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Muscles - Workbook PDF
Muscles - Workbook PDF
IB SEHS
STARTER – Group Activity
Decide whether the following statements are true or false:
7. Muscles that are not used can get smaller and weaker
8. You don’t need more than 30 minutes of physical activity every day.
9. If something hurts when playing sports, you should play through the pain and it will go away.
2. Skeletal, or voluntary, muscles are the muscles you can control. True. You can control your skeletal muscles to walk, run,
pick up things, play an instrument, throw a baseball, kick a soccer ball, push a lawnmower, or ride a bicycle
3. Ligaments connect muscles to bones. False. Ligaments connect bones to other bones. Tendons connect muscles to bones.
4. Your heart is a muscle. True. The heart is a special muscle called “cardiac muscle.” It works constantly to pump blood
through your body.
5. A muscle gets strained when it is stretched too much. True. Muscles can be strained by stretching them too much, as
when you lift something that is too heavy.
6. A sprain happens when a tendon is stretched too much. False. Sprains happen when ligaments (which connect bones to
bones) are stretched too much. A stretching injury to a tendon (which connects a muscle to a bone) is called a strain.
7. Muscles that are not used can get smaller and weaker True. If a muscle is not used, it will get smaller and weaker. This is
known as atrophy.
8. You don’t need more than 30 minutes of physical activity every day. False. You should get at least 60 minutes of exercise
every day. It doesn’t have to be a whole hour all at once, but it does need to be in at least 10-minute increments to count
toward your 60 minutes of physical activity per day.
9. If something hurts when playing sports, you should play through the pain and it will go away. False. If something starts to
hurt, stop playing or exercising. You might just need to rest the injured part, or you might need to see a doctor.
Most will
Identify the location of skeletal muscles in various regions
of the body
Some might
Explain the need for antogonistic pairs
Now complete the Types of Muscles section in your workbook!
striated: appearance of
• Skeletal muscles
contract exerting • Generating
forces on the tendons body heat
• Tendons then pull on
the bones causing
joint movement
• Postural
muscles • Movement of
stabilise substances within the
and body e.g. peristalsis
maintain
body
positions
ability to shorten
c.
1. a.
2. b. d.
e.
3. f.
4.
g.
STARTER– Which muscles do you already know?
trapezius
pectorals deltoids
Latissimus
biceps dorsi triceps
Gluteus
maximus
abdominals hamstrings
quadriceps
gastrocnemius
The Origin and Insertion
When a muscle contracts, only one bone moves leaving the other
stationary. The points at which the tendons are attached to the
bone are known as the origin and the insertion.
The origin is where the tendon of the muscle joins the stationary
bone(s).
The insertion is where the tendon of the muscle joins the moving
bone(s).
Origin
The muscle which is relaxing and letting the movement take place
is called the antagonist.
a.
c. e.
• rectus
abdominus
• internal
oblique
• pectoralis
major
Learning Objectives
Everyone should
Identify the location of skeletal muscles in the
trunk and upper extremities of the body
Most will
Describe strengthening exercises for the specific
muscle groups mentioned
RECTUS ABDOMINIS
ORIGIN: Pubis
STRENGTHENING
EXERCISE: Crunches
EXTERNAL OBLIQUES
MOVEMENT: Flexion
INSERTION: Ilium
STRENGTHENING
EXERCISE; Broomstick twists
ERECTOR SPINAE
MOVEMENT: Extension
STRENGTHENING
EXERCISE: Chest raises
DELTOID
STRENGTHENING
EXERCISE: Back press
PECTORALIS MAJOR
INSERTION- Humerus
STRENTHENING
EXERCISE: Seated rows
BICEPS BRACHII TRICEPS BRACHII
FLEXION EXTENSION
Agonist; Biceps
Antagonist; Triceps
Strengthening exercises:
Biceps curls and tricep extensions
LATISSIMUS DORSI
STRENGTHENING
EXERCISE: Sit ups
SARTORIUS
ORIGIN: Ilium
INSERTION: Medial tibia
STRENGTHENING
EXERCISE: Walking lunges
QUADRICEPS
Movement: Flexion, extension
Muscle Origen
Rectus femoris Ilium
Vastus lateralis Femur
Vastus medialis Femur
Vastus intermedius Femur
Insertion: Tibia
Strengthening exercises:
Dumbbell squats
GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
INSERTION: Femur
Strengthening exercises:
Leg curls
GASTROCNEMIUS
Movement:
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
Movement:
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
Most will
Label a diagram of muscle with its structures
Some might
Annotate a diagram of muscle
GROUP ACTIVITY
Can you make a flow diagram
to show the different LEVELS
of skeletal muscle structure?
