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New Rotation PDF
New Rotation PDF
physics 111N
rotations of a rigid body
! suppose we have a body which rotates about some axis
P
θ
physics 111N 2
radians
! measuring θ in degrees turns out to be a poor choice
physics 111N 3
angular velocity
! describe the rate of rotation by the change in angle in a given time
Δθ
physics 111N 4
angular velocity
! describe the rate of rotation by the change in angle in a given time
physics 111N 5
angular acceleration
! suppose the rate of rotation changes - we need angular acceleration
negative constant α
positive constant α begins with positive ω
physics 111N 7
angular motion vs. linear motion
! the analogy between angular motion & linear motion is strong
physics 111N 9
motion of points in a rigid body
! consider the motion of a couple of points within the rigid body
physics 111N 11
acceleration of points in a rigid body
! consider a rigid body rotating at a constant angular speed (α=0)
physics 111N 13
acceleration of points in a rigid body
! consider a rigid body rotating at a constant angular acceleration (α"0)
circular motion
- one component of acceleration is radial
- changing the direction
changing speed
- one component of acceleration is tangential
- changing the speed
physics 111N 14
acceleration of points in a rigid body
! consider a rigid body rotating at a constant angular acceleration (α"0)
circular motion
- one component of acceleration is radial
- changing the direction
changing speed
- one component of acceleration is tangential
- changing the speed
physics 111N 15
acceleration of points in a rigid body
! acceleration is a combination of radial and tangential components
physics 111N 16
kinetic energy of rotation
! remember that moving objects have kinetic energy
! rotating bodies are moving - they must have kinetic energy
! consider a rigid body made from massive spheres held together by light rods
etc...
“moment of inertia”
physics 111N 17
moment of inertia of solid bodies
! the moment of inertia of a solid body can be calculated by “adding up” all the
particles it is made from (technically an ‘integral’ in calculus)
physics 111N 20
example 9.7
physics 111N 21
rotation & translation
! how can we separate the translation from the rotation ?
physics 111N 22
center of mass
! bodies have a “center-of-mass” which just translates
! rotations occur about an axis through the center of mass
physics 111N 23
finding the center of mass
! for bodies made of point masses :
e.g. y
C.M.
x
physics 111N 24
finding the center of mass
! for solid bodies need to do calculus
physics 111N 25
rolling
physics 111N 26
example 9.9 - a primitive yo-yo
a solid disk of radius R and total mass M is released from rest
with the supporting hand as rest as the string unwinds
without slipping. Find an expression for the speed of the
center of mass of the disk after it has dropped a distance h
kinetic energy
“without slipping”
solid disk
conservation of energy
physics 111N 27
torque
in the same way that a force causes an acceleration by
a torque causes an angular acceleration by
physics 111N 30
the sign of torque
physics 111N
a useful fact
the weight force of a rigid body acts downwards from the center of mass
physics 111N
rotation about a moving axis
e.g. consider the primitive yo-yo again
let’s find the acceleration of the yo-yo & the tension in the string
free-body diagram
physics 111N
rotation about a moving axis
free-body diagram
( why ? )
physics 111N
equilibrium of a rigid body
we already know that a body will not remain at rest (or moving with constant velocity)
unless
“the net force acting on the body is zero”
clearly a rigid body will not remain non-rotating (or rotating with constant angular speed)
unless
“the net torque acting on the body is zero”
physics 111N
seesaw
You and a friend play on a seesaw. Your mass is 90 kg and your friend’s mass is 60 kg.
The seesaw board is 3.0 m long and has negligible mass. Where should the pivot be
placed so that the seesaw will balance when you sit on the left end and your friend sits
on the right end ?
physics 111N
seesaw
You and a friend play on a seesaw. Your mass is 90 kg and your friend’s mass is 60 kg.
The seesaw board is 3.0 m long and has negligible mass. Where should the pivot be
placed so that the seesaw will balance when you sit on the left end and your friend sits
on the right end ?
physics 111N