Design Criteria of WASAs
Design Criteria of WASAs
DISCLAIMER
Design Criteria for the Water and Sanitation Authorities, Punjab has been revised and
updated by the Urban Sector Planning and Management Sector Unit (Pvt.) Ltd. Maximum
care and caution has been observed while developing this document.
No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or information storage and
retrieval system, without the express permission, in writing, by the Urban Unit.
The opinion expressed in the document are solely those of the authors and publishing them
does not in any way constitute endorsement of the opinion by the Urban Unit.
Reviewed By
Dr. Nasir Javed
Technical Team
Engr. Abid Hussainy, Sr. Specialist Water and Sanitation
Engr. Kashif Nadeem, Research Assistant
Engr. Rao Ali Raza, Research Analyst
Engr. Huma Anwar
Disclaimer
Water & Sanitation Agencies, Punjab Design Criteria
Preface
The Design Criteria for Water Supply (including Sewerage & Drainage) Schemes are already
in place. These criteria, which were approved by the Government of Punjab and notified in
1998, are currently being used for the design of all Public Health Engineering structures for
water supply, sewerage and drainage. The Water and Sanitation Agencies also follow this
Design Criteria with minor modifications suited to their requirements.
In 2008, the Design Criteria were also reviewed by the Punjab Devolved Social Services
Programme (PDSSP). No major changes were proposed; however, some amendments were
made and the resulting document is being selectively followed by the government
departments as a guideline.
It would be appropriate to develop suitable Design Criteria for the schemes to be taken up by
WASAs to meet the ground realities and the technological advancements. In pursuance of
this objective, a comparison of the notified criteria with the proposed criteria along with
justification of the proposals has been prepared for approval and adaptation by WASAs as per
their local conditions.
The design criteria has been reviewed based on past experience and the best solutions that
emerged during monitoring and evaluation of water supply and sewerage systems projects.
Executive Summary
Water & Sanitation Agencies, Punjab Design Criteria
Table of Contents
Preface .......................................................................................................................1
1 General Design Criteria of Water Network........................................................1
1.1 Project Design Horizon ........................................................................................... 1
1.2 Population Projections ............................................................................................ 2
1.3 Water Demand ......................................................................................................... 3
1.3.1 Domestic Water Consumption ..................................................................... 3
1.3.2 Industrial Water Consumption ..................................................................... 3
1.3.3 Variations in Water Demand ....................................................................... 4
1.4 Water Sources .......................................................................................................... 4
1.4.1 Purpose......................................................................................................... 4
1.4.2 Key Principles .............................................................................................. 4
1.4.3 INVESTIGATIONS PRIOR TO DEFINING WATER SOURCES ........... 5
1.4.4 PRIORITY RANKING OF SOURCES....................................................... 6
1.5 Tubewells Design Criteria ...................................................................................... 6
2 Water Distribution and Storage .............................................................................8
2.1 Water Supply Design Criteria ................................................................................ 8
2.1.1 Terminal Pressure ........................................................................................ 8
2.1.2 Velocity Flow in Pipes ................................................................................. 9
2.1.3 Earth Cover over Pipes ................................................................................ 9
2.1.4 Public Stand Posts (PSPs) ............................................................................ 9
2.1.5 Minimum Size of Pipe ................................................................................. 9
2.1.6 Material of the Pipe ...................................................................................... 9
2.1.7 Service Connection .................................................................................... 10
2.1.8 Sluice Valves ............................................................................................. 10
2.1.9 Non-Retune Valves .................................................................................... 10
2.1.10 Air Relief Valve ......................................................................................... 10
2.1.11 Washout ..................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Storage Reservoirs ................................................................................................. 11
2.2.1 Overhead Reservoirs .................................................................................. 11
2.2.2 Groundwater Reservoir .............................................................................. 11
2.2.3 Water Metering .......................................................................................... 11
3 Potable Drinking Water Treatment ..................................................................12
Table of Contents
Water & Sanitation Agencies, Punjab Design Criteria
Table of Contents
Water & Sanitation Agencies, Punjab Design Criteria
Table of Contents
Water & Sanitation Agencies, Punjab Design Criteria
List of Tables
Table 1-1: Design horizon for water supply components .......................................................... 1
Table 1-2: Domestic water supply standards ............................................................................. 4
Table 2-1: Pipe material ............................................................................................................. 9
