on the LotR map, seem to imply that ened
is the (most) definitive form. See also the possibly related preposition ned, which has sometimes
been suggested to mean "in" (while again a prefix nedh- is seen in the Etymologies)
ᵲ enedhor n. noon (ened+aur)
¶ ᵲ enn n. mead
*erchion der.pl. of orch ← Annerchion TI/114 yrch is the usual plural of orch
erui adj. 1. single, alone ○ 2. by ext., first (incorrect use by the Gondorians) ◇ TI/312, WR/436, VT/42:10 ◈
The proper word for first in Sindarin was minui
eryn n. wood ◇ UT/436, LotR/B ◇ OS *oroni- (?), "trees", plural noun, used as a singular.
estel n. hope, trust, a temper of mind, steady fixed in purpose, and difficult to dissuade and unlikely to
fall into despair or abandon its purpose ◇ WJ/318-319, LotR/A(v), MR/320
ᵲ estelia- v. to trust
estent adj. (very?) short ◇ UT/146, WJ/311, WJ/315 ◈ The slash sign in minlamad thent/estent might
indicate either variant forms of an adjective, or a sequence of two short verse units, possibly of
alliterating half-lines, see Tolkien's Legendarium p. 122 see also then, thent
¶ ᵲ ethil n. ivy
ethir I n. mouth (of a river), estuary ◇ LotR/II:X, Ety/356, RC/350 ◇ ed+sîr "outflow"
ᵲ fadra- v. to sate
fael I adj. fair minded, just, generous ◇ PM/352 ◇ Etym. "having a good fëa"
fain (fein N.) n. and adj. 1. white ○ 2. as a noun, cloud ◇ Ety/387, WR/288, RC/268, VT/46:15, X/EI
⇒ See also faun, fân
falas n. 1. beach, wave-beaten shore, line of surf ○ 2..as a proper noun, the western coast of Beleriand ◇
Ety/381, S/431, RC/18, X/EI
falathren n.and adj. 1. of the shore ○ 2.as a noun, Shore-language (one of the names for Common Speech) ◇
Ety/381, PM/32, PM/55
fân n. 1. veil ○ 2. by ext., cloud (applied to clouds, floating as veils over the blue sky or the sun or moon, or resting on
hills) ◇ RGEO/74 ◇ See also fain, faun
ᵲ farf n. carpet
¶ ᵲ fath n. tassel
fen (fend N., fenn N.) n. door, threshold ◇ Ety/381, LotR/V:IV, WR/341, RC/550, X/ND1◈ see
also fennas
fern n. and adj. 1. dead (of mortals) ○ 2. as a noun, dead person ◇ Ety/381
forodwaith n.class pl. of forod, 1. Northmen ○ 2.by ext. the lands of the North ◇ Ety/382, Ety/398,
X/EI ◇ forod+gwaith
forvo n. 1. right hand ○ 2.by ext., right side ◇ VT/47:6 ◇ for-vaw, fôr+maw
gaear/gaer (oear N.) n. sea ◇ Ety/349, PM/363, RGEO/73◈ See also aear
gaearon n.augm.of gaear, great sea, ocean ◇ PM/363, PM/348, RGEO/72-73 See also aearon
¶ ᵲ gais n. steel
¶ ᵲ gaiw n. pregnant
galad n. light, radiance, glittering, reflection (from jewels, glass or polished metal, or water) ◇ VT/45:13,
PM/347, Letters/425
galadh n. large tree (such as oak and beech), thicker, denser and with more branches than a tree
described as being orn ◇ Ety/357, S/427, LotR/E, LB/354, RGEO/73, Letters/426 see also orn
*galadhad n. dual pl. of galadh, Theo. the Two Trees of Valinor ← Orgaladhad LotR/D
galadhon der.pl. of galadh ← Caras Galadhon LotR/II:VII, LotR/F, UT/425
galadhrim n.class pl. of galadh Elves of Lothlórien ◇ LotR ◇ galadh+rim "people of the trees"
†galu (galw N.) n. (?) blessings, (?) blessedness, (?) good fortune (meaning not entirely clear) ◇ Ety/357,
X/W
galvorn n. a black metal devised by the dark elf Eol ◇ WJ/322-323, S/398 ◇ gal-+morn
gammas n.abst.of gamp, Ling. s-sign (special sign used to mark a final -s in Tengwar) ◇ VT/45:14
ᵲ gartha v. to defend
gasdil n. "stopgap", name of a diacritic sign used to indicate that g had been lenited to zero ◇
Ety/354, Ety/357 ◇ gas+dîl
*geil pl. gîl n. star, bright spark ◇ Ety/358, VT/45:15 See also gil
ᵲ gella- v. to rejoice
gil n. star, bright spark ◇ LotR/E, S/431, RGEO/73 ◈ In The Etymologies (Ety/358, corrected by
VT/45:15), this word was given as geil, plural gîl. However, later in LotR/E and RGEO/73,
Tolkien seems to consider gil as a singular (with no hints in the sources of what the plural would
be, besides the collective plural giliath
Gilthoniel n. one of the names given to the Vala Varda, 'star kindler'
*gir- v. to shudder ◇ Ety/358
ᵲ gîr n. yesterday
glaer n. long lay, narrative poem ◇ Ety/359, VT/45:15 ◈ Written glær (with ae-ligature) in the
Etymologies, rectified here according to VT/45:15
glam (glamm N., glamb N.) n. 1. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise ○ 2. din, uproar, the
confused yelling and bellowing of beasts ○ 3.by ext.,as a coll. noun, any body of Orcs ◇ Ety/358,
Ety/377, WJ/390, WJ/416
glamhoth n. class pl. of glam, barbaric host of Orcs ◇ Ety/358, Ety/364, Ety/377, UT/39, UT/54,
WJ/390 ◇ glam+hoth "the dinhorde, the yelling horde"
*glân I adj. bright, shining white ← Curunír 'Lân UT/390 ◈ The word is deduced from its mutated
form, but it is worth mentioning that a stem GALÁN "bright", with glan "daylight" (and later
"clear") as derivative, is listed in the Etymologies (not included in the published text, but see
VT/45:13). Most of the words meaning "white" in the Indo-Eureopean languages come from the
original notion of "brightness", e.g. Greek leukós "white" is cognate with Latin lucere "to shine", lux
"light". This association of sense is also found in Gnomish, PE/11:39 (glan "clean, pure", from
"bright" originally) and in Early Noldorin (PE/13:144, glann "clean"). The similarity with Welsh glan
(where the vowel, incidentally, is also long, though this is concealed by Welsh orthographic
convention) is also striking
glân II n. hem, border (of textile and other hand-made things) ◇ VT/42:8
gland (glann S.) n. boundary ← Glanduin, Glanhír UT/264, UT/318, UT/441, VT/42:8, X/ND1
¶ ᵲ glast n. marble
glaur n. golden light (of the golden tree Laurelin) ◇ Ety/358, Ety/368
*glavra- v. to babble ◇ Ety/358
glawar n. sunlight, radiance (of the golden tree Laurelin) ◇ Ety/368, VT/45:15
gleina- v. to bound, enclose, limit ◇ VT/42:8, VT/42:28 ◈ This entry should perhaps read gleinia-, cf.
VT/42:28, note 13
glîn (glînn S.) n. gleam, glint (usually of fine slender but bright shafts of light, particularly applied to light of eyes)
◇ WJ/337, S/431
ᵲ gling n. music
glir- v. to sing, trill, to recite a poem ◇ Ety/359, Ety/369, VT/45:15 ◈ The form glin in the Etymologies
is a misreading according to VT/45:15
ᵲ glist n. sugar
gódhel n. "Deep Elf" or "Gnome", one of the Wise Folk ◇ WJ/364, WJ/379 ◇ go(lodh)+ódhel, or
OS *wådelo
gódhellim n. class pl. of gódhel "Deep Elves" or "Gnomes", the Wise Folk ◇ WJ/364 ◇ gódhel+rim
†godref (godrebh N.) adv. through together ◇ TAI/150 ◇ go-+tre-+be, OS *wotrebe, CE *wo-tere-
be (?)
