International Relations 1 New
International Relations 1 New
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Table of Content
I. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………
• War: Causation of War, Total War, Limited War, Asymmetric Warfare, civil
war,Guerilla war…………………………………………………………………………
• Strategic Culture: Determinants of Pakistani Strategic Culture. ……………….….
• Deterrence: Theory and practice with special reference to Nuclear India and
Pakistan………………………………………………………………………………….
• Nationalism………………………………………………………………………..………...
• Internationalism………………………………………………………………………….…..
• Globalization…………………………………………………………………………..…….
• Diplomacy……………………………………………………………………………..…….
• International Law…………………………………………………………………….……...
• Arms Control /Disarmament and Nuclear Non proliferation Regime…………..….….
VIII. International Political Institution……………………………………………………….178
• United Nations……………………………………………………………………………….
• International Monetary Fund (IMF) ………………………………………….….……..….
• World Bank…………………………………………………………………………………..
• International Court of Justice…………………………………………………………..….
Introduction
The Definition and Scope of International Relations:
Meaning and Nature of International Relations:
In the very beginning of the civilized world the states were mutually interlinked. In modern
times the world has greatly shrunk as a result of scientific and technological development.
As a result, events in one part of the world have an immediate impact on the rest of the
world., Therefore the states maintain regular relations with other states of the world. As an
alone individual is nothing similarly, a state without other state is nothing and in the present
complex life, a state without relations with other cannot survive. Materialistic needs, religion,
economic requirements, industrialization, security matters and trade etc. brought the states
together. Inter-states wars yielded post-war treaties, economic and friendly agreements and
international organizations. All these things are studied by international relations.
International relations are an old subject and can be traced in the old tribes. It was utilized by
the Greeks and Romans in their relations. As a regular subject, international relations took
start in the World War-I era and specially because of the second World War, Cold War
between USA and USSR, disintegration of USSR, New World Order (NWO) of USA, global
role of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) emergence of international organization
and diplomatic relations etc. developed this subject to great extent.
International Relations is the study and practice of political relationships among the world's
nations, especially their governments. International relations mean interactions between
nongovernmental groups, such as multinational corporations or international organizations
such as the OIC or the United Nations (UN).
International relations is a broad and complex topic both for countries engaged in
relationships with other nations, and for observers trying to understand those interactions.
These relationships are influenced by many variables. They are shaped by the primary
participants in international relations, including national leaders, oilier politicians, and
nongovernmental participants, such as private citinns, corporations, and nongovernmental
organizations. They are also affected by domestic political events and nonpolitical
influences, including economics, geography, and culture. Despite all of these other
influences, the primary focus of international relations is on the interactions between nations.
To understand these interactions, experts look at the world as a system of nations whose
actions are guided by a well-defined set of rules. They call this system the interstate system.
The interstate system has existed for less than 500 years and is based on a common
understanding of what a nation is and how it should treat other nations. But recent changes
in technology and international norms have caused some scholars to question whether this
system will continue in the future, or be replaced by some other system of relationships that
is not yet known.
From September 1814 to June 1815 representatives of the major European powers
convened in Vienna, Austria, to reorganize Europe following the defeat of French emperor
Napoleon I. The Congress of Vienna, as this conference became known, was a major event
in the history of international relations.
Until the 1970s the study of international, relations centered mainly on international security
studies i.e. questions of war and peace. Scholars believed a nation's military power was the
most important characteristic in determining how that nation would relate to others. As a
result, scholars focused on the relative military strength of one nation compared to others,
alliances and diplomacy between nations, and the strategies nations used to protect their
territories and further their own interests.
Since the 1970s the importance of economics in international relations has increased and
the study of international political ' economy has received increased attention. The primary
force driving the interaction between nations is economic, not military. There is trade and
economic relations among nations, especially the political cooperation between nations to
create and maintain international organizations such as the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund.
In both security studies and international political economy, experts strive to explain patterns
of conflict and cooperation among nations. Conflicts among nations are expected since their
political and economic aims and interests often depart. Cooperation does not refer to the
absence of conflict but to the ability of nations to peacefully resolve their differences in a way
that is acceptable to all parties involved. When cooperation fails, conflicts often escalate into
coercion and ultimately war.
The term International" was used for the first time by Jermy Bentham in the later part of the
18th century with regard to the laws of nations. Consequently, the term "IR" was used to
define the official relations between sovereign states.
The economic, social. cultural. political and military relations amongst the state of the world
may also be included in the preview of the subject. Thus there are broadly two views
regarding the meaning of international relations.
Narrow view: According to this view 'IR' includes only "The official relations conducted by
the authorized leaders of the states." According to this view other relations do not fall in the
domain of IR'
Broad view: Some scholars have taken a broad view of international relations, and included
apart from the official relations between states, all intercourse among states and all
movements of people, goods and ideas acorss the national frontiers with in its preview.
Definitions of IR:
“International relations is the branch of political science that studies relations between
countries of the world." (Encarta).
"It is not only the nations seek to regulate, varied types of groups-nations, states,
governments, people, region, alliances, confederations, international organizations, cultural
organizations, religious organizations must be dealt with in the study of international
relations if the treatment is to be made realistic." (Quincy Wright)
"International relations is concerned with the factors and activities, that affect the external
policies and the powers of the basic units into that the world is divided." (Hoffman).