Table 2-2: Service Connection Standard ................................................................................. 10
Table 3-1: Design standards for slow sand filter ..................................................................... 12
Table 3-2: Design standards for rapid sand filter..................................................................... 12
Table 3-3: Design criteria of UF water treatment plants ......................................................... 13
Table 3-4: Design criteria of activated Carbon filters ............................................................. 15
Table 3-5: Design specifications for GHF ............................................................................... 15
Table 3-6: Design specifications for Activated Alumina ........................................................ 16
Table 3-7: Design specifications of activated Alumina absorbent for Fluoride removal ........ 17
Table 3-8: Design specifications of filter and oxidants for removal of Fe and Mn ................. 17
Table 3-9: Design criteria of ION Exchange resins for Nitrates removal ............................... 18
Table 3-10: Design Criteria for RO Plant ................................................................................ 19
Table 4-1: Unit flow factors for various sources ..................................................................... 22
Table 4-2: Infiltration Rate ...................................................................................................... 23
Table 4-3: Peaking factor wrt Population ................................................................................ 23
Table 4-4: Storm water Allowance .......................................................................................... 24
Table 4-5: Velocity and design flows ...................................................................................... 25
Table 4-6: Spacing of manholes in straight line ...................................................................... 26
Table 4-7:Design criteria for sewer above sub soil level ......................................................... 26
Table 4-8: Manning Coefficient of different materials ............................................................ 27
Table 4-9: Detention time ........................................................................................................ 28
Table 4-10: Run off coefficient for sandy soil ......................................................................... 29
Table 4-11: Run off coefficient for heavy soil......................................................................... 30
Table 4-12: Run off coefficient for urban dwellings ............................................................... 30
Table 5-1: Characteristics of sewerage water .......................................................................... 32
Table 5-2: Design Criteria of primary Screens ........................................................................ 33
Table 5-3: Design Criteria of Inlet chamber ............................................................................ 33
Table 5-4: Design Criteria of secondary screens ..................................................................... 34
List of Tables
Water & Sanitation Agencies, Punjab Design Criteria
List of Tables
Water & Sanitation Agencies, Punjab Design Criteria
List of Acronyms
ADF Average Daily Flow
ADWF average dry weather flow
AC Alternating Current
ASTM American Society for Testing Materials
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
CAS Conventional Activated Sludge
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CU underflow concentration
DO Dissolved Oxygen
EA Extended Aeration
EBCT Empty Bed Contact Time
FRP Fiber Reinforced Plastic
HRT Hydraulic Retention Time
HDPE High density Polyethylene
IT Information Technology
IDEA Intermittent Decant Extended Aeration
Lpcd Litres per capita per day
LDA Lahore Development Authority
MLSS Mixed liquor suspended solids
NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards
NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit
OD Oxidation Ditch
PHED Public Health Engineering Department
PLC Programmable Logic Control
PF Peaking Factor
PVC Polyvinyl chloride
PE Polyethylene
PCGIP Punjab Cities Governance Improvement Project
PCC Pre-stressed Concrete Cylinder
PE Population Equivalent
RCC Roller-compacted concrete
RAS Return activated sludge
SBR Sequencing Batch Reactor
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TSS Total Suspended Solids
TMA Tehsil Municipal Administration
UPVC Un-plasticized polyvinyl chloride
WWTP Waste Water Treatment Plant
WASA Water and Sanitation Authority
WAS Waste activated sludge
List of Acronyms
Water & Sanitation Agencies, Punjab Design Criteria
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General Design Criteria of Water Network
Water & Sanitation Agencies, Punjab Design Criteria
Additionally, the socio-economic models of population are more commonly used by the planners
for outline development plans/master plans, industrial development and IT service driven
development. The fact is that, none of the methods guarantees the exact precision of population
projections as the cities are dynamic entities and their development changes from time to time
and depending upon the master planning, city administration, policies, infrastructural creation
and socio-economic conditions.
To forecast the projected population for the project horizon with interim target years
Analysis of the present and future populations using census data and published reports.
Analysis of the future trends of the population’s growth
Distribution of the population over the proposed water supply, sewerage network and
WWTP.
Estimated of wastewater generation using per capita water consumption patterns.
As per PHED Design Criteria 1998, the population projections are to be determined through
compound rate of growth method using following expression:
Where,
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General Design Criteria of Water Network
Water & Sanitation Agencies, Punjab Design Criteria
Firstly, the extent of sewerage, system pressure, water price, water loss, age of the community,
and availability of private wells also influence water consumption but to a lesser degree.
