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BANSAL CLASSES

CHGMISTRY
TARGET TIT JEE 2007
XI (P Q, R S)
? ?

CHEMICAL BONDING

CONTENTS
KEYCONCEPTS
EXERCISE-I
EXERCISE -//
ANSWER KEY

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Flowchart to Chemical Bonding

I
Why a chemical Bond

Kossel Lewis app. (Octet) Lowerisation of Energy

Lewis Structure Formal Charge Resonance Ion attraction Attraction between

Nucleus & electron cloud

Type of Bond

I I
Chemical bond Typical Bonds Force of attraction \
(a) Old Electron (1) vander Waals Force }
~~~1 \ i (b) Back Bonding (2) Hydrogen Bonding I depends
Ionic Co-ordinate Covalent Metallic (c) Banana Bonding (a) Inter H-bonding \ on atomic
(1) Electrovalency (1) Lewis acid (1) Sharing of (b) Inter H-bonding J weight
(2) Lewis base electrons (3) Ion-dipole 1
(2) Inert Pair Effect (4) Dipole-Dipole /
(2) Covalency
(3) Loss & Gain
of electrons (3) Favourable
Conditions
(4) Favourable 3,4, 5,6
Conditions valence electrons
(a) Low I.E.
(b) High E.A. (5) General
(c) High Lattice Characteristic
Energy (a) Low M.P. & B.P.
(b) Liq. General
(5) General (c) General poor
Characteristic conductor of
(a) Good electrolytes electricity
(b) Crystalline
(c) High Melting Point (5) Distortion due to
(d) Fast reactions E.N. difference
'Dipole Moment'
(5) Distortion
(a) Polarising Power (6) Theories
(b) Polarisability (a) Singlet Linkage
(b) VBT(hybridisation)
(c) VESPER
(d) MOT

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KEY CONCEPT

Reasons for Bondformation:

+ Attainment of Octet [ns2 np6], assumed to be most stable.

+ Lowerisation of energy due to attractions.

Types of bonds : Ionic, covalent, co-ordinate

IONIC BOND [ELECTROVALENT]

+ Complete loss of e~ to form ions.
+ Electrostatic attraction between ions.
+ Elements of'p' &'d' block may show variable electrovalency due to
(a) Inert Pair effect (for p block): The reluctance of's' electron pair to take part inbond formation on
moving down a group in 'P' block elements.
Finds application in

+ Stability of oxidation state of a particular metal atom.

+ Oxidizing & reducing power of compounds.
(b) Unstability of core: For'd' block elements the core may either have pseudo inert configuration or any
other & as such no "extra stable" or inert gas configuration.
Properties of Ionic compounds
+ Uniform crystal lattice
+ High Melting points/Boiling points.
+ Good electrolytes
+ Soluble in Polar solvents
+ Show isomorphism.
No sp. theories to understand bond formation,

characteristics like various crystal lattices to be done in solid state.

Polarisation of ions: Polarising power (+), Polarisability (-)

Fajan's Rule: [For Polarisation]
More Polarisation: Cation size small, anion size large, charge on cation & large, cation having Pseudo inert
gas configuration cause more polarisation of anion.
_ . charge on cation . ,
IONIC POTENTIAL <B = — —:— oc covalent character of ionic compound
radius of cation
<x tendency to form complexes
cc hydration & solvation energy

oc _ L _ , _ J _ , — I —
MPt. BPt. Thermst.

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COVALENT BOND
+ Sharing of electrons
+ Overlapping of orbitals
+ Types: single, double, triple, polar, non-polar, directional.
+ Show isomerism.
+ Variable covalency : Shown by elements having vacant 'd' orbitals (caused due to excitation of the
electron.)
Properties:
+ Low melting point & boiling point, (except Diamond / Graphite)
+ Electrical conductivity either due to auto-protolysis or self ionisation.
Dipole moment
Dipole moment is a vector quantity = p. = q x d. Units = col m(S.I.) or esu cm(cgs) or Debey(common
unit) 1 D = lO""18 esu cm = 3.33 x 1CT30 col. m
observedDM.
% ionic character = —;— —— —-—— x 100%
calculatedDJViforl 00%ionic
% ionic character = [ 16 (XA - XB) + 3.5 (XA - XB)2 ] % [Hanny & Smyth equation]
Dipole moment depends on
+ Electronegativity difference between atoms + Direction of bond dipole moment
+ Angle between various bonds + Influence of unshared e-pairs
+ Magnetic of polarity of the molecule + Symmetrical/Unsymmetrical shape.