gohena- v. to forgive (with person forgiven as object?) ◇ VT/44:29 ⇒ See also dihena-
golodh n. sage, lore-master. In older Sindarin this referred to a "Deep Elf" or "Gnome", one of the
Wise Folk (Noldor) ◇ Ety/377, S/431, WJ/364
golodhrim n.class pl. of golodh Deep Elves, Gnomes ◇ Ety/377, WJ/323 ◇ golodh+rim
golovir (golodhvir N.) n. Silmaril ◇ Ety/373 ◇ golodh+mîr "Ñoldo-jewel" see also silevril, mirion
*gorth II n. a dead person ← [Raith >] Fui 'Ngorthrim RC/526, gyrth Letters/417
*gorthrim n. class pl. of gorth II, the dead ← [Raith >] Fui 'Ngorthrim RC/526
*govad- v. to meet ← mae govannen LotR/I:XII, Letters/308 ◇ Etym. "to walk together"
groth n. 1. cave, tunnel, large excavation ○ 2. delving, underground dwelling ◇ WJ/415, S/431,
VT/46:12
gûl n. 1. magic lore, long study (being used mostly of secret knowledge, especially such as possessed by artificers who
made wonderful things) ○ 2.by ext., perverted or evil knowledge, sorcery, necromancy ◇ Ety/377,
S/432, MR/350, WJ/383
guren n. my heart ◇ VT/41:11 ◈ Apparently the word gûr I with a suffixed possessive. See lammen
for a similar form ◇ gûr+-en
gwador pl. gwedeir n.masc. brother (especially used of those not brothers by blood, but sworn brothers or associates)
◇ Ety/394
*gwain pl. *gwîn adj. new ← Narwain (Narvinyë) LotR/D, Cf. Ety/399
gwaith (gweith N.) n. 1. manhood ○ 2.by ext., man power, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment,
people ○ 3.by ext., region, wilderness ◇ Ety/398, VT/46:21, X/E1
gwaloth n. blossom, collection of flowers ◇ Ety/370, VT/45:29 ◈ This form replaced deleted goloth
in the manuscript of The Etymologies, see VT/45:29. The deleted form is however also later attested
in VT/42:18 We must also consider that go- replaced gwa-. See goloth
*gwanna- v. to depart, fade, die (for Elves) ◇ Ety/397 See also fir-
†gwanu (gwanw N.) n. death (act of dying, not death as a state or abstract) ◇ Ety/397, X/W
gwathuirim n.class pl. of gwathui The Dunlendings or People of Dunland ◇ PM/330 ◇ gwathui+rim
"shadowy people"
¶ ᵲ gwef n. louse
gwelwen n. air, lower air (distinct from the upper air of the stars, or the outer) ◇ Ety/398 ◇ gwelu+men
¶ ᵲ gwîb n. penis
*gwîn n. wine, vine ← Dorwinion LotR/Map, LB/11,26,17,112, LR/334,338, H/IX ◈ The wine of
Dor-Winion occurs in the Lay of the children of Húrin and a place located either in the "burning
South" in the first version, or probably east of the Blue Mountains in the second. Then we have
Dorwinion as a meadow-land in Tol Eressëa at the end of the Quenta Silmarillion. It reappears in The
Hobbit, and was finally placed North-West of the Sea of Rhûn in the decorated map by Pauline
Baynes (see HL/115-117 for discussion). The meaning of this name is unknown and has been
largely discussed. What do we have indeed in this "Winion", or rather gwinion since the initial w-
must come from lenition? According to Christopher Tolkien, the Lay was begun c. 1918 and was
composed during his father's stay at Leeds, a date meaning that the word can be Gnomish, possibly
Early Noldorin, or in an indigenous language of Beleriand. In Gnomish and later in Doriathrin and
Ilkorin, there is a genitive plural ending -ion which may very well be contained in this word. Then
we would segment gwin-ion "of gwin". The context calls for "wine", "vine" or something similar. It
can hardly be a coincidence that gwin is precisely the Welsh word for "wine", a loan from the Latin
vinum, as the English "wine" itself◈ *gwinion S., N. der.pl.
gwing n. 1. spindrift, flying spray ○ 2. foam (properly a flying spume or spindrift blown off wavetops) ◇
Ety/398, PM/392
gwinig n.dim. "little baby", play name of the little finger ◇ VT/48:6,16-17
¶ ᵲ gwista- v. to be ignorant
H
habad n. shoe ◇ Ety/386, VT/Errata, X/EI ◈ The meaning "shore" in Ety/386 should actually read
"shoe", see VT/Errata and Lambengolmor/735.
hadhodrim n. class pl. of hadhod the Dwarves (as a race) ◇ WJ/388 ◇ hadhod+rim
haered n. remote distance, the remote ← na-chaered LotR/II:I, RGEO/72◈ chaered S. soft mut.
hamma- v. to clothe ◇ Ety/363, VT/45:21 ◈ The form hamnia- in the Etymologies is a misreading
according to VT/45:21
ᵲ hanna- v. to thank
harvo n. 1. left hand ○ 2.by ext., left side ◇ VT/47:6 ◇ har-vaw, har-+maw
hathol (hathel N., *hathal N.) n. 1.Mil. broadsword-blade, axe-blade ○ 2.Mil.by ext., axe ◇ Ety/389,
WJ/234, UT/444, LR/433
*heb- v. to retain, keep, do not give away or release, keep hold of ← *khep VT/41:6
*hebin v. pres. 1st of heb-, I keep, I have kept ← ú-chebin LotR/A(v), VT/41:6 ◈ Because of the
mutation triggered by the first person pronominal ending, it is impossible to guess whether the
stem of this should be heb-, *hab- or *hob-. The root KHEP listed in VT/41:6 apparently implies
that heb- is the correct form
¶ ᵲ helin n. pansy
¶ ᵲ helinil n. violet
heltha- v. to strip ◇ Ety/386, VT/46:14 ◈ The form helta- in the Etymologies is a misreading according
to VT/46:14
hên I pl. hîn n. child (mostly used as a prefix in patronymics or metronymics) ◇ WJ/403
hen II pl. †hin n. eye ◇ Ety/364, LotR/II:IX, WR/128, X/ND1 ◈ See also hent
hent n.dual pl. of hen II, the two eyes (referring to one person's eyes) ◇ VT/45:22
ᵲ her- v. to pray
*heria- v. to begin suddenly and vigorously ◇ Ety/364, VT/45:22 ◈ The forms heno, hœno in the
Etymologies are misreadings according to VT/45:22
ᵲ hest n. captain
¶ ᵲ hich- v. to vomit
ᵲ hir- v. to find
hîr n. masc. master, lord ◇ Ety/364, S/432, SD/129-31, Letters/382, LB/354, VT/45:22
hithlain n. mist-thread (a substance used by the Elves of Lothlórien to make strong ropes) ◇ LotR/II:VIII,
LotR/Index ◇ hîth+lain
hithui n. and adj. 1. foggy, misty ○ 2.Cal.as a noun, the month of November ◇ LotR/D
¶ ᵲ hô n. owl
honeg n.masc. dim. of hawn, 1. "litte brother", play name given to the middle finger◇ VT/48:6,16-17 ◈
Given as honig in VT/47:14, but see VT/48:17 n. 13 for discussion
hoth n. host, crowd, horde (nearly always in a bad sense) ◇ Ety/364, S/432
hû n. dog ◇ Ety/364
ᵲ huia- v. to urge on
hwand (chwand N., chwann N.) n. sponge, fungus ◇ Ety/388, X/ND1, X/HW
†hwind (chwind N., chwinn N.) adj. twirling, whirling ◇ Ety/388, X/ND1, X/HW
i pl. in art. and pron. rel. 1. the ○ 2. who/that/which/whom ◇ Ety/361, SD/129-31, Letters/308,
Letters/417
*iach n. ford, crossing ← Arossiach S/382, Brithiach S/286, Cirith Ninniach S/387
ᵲ iaf n. fruit
†ianu *S. (ianw N.) n. (?) yoke ◇ Ety/400, X/W ◈ It originally meant "bridge" in the Etymologies, but
was apparently switched with iant
iarwain adj. old-young (that is old, but yet still very vigorous) ◇ LotR/II:II, RC/128 ◈ Elvish name of Tom
Bombadil, rendered as "oldest" in LotR, which made some people interpret this word as a
superlative form (of iaur). However this theory was later controversed. While no other superlatives
in *-wain are known, einior, attested in PM/358 (where it is rendered as "eldest"), makes a much
better candidate for a superlative construct (conceivably built from the intensive prefix an- and iaur
shortened in final position). Moreover, comparing iarwain to narwain, Bertrand Bellet noted in
Lambengolmor/642 that iarwain could as well be interpreted as an old compound construct, of the
primitive *jâra (Q. yára, S. iaur) and *winjâ (Q. vinya, S. gwain). He thus suggested that iarwain could
actually mean "old-new". This analysis was afterwards confirmed by RC/128, quoting a (yet)
unpublished draft letter from Tolkien dated from 1968, which states: "Iarwain = old-young,
presumably as far as anybody remembered, he had always looked much the same, old but very
vigorous" ◇ iaur+*gwain
ᵲ iaul n. cat
iaun n. holy place, fane, sanctuary ◇ Ety/400 ◇ Q yána
iaur adj. 1. ancient, old, original ○ 2. older, former ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399, S/433, UT/384
ᵲ idhra- v. to ponder
†idhrinn (idhrind N., idhrin N.) n. year ◇ Ety/383, Ety/400, X/ND4 ◇ în+rind
iell n.fem. 1. daughter ○ 2. girl, maid ◇ Ety/385, Ety/400 ◈ Stated to be an alteration of sell,
remodelled after ion "son" (OS *jondo). It was "a change assisted by the loss of s in compounds
and patronymics", hence the ending -iel in several feminine words
ᵲ iesta- v. to wish
im I imperative. reflexive. pron. 1st I, myself◇ LotR/II:IV, LB/354, VT/47:14,37-38 ◈ In late writings
(see esp. VT/47:37-38), Tolkien reinterpreted this form as a reflexive pronoun (= "self").
im II (imm N., imb N.) n.Arch. dell, deep vale ← imlad, imloth, imrath, imrad, VT/45:18, VT/47:14 ◈
This word only survived in compounds (due to the clash with im I)
imlad n. deep valley, narrow valley with steep sides (but a flat habitable bottom) ◇ S/433, LotR/Index,
VT/45:18, VT/47:14, RC/234,482 ◇ im+lad
imloth n. flower-valley, flowery vale ◇ LotR/V:VIII, VT/42:18, RC/582 ◈ This word only occurs in
the place name Imloth Melui, a vale where roses grew ◇ im+loth
imrad n. a path or pass (between mountains, hills or trackless forest) ◇ VT/47:14 ◇ im+râd
imrath n. long narrow valley with a road or watercourse running through it lengthwise ◇ UT/465,
RC/558 ◇ im+rath
ind (inn N.) n. inner thought, meaning, heart ◇ Ety/361, X/ND1 See also innas
ᵲ ing n. imagination
ingem adj. old (of person, in mortal sense: decrepit, suffering from old age) ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399, Ety/400 ◈
New word coined by the Elves after meeting with Men ◇ în+gem "year-sick"
¶ ᵲ ingwil n. eel
ᵲ inil n. lily
†inu (inw N.) adj. female ◇ Ety/361, X/W ◇ MS *inw (reformed after CS anu, MS *anw)
¶ ᵲ iol n. lamb
ion/iôn (†iond *S., ionn N.) n. m. 1. son ○ 2.by ext., scion, male descendant ◇ Ety/400, MR/373,
X/ND1, X/ND2 ◈ For the second meaning, cf. Hadorion, a Húrin's epithet in WJ/294, Hurinionath
referring to the house of Húrin the Steward in PM/202-3,218, and Gil-Galad's epithet Ereinion, cf.
