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SUPPORT MATERIAL
CLASS X
SCIENCE
(ENGLISH)
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS FOR PREPARATION OF
SUPPORT MATERIAL IN SCIENCE
CLASS X (2017-18)
GROUP LEADER MS. ALKA NAGPAL
PRINCIPAL ASMS SKV MAHIPALPUR-1720032
REVIEW GROUP
5. Mr. Shabahat Hussain TGT Nat. Sci. Dr. Zakir Hussain MSSS
i
CONTENTS
ii
COURSE STRUCTURE
CLASS - X (2017-18)
(Annual Examination)
Marks : 80
Unit No. Unit Marks
I Chemical Substances – Nature and Behaviour 25
II World of Living 23
III Natural Phenomena 12
IV Effects of Current 13
V Natural Resources 07
Total 80
Internal Assessment 20
Grand Total 100
Note : Above weightage includes the weightage of questions based on practical skills.
iii
oxidation, addition and substitution reaction). Ethanol and Ethanoic acid (only
properties and uses), soaps and detergents.
Periodic classification of elements : Need for classification, Early attempts
at classification of elements (Dobereiner's Triads, Newland's Law of Octaves,
Mendeleev's Periodic Table), Modern periodic table, graduation in properties,
valency, atomic number, metallic and non-metallic properties.
iv
Theme : How Things Work
v
PRACTICALS
Practical should be conducted alongside the concepts taught in
theory classes
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Finding the pH of the following samples by using pH paper/universal
indicator :
(a) Dilute Hydrochloric Acid
(b) Dilute NaOH Solution
(c) Dilute Ethanoic Acid Solution
(d) Lemon juice
(e) Water
(f) Dilute Hydrogen Carbonate Solution
Study the properties of acids and bases (HCl & NaOH) by their reaction
with :
(a) Litmus solution (Blue/Red)
(b) Zinc metal
(c) Solid sodium carbonate
2. Performing and observing the following reactions and classifying them
into :
(a) Combination reaction
(b) Decomposition reaction
(c) Displacement reaction
(d) Double displacement reaction
(i) Action of water of quick lime
(ii) Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals.
(iii) Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution
(iv) Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions.
OR
3. Observing the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the following salt
solutions :
(a) ZnSO4 (aq)
(b) FeSO4 (aq)
(c) CuSO4 (aq)
(d) Al2 (SO4)3 (aq)
Arranging Zn, Fe, Cu and Al (metals) in the decreasing order of reactivity
based on the above result.
4. Studying the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on
the current (I) passing through it and determine its resistance. Also plotting
a graph between V and I.
vi
5. Determination of the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected
in series and parallel.
6. Preparing a temporary mount of a leaf peel to show stomata.
7. Experimentally show that carbon dioxide is given out during respiration.
8. Study of the following properties of acetic acid (ethanoic acid) :
(i) odour
(ii) solubility in water
(iii) effect on litmus
(iv) reaction with sodium Hydrogen Carbonate
9. Study of the comparative cleaning capacity of a sample of soap in soft and
hard water.
10. Determination of the focal length of :
(i) Concave mirror
(ii) Convex lens
by obtaining the image of a distant object.
11. Tracing the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab
for different angles of incidence. Measure the angle of incidence, angle of
refraction, angle of emergence and interpret the result.
12. Studying (a) binary fission in Amoeba, and (b) budding in yeast with the
help of prepared slides.
13. Tracing the path of the rays of light through a glass prism.
14. Finding the image distance for varying object distances in case of a convex
lens and drawing corresponding ray diagrams to show the nature of image
formed.
15. Identification of the different parts of an embryo of a dicot seed (Pea, gram
or red kidney bean).
PRESCRIBED BOOKS :
O Science – Textbook for Class IX – NCERT Publication
O Science – Textbook for Class X – NCERT Publication
O Assessment of Practical Skills in Science – Class IX – CBSE Publication
O Assessment of Practical Skills in Science – Class X – CBSE Publication
O Laboratory Manual – Science – Class IX, NCERT Publication
O Laboratory Manual – Science – Class X, NCERT Publication
O Exemplar Problems – Class IX – NCERT Publication
O Exemplar Problems – Class X – NCERT Publication
vii
QUESTION PAPER DESIGN FOR SCIENCE
(CODE NO. 086/090) CLASS-X (2017-18)
Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 90
S. Typology of Questions Very Short Short Long Total %
No. Short Answer-I Answer-II Answer Marks Weigh
Answer (LA)
(VSA) (SAI) (SAII) tage
1 Mark 2 Marks 3 Marks 5 Marks
2. Understanding (Comprehension
to be familiar with meaning
and to understand conceptually,
interpret, compare, contrast,
- 1 4 2 24 35%
explain, paraphrase or interpret
information)
3. Application (Use abstract
information in concrete situation,
to apply knowledge to new
situations, use given content to
- 1 2 2 18 26%
interpret a situation, provide an
example, or solve a problem)
4. High Order Thinking Skills
(Analysis & Synthesis : Classify,
compare, contrast or differentiate
between different pieces of
- - 1 1 8 12%
information, organize and/
or integrate unique pieces of
information from a variety of
sources)
5. Inferential and Evaluate
(Appraise, judge, and/or justify
the value or worth of a decision or - - 1 + 1* - 8 12%
outcome, or to predict outcomes
based on values)
Total (Theory Based Questions) 2×1=2 3×2=6 10 × 3=30 6 × 5=30 68 (21) 100%
Practical Based Questions (PBQs) 6 × 2 = 12 - - 12 (6)
Total 2×1=2 9 × 2 =18 10 × 3 = 30 6 × 5=30 80 (27)
1. Question paper ill consist of 27 questions.
2. All questions would be compulsory. However, an internal choice will be provided in two
questions of 3 marks each and one question of five marks.
* One question of 3 marks will be included to assess the values inherent in the texts.
viii
T he process in which new substances with new properties are
formed from one or more substances is called Chemical Reaction.
LHS RHS
(Reactant) (Product)
Chemical Equation
Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
LHS RHS
(Reactant) (Product)
Chemical Equation
* A chemical reaction can be represented by chemical equation.
It involves uses of symbol of elements or chemical formula of reactant
and product with mention of physical state.
* The necessary conditions such as temperature, pressure or any catalyst
should be written on arrow between reactant and products.
e.g., Magnesium is burnt in air to form magnesium oxide.
Mg + O2 → MgO
Balancing Chemical Equation
* Law of conservation of Mass. Matter can neither be created nor
destroyed in a chemical reaction.
* So number of elements involved in chemical reaction should remain
same at reactant and product side.
STEPWISE BALANCING (Hit and Trial)
Step 1. Write a chemical equation and draw boxes around each formula.
Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
* Do not change anything inside the box.
Step 2. Count the number of atoms of each element on both the sides of
chemical equation.
10 Science Class - 10
Element No. of atoms at No. of atoms at
reactant side product side
1.
Fe 1 3
2.
H 2 2
3.
O 1 4
Step 3. Equalise the number of atoms of element which has maximum number by
putting in front of it.
Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
Step 4. Try to equalize all the atoms of elements on reactant and product side by
adding coefficient in front of it.
3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2
* Now all the atoms of elements are equal on both sides.
Step 5. Write the physical states of reactants and products.
3Fe (s) + 4H2O (g) → Fe3O4 ( s) + 4H2 (g)
Solid state = (s)
Liquid state = (l)
Gaseous state = (g)
Aqueous state = (aq)
Step 6. Write necessary conditions of
temperature, pressure or catalyst on arrow
above or below.
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
I. COMBINATION REACTION : The reaction in which two or more reactant
combine to form a single product.
e.g. (i) Burning of coal
C (s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g)
(ii) Formation of water
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (l)
(iii) CaO (s) + H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq)
Quick lime Slaked lime
Exothermic Reactions : Reaction in which heat is released along with
formation of products.
Electric
e.g., 2H2O → 2H2 + O2
current
12 Science Class - 10
Sunlight
e.g., 2AgCl (s) → 2Ag (s) + Cl2 (g)
Sunlight 2Ag (s) + Br (g)
2AgBr (s) → 2
Reduction
In this reaction CuO is reduced to Cu and H2 is oxidized to H2O. So,
oxidation and reduction taking place together is redox reaction.
Effects of Oxidation in Daily Life
1) Corrosion
• When a metal is exposed to substances such as moisture, acid etc. for
some time, a layer of hydrated oxide is formed which weakens the
metal and hence metal is said to be corrode
• Rusting of iron, black coating on silver and green coating on copper are
examples of corrosion.
• Corrosion can be prevented by galvanization, electroplating or
painting.
2) Rancidity : The oxidation of fats and oils when exposed to air is known as
rancidity. It leads to bad smell and bad taste of food.
Methods to Prevent Rancidity
(i) By adding antioxidants
(ii) Keeping food in air tight containers
14 Science Class - 10
(iii) Replacing air by nitrogen
(iv)
Refrigeration
QUESTIONS
1. Whatchangesdoyouobserveintheironnailsandcolourofcoppersulphate
solution, if iron nails are dipped in CuSO4 solution for 15 minutes ?
5. Potato chips manufacturers fill the packet of chips with nitrogen gas.
Why ?
2. In electrolysis of water :
3. In the reaction
16 Science Class - 10
(a) Name the oxidized substance.
4. Give reasons :
(b) Brown coloured copper powder on heating in air turns into black
coloured substance.
6. A metal salt MX when exposed to light splits upto to form metal M and gas
X2. Metal M is used to make ornaments whereas gas X2 is used in making
bleaching powder. The salt MX is used in black & white photography.
7. A metal strip X is dipped in blue coloured salt solution YSO4. After some time
a layer of metal ‘Y’ is formed on metal strip X. Metal X is used in galvanization
whereas metal Y is used for making electric wires.