Bond Moments:
H-F(1.9D) H - 0 (1.5 D) C-C(OD) C-F(1.4D)
H-Cl(l.lD) H-N(1.3D) C = O (2.3 D) C-C1Q.5D)
H - B r (0.8 D) H-C(0.4D) C-Br(1.4D)
H -1(0.4D) C - I (1.2D)

CO-ORDINATE BOND
Bonding between lewis acid & lewis base or electron deficient & electron rich species.
Lewis base: Species with lone pair on' central atom' available for donation, eg. NH3, HjO
charge
Lewis acid: Electron deficient due to incomplete octal, vacant P or d orbital & high+ve — : ratio.
S1Z6

Lewis Dot structures:

+ Arrangement of various atoms & types ofbonding present but no idea of geometry.
+ Selection of central atom [least E.N. of all elements excluding hydrogen]
+ All atoms bonded to central atom except in case of typical linkages. (peroxides)
+ In hydrogen containing oxy acids all 'H' are attached to oxygen except in H3P03(dibasic) &
H3P02(monobasic).
Applications:
+ To know various linkages present
+ To calculate O. S. ofvarious elements.
It is essential to learn some common Lewis structures

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Various Theories For Explaining Bonding

+ Electronic theory of valency (Kossel, Lewis) ;Singlat linkages

+ Valence bond theory (Heitler, London, Pauling, Slater).
+ M.O.T. (Hund, Mulliken).

M O T : M.O.diagram, bonding, anti bonding & nonbonding electron,

bond order = - (Nb - Na).

CT2S

(a) (b)

Molecular-orbital energy patterns for homonuclear diatomic molecules. (a) Diagram for molecules with
low-lying 2s-orbitals. (b) Diagram for N2 and lighter homonuclear diatomics.

SHAPES OF MOLECULES BASED ON VSEPR THEORY

Total no. No. of b.p. No. of General Type of Stereo Shape Exam.
of hybrid (bond pairs) unshared formula hybridisations chemical
orbitals pair i.e. 1 formula

2 2 0 AB2 sp B-A-B linear BEC^

3 3 0 AB3 sp2 B Trigonal BC13,

V
1 planar GaF3
B
3 2 1 AB2 sp2 A Bent or GeF2,
/N
B T3 angular o3
B
4 4 0 AB4 sp3 1 Tetrahedral CH4
A
B ^ B
B
4 3 1 AB3 sp3 A
Trigonal NH3
B-"TB pyramid
B

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Total no. No. of b.p. No. of General Type of Stereo Shape Exam.
of hybrid (bond pairs) unshared formula hybridisations chemical
orbitals pair i.e. / formula

4 2 2 AB2 sp3 V " Bent or Ir^O

B angular
B
1
4 1 3 AB sp3 A linear HF

B
1 ,B
5 5 0 AB5 sp3d B—A" Trigonal PF 5 >

A^B bipyramidal NbBr5

B
3 I ,-B
5 4 1 AB4 sp d :A" Seesaw SF 4
AX
B .
I •
3 2 AB3 sp3d B — PS T-shaped CIF3
5
A>> BrF3'

5 2 3 AB2 sp3d IV
:A- Linear ICI2"
XeF2

R B1 ,-B
6 6 0 AB6 sp3d2 B.. Octahedral SF6

B^ANB

R B
6 5 1 AB5 sp3d2 \
•• 1A- , - B Square IFS
pyramidal
B ^ N B

T ,B
6 4 2 AB4 sp3d2 Square IF 4
B < ' > B
planar XeF4

B B
7 7 0 AB7 sp3d3 R. I/. B
Pentagonal IF7
bipyramidal

H o w T o DECIDE THE TYPE OF HYBRIDISATION :

Type of hybridisation = (number of o bonds + number of lone pairs)

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SUMMARY OF THE THREE MAIN TYPES OF BONDS

Metallic

A
Ag Na^Bi

Na3Sb

Na 3 P

Te Na3N

/ s /
I,-CIF-0F,-NF3-CCl4-BF3-BeF-,-Na,0
\
/ " \

F 2 - IF 7 - SF 6 - PF 5 - S iF 4 - A1F3 - M g F 2 - CsF
Covalent Ionic

RESONANCE
+ Delocalisations of 7r electron cloud in between orbitals ofvarious atoms in a molecule (provided all the
atoms are in the same plane)
+ Exists where more than one Lewis dot structure are possible for a molecule.