also the gloss of the old Qenya cognate yondo "descendant of" in PE/12:106, or the use of the same
suffix in later Quenya names such as Isildurioni and Anárioni "Heirs of Isildur (resp. Anárion)" in
PM/192,196
†iphant (ifant N.) adj. aged, having lived long, old (with no connotation of weakness) ◇ Ety/358, Ety/400,
VT/46:23, X/PH ◇ în+pant "year-full"
*ista- v. to have knowledge ◇ Ety/361, VT/45:18 This verb has an irregular past tense
ithil n. the (full) Moon, lit. 'The Sheen' ◇ Ety/361, Ety/385, Ety/392, LotR/E, LB/354, RC/232
ithildin n. a silver-colored substance, which mirrors only starlight and moonlight ◇ LotR/II:IV ◇
ithil+tinu "moon-star"
*iuitha- v. to employ, to use ◇ Ety/400, VT/46:23 ◈ The gloss was hardly legible and Christopher
Tolkien read "to enjoy" in Ety/400, but the meaning "to employ", much more probable (Cf. iuith),
was later confirmed in VT/45:23
iûl n. embers ◇ Ety/400 ◈ The word is classed as Old Noldorin (ON) in the Etymologies, but rather
seems to be Noldorin
*ivor n. (?) crystal ← Ivorwen LotR/A(v) ◇ (?) MS *iυr, OS *imre (I-MIR, augmented form of mîr
"jewel")
*ivren adj. (?) of crystal, crystalline ◇ S/392, WJ/85 ◈ The reading Eithel Ivrin in S/392 seems
erroneous and should probably be corrected into the plural Eithil Ivrin as in WJ/85, unless Ivrin is
actually a proper noun (Eithil Ivrin is also rendered as "Ivrin's Well", see WJ/139). The meaning is
interpolated from the description of this place in various sources: 'crystal fountains' (Lay of Húrin,
verse 1526), 'reflecting their pallid faces' (ibid., verse 2177), 'glassy pools' (Lay of Leithian, verses
1932-1940) ◇ OS *imrinè (?) (Í-MIR)
L
*laba- v. to hop ← Labadal UT/60 ◈ This entry is interpolated from Sador's nickname, Labadal, which
is rendered as "Hopafoot" in the text
¶ ᵲ labum n. drum
†lachenn n. Deep Elf (Sindarin name for the Ñoldor) ◇ WJ/384, X/ND4 ◇ lach+hend "flame-eyed"
†laeb (lhaeb N., lhoeb N.) adj. fresh ◇ Ety/368, VT/45:26, X/OE, X/LH
†laeg I (lhaeg N., lhoeg N.) adj. keen, sharp, acute ◇ Ety/367, VT/45:25, X/OE, X/LH
laeg II adj. "viridis", fresh and green ◇ Letters/282, Letters/382 ◈ Seldom used (replaced by calen)
laegrim n. class pl. of laegel, the people of the Green Elves ◇ WJ/385 ◇ laegel+rim
laer II (lhaer N.) n. song, long lay ← Laer Cú Beleg S/406, VT/45:28, X/LH
†lagor (lhagr N.)pl.†legrin *S. (lhegrin N.) adj. swift, rapid ◇ Ety/367, VT/45:25,
Tengwestie/20050318, X/LH ◈ The form lhegin in the published Etymologies might be a misreading
for lhegrin, see VT/45:25. As noted by Bertrand Bellet, the two forms are listed side by side, and
they may simply be doublets, but it is also possible that we have here a singular followed by its
plural.
†lain I (lhein N., lhain N.) adj. free, freed ◇ Ety/368, X/LH
lam I (lhamb N., lham N.) n. physical tongue ◇ Ety/367, WJ/394, X/LH
ᵲ lammad n. voice
lammas (lhammas N.) n. abst. of lam II, account of tongues ◇ LR/167, WJ/206, WJ/393, X/LH
lammen n. my tongue ◇ LotR/II:IV ◈ There was a long controverse between linguists, as to know
whether this form was an adjective ("of the tongue, related to the tongue") or the word lam I with
a suffixed possessive ("my"). See guren for a similar form
lanc III n. sharp edge (not of tools), sudden end (as a cliff-edge, or the clean edge of things made by hand or built)
◇ VT/42:8
†land I (lhand N.) adj. open space, level ◇ Ety/368, X/LH, X/ND1
land II (lhand N., lhann N.) adj. wide, broad ← Landroval LotR/VI:IV, Ety/367, X/LH, X/ND1
ᵲ lar- v. to hear
†lasbelin (lhasbelin N.) n. season of autumn ◇ Ety/366-367, X/LH ◇ lass+pelin "leaf withering"
*lasta- v. to listen
lavan n. animal (usually applied to four-footed beasts, and never to reptiles or birds) ◇ WJ/388, WJ/416
leben (lheben N.) adj. num. card. five ◇ Ety/368, TAI/150, VT/42:24-25, VT/47:10, VT/47:24,
VT/48:6, X/LH
lebethron n. a tree - a black Gondorian hard-wood (grown in Ithilien) that was used by the
woodwrights of Gondor ◇ LotR/IV:VII, LotR/VI:V, WR/176 ◈ In the original manuscript, one
of the earlier (rejected) form of this name was lebendron. Didier Willis proposed the etymology
lebed+doron "finger-oak", actually a real tree name (Finger Oak or Quercus digitata)
†lefnar (lhevnar N.) n. week (of five days) ◇ VT/45:27, X/LH, X/Z
leithian (lheithian N.) n. release, freeing, release from bondage ◇ Ety/368, S/406, X/LH
†lhaew II (thlaew N., thloew N., flaew N.) adj. sickly, sick, ill ◇ Ety/386, X/OE, X/LH
lhaw n.pl. ears (referring to one person's pair of ears only) ◇ Ety/368, LotR/II:IX ◇ OS See also lhewig
†lhind (thlind N., thlinn N.) adj. fine, slender ◇ Ety/386, X/LH, X/ND1
†lhoss (floss N., thloss N.) n. whisper or rustling sound ◇ Ety/386, X/LH
lhûn adj. (unknown meaning) ◇ Ety/370, VT/48:24-29 ◈ This word, which also appears on the map
of Middle-earth in LotR, is glossed as "blue" in The Etymologies, but Tolkien later rejected this
meaning (as luin was already used in that sense). He then proposed several explanations for it,
including the possible adaptation of a Dwarvish name into Sindarin, but he apparently never
reached a definitive solution.
ᵲ ligmae n. candle
ᵲ lilth n. dance
ᵲ liltha- v. to dance
lim I adv. swift, swiftly ← noro lim LotR/I:XII, RS/196, RC/195 ◈ Untranslated in LotR, but written
nora-lim and rendered as "ride on" in RS/196 (not a literal translation) and later translated as "run
swift" in RC/195. Before the latter was published (confirming the exact translation of this adverb),
Helios de Rosario Martinez had provided a thorough analysis of this word in his article "Musings
on Limlight" (Tengwestie/20050107)
†lim III (lhim N., lhimb N.) n. fish ◇ Ety/369, X/LH See also hâl
ᵲ limraedor n. fisherman
†lind (lhind N., lhinn N.) n. air, tune ◇ Ety/369, X/LH, X/ND1
¶ ᵲ lingui n. hyacinth
linnod n. 1. (?) a single verse used as a maxim ○ 2. (?) a chant of a certain metrical type, where each
(half-)verse is composed of seven syllables ◇ LotR/A(iv) ◈ The word is not translated by Tolkien.