(e) Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → BaCl2 + 2NaCl
(a) H2 + O2 → H2O
(e) Ca(OH)2 + HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O
18 Science Class - 10
4. Write down the balanced chemical equation for the following :
20 Science Class - 10
ACIDS :
• These are the substances which have sour taste.
• They turn blue litmus solution red.
• They give H+ ions in aqueous solution.
• The term ‘acid’ has been derived from
the Latin word, acidus, which means
sour.
Strong Acids : HCl, H2SO4, HNO3
Weak Acids : CH3COOH, Oxalic acid, Lactic acid
Concentrated Acid : Having more amount of acid + less amount of water
Dilute Acid : Having more amount of water + less amount of acid
BASES :
• These are the substances which are bitter in taste and soapy in touch.
• They turn red litmus solution blue.
• They give OH− ions in aqueous solution.
Strong Bases : NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH) 2
Weak Bases : NH4OH
Alkalis : These are bases which are soluble in water [NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH) 2].
SALTS :
These are the compounds formed from reaction of acid and base.
22 Science Class - X
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS AND BASES
Reaction of Metals with
Acids Bases
Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas Base + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas
E.g., 2HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2 E.g., 2NaOH + Zn → Na2ZnO2 + H2 ↑
(Sodium zincate)
* Hydrogen gas released can be tested by bringing burning candle near gas
bubbles, it burst with pop sound.
Reaction of Metal Carbonates/Metal Hydrogen Carbonates with
Acids Bases
Acid + Metal Carbonate/ Metal Hydrogen Carbonate → Base + Metal Carbonate/
Salt + CO2 + H2O Metal Hydrogen Carbonate
E.g., 2HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O → No Reaction
HCl + NaHCO3 → NaCl + CO2 + H2O
* CO2 can be tested by passing it through lime water.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
(Lime water turns milky.)
* When excess CO2 is passed,
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O → Ca(HCO)3
(Milkiness disappears.)
Reaction of Acids and Bases With Each Other
Acid + Base → Salt + H2O
Neutralisation Reaction : Reaction of acid with base is called as
neutralization reaction.
E.g., HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
IF :
Strong Acid + Weak Base → Acidic salt + H2O
Weak Acid + Strong Base → Basic salt + H2O
Strong Acid + Strong Base → Neutral salt + H2O
Weak Acid + Weak Base → Neutral salt + H2O
24 Science Class - X
Acid or Base in Water Solution
• Acids produce H+ ions in presence of water.
• H+ ions cannot exist alone, they exist as H3O+ (hydronium ions).
H+ + H2O → H3O+
HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl−
Bases when dissolved in water gives OH− ions.
H2O
NaOH → Na+ + OH-
H2O
Mg(OH) → Mg2+ + 2OH-
• Bases soluble in water are called alkali.
• While diluting acids, it is recommended that the acid should be added
to water and not water to acid because the process of dissolving an
acid or a base in water is highly exothermic.
If water is added to acid, the heat generated may cause the mixture to
splash out and cause burns and the glass container may also break due
to excessive local heating.
Adding water to acid may
1. Plants and animals are • Our body works within the pH range of 7-7.8.
pH sensitive • When pH of rain water is less than 5.6, it is
called acid rain.
26 Science Class - X
3. pH in our digestive • Our stomach produces HCl acid which helps in
system digestion.
• During indigestion, stomach produces more
acid and cause pain and
irritation.
• To get rid of this pain, people uses antacid
(mild base) like milk of magnesia [Mg(OH)2]
to neutralize excess acid.
4. pH change as cause of • Tooth decay starts when pH of mouth is lower
tooth decay than 5.5.
• Tooth enamel made up of calcium phosphate
(hardest substance in
body) does not dissolve in water but corrodes
when pH is lower than
5.5 due to acids produced by degradation of
food particles by bacteria.
• Using toothpaste (generally basic) tooth decay
can be prevented.
5. Self defence by animals (a) Bee sting leaves an acid which cause pain and
and plants through irritation. Use of a
chemical warfare mild base like baking soad on stung area
gives relief.
(b) Stinging hair of nettle leaves inject methanoic
acid causing burning Sensation or pain.
Rubbing with leaf of dock plant give relief.
pH of Salts :
(i) Strong Acid + Strong Base → Neutral Salt : pH = 7
(ii) Salt of strong acid + Weak base → Acidic salt : pH < 7
(iii)Salt of strong base + Weak acid → Basic salt : pH > 7
28 Science Class - X
• It is mild non-corrosive base.
• When it is heated during cooking :
2NaHCO3 ∆
→ Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
Uses :
(a) For making baking powder (mixture of baking soda and tartaric
acid). When baking powder is heated or mixed with water, CO2 is
produced which causes bread and cake to rise making them soft
and spongy.
(b) An ingredient in antacid.
(c) Used in soda acids, fire extinguishers.
4. Washing Soda (Na2CO3.10H2O) : Recrystallization of sodium carbonate
gives washing soda. It is a basic salt.
Na2CO3 + 10H2O → Na2CO3.10H2O
Uses :
(a) In glass, soap and paper industry.
(b) Manufacture of borax.
(c) Cleaning agent for domestic purposes.
(d) For removing permanent hardness of water.
5. Plaster of Paris (Calcium sulphate hemihydrates) (CaSO4.½H2O) :
On heating gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) at 373K, it loses water molecules and
becomes Plaster of Paris (POP).
It is a white powder and on mixing with water it changes to gypsum.
CaSO4.½H2O + 1½H2O → CaSO4.2H2O
Uses :
(a) Doctors use POP for supporting fractured bones.
(b) For making toys, material for decoration.
(c) For making surfaces smooth.
Water of Crystallization : It is a fixed number of water molecules
present in one formula unit of a salt.
QUESTIONS
VERY SHORT QUESTIONS (1 Mark)
7. How will you test a gas which is liberated when HCl acid reacts with an
active metal ?
8. Why does flow of acid rain water into a river make the survival of
aquatic life in the river difficult ?
1. Why does bleaching powder smell strongly of chlorine and does not
dissolve completely in water ?
30 Science Class - X
2. Hold one moist and one dry strip of blue litmus paper over dry HCl
acid gas. Which strip will turn red and why ?
6. A white powder is added while baking breads and cakes to make them
soft and fluffy. What is the name of the powder ? What are its main
ingredients ?
9. What is the reaction called when an acid reacts with base to produce
salt and water ? Give example also.
10. Why pickles and curd are not stored in copper and brass utensils ?
1. On passing excess CO2 through lime water, it first turns milky and then
becomes colourless. Explain why ? Write chemical equations.
2. How are bases different from alkalis ? Are all bases alkalis ?
7. Why metallic oxides are called basic oxides and non-metallic oxides
are called acidic oxides ?
+ Zn A + H2 (g)
X + HCl B + H2O
+ CH3COOH C + H2O
3. An element P does not react with dil. H2SO4. If forms an oxide PO which
turns red litmus into blue. Will you call P as a metal or a non-metal ?
Give reason.
32 Science Class - X
Na2CO3 (s) + 10H2O (l) → Na2CO3.10H2O (s)
2. 2NaOH + Zn → Na2ZnO2 + H2
(X) (A)
(B)
(C)
3. ‘P’ is a metal.
I. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
34 Science Class - X
5. Ductility Metals can be drawn into thin wires. They are non-ductile.
36 Science Class - X
(D) Reaction of Metals with Solutions of other Metal Salts :
Metal A + Salt solution B → Salt solution A + Metal B
• Reactive metals can displace less reactive metals from their compounds in
solution form.
Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu
REACTIVITY SERIES
The reactivity series is a list of metals arranged in the order of their decreasing
activities.
K Most reactive
Na
Ca
Mg
Al
Zn Reactivity decreases
Fe
Pb
H
Cu
Hg
Ag
Au Least reactive
Reaction of Metals with Non-metals
• Reactivity of elements is the tendency to attain a completely filled valence
shell.
• Atoms of the metals lose electrons from their valence shell to form cation.
Atom of the non-metals gain electrons in the valence shell to form anion.
E.g., Formation of NaCl
Na → Na+ + e-
2, 8, 1 2, 8
Sodium cation
Cl + e → Cl-
−
2, 8, 7 2, 8, 8
Chloride anion
Metals And Non-Metals 37
Ionic Compounds
The compounds formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-
metal are called ionic compounds or electrovalent compounds.
Properties of Ionic Compounds
1. Physical nature : The are solid and hard, generally brittle.
2. Melting and Boiling Point : They have high melting and boiling point.
3. Solubility : Generally soluble in water and insoluble in solvents such as
kerosene, petrol etc.
4. Conduction of electricity : Ionic compounds conduct electricity in
molten and solution form but not in solid state.
Occurrence of Metals
Minerals : The elements or compounds which occur naturally in the
earth’s crust are called minerals.
Ores : Minerals that contain very high percentage of particular metal and the
metal can be pro tably extracted from it, such minerals are called ores.
K
Na Not found in free state
Very reactive metals Ca Extraction by electrolysis
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe Occur as sulphides, oxides, carbonates
Moderately reactive Pb
Cu Reduction by using carbon
Hg
Least reactive Ag Occur in native/free state
Au
38 Science Class - X
Extraction of Metals from Ores
Step 1. Enrichment of ores.
Step 2. Extraction of metals.
Step 3. Refining of metals.
ORE
Concentration of ore
40 Science Class - X
Corrosion
The surface of some metals such as iron is corroded when they are exposed to
moist air for a long period of time. This is called corrosion.
(i) Silver becomes black when exposed to air as it reacts with air to form
a coating of silver sulphide.