+ Resonance causes stablisation of the molecule & difference in the energies of hybrid & other structure is
termed as Resonance energy.
+ R.E. -> Experimental heat of formation-Theoretical heat of formation.
+ The properties ofthe actual structure (Resonance hybrid) are decided by the weighed average (depending
on stability) ofthe contributing molecule.
+ More the resonating structure more stable the molecule becomes.
FORCES OF ATTRACTION (WEAKER BONDS)
+ Metallic bonds: Electron gas model or sea model, with metal atom existing as kernels along with less
firmly held valence e~s & bonds between various kernels (at the lattice site) & valence e~s is known as
metallic bonds.
+ Hydrogen bonding: When a hydrogen atom is linked to a highly electronegative atom (like F, O or N)
comes under the influence of another strongly electronegative atom, then a weak bond is developed
between them, which is called as hydrogen bond.
Types of H-bonding:
+ Intermolecular
+ Intramolecular
Applications in:
(a) Association of a molecule as in carboxylic acid.
(b) Dissociation of a polar species.
(c) Abnormal melting point & boiling point.
(d) Enhanced solubility in water.
+ Ion dipole attraction
+ Dipole-dipole attraction
+ Ion-induced dipole attraction
+ Dipole-Induced Dipole attraction
+ Induced -dipole Induced Dipole attraction
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SOME TYPICAL BONDS
1. Odd electron bond:
+ These include one electron bond and three electron bond.
+ The example of one electron bond is H2 •
+ According to the spectroscopic data, the dissociation energy of H 2 is 60.0 cals which means that it is
one electron bond because average dissociation energy of H 2 is nearly 100 cals.
+ The bond is only half as strong as a shared electron pair bond.
+ NO and N0 2 are the examples of odd molecules having three electron bonds e.g.
O 0

:N=0: N'
• •

+ The three electron bond is formed when the two atoms are identical or have nearly same electronegativity.
+ The three electron bonds is also about half as strong as a normal bond.
2. Back bonding:
+ If among the bonded atoms, one atom has a vacant orbital & another has excess of
e~s then a sort of TC bonding takes place between he two. If this is between 'P' orbitals of the two, this is
known as prc-prc back bonding.
+ Most efficient when the atoms are very small & the orbitals involved of the two are of same energy level.
3. Banana bond:
+ This type of bonding is present in B2H6.
+ This structure shows that there are two types of
hydrogen atom-Terminals and bridging.

MISCELLANEOUS CONCEPT

1. Comparison of bond angles.

(a) In case central atoms are having different hybridisation then it can be compared.
(b) If same hybridisation but different central atom then bond angle would be more of the molecule in which
C. A. is more E.N. eg. H^S & I^O.

105\ /95
H H H H
(c) If C. A. is same & bonded atoms different then bond angle increases as the attached atom size increases.

2. Paramagnetic nature.
(a) Use of MOT for diatomic molecules
(b) Use of Lewis dot structure for the rest.

3. Bond strength & Bond length.

(a) Using bond order as calculated in MOT
(b) Using concepts of resonance.

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EXERCISE -1
IONIC BOND
Q.l An ionic bond g- is most likely to be formed when:
(A) the ionization energy of.4 is high and the electron affinity o f B is low
(B) the ionization energy ofA is low and the electron affinity o f B is high
(C) the ionization energy o f A and the electron affinity of2? is high
(D) the ionization energy of A and the electron affinity o f B is low
Q. 2 Which of the following compounds of elements in group IV is expected to be most ionic ?
(A) PbCl 2 (B) PbCl 4 (C) CC/4 (D) SiCl 4

Q. 3 Which ofthe following is in order of increasing covalent character ?

(A) CC/4 < BeCl < BCl < LiCl (B) LiCl < CCl < BeCl < BCl
(C) LiCl < BeCl < BCl < CCl (D) LiCl < BeCl < CCl < BCl,
2 3 4 2 3
2 3 4 2 4

Q.4 The hydration ofionic compounds involves:

(A) Evolution ofheat (B) Weakening of attractive forces
(C) Dissociation into ions (D) All of these
Q. 5 The correct order of decreasing polarizability ofion is:
(A) Cl~,Br~,r,F~ (B) F~,Br~,Cl~ (C) I~,Br~,Cl~,F~ (D) F~,Cl~,Br~
Q. 6 Which has the lowest anion to cation size ratio:
(A) LiF (B)NaF (C) Csl (D) CsF
Q. 7 Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct regarding ionic compounds?
(A) They are good conductors at room temperature in aqueous solution.