The first meaning assumes that -od is a singulative affix (cf. filigod). The second meaning is
proposed by Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne in Tolkien's Legendarium p. 132, based on the
metrical characteristics of Gilraen's linnod ◇ OS? *lindot- (singulative) or lind (linn) + od(og)
"chant of seven"
†lîr II (lhîr N.) n. song, poem, lay ◇ VT/45:28, X/LH ⇒ It is probable this is a mutated version of
glîr
lithui adj. ashen, ashy, of ash, ash-coloured, dusty ◇ S/434, UT/435, RGEO/74, TC/178, VT/42:10
lond n. 1. narrow path or strait ○ 2. by ext., entrance to harbour, land-locked haven ◇ Ety/348,
Ety/370, S/434, UT/450, VT/42:10, X/LH, X/ND1
†lorn (lhorn N.) n. 1. quiet water ○ 2. by ext., anchorage, harbour ◇ VT/45:29, X/LH
ᵲ losta- v. to sleep
loth (lhoth N.) n. flower, inflorescence, a head of small flowers ◇ Ety/370, LB/354, VT/42:18,
X/LH ◈ The noun is collective, a single flower being lotheg
lothod (lhothod N.) n. alt. sing. of loth, (single) flower ◇ VT/45:29, X/LH See lotheg
ma interj. good
mâb n. a hand-full, complete hand (with all five fingers) ◇ Ety/371, VT/45:32, VT/47:6-7
ᵲ mab- v. to grasp
ᵲ maba- v. to take
¶ ᵲ madh n. mud
maed II (moed N.) adj. handy, skilled, skilful ◇ Ety/371, VT/47:6, X/OE
maeg adj. sharp, piercing, penetrating, going deep in something ◇ S/434, WJ/337
maeth n. battle, fight (not of general host but of two or a few) ◇ Ety/371
main adj. num. ord. first, (only in the sense of) prime, chief, pre-eminent ◇ VT/42:10, VT/42:25
mâl (meil N., mely N.) n. pollen, yellow powder ◇ Ety/386, X/EI
mallen (Arch. malthen N.) adj. of gold, golden ◇ Ety/386, RC/625, VT/46:14,
Tengwestie/20031207
¶ ᵲ maligon n. amber
mallorn (Arch. malhorn S., Arch. malthorn S.) n. golden tree of Lothlórien ◇ S/435, LotR/II:IV,
VT/42:27, Tengwestie/20031207 ◇ malt+orn "tree of gold"
manadh n. 1. doom, final end, fate, fortune ○ 2.by ext. final bliss ◇ Ety/371
¶ ᵲ mang n. butter
ᵲ mant n. food
†medli (megli N.) n.Zool. bear ◇ Ety/369, Ety/371, X/DL ◇ mad-+glî "honey-eater"
megil n.Mil. sword ◇ Ety/371 ◈ The word was struck out in the Etymologies, but is well attested in late
compounds such as Mormegil or Arvegil (with regular mutation). It is conceivably the Sindarinized
form of Quenya makil, coexisting with magol (see tegil and tegol for a similar case)
ᵲ melethor n. lover
¶ ᵲ melph n. gooseberry
ᵲ meltha- v. to seduce
melui adj. lovely, sweet ◇ LotR/V:VIII, VT/42:18, RC/582 ◈ This word only occurs in the place
name Imloth Melui, a vale where roses grew
ᵲ men- II v. to go
meneg adj. num. card. thousand. Given the Elven duodecimal system this properly means 1,728 ←
Menegroth "thousand caves" S/409
menel n. sky, high heaven, firmament, the region of the stars ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, LB/354,
RGEO/72, VT/44:21,23-24
*menniath n. coll. of ment, 1. many points ○ 2. by ext., range of mountains ← Mornvenniath TI/124,
Lambengolmor/799◈
meren adj. festive, gay, joyous ◇ Ety/372 ◈ The word was changed to beren in the Etymologies, but meren
would be restored together with mereth
mereth n. feast, festival ◇ Ety/372, S/434 ◈ The word was changed to bereth in the Etymologies, but
was never changed in the texts (cf. Mereth Aderthad and the compound Merethrond)
¶ ᵲ miaug n. tomcat
ᵲ mib- v. to kiss
milbar n. dear home, place returned to after travelling, place of one's birth (PE/17)
mîn (min S., N.) adj. num. card. one (first of a series) ◇ Ety/373, VT/42:24-25, VT/48:6
minas n.abst. 1. tower ○ 2. by ext., fort, city with a citadel and central watch-tower ◇ Ety/373, S/434,
VT/42:24
mindon n. 1. isolated hill, especially a hill with a watch tower ○ 2. by ext. tower ◇ Ety/373, Ety/395
minlamad n. 'first voiced' or 'first-echoing', alliterative (?) verse mode (minlamad thent/estent) ◇
UT/146, WJ/311, WJ/315 ◈ The word is not translated by Tolkien. For a discussion of its
probable meaning, refer to Tolkien's Legendarium p. 121-122
minna- v. to enter
minuial n. "morrowdim", the time near dawn, when the star fade ◇ LotR/D ◇ min+uial "first
twilight"
mîr n. jewel, precious thing, treasure ◇ Ety/373, LotR/E, S/434, PM/348, LB/354, RGEO/73◈
mirion N. n. augm..
mirion n. augm. of mîr great jewel, Silmaril ◇ Ety/373 see also golovir, silevril
morben n. one of the Avari or Easterlings in Beleriand ◇ WJ/376-377 ◇ morn+pen, altered from
OS *moripende
*morchant n. shadow (of objects, cast by light), dark shape ◇ S/432, VT/42:9 ◇ morn+cant "dark
shape"
morgul n. black arts, sorcery, necromancy ◇ Ety/377, S/432, WJ/383, MR/350, RC/482 ◇
morn+gûl "dark magic"
morn adj. black, dark ◇ Ety/373, Letters/382, Letters/427, WJ/368, WR/113, UT/65
na prep. 1. with, by (also used as a genitive sign) ○ 2. to, towards, at ◇ Ety/374, LotR/I:XII
ᵲ nadh n. fetter
naeth n. 1. biting ○ 2.by ext. woe (gets sense of gnashing teeth in grief) ← Elu-naeth WJ/258, Ety/374-375
naith pl. natsai N. n. any formation or projection tapering to a point: a spearhead, triangle gore,
wedge, narrow promontory ◇ Ety/387, UT/282, RC/307
nan (nand S., N., nann N.) n. 1. wide grassland, land at foot of hills with many streams ○ 2. by ext.,
valley ◇ Ety/374, S/435, Letters/308, VT/45:36, X/ND1
narn pl. nern n. a tale or a saga, that is told in verse to be spoken and not sung ◇ Ety/374, WJ/313,
MR/373, S/412 ◇ OS *narna, CE *nʲarnâ "told"
*narthan n. beacon, signal fire to notify of the approach of an enemy ← Fornarthan VT/42:30
nathla- v. to welcome
naug n. and adj. 1. stunted, dwarf ○ 2..as a noun, a Dwarf ◇ Ety/375, WJ/388, UT/100, UT/148 .
ned prep. in, during (with reference to time) ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ [Another possible interpretation:
"another, one more" (related to Q. net(e)), VT/47:40]
nedh- pref. in, inside, mid- ◇ Ety/376 ◈ See also the preposition ned, and the noun ened for a
discussion of this form
neledh adj. num. card. three (This word takes the form nel- in a compound)◇ Ety/376, TAI150,
VT/48:6
*neledh- v. to enter ◇ TAI/150, HL/77 ◈ Hammond and Scull apparently understand this word as a
derivative of neledh "three", hence their translation neledh neledhi "three by three". However, we have
shown in Hiswelókë (third issue, pp. 74-78) that this word is conceivably a verb derived from LED
"to go". The prefix ne- also occurs in nestegi "to insert, stick in" ◇ OS *ne- + ledi- "to go into"
ᵲ nelf n. needle
nen pl. nîn N. n. 1. water (used of a lake, pool or lesser river) ○ 2. by ext. waterland ◇ Ety/376, S/435,
UT/457, RC/327-328
neth II n. fem. 1. hypo.of nîth II sister ○ 2. girl (in her teens, approaching the adult) ◇ VT/47:14-16,33,
VT/48:6
nethig n.fem.dim. of neth II, "litte sister", play name given to the ring finger ◇ VT/47:14, VT/47:38-
39, VT/48:6,17 ◈ First given in the manuscript as netheg in VT/47:14-15, but see especially
VT/48:17 n. 13 for discussion
niben adj. 1. small, petty ○ 2. as a noun, little finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇
S/435, WJ/388, WJ/408, VT/48:6
ᵲ nínia- v. to weep
ninniach n. rainbow ◇ S/387 ◇ Probably nîn, *ninn- + iach "water-ford" See also eiliant
niphredil (nifredil N.) n. a pale winter flower, snowdrop ◇ Ety/376, Ety/378, LotR/II:VI,
Letters/402, X/PH ◇ niphred+-il "little pallor"
ᵲ niss n. frost
nobad n. dual pl. of nawb, the pair of fingers composed of the thumb and the index (grouped together as in
the act of picking something) ◇ VT/48:5,16
nogoth n. Dwarf, lit. "the Stunted Folk" ◇ S/435, WJ/338, WJ/388, WJ/408, WJ/413
noroth n. giant
ᵲ norr n. murmur
nórui n. and adj. 1. sunny, fiery ○ 2.Cal.as a noun, the month of June ◇ LotR/D
nothlir n. family line (esp. as family tree, genealogical tree) ◇ WR/234, WR/237, WR/309 ◇ nost, *noth +
lîr "family line"
nothrim n. class pl. of nost, kindred, family, house ← Nothrim [> Nost] Finarfin PM/360 ◈ The word
was rejected in favor of nost, but it may be interpreted as a valid class plural "those of the house"
◇ noss/nost + rim
nuitha- v. to stunt, to prevent from coming to completion, stop short, not allow to continue ◇
WJ/413
o I (od S.) prep. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the
speaker) ◇ Ety/360, WJ/366, WJ/369-70, LotR/II:IV, SD/129-31, RGEO/72 ◈ According to
WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before
vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin
o II N. prep. about, concerning ◇ Ety/378 ◈ The Etymologies state that h- is prefixed to the word
following this preposition, when it begins with a vowel: o Hedhil "concerning the Elves". Some
scholars consider that this rule is not valid in Sindarin, but that the preposition would perhaps
become oh in such a case (hence oh Edhil, to be compared with ah in Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth)
ochui adj. num. ord. seventh ◇ VT/47:42 See odothui for the usual word
ódhel n. Deep Elf or Gnome, one of the Wise Folk ◇ WJ/364, WJ/366, WJ/378-379
ódhellim n. class pl. of ódhel Deep Elves or Gnomes, the Wise Folk ◇ WJ/364 ◇ ódhel+rim
odog adj. num. card. seven ◇ Ety/379, VT/42:25, VT/47:42, VT/48:6, PE/17:95
ᵲ olph n. bottle
¶ ᵲ onin n. anvil
oranor n. second day of the week, day of the Sun ◇ LotR/D ◇ aur+anor
orbelain n. sixth day of the week, day of the Powers or Valar ◇ LotR/D ◇ aur+belain
orch pl. yrch n. Goblin, Orc ◇ Ety/379, LR/406, WJ/390, LotR/II:VI, LotR/F, Letters/178
orchal (orchall N., orchel N.) adj. 1. superior, lofty, eminent ○ 2. tall ◇ Ety/363, Ety/379, WJ/305 ◈
In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following
Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in
WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by
analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean,
Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir,
LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the
details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations
are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e
are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where
the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may have been assimilated, later, to this class
of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant ◇
or+hall, OS *orkʰalla
orchoth n. class pl. of orch, the Orcs (as a race) ◇ WJ/390 ◇ orch+hoth
orgaladh n. fourth day of the Númenórean week, day of the White Tree ◇ LotR/D ◈ This day was
formerly called orgaladhad in the Elvish calendar ◇ aur+galadh
orgaladhad n. fourth day of the Elvish week, day of the Two Trees ◇ LotR/D ◈ This day was
renamed orgaladh in the Númenórean calendar ◇ aur+galadh, with quenya influenced dual
ending
orgilion n. first day of the week, day of the Stars ◇ LotR/D ◇ aur+gil, with archaic genitive
orithil n. third day of the week, day of the Moon ◇ LotR/D ◇ aur+ithil
orn n. tree (such as ash or birch, not large trees) ◇ Ety/379, S/435, Letters/426 see also galadh
orod pl. ered (eryd S., N., ereid N.) n. mountain ◇ Ety/379, S/435, Letters/263, TC/178, RC/621
ᵲ oronnad n. birthday (lit. begetting day, as Elves celebrate the conception not the birth) aur+onnad
¶ ᵲ ospa- v. to smoke
ost n. 1. city, town with wall round ○ 2. citadel, fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art ◇
Ety/379, S/435, WJ/414, RC/232
†othlonn (othlond N., othlon N.) n. paved way ◇ Ety/370, X/ND4 ◇ ost+lond
†othronn (othrond S., N.) n. fortress or city in underground caves, underground stronghold ◇
Ety/379, Ety/384, WJ/414, X/ND4 ◇ ost+rond
¶ ᵲ ott n. egg
ovor (ovr N., ofr N.) adj. abundant ◇ Ety/396◈ see also ovras
ᵲ pae n. vegetable
palan- adv. afar, abroad, far and wide ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72-74 ◇ Q palan
pân I (pein N.) n. plank, fixed board (especially in floor) ◇ Ety/380, X/EI
paran adj. smooth, shaven (often applied to hills without trees) ← Dol Baran RC/433
paur n. fist (often used to mean "hand", its chief use was in reference of the tighly closed hand, as in using an implement
or a craft-tool, rather than to the fist used in punching) ◇ Ety/366, S/429, PM/179, PM/318, VT/47:8
ᵲ pel II v. to fade
pendrath (pendrad N.) n. passage up or down slope, stairway ◇ Ety/380, X/ND3 ◇ pend+rath,
pend+râd
†penninor (penninar N.) n. last day of the year ◇ Ety/400, X/Z ◇ pant+în+aur
ᵲ pholg n. pig
¶ ᵲ pil n. colour
ᵲ pilin n. arrow
pîn adj. little ← Cûl Bîn RC/536 ◈ Similar words occur in Gnomish (pinig "tiny, little", PE/11:64) and
in Qenya (pinea "small" etc., PE/12:73.