(ii) Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in the air and gains a green coat
of copper carbonate.
(iii) Iron when exposed to moist air acquires a coating of a brown aky
substance called rust.
Prevention of Corrosion
The rusting of iron can be prevented by painting, oiling, greasing, galvanizing,
chrome plating, anodizing or making alloys.
Galvanization : It is a method of protecting steel and iron from rusting by
coating them with a thin layer of zinc.
Alloy : An alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more metals or a metal
and a non-metal.
Iron : Mixed with small amount of carbon becomes hard and strong.
Steel : Iron + Nickel and chromium
Brass : Copper + Zinc
Bronze : Copper + Tin (Sn)
Solder : Lead + tin
Amalgam : If one of the metal is mercury (Hg).
42 Science Class - X
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 Marks)
1. What is the difference between a mineral and an ore ?
2. Differentiate between roasting and calcinations process in metallurgy.
3. What is an alloy ? Name the alloy which has iron, nickel and chromium as its
constituent. What is the chief use of this alloy ?
4. Explain any two ways to prevent rusting of iron.
5. Explain briefly electrolytic refining method.
Hints to Long Answer Type Questions
1. Mineral Ore
Natural occurring chemical An ore is a mineral from
substances obtained which metal is obtained.
by mining
2. Roasting Calcination
(a) Ore is heated in the (a) Ore is heated in
presence of air. absence of air.
(b) Convert (b) Convert
Roasting Calcination
Sulphide ore → Oxide ore Carbonate ore → Oxide ore
3. Alloy : It is a homogenous solid solution of one metal with one or more metals
or non-metals.
Stainless steel, used for making utensils, equipments.
4. (a) By coating the surface with a thin film of oil or grease.
(b) By painting the surface.
(c) By the process of galvanization.
5. Refer Page no. 52 of NCERT
44 Science Class - 10
(i) H2
Hydrocarbon
Saturated Unsaturated
46 Science Class - 10
Name of Hydrocarbon Mileculas Structural Formula
formula
H
|
1. Methane CH4 H—C—H
|
H
H H
| |
2. Elhane C2H6 H—C—C—H
| |
H H
H H H
| | |
3. Propane C3H8 H—C—C—C—H
| | |
H H H
H H H H
| | | |
4. Butane C4H10 H—C—C—C—C—H
| | | |
H H H H
H H H H H
| | | | |
5. Pentane C5H12 H—C—C—C—C—C—H
| | | | |
H H H H H
48 Science Class - 10
(ii) Branched
C
|
C — C — C — C C—C—C
| |
C C
Isomerism of C5H12 (Pentane)
H H H H H H H H H
| | | | | | | | |
H – C – C – C – C – C – H H–C–C–C–C–H
| | | | | | | | |
H H H H H H | H H
H–C–H
n-pentane
|
H iso-pentane
H
|
H–C–H
H H
| | |
H–C–C–C–H
| | |
H H
H–C–H
| Neo-pentane
H
These three above compounds has same molecular formula but different
structures are called structural isomers and phenomenon is structural isomerism.
(iii) Cyclic
Homologous Series
It is series of compounds in which the some functional group substitutes for
the hydrogen in a carbon chain.
E.g., Alcohols – CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH, C4H9OH
• Have same general formula.
• Any two homologues differ by – CH2 group and difference in molecular
mass is 14µ.
• Have
same chemical properties but show gradual change in physical
properties.
50 Science Class - 10
Functional Prefix/Suffix Example
Group
H H H
| | |
1. Halogen Prefix – Chloro, Bromo, H — C — C — C — Cl
Iodo etc. | | |
H H H
Chloro Propane
H H H
| | |
2. Alcohol Suffix – ol H — C — C — C — OH
| | |
H H H
Propanaol
H H
| |
3. Aldehyde Suffix – al H—C—C—C=O
| | |
H H H
Propanal
H H
| |
4. Ketone Suffix – one H—C—C—C—H
| || |
H O H
Propanone
H H O
| | ||
5. Carboxylic Suffix – oic acid H — C — C — C — OH
acid | |
H H
Propanoic acid
H H
| |
6. Alkene Suffix – ene H—C—C—C—H
(– C = C –) | |
H H
Propene
Carbon and Its Compounds 51
H
|
7. Alkyne Suffix – yne H—C—C≡C—H
(– C ≡ C –) |
H
Propyne
Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds
(a) Combustion
Combustion
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + Heat + Light
• Carbon and its compounds are used as fuels because they burn in air
releasing lot of heat energy.
• Saturated hydrocarbon generally burn in air with blue and non-sooty
flame.
• Unsaturated hydrocarbon burns in air with yellow sooty flame because
percentage of carbon is higher than saturated hydrocarbon which does
not get completely oxidized in air.
(b) Oxidation
Alcohols can be converted to carboxylic acid in presence of oxidizing agent
alkaline KMnO4 (potassium permangnate) or acidic potassium dichromate.
Alkaline KMnO Or
CH3CH2OH
Acidic K Cr O → CH3COOH
4
2 2 7
Ethanol Ethanoic acid
(c) Addition Reaction :
Hot conc.
CH3CH2OH
H SO → CH2 = CH2 + H2O
2 4
Chemical Properties
(i) Esterification :
Acid
CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH → CH3 CO CH2 CH3
(Ethanoic acid) (Ethanol) ||
O
Ester
Sweet smelling ester is formed.
CH3 CO CH2 CH3 + NaOH → CH3COONa + CH3CH2OH
||
O
This is saponification as soap is prepared by this.
(ii) Reaction with base :
NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O
(Sod. acetate)
Oil droplet
• The magnesium and calcium salt present in hard water react with soap
molecule to form insoluble product called scum. This scum create
difficulty in cleansing action.
• By use of detergent, insoluble scum is not formed with hard water and
cloths get cleaned effectively.
54 Science Class - 10
QUESTIONS
56 Science Class - 10
Hints to Long Answer Type Questions
58 Science Class - 10
• Newland’s Law of Octaves :
Newland arranged the then known elements in the order of increasing
atomic masses and found that the properties of every 8th element is
similar to that of the 1st element.
He compared this to the octaves found in music and called it the ‘Law of
Octaves’.
For example, the properties of lithium (Li) and sodium (Na) were found to
be the same.
Newland’s Octave
Sa Re ga ma pa da ni
H Li Be B C N O
F Na Mg Al Si P S
Cl K Ca Cr Ti Mn Fe
Co and Ni Cu Zn Y In As Se
Br Rb Sr Ce and La Zr - -
Limitations :
• It was applicable upto calcium (for lighter elements only).
• Properties of new discovered elements did not fit into the law of octave.
• To fit elements into his table, Newlands put even two elements together
in one slot and that too in the column of unlike elements having very
different properties.
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table : When elements are arranged in the order of
increasing atomic masses, the element with similar properties occur at regu-
lar intervals. The properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic
masses.
Mendeleev’s periodic table is based on the chemical properties of
elements. It contains 7 periods (horizontal rows) and 8 groups (vertical columns).
60
Oxide R2O RO R2O3 RO3 R2O5 RO3 R2O7 RO4
Hydride RH RH2 RH4 RH4 RH3 RH2 RH
Periods A B A B A B A B A B A B A B Transition
¯ series
1 H
1.008
2 Li Be B C N O F
6.939 9.012 10.81 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998
Science Class - 10
3 Na Mg Al St P S Cl
22.99 24.31 29.98 28.09 30.974 32.06 35.453
4 First K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Ce Ni
Table. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
series : 39.102 40.08 44.96 47.90 50.94 50.20 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.71
Second Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
series : 63.54 65.37 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.909
5 First Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd
series : 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 99 101.07 102.91 106.4
Second Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I
series : 107.87 112.40 114.82 118.69 121.75 127.60 126.90
6 First Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Os Ir Pt
series : 132.90 137.34 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.85 190.2 192.2 195.09
Second Au Hg Tl Pb Bi
series : 196.97 200.59 204.37 207.19 208.98
Modern Periodic Table
• Atomic number of an element is a more fundamental property than its
atomic mass.
• According to the Modern Periodic law : The properties of elements are a
periodic function of their atomic number.
• All the anomalies of Mendeleev’s classification disappear.
64 Science Class - 10
2. Metallic Decreases Due to increase Increases D e c r e a s e
character in effective in effective
nuclear charge, nuclear charge
tendency to lose experienced
valence electrons by valence
decreases. electrons.
Tendency to
lose electrons
increases.
3. N o n - Increases Due to increase Decreases Due to decrease
metallic in effective in effective
character nuclear charge, nuclear charge
tendency to experienced
gain electrons by valence
increases. electrons (due to
addition of new
shells) tendency
to gain electrons
decreases.
QUESTIONS
4. Which important property did Mendeleev used to classify the elements in his
periodic table ?
9. How many rows and columns are there in modern periodic table ?
6. Why metallic oxides are basic in nature whereas non-metallic oxides are
acidic in nature ?
7. How does the atomic size vary as we go down a group and move left to right
in a period ? Write the reason behind it.
(c) Which of these elements will form the most basic oxide ?
66 Science Class - 10
3. Study the variation in the atomic radii of elements given below and arrange
them in increasing order :
Na Li Rb Cs K
(a) Name the element which has the smallest and the largest atomic size.
(b) How can you relate the above fact with the chapter ‘Classification of
Elements’. How classification of elements help us studying them
properly ?
(a) Elements have been arranged in Elements have been arranged in
increasing increasing
2. Element A(16) = 2, 8, 6.
(b) Solid
(c) H2S
(d) Non-metal
68
64 Science Class - 10
Chapter - 6
All the processes like respiration, digestion, which together keep the living
organisms alive and perform the job of body maintenance are called life
processes.