Secondly, the influence of industry is to increase average per capita water demand. Small rural
and suburban communities will use less water per person than industrialized communities.
The third most important factor in water use is whether individual consumers have water meters.
Meterage imposes a sense of responsibility not found in unmetered residences and businesses.
This sense of responsibility reduces per capita water consumption because customers repair leaks
and make more conservative water-use decisions almost regardless of price. Because water is so
inexpensive, price is not much of a factor. The rationale for the last factor is straightforward. Per
capita water use increases with an increased standard of living.
Following meterage closely is the aspect called system management. If the water distribution
system is well managed, per capita water consumption is less than if it is not well managed. Well
managed systems are those in which the managers know when and where leaks in the water main
occur and have them repaired promptly.
For a community supply system that includes a new treatment plant and a new distribution
system, water loss through leaks is not a major factor in estimating demand. For a new plant with
an existing old distribution system, water loss through leaks may be a major considerations.
The unit demand estimates are averages. Water consumption changes with the seasons, the days
of the week, and the hours of the day. Fluctuations are greater in small than in large
communities, and during short rather than long periods of time. The variation in demand is
normally reported as a factor of the average day.
A. Maximum day demand is to be taken as 1.5 times the average day demand
B. Peak hour demand to be taken as 1.5 times the maximum day demand
1.4.1 Purpose
In the context of public water supply design, the purpose of a raw water source is the reliable
delivery of water. A source is reliable if sufficient water is available every day of the year.
In case there is no single source providing the required amounts of water, a combination
of two or more sources has to be envisaged.
The use of the source shall not lead to conflicts with other water users (or at least only if
mitigation measures will be implemented prior to investing into source capping).
Thus, prior to identifying water sources to be used for a water supply system, investigations are
required. These should cover amongst others:
In case water quality and yields have not been monitored, but the source is identified as
potentially appropriate, it is recommended to carry out a survey for a period of at least one year
by measuring on a weekly basis the yield and on a monthly basis the water quality. The
minimum yield measured during this period, lowered by a climate change factor or by a
factor taking into account the rainfall of the year of measurement compared to a drought
year, will define the source capacity (Hydro geological assessments).
Prior to any design, the seasonal patterns of the source’s capacities shall be investigated
for a minimum period of one year. During this time, measurements of the source
capacity shall be conducted at appropriate intervals. Additional measurements are required
during heavy rainwater periods, floods and droughts. For groundwater, a hydro-geological
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General Design Criteria of Water Network
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In case only an intermediate yield was recognized, either the source must be omitted for supply
purposes or an alternative source has to be identified as a back-up solution for the period of low
or no-flow (this will not be feasible if the period of low flow or no-flow matches peak
demand periods. In this case, this specific source should immediately be taken out of the list of
potential water supply sources).
If two or more options for source tapping exist, a comparison of total costs shall contribute to the
decision of which option to choose. Generally, the least expensive option shall prevail.
Spring
Ground water
Artificial basin
Lake
River
Rain water
For sweet water zones, groundwater is the source of choice. However, due to depleting aquifers,
surface water has become the ultimate choice. For brackish water zones, in case a canal or
distributaries available at a reasonable distance, skimming wells (shallow Tube wells) will be
installed along the bank and pumped to the community through a rising main after appropriate
treatment by chlorination or UF plant.
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General Design Criteria of Water Network
Water & Sanitation Agencies, Punjab Design Criteria
C. Slot Size: Slot size 1”x 1/30” is recommended for the screen. Shrouding shall be
provided.
D. House Pipe : The diameter of House Pipe will be based on the design discharge of tube
well
E. Sanitary Seal: To control and check the surface and ground contamination at shallow
depths sanitary seal consisting 1:2:4 plain cement concrete is recommended.
F. Shrouded Material: The shrouding material will be of pea gravels having size 1/8” to
3/8” and its thickness will be in the range of 3” to 6”, however the later one is preferred
and used.
G. Shrouding Pipes: Shrouding shall be done through 3” diameter P.V.C. Pipe or
equivalent. Suitable values of the parameters shall be carefully selected.
H. Delivery Pipes: Length of delivery pipe in pump house should be 6-9ft to have proper
installation of measuring instruments like portable Ultrasonic flow meter for energy audit
purpose. Pressure gauge should be installed on the delivery pipe for pressure head
measurements.