pinnath n. coll. of pend, ridges, group of downs ◇ LotR/Index, RC/525 ◇ Formed from the plural
pinn ⇒ Cf. penneth
plad n. palm, flat of the hand, hand held upwards or forwards, flat and tensed (with fingers and thumb
closed or spread) ◇ VT/47:9
plada- v. to feel with the hand, to pass the sensitive palm over a surface ◇ VT/47:9
ᵲ posta- v. to rest
ᵲ pûg n. berry
*rach n. wagon, wain ← Gondraich UT/465 ◈ Since this word is attested in a compound only, its
unmutated form is uncertain. It could also be *grach or *rhach
†raeg (rhoeg N.) adj. crooked, bent, wrong ◇ Ety/383, X/OE, X/RH
ᵲ raegdan n. sinner
†rafn (rhafn N.) n. wing (horn), extended point at side, etc. ◇ Ety/382, X/RH
ᵲ rag- v. to break
†ranc (rhanc N.) pl. renc or rhengy (arch.) n. arm ◇ Ety/382, X/RH
ras (rhas N.) n. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains) ◇ Ety/383, VT/46:10,
LotR/E, S/436, X/RH ◈ The form rhaes in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:10
†rasg (rhasg N.) n. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains) ◇ Ety/383, X/RH
rath n. 1. course, riverbed ○ 2. street (in a city) ◇ Ety/383, LotR/Index, RC/523,551
†raud (rhaud N.) n. metal ◇ Ety/383, X/RH ◇ Generalized from OS *rauta "copper"
raug (graug S., rhaug N.) n. a powerful, hostile and terrible creature, a demon ◇ Ety/384, S/436,
WJ/415, X/RH
¶ ᵲ rêbroch n. zebra ('striped horse', from raibrog with the same meaning, GL)
-red suffix. denotes completion of a work or design, with final details and/or finishing touches (PE/17)
†rein (rhein N., rhœin N.) n. slot, spoor, track, footprint ◇ Ety/384, X/RH
rem I n. mesh, net (esp. for catching, hunter's or fisher's net) ◇ LotR/E, VT/42:29
†rem II (rhem N., rhemb N.) adj. frequent, numerous ◇ Ety/383, X/RH
ᵲ ren- v. to remember
¶ ᵲ reth- v. to save (GL) This would make edraith mean something like 'saving forth'
rhaed adj. to complete a work or design, to add finishing touches and final details (PE/17) see also -
red
rhaw I adj. wild, untamed ◇ Ety/382, X/RH, VT/46:10 ◈ Meaning rectified according to VT/46:10
†rib- (rhib- N.) v. to flow like a (torrent ?) ◇ Ety/384, X/RH ◈ The reading of the gloss is uncertain
rim I (rhim N., rhimb N.) n. crowd, host, great number ◇ Ety/383, S/436, Letters/178, Letters/382,
X/RH
†rim II (rhim N., rhimb N.) n. cold pool or lake (in mountains) ◇ Ety/384, X/RH
†rîn I (rhîn N., rhien N.) n. and adj. 1. crowned ○ 2. as a noun,by ext., crowned lady, queen ◇ Ety/393,
Ety/389, X/RH
†rinc (rhinc N.) n. twitch, jerk, trick, sudden move ◇ Ety/383, X/RH
roch n. horse, swift horse for riding ◇ Ety/384, S/436, Letters/178, Letters/282, Letters/382
rochirrim n. class pl. of rochir, horse-lords, the people of Rohan ◇ LotR, etc. ◇ rochir+rim
ᵲ rogol n. saddle
rond (rhond N., rhonn N.) n. 1. cave roof ○ 2. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and
usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed ◇ Ety/384, VT/46:12,
S/437, WJ/414, X/RH, X/ND1
ross II adj. red-haired, copper coloured (especially used of animals, as fox, red deer, etc.)
*roval (rhofal N.) n. pinion, great wing (of eagle) ← Landroval LotR/VI:IV, Ety/382, X/RH
*sador n. faithful one ← Sador (name) ◈ Sador was Túrin's faithful servant. The meaning of this noun
is deduced from sadron, assuming that these words are in the same kind of relation as hador and
hadron
¶ ᵲ salbin n. viola
¶ ᵲ salbindel n. violin
ᵲ salf n. lyre
†salph (salff N.) n. broth, liquid food, soup ◇ Ety/385, VT/46:12, X/PH ◈ The form salf in the
Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45:12
*sam n. chamber, room ← Sammath LotR/VI:III, S/435 ◇ Q sambe ◈ see also sammath
sant n. garden, field, yard (or other place in private ownership whether enclosed or not) ◇ VT/42:20
ᵲ sarf n. table
sarn n. 1. stone (as a material) ○ 2. small stone ◇ Ety/385, S/437, UT/463, VT/42:11, RC/327 ◈ Sern
in UT/463 is a misprint, see VT/42:11
sennas n. abst. of send, guesthouse ◇ RC/523 "resting place", from *send, *senn (SED) ?
sereg n. blood
seregon n. "Blood of Stone", a plant of the kind called in English "stonecrop", with deep red flowers,
that grew on Amon Rûdh ◇ S/437 ◇ sereg+gond
si adv. here
¶ ᵲ sibtha- v. to whistle
sîdh n. peace
ᵲ sing n. salt
sirith n. flowing
ᵲ soth n. bath
¶ ᵲ suf n. bosom
*suil n. greeting ← Arassuil LotR/A(ii) ◈ Deduced from Arassuil, conceivably aran+suil. For the
meaning, see suilad
sûl II n. goblet
¶ ᵲ sus interj. shush!