Examples :
Life Processes
I. Nutrition
(The whole process by which an organism obtain its food)
Life Processes 69
Modes of Nutrition
Autrotrophic Hetrotrophic
Kind of nutrition in which Kind of nutrition in which
inorganic materials like CO2, organisms do not possess
water etc. are utilized to prepare the ability to synthesize their
organic food by the process of own food. They depend on
photosynthesis. autotrophs for their food
E.g., Green plants. supply directly or indirectly.
E.g., Animals, fungi.
Autotrophic Nutrition :
The organisms which carry out autotrophic nutrition are called autotrophs
(green plants).
70 Science Class - X
• Conversion of light energy into chemical energy + splitting (breaking) of
water into hydrogen and oxygen
• Reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates
Stomata : Tiny pores present on the surface of the leaves.
Functions :
(a) Exchange of gases O2/CO2.
(b) Loses large amount of water (water vapour) during transpiration.
Hetrotrophic Nutrition
Holozoic Saprophytic Parasitic
Animals take in solid Organisms feed on Parasites live inside
food and breakdown dead, decaying matter. or outside other
inside the body. E.g., Fungi. organism (host) and
E.g., Amoeba, animals. derive nutrition from it.
E.g., Cuscuta (plant
parasites), Ticks etc.
Life Processes 71
(i) Amoeba
(ii) Paramaecium
Paramaecium → Cilia → Take in food → At a specific spot
(Present all
over the body)
I. NUTRITION
NUTRITION
72 Science Class - X
Nutrition in Human Beings
1.
Mouth Intake of whole food.
↓
Teeth Chewing/grinding of food.
↓
Tongue Rolling of food +
↓ Tasting of food +
Swallowing/Pushing down of the food.
Salivary Glands Secrete saliva + Mucus
Salivay
→
amylase
↓ Starch [ Saliva ] Sugar
2.
Oesophagus Taking food from mouth to stomach by
Peristaltic movements. [Contraction and
↓ expansion of muscles of the oesophagus
Secrete
Stomach
3. Gastric glands → Gastric juice
Gastric Juice
PEPSIN HCl MUCUS
(Enzyme that (Makes medium (Protects
↓ breaks down acidic) inner lining
proteins) of the stomach)
4.
Small Intestine (a) Intestinal enzyme
↓ convert
Life Processes 73
Small Intestine (c)
globules
Lipids
74 Science Class - X
RESPIRATION
Respiration involves : (i) Gaseous exchange : Intake of oxygen from the
atmosphere and release of CO2 → Breathing
(ii) Breakdown of simple food in order to release
energy inside the cell → Cellular respiration
Breakdown of Glucose by Various Pathways
Respiration
Aerobic Anaerobic
• Takes place in the presence • Takes place in the absence
of oxygen of oxygen
• Occurs in mitochondria • Occurs in cytoplasm
• End products are CO2 and H2O • End products are alcohol or
lactic acid
• More amount of energy is released • Less amount of energy
is released
Life Processes 75
Human Respiratory System
Passage of air through the respiratory system :
Nostril
↓
Nasal Passage
↓
Nasal Cavity
↓
Pharynx
↓
Larynx
↓
Trachea
↓
Bronchi
↓
Bronchioles
↓
Lungs
Alveoli
↓
Blood capillaries
Mechanism of Breathing
Inhalation Exhalation
• During inhalation the thoracic • Thoracic cavity contracts.
cavity (chest cavity) expands.
• Ribs lift up. • Ribs move downwards.
• Diaphragm become flat in shape. • Diaphragm becomes dome shaped.
• Volume of lungs increases and • Volume of lungs decreases
air enters the lungs and air exits from the lungs.
76 Science Class - X
Exchange of gases between alveolus, blood and tissues
(i) Air (rich in O2) → Blood → Binds with haemoglobin in RBC → O2 is
released in (in alveolus) (through blood vessels) tissues
(ii) CO2 → Released in blood → Dissolved in blood → Blood vessels →
Released in alveolar sac → Sent out through nostrils
(from tissue) (in alveoli)
Terrestial organisms : Use atmospheric oxygen for respiration
Aquatic organisms : Use dissolved oxygen for respiration
Respiration in plants
Respiration in plants is simpler than the respiration in animals. Gaseous
exchange occur through :
(a) Stomata in leaves
(b) Lenticels in stems
(c) General surface of the root
Transportation
Human beings like other multicellular organism need regular supply of food,
oxygen etc. This function is performed by circulatory system.
The circulatory system in human beings consists of
Life Processes 77
Diagram to show blood circulation in human body
Double circulation
Blood travels twice through the heart in one complete cycle of the body.
78 Science Class - X
Blood
(A fluid connective tissue)
Transportation in Plants
There are two main conducting pathways in a plant.
Xylem Phloem
1. Carries water & minerals from 1. Carries product of photosynthesis
the roots to other parts of the plant. from leaves to the other parts of
the plant.
2. No energy is used. 2. Energy is used from ATP.
Transpiration is the process of loss of water as vapour from aerial parts of the
plant.
Life Processes 79
Function :
(a) Absorption and upward movement of water and minerals by creating PULL.
(b) Helps in temperature regulation in plant.
Transport of food from leaves (food factory) to different part of the plant is called
Translocation.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM IN MAN
Excretory/urinary system consists of :
(1) The kidneys : The excretory organ
(2) The ureters : The ducts which drain out urine from the kidneys
(3) The urinary bladder : The urinary reservoir
(4) The urethra : The channel to the exterior
80 Science Class - X
2. Unicellular organisms remove these wastes by simple diffusion.
Human Excretory System
Formation of Urine
• Each kidney contains many filtration units called as nephrons.
• Nephrons are made up of a cluster of thin walled capillaries called
glomerulus which is associated with a cup like structure called as
Bowman’s capsule and the long tube which terminates through this
capsule.
• The renal artery brings oxygenated blood to the kidneys along with the
nitrogenous wastes like urea and uric acid and many other substances.
• The blood gets filtered through the glomerulus and this filtrate enters the
tubular part of nephron.
• As this filtrate moves down the tubular part, glucose, amino acids, salts
and excess of water gets selectively reabsorbed by the blood vessels
surrounding these tubules.
• The amount of water reabsorbed depends upon :
* How much excess of water is there in the body and,
* How much nitrogenous wastes need to be excreted out.
• So the fluid now flowing in the tubular part is urine which gets collected
in collecting ducts of nephrons.
• These collecting ducts together leave the kidney at a common point by
forming the ureter.
• Each ureter drains the urine in the urinary bladder where it is stored until
the pressure of expanded bladder leads to an urge to pass it out through
urethra.
• This bladder is a muscular structure which is under nervous control.
• 180 litres of filtrate is formed daily but only 2 litres is excreted out as
urine so the rest is reabsorbed in the body.
Life Processes 81
Functions of Nephron
• Excretion of nitrogenous wastes.
• To maintain the water and ionic balance (osmic regulation).
Excretion in Plants
Plants use different strategies for excretion of different products :
• Oxygen and carbon dioxide is diffused through stomata.
• Excess water is removed by transpiration.
• Plants can even loose some of their old parts like old leaves and bark of
tree.
• Other waste products like raisins and gums especially in old xylem cells
which can also be lost by plants.
• Plants also secrete some waste substances into the soil around them.
Structure of a Nephron
The urine formation involves three steps :
1. Glomerular filtration : Nitrogenous wastes, glucose water, amino acid filter
from the blood into Bowman Capsule of the nephron.
82 Science Class - X
2. Tubular reabsorption : Now, useful substances from the filtrate are
reabsorbed back by capillaries surrounding the nephron.
3. Secretion : Urea, extra water and salts are secreted into the tubule which
open up into the collecting duct & then into the ureter.
Artificial Kidney
Haemodialysis : The process of purifying blood by an artificial kidney. It is
meant for kidney failure patients.
QUESTIONS
VERY SHORT QUESTIONS (1 Mark)
1. State one difference between autotrophic and hetrotrophic mode of nutrition.
2. Define peristaltic movement.
3. What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food ?
4. Name the tissue that transports water and minerals in plants.
5. What is the role of acid in our stomach ?
6. What is emulsification ?
7. Name the cell organelle in which photosynthesis occur.
8. Name the largest artery in the human body.
9. Define transpiration.
10. What is the structural and functional unit of kidney called ?
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 Marks)
1. How is small intestine designed to absorb digested food ?
2. What are stomata ? Draw a labeled diagram of stomata.
3. Write the equation for the process of breakdown of glucose in a cell :
(a) in the presence of oxygen.
(b) in the absence of oxygen.
Life Processes 83
4. Write the differences between inhalation and exhalation.
5. List the three events which occur during photosynthesis.
6. How does transpiration help in upward transport of substances.
7. Write the functions of the components of blood.
8. Why is small intestine longer in herbivores than in carnivores ?
9. Explain the cause of cramps after excessive physical exercise.
10. Why is the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms much faster than that seen
in terrestrial organisms.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 Marks)
1. Describe the process of double circulation in human beings.
2. What are the methods used by plants to get rid of their waste products ?
3. Give reason for the following :
(a) Arteries are thick walled blood vessels.
(b) Veins are thin walled blood vessels.
(c) Veins have valves in them.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 Marks)
1. If you chew chapatti for long, after some time it taste sweet ? Why is this so?
2. What is the benefit of residual volume of air in the respiratory process ?
3. Why is the energy needs in plants is very less as compared to animals ?
Explain.
4. Draw a well-labelled diagram of Nephron. Explain the process of formation
of urine in the human kidney.
5. Draw a diagram showing Human Respiratory System. Label the following
parts :
(a)
Alveolus (b) Trachea
(c)
Bronchus (d) Lungs
84 Science Class - X
Hints to Long Answer Type Questions
1. Chapati will taste sweet as saliva breaks down starch which is a complex
molecule to give sugar.