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General Design Criteria of Water Network
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The elements of a water distribution and –storage system include some or all of the following:
A) Keeping in view the trends of multistory building construction in urban residential areas it is
advisable to adopt at least 6 meters (0.6 bars) minimum terminal pressure and maximum
terminal pressure of 65 m (6.5 bars)
B) For rural residential areas, the existing standard of terminal pressure is 12 meter.
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Water Distribution and Storage
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PSPs should not be provided in urban areas and only be provided in the semi-urban areas/
peri-urban areas.
The location of the stand-posts shall be made in such a manner that it is at an
approximate distance of about 350 feet from the end consumers in the rural areas and
should be avoided in the semi urban areas as far as possible to reduce losses of water and
revenue.
Each stand-post shall serve about 200 persons.
PSP to be provided only after study of revenue collection data of concerned area.
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2.1.11 Washout
Washout to be located at the lowest points to wash out all kinds of debris.
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3.2 Ultrafiltration
Design Criteria for various types of filter plants to be used, depending upon the type of
contamination as per water quality test results, will be as given in the table below:
Pretreatment
If turbidity is >1 NTU Coagulation, Flocculation & Sedimentation
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Potable Drinking Water Treatment
Water & Sanitation Agencies, Punjab Design Criteria
Module dimensions
Diameter 100-300 mm
Length 1-6 m
Filter run duration 30-90 min
Backwash
Duration 1 - 5 min
Pressure 35-350 kPa
Excess Membrane Capacity 25 % (To account for racks being off line for back
washing & /or maintenance / unanticipated change in
water quality)
Disinfection
Post Treatment
Bacteria Below Detection Level
Viruses Greater than 99.9999 Percent Rejection
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Table 3-7: Design specifications of activated Alumina absorbent for Fluoride removal
Parameters Range of Typical Values
Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) 5 Min (Minimum)
Fluoride Capacity of AA 6 -8 Kg /m3
Media Size 0.29 - 0.50 mm
Grain Density 3.97 g/cm3
Bulk Density 0.641 - 0.960 g/cm3
Specific Surface Area 300 -350 m2/g (Dry Weight)
Bed Depth 0.9 - 1.85 m
Backwashing 8 -9 gpm/ft2 for 50 % bed expansion
Backwashing Time 10 -15 Minutes
Regeneration NIL
Pretreatment
pH Value Range 5 - 6.5 (with 5.5 at optimal)
Turbidity <0.3
Post Treatment pH adjustment
Vessel Material Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP)
Process Control PLC / Digital
Table 3-8: Design specifications of filter and oxidants for removal of Fe and Mn
Parameters Range of Typical Values
Contact Time of Fe2+&Mn with ClO2 for 5 & 20 Seconds
oxidation
Contact Time with KMnO4 5 Min
Oxidants Requirement
Chlorine 0.64 mg /mg of Fe2+
ClO2 1.2 mg /mg of Fe2+
KMnO4 0.84 mg /mg of Fe2+
Filtration (Pressure Filters)
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Note: Small concentrations of Fe2+ &Mn2+ can be removed through Ion Exchange Process
using SAC Resins – Sulphonated Polystyrene
Table 3-9: Design criteria of ION Exchange resins for Nitrates removal
Parameters Range of Typical Values
Hydraulic Loading Rate 400 - 800 m /m2.d
3
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Water & Sanitation Agencies, Punjab Design Criteria
Reverse Osmosis
RO Membrane Type Spiral Wound Membrane
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4 Sewerage System
Sewerage systems (domestic wastewater treatment systems) or material alterations to sewerage
systems are required to be developed in accordance with design criteria. The design criteria set
minimum standards necessary for domestic wastewater treatment systems to function properly
and meet requirements for effluent quality. The criteria also contain certain safety standards.
The technical standards for sewerage system include the prescribed directions, requirements,
explanations, terms and provisions pertaining to the various features of the work to be done, or
manner and method of performance.
The waste water disposal station should be located at a place from where sullage water can be
safely economically and hygienically disposed of into a permanent and final disposal preferably
through some receiving natural water body.
The sewers will be generally designed as partially combined system allowing surcharging of the
system for some time depending upon the financial capability of the sponsoring agency.
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Sewerage System
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The design flow is determined by summing the products of the number of the contributing
units of each source with appropriate unit flow factors. The unit flow factors for various
sources like residential, commercial, governmental, educational and religious can be adopted as
given in Table 4-1.