"International relations is the discipline, that tries to explain political activities across state
boundaries (Trevor Tayor).
It embraces all kinds of relations traversing state boundaries, no matter whether they are of
an economic, legal, political or any other character, whether they be private or official, and all
human behaviour originating on one side of a state boundary
International relations studies foreign relations, diplomacy. agreements and pacts,
international law, international organizations, inter-state interaction, war and peace,
international justice and alliances etc.
pacts, international law, international organizations, inter-state interaction, war and peace,
international justice and alliances etc.
Scope of International Relations:
International relations topic cover diplomacy, treaties, question of war and peace, global
happenings, commercial, cultural, educational. social, religious international alliances and
international organizations etc. The scope of international relations can be discussed.
Establishment of League of Nations. In modern time the field. of the study was widened
with the establishment of the League of Nations in 1920, after the First World War due to the
sincere efforts of Woodrow Wilson of USA. The establishment of the League of Nations
contributed to the study of international relations. Therefore, the study of international
organizations and international institutions was also included in its preview.
Emergence of USA and USSR as a Super Powers. Emergence of USA and USSR as
superpowers further widened the scope of international relations. After the second World
War the world transformed into bipolarity from multi-polarity with USA and USSR flourishing
in international affairs. Both the superpowers conducted international relations according to
their own interests.
Establishment of United Nations. After the end of World War II various international
conferences were held. Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Tehran and Yalta. They
agreed in principle to form a worldwide international organization for peace loving states.
Therefore, an acceptable charter was signed on 26th June 1945. United Nations is a global
organization of independent and sovereign states and its main aim is "to maintain
international peace and security." The establishment of the UN also contributed to the study
of international relations to great extent.
Emergence of USA as a Superpower (New World Order). l'he end of USSR as a
superpower in Dec, 1990 changed the whole world and USA emerged as a superpower that
adopted international politics in such a way that majority of the nations of the world
visualized themselves as the subjected mission of the single power. The Gulf War of 1991
paved the way for USA to emerge as a superpower that resulted in the USA's N.W.O under
that USA became the master of the world politics. Emergence of USA as a superpower also
extended the scope of international relations.
Technological Development. Technology exercises profound influence on the power base
of a state as well as the course of international relations. Technology at least in three
spheres, industrial, communication and military, has greatly influenced the power of the
state. Due to technological development the world has become a global village.
Technological development also extended the scope and value of international relations.
Globalization. Due to certain reasons the scattered world is going towards integration. The
world is now a single village and states are incomplete with one another. This situation
increased the scope of international relations.
• The principle of internal sovereignty that is the pre-eminence of the rulers against the
claims of other centers of power within the state.
• The associated principle of external sovereignty, in other words, independence from
power centers outside the states.
So, after the treaty few sovereign nation states i.e. England, France and Spain came into
being without Church control and the church supremacy was abolished. Machiavelli. Badin
and Grotious and some other prominent theorists had together provided defense and
justification for the independent secular states.
According to William Adult, "By the Year 1648, Treaty of Westphalia, the state system was
fully established in Europe."
Westphalia to Utrecht (1648-1713) The second stage of the development of the state-
system has between 1648-1713, during that conflict among UK. France, Holland and Spain
were raised on colonial supremacy. But France had to face heavy loss due to coalition of UK
and Austria on the question of Spanish succession. France suffered heavy loss by the treaty
of Westphalia.
Utrecht to Vienna (1713- 1815) During this period conflict between Austria and France had
taken place. Fredrick the great of Persia enforced, France, Austria and Russia to form an
alliance ill order to maintain balance of power. UK made alliance with Prussia. Due to these
alliances and counter alliances seven years war took place from 1756-63. Later on, France
under Napoleon became dominant in European affairs. but soon defeated by the combined
effort of UK. Russia. Prussia, Austria and Sweden. The result was the Vienna meeting in
1915 in that balance of power was again restored in Europe with certain check on France.
Vienna to Versailles (1815-1914) During this period i.e. from 1815 to 1914, various nation
states were emerged on the map of the.
This period in the history of the world is known as period of Pax-Britannica, because during
this period Britain had full autonomy and had maintained Balance of power to greater extant
in Europe only two time her supremacy was threatened. In 1854-56, Russia threatened her
supremacy to dominate the region during the Crimean war. Secondly in 1870-71. Germany
displaced France and established her own supremacy in the continent during the Franco-
Prussian war. During this period, i.e. in 1913 the decline of Turkey (Caliphate) and Spanish
power led to the rise of several independent states on the map of the world. And also during
this period China emerged as a super power by defeating Japan. This period of world history
especially from 1882-1907 was the period of mutual fear and suspicion among states.
Versailles to the Present The treaty of Versailles in 1914 brought great changes in the map
of the world and also brought great disturbance because due to the harsh treatment with
Germany in this treaty caused Nazism in Germany and Fascism in Italy and also Russia
emerged as one of the disturbing factor in the world and due to all these the treaty of
Versailles brought a gift of 2nd world war for the humanity and due to this several UK
colonies i.e. in Africa and in Asia got independence.
• MNCs
• International Organizations
• Regional Organizations
• Terrorist groups
• Military technology