T
tâd (tad S., N.) adj. num. card. two ◇ Ety/349, Ety/391, WJ/388, VT/42:25-27, VT/48:6
*tad-dal pl. tad-dail n. and adj. biped, two-legged animal ◇ WJ/388 ◇ tâd+tâl
taer adj. straight ◇ Ety/392, VT/46:18 ◈ Written tær (with ae-ligature) in the Etymologies, rectified here
according to VT/46:18 (which also lists the ligature)
ᵲ taf- v. to taste
*tafnen adj. closed, blocked, stopped ← uidavnen WR/341 ◈ Orthography normalized to tafnen, as in
lefnui
taid adj. second (in the sense of supporting, second in command) ◇ VT/42:25
talan n. flet, wooden platform (in the trees of Lothlórien where the Galadhrim dwelt) ◇ UT/465, LotR/II:VI
talath (dalath N.) n. 1. flat surface, plane ○ 2. flat land, plain, (wide) valley ← Talath Dirnen UT/465,
Ety/353, S/437
*tamma- v. to knock
¶ ᵲ tarog n. ox
taur I n. king (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes) ◇ Ety/389, Ety/395 see also aran
taur III adj. mighty, vast, overwhelming, huge, awful, high, sublime
tauron n. forester
taus n. thatch
tawar n. 1. wood (as a material) ○ 2. by ext., great wood, forest ← Tawar-in-Drúedain UT/467, Ety/391◈
tegil n. pen ◇ PM/318 ◈ Sindarized form of Quenya tekil, not known to the Sindar until the coming
of the Ñoldor (but see however tegol for a possible dialectal variant) ◇ Q tekil
tegol (tegl N.) n. pen ◇ Ety/391 ◈ It is stated in PM/318 that "tegil was a Sindarized form of
Quenya tekil "pen", not known to the Sindar until the coming of the Ñoldor". It must be assumed
therefore that tegol was either rejected by Tolkien, or that it may perhaps have been considered as a
dialectal variant. For a similar case where both a true Sindarin/Noldorin word and a Sindarized
form conceivably coexist, see magol and megil "sword" (it is unlikely that weapons were not
known to the Sindar before the coming of the Ñoldor)
ᵲ tengia- v. to reveal
thalion pl. thelyn n. hero, dauntless man (especially as surname of Húrin Thalion) ◇ Ety/388, S/438
¶ ᵲ thas- v. to shave
thinna- v. to fade, to grow towards evening ◇ Ety/392 ◈ The punctuation in The Etymologies is
considered incorrect (the full dot after this word should conceivably be a comma)
thinnas n.abst.of thent, lit. "shortness" (name of a mark indicating short quality of vowel) ◇ Ety/388
tîn II adj. silent, quiet ◇ RC/551 ◈ See also dîn I for a discussion regarding this word
tinc n. metal
tínen adj. silent ◇ RC/551 ◈ See also dîn I for a discussion regarding this word
tinnu (tindu N.) n. 1. dusk, twilight, early night (without Moon) ○ 2. by ext. starry twilight ◇ Ety/355,
Ety/393, X/ND2 ◇ tinu+dû
Tinnulín n. Arcturus, 'the glint at dusk', the brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere
tirith n. watch, guard (abstract noun), vigilance ◇ Ety/394, S/437, Letters/158, VT/42:11
tol n. island, (steep) isle rising with sheer sides from the sea or from a river
toleg (tolch S.) n. dim. 1. "little prominent one", play name given to the middle finger (Elvish play-name
used by and taught to children) ◇ VT/48:6,16-17
tollui (Arch. tolhui) adj. num. ord. eighth ◇ VT/42:25, VT/42:27, VT/47:32, VT/42:10,
Tengwestie/20031207
toloth (tolodh S.) adj. num. card. eight ◇ Ety/394, VT/42:25, VT/42:31, VT/48:6
tolothen adj. num. ord. archaic eighth ← erin dolothen For the usual word see tollui
tôr n.masc.Arch. brother ◇ Ety/394, X/Z ◈ The word muindor is more usual
torog n. troll
toss n. bush, low-growing tree (as maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.) ◇ Ety/379, Ety/395
tre- (tri N.) pref. through (but denoting completeness when prefixed to verbs)
*trevad- v. to traverse
¶ ᵲ tuig n. thigh
tulus n. poplar-tree
tump n. hump
úan n. monster
ubed n. denial
ui n. envelope (especially of the Outer Sea or Air enfolding the world within the Ilurambar or world-walls)
*ui- pref. ever ← uidafnen, uilos (see these words) ◇ Cognate of the quenya oi
*uidafnen (uidavnen N.) adj. ever-closed ◇ WR/341, X/Z ◈ Normalized to uidafnen, as in lefnui ◇
ui+tafnen "ever-blocked"
uilos n.and adj. 1. always white, ever white as snow ○ 2. as a noun, a small white everlasting flower also
called simbelmynë or "evermind" ◇ RGEO/74, Letters/278, UT/55 ◇ ui- + loss "everlasting
snow, ever (white as) snow
ûl n. odour ◇ Ety/378
†ulunn (ulund N., ulun N.) n. monster, deformed and hideous creature ◇ Ety/396, X/ND4
ûn n. creature ◇ Ety/379
urug n. 1. Orc (rarely used) ○ 2.Arch. "bogey", anything that caused fear to the Elves, any dubious shape
or shadow, or prowling creature ◇ WJ/390 See orch, glam
†ylf I (iolf N.) n. brand ◈ The word is classed as Old Noldorin (ON) in the Etymologies, but rather
seems to be Noldorin
ylf II n. drinking-vessel
owl n. hô
ox n. tarog
P
pain I n. naeg
pain, to cause II v. naegra
Palantir n. gwachaedir
pale adj. gael, maidh, malu, nimp I
palisade, of spikes n. cail
pallor n. niphred
palm, of hand n. camlann, plad, talf I
pansy n. helin
parchment n. fadhu
parent n. odhril, odhron
pass, between high walls n. aglonn
pass, in mountains n. dîn II, imrad
pasture n. nadhor, nadhras
path n. râd
path, narrow n. lond
pathway n. bâd
patience n. andreth
pause n. daur, post
peace n. sîdh
peak n. egnas
pearl n. aearvír
pedlar n. bachor
peel v. par-
pen n. tegil, tegol
penis n. gwîb
permission n. dâf
permit v. daf-
person, faithful n. sador, sadron
petal n. lothlas
petty adj. niben
pick up (with the fingers) v. leutha-
picture n. emm
piercing adj. maeg
pig n. pholg
pile (of rock or earth) n. mâf
pilgrim n. randir
pillar, wooden n. thafn
pillow n. pesseg
pin n. tachol
pine-tree n. thôn
pink adj. crinth
pipe-weed n. galenas
pippin n. cordof
pit n. dath
pivot n. pelthaes
place n. sad
place, holy n. iaun
plait v. cingra-
plank n. pân I
plant n. galas
platform, wooden (in the trees) n. talan
play I v. telia-
play II n. telien
play (a harp) v. ganna-, gannada-
Pleiades n. remmirath
poem n. glîr
poem, narrative n. glaer
poet n. maeron
point I n. aeg, ment, till
point II v. nasta-
point, of spear n. thela
point, sharp n. egnas, nass
poison n. saew
polish v. run-
pollen n. mâl
ponder v. idhra-
pondering adj. idhren
pool n. ael, lîn, loeg
pool, cold (in the mountains) n. rim II
pool, small n. both
pools n. liniath
poor adj. faeg
poplar-tree n. tulus
porridge n. ruthol
possess v. saf-
post n. tagol
potato n. ceforf
potter n. cennan
pottery n. cefnas
praise v. daetha-, egleria-
pray v. her-
precipice n. avras, rhass
pregnant n. gaiw
preserve (in memory) v. ephola-
prick v. ercha-, nasta-
prick, with sharp point v. eitha-
prickle n. erch
pride n. blaud
prince n. caun III, cund (arch.), ernil
prison n. band, gador
prisoner n. gadorphen
private adj. said
prize v. idra-
prohibit v. boda-
prop n. tulu
property n. garn
protect v. beria-
proud adj. bladweg
province n. ardhon
puddle n. both
puff n. hwest
purity n. glanas
purple adj. ling
putrescence n. saw II
putrid (of food) adj. saur
Q
quarrel n. cost
quarter n. canath
queen n. bereth, rîn I, rîs
quench v. luithia-
quiet adj. tîn II
R
rabbit n. laboth
race (on horses) v. northa-
race (of people) n. nûr II
race, riding n. north
radiance n. galad, gal-, glaw
radiant n. faen
rage I n. oroth
rage II v. ruthra-
rain I n. ross I
rain II v. elia-
rainbow n. eiliant, ninniach
raise v. ortha-
range n. lîr I
ransom n. danwedh
rape v. mauda-
rapid adj. lagor
rare adj. íd
rat n. nâr
rather adv. sennui
raven n. craban
ravine n. cirith, falch, iau II, riss
ravish v. mauda-
reach (for) v. raitha-
read (silently, to oneself) v. henna-
read (written material) v. tengwa-
readiness (for action) n. hûr
ready (to hand) adj. ferui
realm n. ardh
reap v. critha-
rear n. tele
recite (a poem) v. glir-
reckon v. genedia-, gonod-
recount v. trenar-
red adj. caran, naru
red, fiery adj. ruin
red, golden adj. coll I
red-haired adj. ross II
reed n. esg
reek n. osp
refill v. adbanna-
reflection n. galad
refusal, gesture with the hand n. ablad
refuse v. ava-
refuser n. avar
regiment n. gwaith
region n. ardh
region, bounded or defined n. gardh
rejoice v. gella-
release I v. adleg- (arch.), leithia-
release II n. leithian
remain v. dar-, dartha-
remember v. ephola-, ren-
remembrance n. rîn II
remote I adv. hae
remote II n. haered
rend v. narcha-, rista-
renewal n. cîl II