For the current scenario, sewage flow is to be adopted as 80% of the water consumption. Water
consumption has been taken as 35 gcpd/132 lpcd, so the sewage flow become 28 gpcd (i.e 80
% of water consumption).
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4.3.2 In-Filtration
Following criteria shall be used for the computation of infiltration rates:
The maximum design flow is determined using Average Daily Flow (ADF) and the Harmon
Peaking Factor (HPF):
The maximum design flow shall be the average daily flow times the peaking factor M.
Q (d) = Peak domestic sewage flow (including extraneous flow) in litres per second.
P = Design Population in thousands
q = Average daily per capita domestic flow in litres/capita/day
M = Peaking Factor (as derived from the Harmon Formula)
ℓ = Unit of peak extraneous flow in litres/hectare/second
A = Area in hectares
Population based peaking factors are to be used for hydraulic modelling purposes in the current
project. Population based peaking factors decrease with increasing populations. For cumulative
sewerage flow, the following criteria based on the population, have been used for the current
project.
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Up to 5 4.50
5-10 4.00
10-25 3.50
25-50 3.00
50-100 2.50
More than 100 2.00
It is ratio of peak demand or peak flow over the maximum demand or flow.
Proper arrangements for connecting storm water drainage appurtenances and sewerage
system are to be adequately provided. The standard allowance criteria to be adopted is given
in Table 4-4.
Circular sewers are adopted when the flow of the sewers is nearly uniform, as these are
stronger, cheaper and structurally more stable than others. Oval or egg shaped sewers are
adopted best for situations where there is an intermittent flow of sewerage- that is, when the
flow varies considerably at different times. The reason for this is, at time when there is , but a
small quantity of sewage passing, the flow occupies the narrow bottom of the egg-shaped
sewer at a greater depth than it would be in a circular sewer of the same area of section. This
increase depth of the sewage causes it to flow with greater velocity, and thus renders the sewer
high hydraulic efficiency. However, they have become obsolete due to problems in laying,
instability at bottom and high precision required during laying.
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Horizontal elliptical pipe is used with equivalent circular sizes with tongue and groove cement
mortar or mastic compound joint. The horizontal elliptical pipe is installed with the major axis
horizontal and is used for minimum cover situations or other conditions where vertical
clearance problems are encountered. It offers the hydraulic advantage of greater capacity for
the same depth of flow than other shapes of equivalent sectional area. Load under similar cover
conditions are similar to that of circular pipe with the same pan. Thus they are mostly used
under conditions of insufficient covers for laying of pipes. In ordre to ensure smooth flow for
carrying peak discharge by a hydraulically efficient system and leass prone to blockage, it is
proposed to have a circular pipes for sewerage collection netrwork
In case of construction of manholes for laterals, braches and sometimes even on the
intermediate sections, minimum velocity for the design flow is likely to be less that the self-
cleaning velocity. But manholes and sewers will be flushed out during peak flow period
carrying forward silt, which may get deposited during minimum flow period, especially during
night hours. Adopting lower values of velocities through lesser gradients will be helpful in
avoiding deep excavations. However, at certain sections, where undercrossing of deeper sub
drains and main drains as physical constraints, smaller sections of the sewer may be sloped at a
steeper gradient to minimize the number and height of the drops required invert levels. While
developing sewers, this point shall be given due consideration prior to the design of the sewers.
In case, where the above velocity criteria are not met, prescribes slope for different flows shall
be adopted.
On sewers, which are to be cleaned manually, but cannot be entered for cleaning or inspection,
the optimum distance between the manholes may be 100-150 feet (for smaller dia. Sewers). In
Case of current scenario, a manhole spacing of 100 feet might be adopted for arterial sewers
which will be finalized in the final engineering design. Foe the sewers, which are to be cleaned
with mechanical devices, the spacing of the manholes will depend upon the type of the
equipment to be used for cleaning sewers. For diameter, less than 36 inches, spacing of
manholes adopted is 100- 300 ft. (30 -90 m) subjected to site accessibility and availability. The
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Sewerage System
Water & Sanitation Agencies, Punjab Design Criteria
spacing of the manholes above 300 ft to 500 ft may be allowed for sewers of diameters
45inches or above and which may further be increased upto 1000 ft for sewer of 72 inches
diameter subject to site accessibility.