2. The lungs always contain a residual volume of air so that there is suf cient
time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be released.
3. Plant gets most of energy during photosynthesis.
4. See the given diagram.
5. See the given diagram.
Life Processes 85
Chapter- 7
• All the living organisms respond and react to changes in the environment
around them.
• The changes in the environment to which the organisms respond and
react are called stimuli such as light, heat, cold, sound, smell, touch etc.
• Both plants and animals respond to stimuli but in a different manner.
Control and Coordination in Animals
It is brought about in all animals with the help of two main systems :
(a) Nervous system
(b) Endocrine system
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Control and coordination are provided by nervous and muscular tissues.
• Nervous tissue is made up of an organized network of nerve cells or
neurons, and is specialized for conducting information via electrical
impulses from one part of the body to another.
Receptors : Are specialized tips of some nerve cells that detect the information
from the environment. These receptors are located in our sense organs.
(a) Ear : • Phonoreceptors
• Hearing
• Balance of the body
86 Science Class - X
(b) Eyes : • Photoreceptors
• Seeing
(c) Skin : • Thermoreceptors
• Heat or cold
• Touch
(d) Nose : • Olfactory receptors
• Smell detection
(e) Tongue : • Gustatory receptors
• Taste detection
Neuron : It is the structural and functional unit of nervous system.
Parts of Neuron :
(a) Dendrite : Acquires information.
(b) Cell body : Acquired information travels as an electrical impulse.
(c) Axon : Longest fibre on the cell body is called axon. It transmits electrical
impulse from cell body to dendrite of next neuron.
Synapse : It is the gap between the nerve ending of one neuron and dendrite of
the other neuron. Here electrical signal is converted into chemical signal for
onward transmission.
REFLEX ACTION
Reflex action is quick, sudden and immediate response of the body to a stimulus.
E.g., Knee jerk, withdrawal of hand on touching hot object.
(CNS) (PNS)
88 Science Class - X
(ii) Control the voluntary actions.
(iii)Store information (Memory).
(iv) Receives sensory impulses from various parts of the body and integrate
it.
(v) Centre associated with hunger.
(b) Mid-brain : Controls involuntary actions such as :
• Change in pupil size.
• Reflex movements of head, neck and trunk.
(c) Hind-brain : It has three parts :
(i) Cerebellum : Controls posture and balance. Precision of voluntary
actions e.g., picking pen.
(ii) Medulla : Controls involuntary actions e.g., blood pressure, salivation,
vomiting.
(iii) Pons : Involuntary actions, regulation of respiration.
Human Brain
Protection of Brain and Spinal Cord
(a) Brain : Brain is protected by a fluid filled balloon which acts as shock
absorber and is enclosed in cranium (skull or brain box).
Control And Coordination 89
(b) Spinal Cord : Spinal cord is enclosed in vertebral column.
Coordination between Nervous and Muscular Tissue
90 Science Class - X
(ii) Dependent on growth : These movements are tropic movements i.e.,
directional movements in response to stimulus.
• Tendrils : The part of tendril away from the object grows more rapidly
as compared to the part near the object. This causes circulating of tendril
around the object.
• Phototropism : Movement towards light.
• Geotropism : Movement towards/away from gravity.
• Chemotropism : Growth of pollen tube towards ovule.
• Hydrotropism : Movement towards water.
Plant Hormones : Are chemical compounds which help to coordinate
growth, development and responses to the environment.
Main plant hormones are :
(a) Auxin : • Synthesized at shoot tip
• Helps the cells to grow longer
• Involved in phototropism
(b) Gibberellin : • Helps in the growth of the stem
(c) Cytokinins : • Promotes cell division
• Present in greater concentration in fruits and seeds
(d) Abscisic Acid : • Inhibits growth
• Cause wilting of leaves
• Stress hormone
Hormones in Animals :
Hormones : Hormones are the chemical substances which coordinate the
activities of living organisms and also their growth.
Endocrine glands : These glands secrete their product (hormone) into the
blood.
92 Science Class - X
Iodised salt is necessary because iodine mineral is essential part of thyroxine
hormone secreted by thyroid gland. Thyroxine regulates metabolism of
carbohydrates, fats and proteins. So, we must consume iodised salt which
is necessary for proper working of thyroid gland. It’s deficiency causes a
disease called goiter (Swollen neck).
Diabetes
Disease in which blood sugar level increase.
Cause : Due to the deficiency of insulin hormone secreted by pancreas that
is responsible to control blood sugar levels.
Treatment : Injections of insulin hormone.
Feedback Mechanism
The excess or deficiency of hormones has a harmful effect on our body.
Feedback mechanism makes sure that hormones should be secreted in precise
quantity and at right time.
E.g., Feedback mechanism to control the sugar level in blood is as follows :
Sugar level in the blood rises
↓
Detected by cells of Pancreas
Feedback sent
↓
Switch off
Synthesis of Insulin
↓
Blood sugar level falls
↓
Stop secreting more insulin
94 Science Class - X
2. What is the significance of tropic movements in plants ? Explain any two
types of tropic movements.
3. Which hormone is known as emergency hormone in our body ? How it helps
in coping during emergency ?
4. Where are different receptors present in our body ? What are their functions
?
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 Marks)
1. Draw a labelled diagram of human brain and state the functions of its different
parts.
2. What are hormones ? Give the name of associated gland and functions of
different animal hormones.
3. What is feedback mechanism ? Explain its working with the help of one
example.
4. (a) How brain and spinal cord are protected ?
(b) What are the different parts of human nervous system ?
(c) What are the limitations of nervous system ?
VALUE BASED QUESTION
Rahul’s aunt is obese. She is very fond of eating sweets and junk food. She
feels very thirsty and passes excess of urine. She got herself examined by
the doctor. Doctor told her not to eat sweet things and exercise regularly. He
prescribed some medicines also. Rahul helped her to follow doctor’s advice.
Now answer the following questions :
(a) Which disease is she suffering from ? Name the hormone responsible for
this.
(b) What values are displayed by Rahul ?
96 Science Class - X
• Reproduction is the process by which living organisms produce new
individuals similar to themselves. It ensures continuity of life on
earth.
• Nucleus of the cell contains DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) which
is the heredity material.
• DNA replicates and forms new cells causing variation. So, these new
cells will be similar but may not be identical to original cell.
• Variations are useful for the survival of the individual and species
over time as well as basis for evolution.
Types of Reproduction
(a) Asexual Reproduction
• A single individual give rise to new individual.
• Gametes are not formed.
• New individual is identical to parent.
• It is extremely useful as a means of rapid multiplication.
• Adopted by lower organisms.
(b) Sexual Reproduction
• Two individuals i.e., one male and one female are needed to give rise
to new individual.
• Gametes are formed.
• New individual is genetically similar but not identical to parents.
• It is useful to generate more variations in species.
• Adopted by higher organisms.
How do Organisms reproduce 97
Modes of Asexual Reproduction
(i) Fission : The parent cell divides into daughter cells.
• Binary fission : 2 cells are formed. E.g., amoeba.
• Multiple fission : Many cells are formed. E.g., Plasmodium.
Fragmentation in Spirogyra
(iii) Regeneration : If organism is somehow cut or broken into many pieces,
each piece grows into a complete organism. E.g., Planaria, Hydra.
98 Science Class - 10
Budding in Hydra
(v) Vegetative Propagation : In many plants, new plants develops from
vegetative parts such as :
• By roots : E.g., dahlias, sweet potato.
• By stem : E.g., potato, ginger.
• By leaves : E.g., bryophyllum (leaf notches bear buds which develop
into plants).
• Artificial methods :
(a) Grafting : E.g., Mango
(b) Cutting : E.g., Rose
(c) Layering : E.g., Jasmine
(d) Tissue culture : New plants are grown by using growing tip of a plant.
These growing cells are kept in a culture medium leads to the formation of
callus. Callus is then transferred to hormone medium which causes growth and
differentiation. E.g., ornamental plants, orchid.
Reproductive Health
Reproductive health means a total well-being in all aspects of reproduction
i.e., physical, emotional, social and behavioural.
Contraception
It is the avoidance of pregnancy, can be achieved by preventing the
fertilisation of ova.
Methods of contraception
(a) Physical barrier
• To prevent union of egg and sperm.
• Use of condoms, cervical caps and diaphragm.
(b) Chemical methods
• Use of oral pills
• These change hormonal balance of body so that eggs are not released.
• May have side effects.
(c) Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD)
• Copper-T or loop is placed in uterus to prevent pregnancy.
Female Foeticide
•
The practice of killing a female child inside the womb is called female
foeticide.
• For a healthy society, a balanced sex ratio is needed that can be achieved
by educating people to avoid malpractices like female foeticide and
prenatal sex determination.
• Prenatal sex determination is a legal offence in our country so as to
maintain a balanced sex ratio.
QUESTIONS
Heredity Variation
Variations
Asexually Sexually
Importance of Variation :
(i) Depending upon the nature of variations different individuals would
have different kinds of advantage.
Example, Bacteria that can withstand heat will survive better in a heat
wave.
(ii) Main advantage of variation to species is that it increases the chances of
its survival in a changing environment.
Free ear lobes and attached ear lobes are two variants found in human
populations.
Monohybrid Cross
Cross between two pea plants with one pair of contrasting characters is called
a monohybrid cross.
Example : Cross between a tall and a dwarf plant (short).