(B) They are generally soluble in polar solvents.
(C) They consist of ions.
(D) They generally have high melting and boiling points.
Q. 8 Which of the following compounds contain/s both ionic and covalent bonds?
(A)NH4C1 (B)KCN (C) CUSO^HjO (D)NaOH
Q.9 Which ofthe following compound is/are predominantly ionic?
(A) KC1 (B)Na2S (C)^ (D)CaO
Q. 10 On heating to 400-500° C, relatively unstable hydrides and carbonates decompose. Which ofthe following
will decompose when heated to 400-500°C?
(A) LiH (B) NaH (C) Li C02 3 (D) Na C0 2 3

Q.ll Which of the following statements is/are true for BaO and MgO ?
(A) BaO is more ionic than MgO (B) MgO is more ionic than BaO
(C) BaO has a higher melting point than A/gO (D) MgO has a higher melting point than BaO
Q.12 Whether this reaction is possible or not.
T1++A13+ >AT + T13+
Q.13 Most ionic compounds have:
(A) high melting points and low boiling points
OB) high melting points and nondirectional bonds
(C) high solubilities in polar solvents and low solubilities in nonpolar solvents
(D) three-dimensional network structures, and are good conductors ofelectricity in the molten state
Q.14 Among the following, the element which show inert-pair effect are:
(A) Bi (B)Sn (C)Pb (D)C

+ following have an (18 + 2) electron configuration ?

Q.15 Which ofthe
(A) /V (B) Cd 2+ (C) Bi 3+ (D) SO ,' 2

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COVALENT BOND
Q.16 A sigma bond may be formed by the overlap of 2 atomic orbitals of atoms ^ and B. Ifthe bond is formed
along as the x-axis, which of the following overlaps is acceptable ?
(A) s orbital ofA and p2 orbital of5 (B) px orbital oL4 and py orbital ofB
(C) p2 orbital ofA and px orbital o f 5 (D) px orbital ofA and s orbital o f B
Q.17 The maximum covalency is equal to
(A) the number of unpaired /^-electrons
(B) the number of paired ^-electrons
(C) the number ofunpaired s and /^-electrons
(D) the actual number of s and /^-electrons in the outermost shell.
Q.18 How many bonded electron pairs are present in IF1 molecule:
(A) 6 (B)7 (C) 5 (D) 8
Q.19 PCl5 exists but NCls does not because:
(A) Nitrogen has no vacant 2J-orbitals (B) NCl5 is unstable
(C) Nitrogen atom is much smaller than P (D) Nitrogen is highly inert
Q.20 Which of the following has/have a strong covalent bond?
(A) Cl-F (B)F-F (C)C-Cl (D)C-F
Q.21 Which of the following statements is/are true?
(A) Covalent bonds are directional
(B) Ionic bonds are nondirectional
(C) A polar bond is formed between two atoms which have the same electronegativity value.
(D) The presence of polar bonds in a polyatomic molecule suggests that it has zero dipole moment
Q.22 Rotation around the bond (between the underlined atoms) is restricted in:
(A) C2H4 (B)H 2 0 2 (C) Al2Cl6 (D) C2H6
Q.23 The octet rule is not obeyed in:
(A) C02 (B) BCl, (C) PCl5 (D) SiF4
Q.24 Which ofthe following two substances are expected to be more covalent:
(A) BeCl2 (B) SnCl4 (C) ZnS (D) ZnCl2
Q. 25 To which of the following species octet rule is not applicable:
(A) BrFs (B) SF6 (C) IF, (D)CO
Q. 26 Which ofthe following species are hypervaient?
1. C104- 2. BF3, 3. S0 4 2 -, 4. C0 3 2 ~
(A)l,2,3 (B) 1,3 (C)3,4 (D)l,2

Q.27 AgN03 gives a white precipitate with NaCl but not with CC/4. Why ?

CO-ORDINATE BOND
Q.28 NH3 and BF3 combine readily because of the formation of:
(A) a covalent bond (B) a hydrogen bond (C) a coordinate bond (D) an ionic bond
Q. 29 Which of the following species contain covalent coordinate bond:
(A) AlCl, (B) CO (C) [Fe(CN)6r (D) N;

LEWIS STRUCTURE
Q.30 Which of the following Lewis diagrams is(are) incorrect ?