C) Sewer above Sub-soil water level shall be constructed as per following design criteria
D) For manholes under sub soil water, core-wall and floor will be designed as per actual
depth of water encountered.
E) For depth more than 10 feet, RCC slab will be put at 7 feet from invert and then 4 feet
dia masonry will be constructed up to surface.
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50,000---100,000 4
100,000—200,000 3
Above 200,000 2
Q = CIA
Where:
Q = Discharge in cusecs
C = Run Off Co-efficient
I = Rain fall intensity
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Sub-Urban 0.60-0.75
D) Industrial Area
Heavy 0.50-0.80
Playgrounds 0.10-0.25
Heavy 0.50-0.80
uneconomical/impractical to provide the sewer at such a depth and thus the hydraulic grade
line is lifted by providing a Disposal Station.
The volume of the sump is computed based on the pumping capacity and the number of
starts/stops per hour. The maximum starts/stops occur when the inflow is half the outflow. The
volume is calculated using the following formula.
V=Q×T
Where;
The criteria to be adopted for the design of the disposal station is as follows:
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Sewerage System
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5 Wastewater Treatment
As for as wastewater treatment is concerned, there is no existing treatment plant in Punjab
except a treatment plant at Faisalabad and an oxidation pond at Bahawalnagar. All other
wastewater treatment plants are in Karachi (Trickling Filters), Peshawar (Stabilization Ponds)
and Islamabad (Activated sludge). Almost all of them are abandoned or working at very low
capacity with very low efficiency.
However, there are no standards or any design criteria for the design of water treatment plants.
Most of them were constructed as either pilot projects or by the foreign consultants as per their
own design criteria. This is the first time that some kind of design criteria is being given for the
design of different treatment plants for wastewater.
RC Staircase with riser detail 1 unit Anti-skid and non- Anti-skid and non-
corrosive corrosive
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Wastewater Treatment
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openings
Note: Motorized hoists shall be provided when the lifting weight exceeds 100 kg.
RC Staircase with riser detail 1 unit Anti-skid and non- Anti-skid and non-
corrosive corrosive
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Wastewater Treatment
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In grit removal system, grit or discrete particles that have subsiding velocities or specific
gravities substantially greater than those of organic putrescible solids, e.g. eggshells, sands,
gravel are removed by gravitate settlement or centrifugal separation. Same principle apply to
oil and grease removal system, where free oil and grease globules lighter than water rise
through the liquid and skimmed from the top surface. The design parameters are summarized in
Table 5-5.
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Wastewater Treatment
Water & Sanitation Agencies, Punjab Design Criteria
For reasons of long term whole life economics, ease of operation and maintenance, consistent
effluent standards and standardization, the following types of biological treatment processes
are recommended.
The design parameters to be considered while designing sewage wastewater treatment plant
based on conventional activated sludge system are as follows:
Sequencing Batch Reactors system is suspended activated sludge system. In this system,
sewage flows into one or more reactors where biological oxidation and clarification of sewage
take place within the same reactors sequentially on cyclical mode. There are five (5) basic
sequences in a cycle, namely:
Table 5-9: Design Parameters for Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBR) System
Description Unit Design Criteria
Primary Sedimentation System Must be provided
Minimum number of aeration 2
tanks
F/M ratio 0.25 – 0.50
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Wastewater Treatment
Water & Sanitation Agencies, Punjab Design Criteria
𝑽𝑻 𝒙 𝑴𝑳𝑺𝑺
𝑾𝑨𝑺 = − [𝑸𝒂𝒗𝒈 𝒙 𝑺𝑺 𝐞𝐟𝐟]
∅ 𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒅𝒈𝒆
Where:
VT = Volume of reactor (m3)
MLSS = Mixed liquor suspended solids (kg/m3)
ᶿsludge = sludge age (days)
Qavg = average flow (m3/day)
SSeff = effluent suspended solids (kg/m3)
CU = underflow concentration (kg/m3)
B) Design Parameters for Extended Aeration System (EA)
The Extended Aeration process is similar to the Conventional Activated sludge process except
that it operates in the endogenous respiration phase of the growth curve, which requires a low
organic loading and long aeration time. The system produces high MLSS concentration, high
RAS pumping rate and low sludge wastage.
The advantage of having long hydraulic retention times is that it allows the plant to operate
effectively over widely varying flow and waste loadings. Secondary clarifiers must be designed
to the variations in hydraulic loadings and high MLSS concentrations associated with this
process.