MONOHYBRID CROSS
PARENT → Tall plant × Dwarf plant
ALLELIC PAIR → TT × tt
OF GENES
GAMETES → T T × t t
GAMETES T t T t
F2 GENERATION → Gametes → T t
TT Tt
T tall tall
Tt tt
t tall dwarf
Seed shape
Round Wrinkled
Seed colour
Yellow Green
Flower colour
Violet White
Pod shape
Inflated/full Constricted
Flower position
Axial Terminal
Stem height
Tall Dwarf
Phenotypic ratio → 3 : 1
Genotypic ratio → 1 : 2 : 1
Phenotype → Physical appearance [Tall or Short]
Genotype → Genetic make up [TT, Tt or tt]
TT : Tt : tt
Genotypic ratio F2 – 1 : 2 : 1
1 : 2 : 1
Conclusions
1. TT and Tt both are tall plants while tt is a short plant.
2. A single copy of T is enough to make the plant tall, while both copies have
to be ‘t’ for the plant to be short.
3. Characters/traits like ‘T’ are called dominant trait (because it express
itself) and ‘t’ are recessive trait (because it remains suppressed).
Dihybrid Cross
A cross between two plants having two pairs of contrasting characters is
called dihybrid cross.
PARENT → Round green × Wrinkled yellow
GENERATION seeds seeds
RRyy rrYY
↓ ↓
GAMETES → Ry rY
F1 → RrYy
[Round, yellow]
F1 × F1
Selfing F1 → RY RY
gametes Rr Yy Ry × Rr Yy Ry
rY rY
ry ry
Phenotypic Ratio
Round, yellow : 9
Round, green : 3
Wrinkled, yellow : 3
Wrinkled, green : 1
Observations
(i) When RRyy was crossed with rrYY in F1 generation all were Rr Yy
round and yellow seeds.
(ii) Self pollination of F1 plants gave parental phenotype and two mixtures
(recombinants round yellow and wrinkled green) seeds plants in the
ratio of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1.
9 : 3 : 3 : 1
Round Round Wrinkled wrinkled
yellow green yellow green
Conclusions
1. Round and yellow seeds are Dominant characters.
2. Occurrence of new phenotype combinations show that genes for round
and yellow seeds are inherited independently of each other.
SEX DETERMINATION
Determination of sex of an offspring.
FACTORS
Responsible for Sex Determination
Environmental Genetic
In some animals, the temperature In some animals like humans
at which gender or
the fertilized eggs are kept decides individual is determined by a
the gender. pair of
E.g., in turtle chromosomes called sex
chromosome.
XX – Female
XY – Male
Sex Chromosomes : In human beings, there are 23 pairs of chromosome.
Out of these 22 chromosomes pairs are called autosomes and the last pair of
chromosome that help in deciding gender of that individual is called sex chro-
mosome.
XX – Female
XY – Male
Sex determination in Human Beings
EVOLUTION
Evolution is the sequence of gradual changes which takes place in the primi-
tive organisms, over millions of years, in which new species are produced.
Situation I
Group of red beetles
↓
Colour variation arises during reproduction
Conclusion
Green beetles got the survival advantage or they were naturally selected as
they were not visible in green bushes. This natural selection is exerted by crows
resulting in adaptations in the beetles to fit better in their environment.
↓
Crows can see both blue and red beetles and can eat them
↓
Number reduces but still red beetles are more and blue ones are few
↓
Suddenly elephant comes and stamps on the bushes
↓
Now beetles left are mostly blue
Conclusion
Blue beetles did not get survivals advantage. Elephant suddenly caused ma-
jor havoc in beetles population otherwise their number would have been consid-
erably large.
From this we can conclude that accidents can change the frequency of some
genes even if they do not get survival advantage. This is called genetic drift and
it leads to variation.
Situation III
Group of red beetles
↓
Habitat of beetles (bushes)
suffer from plant disease
↓
Average weight of beetles
decreases due to poor nourishment
↓
Number of beetles kept on reducing
↓
Later plant disease gets eliminated
↓
Number and average weight of beetles increases again
Examples of Fossils
AMMONITE - Fossil-invertebrate
TRILOBITE - Fossil-invertebrate
KNIGHTIA - Fossil-fish
RAJASAURUS - Fossil-dinosaur skull
AGE OF THE FOSSILS
I. Deeper the fossil, older it is. 1. (Top layer of the earth
Recent surface)
II. Detecting the ratios of difference of the 2. ....................................
same element in the fossil material i.e., 3. ....................................
Radio-carbon dating [C-(14) dating] 4. ....................................
5. ....................................
• Older
6. ....................................
Evolution by Stages
Evolution takes place in stages i.e., bit by bit generations.
I. Fitness Advantage
Evolution of Eyes : Evolution of complex organs is not sudden. It occurs
due to minor changes in DNA, however takes place bit by bit over generations.
• Flat worm has rudimentary eyes. (Enough to give fitness advantage)
• Insects have compound eyes.
• Humans have binocular eyes.
Determining
Excavating Time dating Fossils
DNA sequences
QUESTIONS
REFLECTION
Bouncing back of light when it strikes on a polished surface like mirror.
Laws of Reflection :
(1) Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
(2) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence,
all lie in the same plane.
Characteristics of Image
(i) Virtual and erect.
(ii) Size of image is equal to the size of object.
(iii) Image is formed as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.
(iv) Laterally inverted.
Lateral Inversion : The right side of the object appears left side of the image
and vice-versa.
Application of lateral inversion : The word AMBULANCE is written as
so that it can be read correctly in rear view mirror of vehicles going
in front of it.
Spherical Mirrors : Mirrors whose reflecting surface is curved.
Convex Mirror Concave Mirror
• Principal axis : The line joining the pole and center of curvature.
• Pole (P) : The centre of the spherical mirror.
• Aperture (MN) : It is the effective diameter of the spherical mirror.
• Center of Curvature (C) : The centre of the hollow glass sphere of
which the mirror was a part.
• Radius of Curvature (R) : The distance between the pole and the centre
of curvature.
• Focus (F) : The point on principal axis where all the parallel light rays
actually meet or appear to meet after reflection.
• Focal length (f) : The distance between the pole and the focus.
Relationship between focal length and radius of curva-
ture :
R
f =
2
(ii) A ray passing through the principal focus of concave mirror will emerge
parallel to principal axis after reflection.
(ii) Concave mirrors are used by dentists to see large image of teeth of
patients. (Teeth have to be placed between pole and focus).
(iii) Concave mirror is used as shaving mirror to see a larger image of the
face.
(iv) Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat
in solar furnace.
Rule for image formation by Convex Mirror
(i) A ray of light parallel to the principal axis of a convex mirror appear to
diverge from the principal focus.
(ii) A ray which is directed towards the focus of the convex mirror will
emerge parallel to the principal axis after reflection.
(ii) Convex mirrors are used at blind turns and on points of merging traffic
to facilitate vision of both side traffic.
(iii) Used in shops as security mirror.
Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirror
Or
New Cartesian Sign Convention
(i) The object is placed to the left of the mirror.
(ii) All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole of
the mirror.
(iii) All distances measured in the direction of incident ray (along + X-axis)
are taken as positive and those measured against the direction of incident
ray (along – X-axis) are taken as negative.
(iv) Distance measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis are
taken as positive.
(v) Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis are
taken as negative.
hi
m=
ho
Also,
v
m=−
u
Laws of Refraction
(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two
transparent media at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
n21 means refractive index of second medium with respect to first medium, and
v1
n21 =
v2
n12 means refractive index of first medium with respect to second medium.
v2
n12 =
v1
(ii) A ray of light passing through the principal focus will emerge parallel
to principal axis after refraction.
(iii) A ray of light passing through the optical center will emerge without
any deviation.
(ii) A ray of light appearing to meet at the principal focus of a concave lens
will emerge parallel to principal axis.
(iii) A ray of light passing through the optical centre of a lens will emerge
without any deviation.
Lens Formula :
1 1 1
− =
v u f
Magnification :
hi
m=
ho
Also,
v
m=
u
Power of a lens :
It is defined as the reciprocal of focal length in meter.
The degree of convergence or divergence of light rays is expressed in terms
of power.
1 1
Power = P=
focal length (in meter) f
Causes of Myopia
• Excessive curvature of eye lens
• Elongation of eye ball
Correction
Use of concave lens of appropriate power.
(b) The far point (F) of a myopic eye is less than infinity
(c) Correction of myopia. The concave lens placed in front of the eye forms
a virtual image of distant object at far point (F) of the myopic eye.
Causes of Hypermetropia
• Focal length of the eye lens becomes too long.
• Eye ball becomes too small.
Angle of deviation (d) : It is the angle between incident ray and emergent
ray.
Tyndall effect : When light passes through a colloid its path becomes visible.
This is called Tyndall effect.
E.g.,
(i) Path of light becomes visible when light enters a dark and dusty room
through a slit or ventilator.
(ii) Path of light becomes visible when light passes through dense canopy
of trees in a forest.
QUESTIONS
Ammeter :
Electricity 159
Voltmeter :
Ohm’s Law : Potential difference across the two points of a metallic
conductor is directly proportional to current passing through the circuit
provided that temperature remains constant.
• Mathematical expression for Ohm’s law :
V∝I
V=
IR
R is a constant called resistance for a given metal.
• V-I graph for Ohm’s law :
When two or more resistors are connected end to end, the arrangement is
called series combination.
• Total/resultant/overall/effective resistance in series
Rs = R1 + R2 + R3
• Current through each resistor is same.
• Equivalent resistance is larger than the largest individual resistance.
• Total voltage = Sum of voltage drops
V=
V1 + V2 + V3
• Voltage across each resistor :
V1 = IR1
V2 = IR2 [V1 + V2 + V3 = V]
V3 = IR3 V = IR
V=
IR1 + IR2 + IR3
⇒ IR = I(R1 + R2 + R3)
⇒ R = R1 + R2 + R3
Electricity 161
Resistors in Parallel :
• Voltage across each resistor is same and equal to the applied voltage.