:C/: H
I H H
H-N-H
(A) Na-O-Cl: (B) P
iCl-
(C)
H
1 (D) H-N-N-H

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Q.31 The possible structure(s) of monothiocarbonate ion is:

:c: :c: :s: -s
( A , :o^o ^ :o m :o:
Q.32 The valency of sulphur in sulphuric acid is:
(A) 2 (B) 8 (C) 4 (D)6
Q.33 The total number ofvalence electrons in4.2g of 7V3~ ionare:
(A) 2.2 N (B) 4.2 N (C) 1.6 N (D)3.2 N
Q.34 No x - X bond exists in which of the following compounds having general form of X2H6 ?
(A)B 2 H 6 (B)C 2 H 6 (C)Al 2 H 6 (D) Si2H6
Q.35 Pick out among the following species isoelectronic with C02:
(A) N~ (B) (CNOy (C) (NCN)2- (D) NO~
Q. 3 6 Which of the following have a three dimensional network structure ?
(A) Si02 (B) (BN)X (C) P4(white) (D) CCl4
Q.37 Which of the following oxyacids of sulphur contain S-S bonds ?
(A) H2S20% (B) H2S206 (C) H2S2O4 (D) H2S2Os

RESONANCE
Q.38 Resonating structures of a molecule should have:
(A) identical bonding (B) identical arrangement of atoms
(C) nearly the same energy content (D) the same number of paired electrons
Q. 3 9 Which ofthe following conditions apply to resonating structures ?
(A) The contributing structures should have similar energies
(B) The contributing structures should be represented such that unlike formal charges reside on atoms
that are far apart
(C) The more electropositive element should preferably have positive formal charge and the more
electronegative element have negative formal charge
(D) The contributing structures must have the same number ofunpaired electrons
Q.40 N20 has a linear, unsymmetrical structure that may be thought ofas a hybrid oftwo resonance forms. If
a resonance form must have a satisfactory Lewis structure, which ofthefivestructures shown below are
the resonance forms of N20 ?

(A):N=N=O; (B) ; N = N = O ; (C) :'N-N=O: (D)-N=N-O: (e):NsN-O:

• • •• ••
Q. 41 Resonance occurs due to the
(A) derealization of a lone pair of electrons (B) derealization of sigma electrons
(C) delocalization of pi electrons (D) migration of protons
V.B.T & HYBRIDISATION
Q. 42 The strength of bonds by s-s,p-p,s-p overlap is in the order:
(A) s-s <s-p < p-p (B) s-s <p-p <s-p
(C) s-p<s-s<p-p (D) p-p<s-s<s-p
1 2 3
Q.43 In the following compound C H 2 = C H - C CH2 - C s CH, the C2 - C3 bond is of the type:
(A) sp-sp2 (B)Sp2-Sp3 (C)sp-sp3 (D) sp2 - sp*
Q. 44 Which ofthe following has a geometry differentfromthe other three species (having the same geometry)?
(A) BF4 (B) SOI ( Q XeF4 (D) PH+4
Q. 45 Maximum bond energy is in:
(A)F 2 (B) N2 (C)0 2 (D) equal

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Q. 46 Among the following species, identify the isostructural pairs: NF3, NO~, BFi ,H30+, HN3
(A) [NF3,NO; ] and [BF3,H30+] (B) [NF3,HN3] and [NO;,BF3]
(C) [NF3, H 3 0+]and [NO", BF3] (D) [NF3,H30+]and[HN3,BF3]
Q. 47 Number and type of bonds between two carbon atoms in CaC2 are:
(A) one sigma (a) and one pi (it) bond (B) one a and two 7t bonds
(C) oneCTand one and a half n bond (D) one a bond
Q.48 In c~C bondis C2H6 undergoes heterolyticfission,the hybridisation oftwo resulting caibon atoms is/are
(A) sp2 both (B) sp3 both (C) sp2,sp3 (D) sp,sp2
Q. 49 The hybridisation and geometry of BrF3 molecules are:
(A) sp3d and T7 shaped (B) sp2d2 and tetragonal
(C) sp3d and bent (D) none of these
Q. 50 The shape of methyl cation (CH3 ) is likely to be:
(A) linear (B) pyramidal (C) planar (D) spherical
Q. 51 The structure of XeF2 involves hybridization of the type:
(A) sp3 (B)dsp 2 (C) sp3d (D)sp3d2
Q. 52 In the XeF4 molecule, the Xe atom is in the
(A) ^-hybridized state (B) ^p5-hybridised state (C) .sp^d-hybridized state (D) .sp^-hybridized state
Q. 5 3 How many a- and %- bonds are there in salicyclic acid?
(A) 10a, 4TC (B)16a,4;c (C) 18c, 2TT (D) 16a, 2n
Q. 54 Which of the following statements are not correct?
(A) Hybridization is the mixing of atomic orbitals of large energy difference.