renewed adj. cîr
rephrase v. adbed-
reply n. dangweth
resonant adj. tong
rest I n. îdh, post, send
rest II v. posta-
resting-place n. caew
restless adj. penídh
retain v. heb-
return v. athol-, dananna-
reunite v. adertha-
reveal v. tengia-
ride v. nor-
rider, of a horse n. rochben, rochon
ridges n. penneth, pinnath
right I n. forn
right II adj. tîr
right-handed adj. forgam
rigid adj. tharn
ring n. corf
ring, outer n. echor
ringing (of bells) n. nelladel
ringlet n. loch
rip v. rista-
rise v. eria-
Rivendell n. imladris
river n. celon, sîr
river, great n. sirion I
river, long and large n. duin
riverbank n. duirro, raw I
riverbed n. rant, rath
road n. men
road, paved n. othlonn
roaring adj. râf
rock n. gond
roof I v. orthel-, toba-
roof II n. tobas
roof, high n. telu
roof, of a cave (or vaulted/arched) n. rond
room n. sam
root n. thond
root, edible n. solch
rope n. raph
rose n. meril
rotten adj. thaur
round adj. corn
row n. lîr I, tî
royal adj. arnen
rub v. run-
ruby n. naruvir
ruddy adj. crann, gaer II, gruin
ruler n. caun III
run v. nor-
rune n. certh
running adj. cell
rushing adj. alag, asgar
rustling (sound) n. lhoss, rhoss
S
s-sign n. gammas
sad adj. dem, naer, nûr III
saddle n. rogol
sadness n. naeras
safe adj. barn
safe-keeping n. band
saga n. narn
sail v. revia-
sailor n. cirion
salt n. sing
salty adj. singren
salve n. glaew
same adj. imu
sanctuary n. iaun
sand n. lith
sapphire n. lûl
sate v. fadra-
save I prep. eng
save II v. reth-
saving n. edraith
say v. ped-
scarlet adj. carnin
scorn I v. eitha-
scorn II n. iaew
scratch v. rhib-
screen I n. esgal
screen II v. haltha-
sea n. aear, gaear
sea-serpent n. limlug
seashell n. half
seaweed n. gaeruil, uil
second adj.num. edwen, tadui
second (in command) adj. taid
secret adj. thurin
seduce v. meltha-
see v. cen-, tíra-
seed n. cot, eredh
seem v. thia-
sensible adj. noen
sentence n. gobeth
separate adj. said
September n. ivanneth
serious adj. úlal
serpent n. lhûg
serve v. buia-
set v. penia-
set aside v. seidia-
seven adj.num. odog
seventh adj.num. odothui, othui
sex n. huith
shade n. gwath, lum
shadow n. dae, dúath, gwath
shadow, of objects n. morchant
shadowed adj. hall II
shadowy adj. gwathren, gwathui
shady adj. hall II, lumren
shape n. cant
shaped adj. cadu
shapely adj. cadwor, maed I
shaping n. cannas
share v. ethad-
sharp adj. laeg I, maeg
sharp-eyed adj. maecheneb
sharp-pointed adj. megor
sharpness n. laegnas
sharp-sighted (with the mind) adj. fergenol
shave v. thas-
shaven adj. paran
shield n.Mil. amath, thand I
shield-fence n.Mil. thangail
shine (white) v. síla-
ship n. cair
shipbuilder n. círdan
shire n. trann
Shire, of the adj. trannail
shirt n. laub
shoe n. habad
shore n. esgar, faur
short adj. estent, then, thent
shout v. can-
shouting n. glam
shrine n. alchor
shudder v. gir-
shuddering n. girith
shush interj. sus
sick adj. caeleb, lhaew II
sickle n. cerch
sickly adj. gem, lhaew II
sickness n. cael, lhîw, paw
side, left-hand n. harvo
side, right-hand n. forvo
sign n. taen III
signal-fire n. narthan
silence n. dîn I
silent adj. dínen, tîn II, tínen
Silmaril n. golovir, mirion, silevril
silver n. celeb
silver, like adj. celebren
simbelmynë n. uilos
sin n. úgarth
sinew n. tû
sing v. glir-, linna-
single adj. er, erui, minai
sinner n. raegdan
Sirius n. helluin
sister n. neth II, nîth II, thêl
sister, dear n. muinthel
sister, sworn n. gwathel
sit v. haf-
six adj.num. eneg
sixth adj.num. enchui, enegui
skilful adj. maed II
skill n. curu
skilled adj. maed II, maen
skin n. flâd
skull n. cas
sky n. eil, menel
slant v. adlanna-
slant, downwards v. penna-
slanting adj. adlant
slash n. criss
slave n. mûl
slay v. dag-
slayer n. dagnir
sleep v. losta-
slender adj. fim, lhind, nind, trîw
slim adj. fim
sling n.Mil. hadlath
slipping adj. talt
slope I v. adlanna-
slope II n. pend, talad
sloping adj. adlann
small adj. cidinn, cinnog, mîw, niben
small (and frail) adj. nimp II
smell n. thost
smell (something) v. nosta-
smoke I n. osp
smoke II v. ospa-
smooth adj. paran, path
snake n. lhûg, lŷg
snout n. bund
snow n. loss
snowdrop n. nínim, niphredil
snowflake n. lossivor
Snowmen (of Forochel) n.class.pl. lossoth
Snowthorn n. aeglos
snow-white adj. gloss
snowy adj. lossen
soaking (wet) adj. loen
soap n. glûdh
socket n. taew
soft adj. moe
soften v. maega-
soil n. cef
soiled adj. gwaur
soldier, of orcs n. daug
sole (of foot) n. tellen
sombre adj. dûr
someone relative pron. pen II
son n. ion
song n. glîr, laer II
song, holy n. aerlinn
sorcery, dark n. guldur, morgul
soul n. fae
sound (bells) v. nella-
sound, loud (of trumpets) n. rû
soup n. salph
source n. celu
south n. harad, harn I
southern adj. haradren
Southerners n.class.pl. haradrim
sow v. redh-
space, open adj. land I
spark n. tint, tinu
spark, bright n. gil
spark, silver n. gildin
sparkle I v. tin-
sparkle (like a jewel) II v. míria-
sparkling adj. lim II
sparkling (like a jewel) adj. míriel
speak v. ped-
spear-point n. aith, ecthel
spear-thrower n. hador, hadron
spectre, vague n. auth II
speech, barbarous n. glam
speed (on) v. hortha-
spell n. lûth
spider n. lhing, lhingril, ungol
spike n. carag, ceber
spin-drift n. gwing
spine n. ech
spinning wheel n. cerf
spirit n. faer
spirit, departed n. mân
spirit, fiery n. hûr
spit v. puia-
splendour n. aglar, claur (arch.)
split adj. thanc
sponge n. hwand
spoor n. rein
sport n. telien
spot, small n. peg
spouse, of a king n. bereth
spread v. pelia-
spring I n. celu, eithel
Spring II n. ethuil
spring III v. tuia-
Spring, beginning of n. echuir
sprout I v. tuia-
sprout II n. tuiw
spy n. ethir II
stab v. eitha-
staff n.Mil. fannil
stain I n. gwass, mael I, maw II
stain II v. gwatha-
stained adj. gwaen, mael I
stairway n. pendrath
stake n. ceber
stalwart adj. thala, tolog
star n. êl, geil, gil
star, small n. tinu
starlight n. gilgalad
stars, all of the n. elenath
star-sun, flower n. elanor
startle v. cautha-
stay v. dar-, dartha-, dortha-
staying, fast adj. avorn
steadfast adj. him I
steady adj. thala
steel n. gais
steel, of adj. gaithren
steep adj. baradh
stem n. telch
stench n. angol I, thû
step I v. pad-
step (in a stairway or ladder) II n. tell
sticky adj. hîw
stiff adj. dorn, tara, tarch, tharn
stiff-necked adj. tarlanc
stiffness n. tarias
stink v. thosta-
stirrup n. talraph
stone (as a material) n. sarn
stone, great n. gond
stone, hewn n. gondrafn, gondram
stone, made of adj. gondren
stone, small n. sarn
stop I v. dar-, tab-
stop II n. daur
stop-gap (diacritic sign) n. gasdil
stopped adj. tafnen
stopper n. dîl
stop-up v. dilia-
storm, of wind n. alagos
straight adj. taer, tîr
straightness n. tíras
stranger n. athal
stray v. mista-, renia-
straying n. mistad
stream, mountain n. oll
street n. othrad, rath
strength, bodily n. bellas
stretch v. tar-
strip v. heltha-
strive v. def-, raitha-
stroke v. matha-
stroke, heavy n. dram
strong adj. taug
strong (in body) adj. belt
struggle, uphill adv. adj. ambenn
stuffing n. dîl
stunt v. nuitha-
stunted adj. naug
sudden adj. bragol, bregol
suddenness n. breged
suffice v. feira-
sufficient adv. far
sugar n. glist
summer n. laer I
summit (of a high mountain) n. taen I
summon v. toltha-
sum up v. gonod-
sun n. anor
sun, light of/heat of n. ast II
sunken adj. dúven
sunlight n. aur, glawar
sunny adj. nórui
sunset n. annûn
superior adj. orchal
support n. tulu
surface n. palath
surface, flat n. talath
survive v. brona-
swallow I (bird) n. tuilinn
swallow II (the action of) n. nu-laf
swan n. alph
sward n. parth, pathu
swart adj. baran, donn
swarthy adj. donn
swear v. gwesta-
sweet adj. lend II, melui
sweetly adj. lendren
swell v. tuia-
swift I adj. celeg, lagor
swift II adv. lim I
swooping adj. thôr II
sword n.Mil. crist, lang, magol, megil
swordsman n.Mil. magor
syrup n. paich
T
table n. sarf
take v. maba-
tale n. narn, pent, trenarn
tale, novel n. sinnarn
talk v. carfa-
talkative adj. pedweg
tall adj. tond
tangled adj. remmen
task n. tass
tassel n. fath
taste v. taf-
taut adj. tong
teach v. goltha-
tear n. nîn II, nîr
tearful adj. nîd, níniel
tease (wool) v. tûs-
tell (to the end) v. trenar-
temple n. alchor
teeth, all of the n. naglath
teeth, row of n. carach
tell (a tale) v. nara- (arch.)