• Total current is equal to sum of currents through the individual reistances.
I = I1 + I2 + I3
V V V V
= + +
R R1 R2 R3
• Reciprocal of equivalent resistance is equal to sum of reciprocals of individual
resistances. 1 1 1 1
= + +
RP R1 R2 R3
• Equivalent resistance is less than the value of the smallest individual resistance
in the combination.
Advantages of Parallel Combination over Series Combination
(i) In series circuit, when one component fails, the circuit is broken and none of
the component works.
(ii) Different appliances have different requirement of current. This cannot be
satisfied in series as current remains same.
(iii) The total resistance in a parallel circuit is decreased.
Heating Effect of Electric Circuit
If an electric circuit is purely resistive, the source of energy continually get
dissipated entirely in form of heat. This is known as heating effect of electric
current.
As E = P × T ⇒ VIt {E = H}
Heat produced, H = VIt {V = IR}
Or Heat produced, H = I2Rt
Joule’s Law of Heating Effect of Electric Current
It states that the heat produced in a resistor is
Electricity 165
3. Three resistances of 2Ω, 3Ω and 5Ω are connected in electric circuit. Find :
(a) maximum effective resistance.
(b) minimum effective resistance.
4. On what factors, the resistance of a conductor depends ? Give the mathematical
expression. Give the SI unit of resistivity.
VALUE BASED QUESTION
That right Vinay was preparing for his science exam. Suddenly light of his room
went off. His cousin brother Vasu quickly with mobile phone torch found
that fuse has blown. He checked and put a fuse wire. The light come to life
again. Vinay thanked Vasu and continued his study.
(a) What was the values displayed by Vasu and Vinay ?
(b) What is electric fuse ?
(c) What characteristics you would prefer for a fuse wire ?
Hints to Long Answer Type Questions
1. H = I2RT
Factors : Current, Resistance, Time.
2. (a) Total effective resistance :
4Ω + 2Ω = 6Ω
R = 3Ω
(b) V (across 4Ω) = IR = 1 × 4 = 4 V
V (across 2Ω) = IR = 1 × 2 = 2 V
3. (a) R = 10Ω
(b) R =
Magnetic Field : The area around a magnetic in which its magnetic force can
be experienced.
• Its SI unit is Tesla (T).
• Magnetic field has both magnitude and direction.
• Magnetic field can be described with help of a magnetic compass.
• The needle of a magnetic compass is a freely suspended bar magnet.
Characteristics of Field Lines
(i) Field lines arise from North pole and end into South pole of the magnet.
(ii) Field lines are closed curves.
(iii)Field lines are closer in stronger magnetic field.
(iv) Field lines never intersect each other as for two lines to intersect, there must be
two north directions at a point, which is not possible.
• H. C. Oersted was the first person to state that electric current has magnetic
field.
Right Hand Thumb Rule
Imagine you are holding a current carrying straight conductor in your right
hand such that the thumb is pointing towards the direction of current. Then the
fingers wrapped around the conductor give the direction of magnetic field.
• Heart and brain in the human body have significant magnetic field.
• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) : Image of internal organs of body
can be obtained using magnetic field of the organ.
Galvanometer : Instrument that can detect the presence of current in a circuit. It
also detects the direction of current.
Electro Magnetic Induction
When a conductor is placed in a changing magnetic field, some current is induced
in it. Such current is called induced current and the phenomenon is called
electromagnetic induction.
Activity No. 1
(i) Magnet moved into the coil : Momentary deflection in G indicating presence of
current.
(ii) Magnet kept stationary inside the coil : No deflection.
Alternate Current (A. C.) : The current which reverses its direction periodically.
Frequency =
= ⇒ 50 Hz
Advantage
• A. C. can be transmitted over long distance without much loss of energy.
Disadvantage
• A. C. cannot be stored.
Direct Current (D. C.) : The current which does not reverse its direction.
• D. C. can be stored.
• Loss of energy during transmission over long distance is high.
• Sources of D. C. : Cell, Battery, Storage cells.
Domestic Electric Circuits
• There are three kinds of wires used :
(i) Live wire (positive) with red insulation cover.
(ii) Neutral wire (negative) with black insulation cover.
(iii)Earth wire with green insulation cover.
• The potential difference between live and neutral wire in India is 220 V.
• Pole → Main supply → Fuse → Electricity meter → Distribution box → To
separate circuits
4. What is overloading ?
2. Draw the pattern of magnetic field lines due to current carrying straight
conductor.
2. Draw the schematic diagram of domestic circuit. Write the colour and nature
of neutral wire, live wire and earth wire.
In the birthday party of Bharat, his parents gave slinky to each friend as a
return gift. The next day during the school, their teacher explained them
about the production of magnetic fields using current carrying coils and also
said that they can make permanent magnet using such coils by passing high
current through them. Teacher also explained the uses of solenoid.
(a) What values did Bharat’s parents exhibit towards his son ?
• Energy comes in different forms and one form can be converted into another.
• A source of energy is one which provide adequate amount of energy in a
convenient form over a long period of time.
Need of energy :
• For making food
• For lightning
• For transport
• For running machines
• For industrial activities and agricultural work
Qualities of a Good Source of Energy
(i) Which would do a large amount of work per unit mass.
(ii) Cheap and easily available.
(iii)Easy to store and transport.
(iv) Safe to handle and use.
(v) Does not cause environmental pollution.
Fuels : The materials which are burnt to produce heat energy are known as
fuels. E.g.,wood, coal, LPG, kerosene.
Characteristics of a Good Fuel
• High calorific value (give more heat per unit mass).
• Burn without giving out any smoke or harmful gases.
2 2 fusion
1 H (deuterium) + 1 H → 23He + 01n + Heat
• Very-very high temperature and pressure is needed for fusion.
• Hydrogen bomb is based on this phenomenon.
• Nuclear fusion is the source of energy in the sun and other stars.
Advantage :
(a) Production of large amount of useful energy from a very small amount of
nuclear fuel.
10. Name a device which can be used for cooking so as to save fuel.
2. What is bio mass ? How does bio gas plant help to reduce the problem of
pollution?
4. Why it is not possible to make use of solar cells to meet all our needs ? State
three reasons.
2. What is OTEC ? Which two main points are necessary for its working ?
A school organized a study tour for its students to observe how do people in
village use energy resources for their living. They observed that in one of the
villages, people use wood and cow dung as a fuel while in the nearby village
they saw modern technology was used by the villagers for better sanitation
and management of their bio-waste and sewage materials by establishing bio
gas plant.
(a) If you compare the situation of both the villages, which practice would you prefer
to be the best and why ?
(c) State the associated values which you would get from this excursion tour.
(b) Rise and fall of water during tides is not high enough.
(b) Warm surface boil ammonia and vapours are used to run the turbine.
Ecosystem
All the interacting organisms in an area together with the non-living
constituents of the environment form an ecosystem. E.g., forest, pond etc.
Types of ecosystem : It is of two types :
(a) Natural ecosystem : The ecosystem which exist in nature on its own.
E.g., forest, lake, ocean.
(b) Artifical ecosystem : Man-made ecosystems are called artificial
ecosystem. E.g., crop field, aquarium, garden.
Components of an ecosystem
FOOD CHAIN
• Food chain is a series of organisms in which one organism eats another
organism as food. For e.g.,
Grass → Deer → Lion
• In a food chain various steps where transfer of energy takes place is called
a trophic level.
Food web
Environmental problems : Changes in the environment affect us and our
activities change the environment around us. Human activities leads to pollution,
deforestation etc.
Ozone layer
• Ozone layer is a protective blanket around the earth which absorbs most
of the harmful UV (ultraviolet) radiations of the sunlight, thus protecting
living beings from many health hazards such as skin cancer, cataract,
destruction of plants etc.
• Ozone (O3) layer is present at higher levels of atmosphere (i.e.,
stratosphere). It is a deadly poison at ground level.
(ii) These oxygen atoms then combine with oxygen (O2) molecule to form
the ozone molecule.
O 2 + O → O3 (ozone)
Garbage disposal
Improvements in lifestyle have resulted in accumulation of large amounts of
waste materials.
Garbage contains following type of materials :
(a) Biodegradable : Substances which can be decomposed by the action
of micro-organisms are called biodegradable wastes.
E.g., fruit and vegetable peels, cotton, jute, dung, paper, etc.
(b) Non-biodegradable wastes : Substances which cannot be decomposed
by the action of micro-organisms are called non-biodegradable wastes.
E.g., plastic, polythenes, metals, synthetic fibres, radioactive wastes,
pesticides etc.
Micro-organisms release enzymes which decompose the materials but these
enzymes are specific in their action that’s why enzymes cannot decompose all
the materials.
QUESTIONS
Types of Resources
Exhaustible Inexhaustible
These are present in limited quantity. These are present in unlimited quantity.
E.g., Coal, petroleum. E.g., Air, water.
3R’s
Sustainable Management
Management of resource wisely so that they meet current basic human needs
while preserving them for the needs of future generations.
The management of natural resources require :
(a) Long term perspective so that these will last for generations to come.
(b) Ensure equitable distribution of resources so that all economic sections
benefit from these resources.
(c) Safe disposal of waste.
Dams
Dams ensure the storage of adequate water for irrigation and are also used
for generating electricity.
Various dams have been built on rivers to regulate the flow of water.
E.g., (a) Tehri Dam − On river Ganga
(b) Sardar Sarovar Dam − On river Narmada
(c) Bhakra Nangal Dam − On river Satluj
Interesting facts :
Hirakud Dam built across Narmada river is the longest man-made dam in the
world – 26 km in length.