EA plants shall be designed as either plug flow or completely mixed. Anoxic zone at the head
of the reactor must be provided for de-nitrification. The .anoxic zone must be mixed without
inducing dissolved oxygen
For Oxidation Ditches, the minimum velocity within the channel shall be sufficient to keep the
activated sludge in suspension. The minimum velocity within the channel shall not be less than
0.3 mis.
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Tank dimension
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Qrecycle
QInflow >1.0
Note:
Sludge Age = total solids in aeration tank
Excess sludge wasting/day+solid in effluent
𝑽𝑻 𝒙 𝑴𝑳𝑺𝑺
𝑾𝑨𝑺 = − [𝑸𝒂𝒗𝒈 𝒙 𝑺𝑺 𝐞𝐟𝐟]
∅ 𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒅𝒈𝒆
Where:
VT = Volume of reactor (m3)
MLSS = Mixed liquor suspended solids (kg/m3)
ᶿsludge = sludge age (days)
Qavg = average flow (m3/day)
SSeff = effluent suspended solids (kg/m3)
CU = underflow concentration (kg/m3)
Designer shall ensure that with 50% of blockage at the face of screen, sufficient freeboard is
provided to prevent the approach channel from overflowing washing and dewatering of
screenings shall be provided.
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Wastewater Treatment
Water & Sanitation Agencies, Punjab Design Criteria
organisms that break down organic material in the sewage. Many variations of the Trickling
Filters have been constructed.
Hydraulic Retention hr 18 – 24 18 – 24
time at Qavg (at
average water level)
F/M Ratio D 0.05 – 0.08 0.05 – 0.30
Sludge Yield Kg sludge/ 0.75 – 0.85 0.75 – 1.10
kg BOD5
loud
MLSS (End of mg/l 3000 - 4500 3000 – 4500
decant)
Cycle Time Hr 4-8 4–8
DO (Reactor) mg/l 0 – 6.5 0 – 6.5
DO (Effluent) mg/l 2.0 2.0
Oxygen Requirement 𝑘𝑔 𝑂2 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 20𝑘𝑔𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑂2 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 20𝑘𝑔 𝑂2
𝑥 𝑥
𝑘𝑔 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑎𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
Decanting device m3/m/hr ≤20 for decant draw- ≤20 for decant draw-down
loading rate down from TWL from TWL
Minimum number of 2 nos. independent 2 nos. independent decanter
decanter decanter per tank per tank
Max. decanter length m 4.0 4.0
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Wastewater Treatment
Water & Sanitation Agencies, Punjab Design Criteria
Fill volume m3
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Wastewater Treatment
Water & Sanitation Agencies, Punjab Design Criteria
Contact Tank
Maximum depth 3m
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Wastewater Treatment
Water & Sanitation Agencies, Punjab Design Criteria
6 Miscellaneous
The old cast iron and steel pipes which are cleaned can be protected from further incrustations
or corrosion by cement lining. Insertion of a plastic pipes has also practiced with success.
In situations where water mains have to cross house sewer; storm drain, or sanitary sewer then
it should be laid at such an elevation that the bottom of the water main is 0.50 m above the top
of the drain or sewer with the joints as remote from the sewer as possible. This vertical
separation should be maintained for a distance of 3 m on both sides measured normal to the
sewer or drain it crosses.
Where conditions prevent the minimum vertical separation set forth above, or when it is
necessary for the water main to pass under a sewer or drain, the water main should be laid with
flanged cast iron pipe, with rubber gasket joints for a length on either side of the crossing to
satisfy the lateral separation of 3 m. A vertical separation of 0.50m between the bottom of the
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Miscellaneous
Water & Sanitation Agencies, Punjab Design Criteria
water main and the top of the sewer should be maintained with adequate support for the larger
sized sewer lines, to prevent them from settling on or breaking the water main. In making such
crossings, it is preferable to have the sewer also of casting flanged pipe with rubber gasket
joints and both the water and sewer mains pressure tested to assure water tightness before back
fillings.
Where a water main has already been laid and where a new sewer is to be laid, the above
aspects may also be taken into consideration and the water main may be realigned, when it is
not possible to lay the sewer consistent with the above recommendations.
Since water expands nearly about 10% in volume with an irresistible pressure, freezing solid
conditions should not be allowed in any pipe system to avoid interruption of service and
prevent damage to the pipes.
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Miscellaneous