temptation n. úthaes
ten num. cae II
tenth adj. caenen, caenui
terrify v. gruitha-
terrifying adj. goeol
terror n. goe, gorgor
thank v. hanna-
thankful adj. hannweg
thatch n. taus
the I art.pron.rel.sing. i,
the II art.pron.rel.pl. in
there adv. ennas
thick adj. tûg
thigh n. tuig
thin adj. lhain
thing n. nad
thing (made by handicraft) n. tafn
think v. sam-
third I adj.num. nail, nelui
third II n. nelest
thirsty adj. faug
thirtieth adj.num. nelchaenen
thong, leather n. lath
thorn n. êg
thought n. nauth
thought, inner n. ind
thoughtful adj. idhren
thoughtfulness n. idhor
thousand, one (1,728) adj.num. meneg
thrall n. mûl
thread n. lain II
thread, fine n. lhê
thread, thin n. esbin
three adj.num. neledh
threshold n. fen
throat n. lanc II
throne n. túrcham
through I pref. tre-
through II prep. trî
through (together) adv. godref
thrust v. nasta-
thumb n. nawb
tide, high n. duinen
tide, low n. dannen
tidings n. siniath
tidy adj. puig
tie v. nod-, taetha-
tight (of strings) adj. tong
tilted adj. adlann
time n. lû
tiny adj. mîw, pigen, tithen
tire v. drautha-
to prep. na
to, for prep. an
today adv. sír
together pref. go-
toil v. muda-
tomb n. haudh
tomorrow n. abarad
tongue, physical n. lam I
tooth n. carch, nagol, nêl
top n. caw
torment n. baul
torrent n. oll, thórod
tough adj. dorn, tara, tarch
toughness n. tarias
tower n. barad II, minas
tower (up) v. brasta-
town, walled n. gobel, ost
track n. bâd, râd
trade v. banga-
trample v. batha-
trap n. gadas
travel v. ledh-
traverse v. athrada-, trevad-
treaty n. gowest
tree n. orn
tree, golden n. mallorn
tree, large n. galadh
tree, of black wood n. lebethron
tree, with a spirit or heart n. huorn
tree-woven adj. galadhremmen
tress n. fin
tressure n. cathrae
triangle n. nelthil
triumph n. gell
triumphant adj. gellui
Troll n. torog
troth n. gwaedh
trouble v. presta-, trasta-
true adj. thand II
true-silver n. mithril
trumpet n. rom
trust I n. estel
trust II v. estelia-
trusty adj. tolog
truth n. thannas
try v. def-, raitha-
Tulkas n. enner
tune n. lind
tuneful adj. lend II
tunefully adj. lendren
tunic n. laub
tunnel n. groth
turf n. sâdh
twelve adj.num. imp
twilight n. tinnu, uial
twin n. gwanunig
twine v. rig-
twins n. pl. gwenyn
twins, pair of n. gwanûn, gwanur
twirl v. hwinia-
twirling adj. hwind
twisted adj. norn
twitch I n. rinc
twitch II v. ritha-
two adj.num. tâd
two-legged (animal) n. tad-dal
tyrannous adj. baug
tyrant n. bauglir
U
Ulmo n. ulu
under I pref. di-
under II prep. nu
understand v. henia-
undo v. dangar-
unintelligence n. úchannas
unique adj. minai
unite v. ertha-
unlovable adj. úvelui
unloving adj. úvel
unpronounceable adj. penbed
unquenchable adj. uluithiad
untamed adj. rhaw I
untruth n. úthannas
unwelcome adj. rhudol
up, upon prep. am
uphill adv. ambenn
uplifting adj. amchaled
uproar n. glam
urge (on) v. hortha-, huia-
Ursa Major n. balagerch
use v. iuitha-
useful adj. maer
usefulness n. maeras
V
vague adj. hethu
Vala n. balan
vale, deep n. im II
Valinor n. dor-rodyn
valley n. lad
valley, deep or narrow n. imlad
valley, deep under/among hills n. tum
valley, long and narrow with a watercourse n. imrath
valley, of flowers m. imloth
valley, wide n. talath
valour n. caun II
value v. idra-
Vána n. banwen
Vanya n. miniel
Varda n. elbereth, gilthoniel, fanuilos
vassal n. bŷr
vassal, faithful n. bôr
vast adj. taur III
vastness n. tauras
vegetable n. pae
veil I n. esgal, fân
veil II v. gwathra-
veiled adj. hall II
vein n. rant
vengeance n. acharn
venom n. lhoer
verse n. linnod
victory n. tûr
vigilance n. tirith
vigour n. gorf, hûr
village, walled n. gobel
viola n. salbin
violence n. breged
violent adj. asgar, bregol
violet n. helinil
violin n. salbindel
virginity n. gweneth
viscous adj. hîw
vision n. indemm
voice n. lammad
voices, echoing n. lamath
voices, many n. conath
void adj. cofn, gaw, iâ
vomit v. hich-
W
wagon n. rach
wait v. dar-, dartha-
walk v. pada-
wall n. ram
wall, great n. rammas
wanderer n. randir
wandering n. mist
wandering, erratic n. rain II
want v. aníra-
war n. auth
warlike n. authren
warm adj. laug
warn v. gor-
warrior n. maethor
warrior, of orcs n. daug
wash v. puiga-
watch I v. tir-, tiria-
watch II n. tirith
watch (from afar) v. palandir-
watcher n. tirn
water n. nen
water, drop of n. nenig
water, quiet n. lorn
waterfall n. lanthir
water-vessel n. calph
watery adj. nend, nîn III
wave, large n. faloth
way n. men, pâd
weary I v. drautha-
weary II adj. lom
weave v. nathra-
weaver n. nathron
web n. gwî, nath
wed v. besta-
wedding n. best
week (of five days) n. lefnar
weep v. nínia-
welcome v. nathla-
well I adv. al- II (arch.), mae
well II n. eithel
werewolf n. gaur
west n. annûn, dûn
western adj. annui
Westron, language of n. annúnaid
wet adj. limp, mesg, nîd, nîn III
what interrogative.pron. man
when I conj. ir
when II interrogative.pron. mar
where I conj. ias
where II interrogative.pron. mas
while conj. ir
whine v. muia-
whirl v. hwinia-
whirling adj. hwind, hwiniol
whisper I n. lhoss, rhoss
whisper II v. lhussa-
whistle v. sibtha-
white adj. faen, fain, nimp I
white, as snow adj. uilos
white, shining adj. glân I
white-hot adj. brassen
whiten v. nimmid-
why interrogative.pron. amman
wicked adj. ogol
wide n. land II, pann, ûr II
wife n. bess, hervess
wield v. tortha-
wild adj. braig, rhaw I
wilderness n. rhovan
will n. innas
willow, of adj. tathren
willow-tree n. tathar
wily adj. coru
wind n. gwaew, sûl I
window n. henneth
windy adj. gwaeren
wine n. gwîn
wing n. rafn
wing, great n. roval
winter n. rhîw
wisdom n. saelas
wise adj. goll, golwen, idhren, noen, sael
wish I n. iest
wish II v. iesta-
without prep.pref. pen- I
wizard n. curunír, ithron
with, by prep. adh
with, by adv. pref. an
withered adj. tharn
withering n. peleth, pelin
woe n. naeth
wolf n. draug, garaf
wolf-howl n. gaul
wolf-men n.class.pl. gaurwaith
woman n. bess, dî
woman, mortal n. firieth
woman, of the race of Man n. adaneth
woman, young n. dess
wondrous n. elvennui
wood I n. eryn, glad
wood II (as a material) n. tawar
wood, great n. taur II
wooden adj. tawaren
woodpecker n. tavor
wool n. taw
woolen adj. taw
word n. peth
word, of good omen n. albeth
world n. ardhon, gardh
worm n. leweg
worn (decrepit, of things) adj. gern
Wose n. drû, drúadan
wound I v. harna-
wound II n. haru
wounded adj. harn II
woven adj. remmen
wreath n. rî
wreathe v. rig-
wrist n. molif
write v. teitha-
wrong I v. neitha-
wrong II adj. raeg
wronged adj. neithan
Y
yard n. sant
Yavanna n. ivann
yawn v. iag-
year n. idhrinn, în II
year, Valian n. ennin
yellow adj. malen
yellow-hammer n. emlin
yesterday n. gîr
yet prep. dan
yoke n. ianu
young adj. neth I
youth n. nîth I
Yule n. durufuin
Z
zebra n. rêbroch
Doriathrin Sindarin
A
a genitive ending (Dagnir Glaurunga)
al- pref. negative, no, not
ar pref. outside
Argad name. "outside the fence"
Argador name. "lands outside the fence"
C
cwindor (pindor?) n. narrator (a cw becomes a p very early on in Eldarin so this word should perhaps
be normalised to pindor)
D
dag- v. to slay
dagnir n. slayer
dair n. shadow of trees
dalf n. palm of the hand
Dairon name
daudh n. pit
Denithor name "lithe and lank"
Dior name "successor"
Dolmed name "wet head"
dôn n. back
dor n. land
dorn n. oak
drôg n. wolf
dunn adj. dark
dur n. dark
durgul n. sorcery
E
Eglador name Land of the elves
el n. star
Elboron name "star fast"
Eld pl. Eldin n. Elf
G
gad n. fence
galbreth n. beech-tree
gald n. tree
ganu adj. male
garm n. wolf
garth n. realm
Garthurian name "fenced realm"
gell n. sky
gelu adj. blue, sky-blue
(n)gôl adj. wise, magical
(n)gold n. Noldo
Goldamir n. Silmaril (Noldo jewel)
(n)golo n. magic
(n)gorth n. horror
(n)gorthin adj. horrible
H
hedhu adj. foggy, obscure, vague
ídhra- v. to desire
istel/istil n. starlight, silver light
L
lal- v. to laugh
laur n. gold
líw n. fish
lóm n. echo
lómen adj. echoing
lost adj. empty
luin adj. blue
lung adj. heavy
luth n. spell
Luthien name "enchantress"
M
mab n. hand
Mablost name "empty hand"
Mablung name "heavy hand"
méd adj. wet
meneg adj.num.card. thousand
Menegroth name "thousand caves"
míd n. moisture
mir/mîr n. jewel
morgul/morngul n. dark lore, sorcery
morn adj. black, dark
moth n. pool
muil n. twilight, shadow
muilë n. secrecy
muilin adj. veiled
N
Nan Dungorthin name "vale of black horror"
nand n. field, valley
nass n. web
Nauglamîr name "necklace of the dwarves"
naugol n. dwarf
neld num.card. three
neldor n. beech
Neldoreth name, great beech of Thingol
nivon n. forward, west
Nivrim name "west march"
Nivrost name "west vale"
nîw n. nose
O
orn n. tree, high tree
orth pl. orthin n. mountain
R
radhon n. east
Radhrim name "east march"
Radhrost name "east vale"
Region name "hollin"
regorn pl. regin n. holly-tree
rim n. edge, hem, border
ring n. cold pool, or lake in mountains
rost n. plain, wide land (between mountains)
rodh/roth pl. rodhin n. cave
T
Thingol name "grey cloak"
Thurin name "secret"
Thuringwethil name "secret shadow"
U
umboth n. large pool
urch pl. urchin n. orc
Prepositions and conjunctions
a(dh) and
adel behind
adh with
am upon
an to, for
athan beyond
be according to
bo on
dad down
dan but, yet, back, against
ed forth, out of
egor or
ᵲ eng save, except
mi in (a place)
na at, to
nan with, possessing, including (see adh)
ned in, during (when referencing time)
nef on this side of
nu beneath, under
ᵲ núf before
o(h) about (oh if before a vowel)
o(d) of, from (od if before a vowel)
or above, over
sui as, like
thar across, over
trî through