Skeletal muscle
Fasiculli
Muscle fibre
Myofibril
Sarcomere
Myofilaments
– strength training
trained
(cannot be optimally
trained for both strength controls
and endurance)
Succinate dehy-
drogenase (SDH)
activity:
Low activity light
High activity dark
Control 12-weeks
treadmill running
Images courtesy of John Faulkner and Timothy White
Disuse causes atrophy -- USE IT OR LOSE IT!
• Muscular Atrophy is a result of decrease in myofibrils through disuse
• Individual fiber atrophy (loss of myofibrils) with no loss in fibers.
• Effect more pronounced in Type II fibers.
• “Completely reversible” (in young healthy individuals).
100
Performance (% of peak)
80
60
40
Shotput/Discus
Marathon
20
Basketball (rebounds/game)
0
10 20 30 40 50 60
Age (years)
GROUP ACTIVITY
• Can you write a CONCLUSION for this graph?
• Try and explain what you see – not just decribe! D.H. Moore (1975) Nature 253:264-265.
NBA Register, 1992-1993 Edition
STARTER
Try the skeletal muscle matching activity in your
work book!
B
F
C
A
G
D
E
Learning Objectives
Everyone should
Draw and label a neuron
Define a reflex arc
Most will
Describe the structure of a motor unit
Distinguish between the 3 different types of motor unit
Some might
Predict the ratio of motor units in an athlete depending
on their sport
GROUP ACTIVITY
Can you label me?
Dendrite
Dendrite
•
•
Words that might help:
Dendrite Cell body
• Nucleus
• Axon
• Node of Ranvier
• Myelin sheath
• Cell body
Dendrite
Myelin
sheath
Nucleus
Axon
Cell body
Node of
Ranvier
Dendrite
Cell body
Sensory neuron
Motor neuron
This is known as a REFLEX ARC
To innervate – supply an
organ orbody part with
nerves
Motor units
• 3 different types of motor unit that contain 3 different types of fibres
Complete the table in your workbook and try the activity below it
1 2a 2b
STARTER – Group Activity
F
H
C
E
F
F
A
I
F
F
G
Individual activity – colouring exercise
The Role of Neurotransmitters in stimulating skeletal
muscle contraction:
A. Acetylcholine (Ach):
increases the post-
synaptic membrane’s
permeability to sodium
and potassium ions
spreading the impulse
over the entire muscle
fiber.
B. Cholinesterase: enzyme that breaks down Ach repolarizing
the muscle fiber to await another nerve impulse.
Look at the diagram in
your workbook as we go
through the different
structures
Starter – Group activity
Can you annotate this diagram to exaplin what is happenning WITHOUT your notes?
Learning Objectives
Everyone should
Describe the events that take place at a
neuromuscular junction
Most will
State the 3 diferent types of motor unit
INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY - Can you make a note of the 7 steps involved at a
neuromuscular junction?
PAIRS ACTIVITY - Can you explain the process IN YOUR OWN WORDS to your partner –
try and replace any words you didn’t understand in the video with words you do
Now lets act it out!
• Can you summarise the process by annotating
the diagram in your workbooks?
STARTER: Synaptic transmission pop quiz!
Learning Objectives
Everyone should
Describe the microanatomy of a muscle fiber
Label the H bands, I bands and Z dics on a
sarcomere
Most will
Explain how skeletal muscle contracts by the
sliding filament theory.
PAIRS ACTIVITY
• Use the microscopes to look at some prepared
slides of muscle and connective tissue
Myofibril
Muscle
fibre
(muscle
Mitochondria –site of cell)
aerobic respiration
Sarcoplasm – site
of chemical
reactions
As you watch the video – can you put the statements on your handout into order?
(place the correct number in the space provided)
Answers
3 5
1
Now complete your Sliding Filament Theory cut and paste exercise
Cut out all the boxes and then paste them down on the empty page in
your workbook.
Once you have finished, try completing the flow chart in your
workbook