Math299 Engineering Maths Matrices, Simultaneous Equations: Dr. Rachel N. Bearon, Rbearon@liv - Ac.uk
Math299 Engineering Maths Matrices, Simultaneous Equations: Dr. Rachel N. Bearon, Rbearon@liv - Ac.uk
University of Liverpool
MATH299 General Information 1
is a symmetric matrix.
1.2.1 Rules of matrix algebra; Equality
Given
5 3 0 b11 3 0
A = −2 1 a23 , B = b21 1 4 ,
−1 a32 2 −1 0 2
Given
0 1
−1 2
A=
1
3
−4 0
we have
0 5
−5 10
5A =
5
.
15
−20 0
Given
B = 12 −21 ,
we have
B = 3 4 −7 .
1.2.3 Rules of matrix algebra; Sum of matrices
Given that
3 0
2 1
A= , B = −1 2 ,
0 −1
4 1
A ± B are not defined, since A and B must have the same number
of rows and columns, so that we can add (or subtract) the two
matrices.
Example: Given
4 2 1 −2 0 5
A= , B=
0 −1 3 3 7 −6
2 2 6
A+B = .
3 6 −3
Associative law of addition:
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C )
Also for constants k, l,
k(A + B) = kA + kB,
(k + l)A = kA + lA.
Attendance
Given
3 0
A = −1 2 ,
4 1
the transpose of A is defined by
T 3 −1 4
A = ,
0 2 1
1 −2 3
C= , D= ,
0 1 1
1 −2 3 3−2 1
CD = = = .
0 1 1 0+1 1
3 1 2
3 0 1
A= , B = 1 −2 3
2 1 −1
2 3 0
9+2 3+3 6
AB =
6+1−2 2−2−3 4+3
11 6 6
= .
5 −3 7
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1.2
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The production figures (in multiples of 10,000 units) are given by:
Given
2 0 2 1 0 −1
a = 0 ,
B = 3 1 , C = 0 2 3 , d= 3 0 4 .
1 0 1 2 0 1
but
3 −1 2 1 10 5
BA = = .
−6 2 −4 −2 −20 −10
Finally:
Distributive law of addition:
A(B + C ) = AB + AC .
A(BC ) = (AB)C .
Matrix transformations - computer graphics
http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl transform.html
1.2.6 Special matrices
Transpose (revisited)
Two important properties:
(A + B)T = AT + B T ,
(AB)T = B T AT .
Example: Given
1 0 3
A= , b= ,
2 −1 4
A2 = AA,
A3 = AA2 = A2 A,
and so on. Note that computing powers is an easy task for
diagonal matrices, e.g.
2 0
A =
0 1
2 2 0 2 0 4 0
⇒A = =
0 1 0 1 0 1
2
2 0
=
0 12
3 2 4 0 2 0 8 0
A = A A= =
0 1 0 1 0 1
3
2 0
= , etc.
0 13
1.3 Systems of linear equations
Given
2x + y = 3
−x + 2y = −1
4y + 3z = 13
x − 2y + z = 3
3x + 5y = 11.
1 −2 1 3
3 5 0 11
0 4 3 13
R1 1 −2 1 3
R2 − 3R1 0 11 −3 2
R3 0 4 3 13
R1 1 −2 1 3
R2 0 11 −3 2
11R3 − 4R2 0 0 45 135
z = 3
3 2 3 2
y− z = ⇒ y − .3 =
11 11 11 11
2 9
⇒y = + =1
11 11
x − 2y + z = 3 ⇒ x − 2.1 + 3 = 3 ⇒ x = 2.
x − y + 2z = 2
3x − y + 3z = 5
x +y −z = 1
x − y + 2z = 2
3x − y + 3z = 5
x +y −z = 1
x − y + 2z = 2
3x − y + 3z = 5
x +y −z = 1
Alternative representation:
3 1
x 2 −2
y = − 1 + λ 3 .
2 2
z 0 1
Example: Solve the linear system:
x + 2y − 4z = 2
4x − y + 2z = 1
4x + y − 2z = 2
1 2 −4 2
4 −1 2 1
4 1 −2 2
Example: Solve the linear system:
x + 2y − 4z = 2
4x − y + 2z = 1
4x + y − 2z = 2
1 2 −4 2
4 −1 2 1
4 1 −2 2
R1 1 2 −4 2
R2 − 4R1 0 −9 18 −7
R3 − 4R1 0 −7 14 −6
Example: Solve the linear system:
x + 2y − 4z = 2
4x − y + 2z = 1
4x + y − 2z = 2
using row operations.
Solution:
1 2 −4 2
4 −1 2 1
4 1 −2 2
R1 1 2 −4 2
R2 − 4R1 0 −9 18 −7
R3 − 4R1 0 −7 14 −6
R1 1 2 −4 2
R2 0 −9 18 −7
9R3 − 7R2 0 0 0 −5
R3 is clearly inconsistent. The system has no solutions.
An example of 3 planes with no intersection
Let’s make the previous example more interesting.
Example: Consider the linear system:
x + 2y − az = 2
ax − y + 2z = 1
4x + y − 2z = 2
Unique solution
Now suppose a 6= −1/2
R1 1 2 −4 2
R2 0 −(1 + 2a) 2 + a2 1 − 2a
(1 + 2a)R3 − 7R2 0 0 a2 − 16 2a − 13