Tehri Dam is Asia’s highest dam – 261 m high.
Bhakra Nangal Dam is Asia’s second highest dam at 225.5 m.
Disadvantages of Dams
(a) Social problems :
(i) Many tribals and peasants are displaced and rendered homeless.
(ii) They do not get adequate compensation or rehabilitation.
(b) Environmental problems :
(i) Deforestation
(ii) Loss of biodiversity
(iii) Disturb ecological balance
(c) Economic problems :
(i) Huge amount of public money is used.
(ii) No proportionate benefit to people.
(iii) No equitable distribution of water.
QUESTIONS
Section-A
1. Which sodium compound is used as on antacid in medicine. 1
2. Give the function and source of Insulin hormone. 1
3. What do you observe when penta hydrated copper-Sulphate crystals are
heated? Give reaction also. 2
4. Name the unit of inheritance. Write its functions.
5. What will be the amount of energy available to the organism of the 2nd
trophic level of a food chain, if the energy available at the first trophic level
is 10,000 joules. 2
6. Four elements P, Q, R and S have atomic numbers 12, 13, 14, 15 respectively.
Answer the following questions giving reasons :
(a) What is the valency of P.
(b) Classify these elements as metals and non metals.
(c) Which of these elements will form basic onides. 3
7. (a) Write the chemical names of CH3 CO CH3 and C2H5 COOH.
(b) What happens when acetic acid and ethanal reacts in presence of
concentrated H2SO4. Write the chemical equation involved. 3
8. Write any three advantages of vegetative propagation. 3
9. Draw a sectional view of human female reproductive system and label the
part where :
(a) Eggs develop
24. Draw a diagram showing various parts of an embryo of a dicot seed. 2
25. How does acetic acid react with sodium bicarbonate? Give chemical
equation for this chemical change. 2
26. An object is placed at 2F1 in front of a convex lens. What is the -
(a) Portion (b) Size
(c) Nature of image (d) Magnification. 2
27. Mention the observation of budding in Yeast. 2
SECTION-A
1. Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used as an antacid in medicine. 1
2. Source of Insulin hormone - Pancreas ½
Function of Insulin hormone - Metabolism of sugar ½
3. Blue colour of copper sulphate crystals changes to white - 2
CuSO4 . 5 H2O → CuSO4 + 5 H2O
(Blue) Heat (White)
4. Gene is the unit of inheritance. 2
Function : Gene inherits the traits or characters from parents to the
offsprings.
5. Only 10 percent energy is available from the first trophic level to second
trophic level.
10,000 x 10 = 1000J
100 2
6. (a) The valency of P is 2 as its valence shell has 2 electrons in it. 3
(b) Elements Pand Q are metals as they have 2 and 3 electrons in their valence
shell and they form positively charged ions when as R and S are non
metals as they gain electron to complete their oclet.
(c) P and Q will form basic oxides as they are metals.
7. (a) CH3CO CH3 – Propanone 3
C2H5 COOH – Propanoic acid
(b) Esterification takes place
Conc
CH3 COOH + C2H5OH → CH3 COOC2H5 + H2O
H2SO4
15. (a)
(b)
(c)
16. For diagram refer NCERT (Correct diagram). 5
17. Diagram (refer NCERT) → Pattern - 1 mark
Correct direction = 1 mark.
Magnetic field pattern inside the solenoid indicates that the magnetic field
is some at all points inside the solenoid. This principle is utilized to
magnetize a piece of magnetic material like soft iron when placed inside
the coil.
Ways to strengthen the electromagnet :
(i) Increase the amount of electric current through it
(ii) Increase the number of turns of coil.
212 Science Class - X
18. (a) Correct diagram - 1 mark
Correct labelling - 2 mark.
(b) Functions of kidney
(i) To remove the waste material from the blood.
(ii) To keep balance of ions and water content (osmoregulation)
inside the body organ.
(c) Glucose, amino acids, salts, water (any two) - 1 mark
19. (a) CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
Calcium hydroxide is formed and hising sound is produced.
(b) MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
(c) When a single substance decomposes under suitable conditions to
form two or more substances
heat
e.g. : CaCO3 (s) ––→ CaO(s) + Co2 (g).
Or
(a) 3Fe (s) + 4H2O(g) ––→ Fe3 O4(s) + 4H2(g)
(b) Double displacement reaction
(c) (i) Black substance is Copper oxide
(ii) When copper powder burns with oxygen copper oxide is
formed.
(ii) 2(Cu (s) + O2(g) ––→ 2CuO (Black).
20. Preserved traces of the living organisms of the past are called fossils +
explanation.
Two ways :
Relative – Fossils closer to the surface are more recent
Carbon Dating – Finding the ratio of different isotopes
Acquired trait Inherited trait
(i) Are not passed onto next (ii) Can be passed on to next
generation generation
SECTION – B
(BASED ON PRACTICAL SKILL)
= –1
Section–A
1. Write the full form of AIDS. 1
2. Write the formula of functional group of be ketone 1
3. Give any two ways in which biodegradable substances would affect the
environment. 2
Practice
Practice Paper
Paper -- III 217
Or
Write down three major difference between Mendellev's periodic table and
Modern periodic table.
14. What are renewable and non-renewable sources of energy? What are the
qualities of an ideal source of energy? 3
15. What are amphoteric oxides? Give two examples of amphoteric oxides. 3
16. (a) Draw the ray diagram for a concave mirror, when the object is placed
between Focus and centre of curvature.
(b) A concave lens has focal length of 15 cm. At what distance should
the object from the lens be placed so that it forms an image at 10 cm
from the lens? Also, find the magnification produced by the lens. 5
17. (a) What is an homologous series?
(b) Explain the cleansing action of soap with the help of diagram. 5
18. Draw a labelled diagram of female reproductive system and write the
function of its different parts. 5
19. (a) State Fleming's left hand rule. 5
(b) Name two safety measures commonly used in electric circuits. How
can we avoid the overloading of electric circuits?
20. (a) Explain the terms : 5
(i) Corrosion
(ii) Rancidity
(b) A Shiny brown coloured element 'X' on heating in air becomes black
in colour. Name the element X and the black coloured compound
formed.
21. What are plant hormones? Name different plant hormones along with their
functions. 5
Practice
Practice Paper
Paper -- III 219
PRACTICE QUESTION
PAPER–III
Time : 3 Hours Maximum Marks : 80
General Instructions :
(i) The question paper consists of 27 questions.
(ii) All questions are compulsory.
(iii) There is internal choice in two questions of 3 marks each and one question
of five marks.
(iv) Question numbers 1 and 2 are one mark questions. These are to be answered
in one word or one sentence.
(v) Question numbers 3 to 5 are two marks question. These are to be answered
in 30 word each.
(vi) Question numbers 6 to 15 are thee marks questions. These are to be
answered in about 50 words each.
(vii) Question numbers 16 to 21 are 5 marks questions. These are to be answered
in about 70 words each.
(viii) Question numbers 22 to 27 are questions based on practical skills. Each
question is a two marks question.
1. What is the far point and near point of human eye with normal vision? 1
2. Why is lake considered to be natural ecosystem? 1
3. An element 'X' on reaction with dilute acid evolves a gas that burns with a
pop sound while a compound 'Y' on reaction with dilute acid evolves a gas
that turns lime water milky. Identify 'X' and 'Y'. 2
4. Explain the statement. "Bile does not contain any enzyme but it is essential
for digestion." 2
5. Light enters from air to glass plate having refractive index 1.50. What is
speed of light in glass? The speed of light in vacuum is 3 x108 m/s. 2
6. Why should we conserve forest? Suggest two ways to conserve forest? 3
Practice
Practice Paper
Paper--III
I 221
(iii) Write the chemical equation of above reaction.
14. Two student's perform experiments on two given resistors R1 and R2 and
plot the V-I graphs shown by diagrams I and 2.
If R1 > R2 which of two diagrams correctly represent the situation on the
plotted curves?
Justify your answer :
15. Draw a ray diagram to illustrate hypermetropia or far sightedness. How is
it corrected by using spectacles. Draw a ray diagram to explain it. 3
16. Draw a well labelled diagram of female reproductive system. Explain two
methods of contraception? 5
17. An organic compound. 'A' of molecular formula C2 H6 0. on oxidation
with dil KMnO4 solution forms another compound B having molecular
formula C2 H4 O2 in the presence of conc. H2SO4. A and B react to give
sweet smelling substance 'C'. Identify A ; B and C. Write all the chemical
equations involved. 5
18. What is meant by power of lens. Define its SI unit? You have two lens. A
and B of focal lengths + 10 cm and –10 cm respectively. State the nature
and power of lens. Which of two lens will form a virtual and magnified
image of an object placed 8 cm from the lens. Draw a ray diagram to
justify your answer? 5
19. (a) When is the force experienced by a current carrying conductor placed in a
magnetic field largest?
(b) A coil of insulated copper is connected to a galvanometer. What will
happen it a ban magnet is :
(i) Pushed into the coil?
(ii) Withdrawn from the coil?
I
II
III
IV
Practice
Practice Paper
Paper--III
I 223
25. While doing an experiment a student observed that the blue colour of the
aqueous copper sulphate solution has changed on adding iron fillings. State
the colour change of copper sulphate and name the reactions.
26. Name the type of asexual reproduction in which two individual are formed
from a single parent and the parental identify is lost. Write the first step
from where such type of reproduction begins. Draw first two stages of this
reproduction. 2
27. In the ray diagram PQ is object placed in front of convex lens L1 L2. F1
and F2 are two foci given on principal anis. Complete the ray diagram to
locate the position of image formed after the refraction through it. Also
compare the size of object and the image. 2