(B) sp2 - hybrid orbitals are formed from twop - atomic orbitals and one s- atomic orbitals
(C) dsp2 - hybrid orbitals are all at 90° to one another
(D) d2sp3 - hybrid orbitals are directed towards the corners of a regular octahedron
Q. 5 5 Which ofthe following has been arranged in increasing order of size of the hybrid orbitals ?
(A) sp < sp2 < sp3 (B) sp3 < sp2 < sp (C) sp2 < sp3 < sp (D) sp2 <sp< sp3
Q. 5 6 In the context of carbon, which ofthe following is arranged in the correct order of electronegativity:
(A) sp > sp2 > sp3 (B) sp3 > sp2 > sp (C) sp2 >sp> sp3 (D) sp3 >sp> sp2
Q. 57 When 2s-2s,2p-2p and 2p-2s orbitals overlap, the bond strength decreases in the order:
(A) p-p>s-s> p-s (B) p-p> p-s>s-s (C) s-s> p-p> p-s (D) s-s > p-s> p- p
Q.58 The shapes of IFS and IF7 are respectively:
(A) square pyramidal and pentagonal bipyramidal (B) octahedral and pyramidal
(C) trigonal bipyramidal and square antiprismatic (D) distorted square planar and distorted octahedral
Q. 59 Carbon atoms in C2 (CIV)4 are:
(A) ^-hybridized (B) sp2 -hybridized
(C) sp- and sp2 hybridized (D) sp, sp2 and sp3 - hybridized
Q. 60 C02 has the same geometry as:
(I) HgCl2 (II) N02 (IE) SnCl4 (IV) C,H2
(A) I and III (B) Hand IV (C) I and IV (D) III and IV
Q. 61 Strongest bond is formed by the head on overlapping of:
(A) 2s- and 2p- orbitals (B) 2p- and 2p- orbitals
(C) 2s- and 2s- orbitals (D)A11
Q. 62 The ratio of a and n bonds in benzene is:
(A) 2 (B)6 (C)4 (D)8

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Q. 63 The bond angle and hybridization in ether (CH 3 0CH 3 ) is:
(A) 106°51',^3 (B) 104°31', sp3 (C) 109° 28'sp 3 (D) None of these
Q. 64 The enolic form of acetone contains:
(A) 9 sigma, 1 pi bond and 2 lone pairs (B) 8 sigma, 2 pi bond and 2 lone pairs
(C) 10 sigma, 1 pi bond and 1 lone pairs (D) 9 sigma, 2 pi bond and 1 lone pairs
Q. 65 The shape of a molecule which has 3 bond pairs and one lone pair is :
(A) Octahedral (B) Pyramidal (C) Triangular planar (D) Tetrahedral
Q. 66 Which molecule is /"shaped:
(A) BeF2 (B) BCl3 (C) NH3 (D) CIF3
Q. 67 Maximum s-character is in bonds formed by (*) atom:
(A)CH4 (B )ie03 (C)Xe0 6 4 - (D)SF 4
Q. 68 Which ofthe following species is (are) isostructural with XeF4 ?
(A) ICl4 (B)/" (C) BrF4 (D) Xe04
Q. 69 A hydrazine molecule is split in NH2 and NH~ ions. Which of the following statements is/are correct ?
(A) NH2 shows sp2 - hybridisation whereas NH; shows sp3 - hybridisation
(B) Al(OH)4 has a regular tetrahedral geometry
(C) sp2 - hybridized orbitals have equals- andp- character
(D) Hybridized orbitals always form a - bonds
Q. 70 There is change in the type of hybridisation when:
(A) NH3 combines with H+ (B) AIH3 combines with H~
(C) NH3 forms NH~2 (D) SiF4 forms SiF2'
Q. 71 Which of the following statement is/are correct
(A) Hybridisation is the mixing of atomic orbitals prior to their combining into molecular orbitals:
(B) sp3d2 - hybrid orbitals are at 90° to one another
(C) sp3d - hybrid orbitals are directed towards the corners of a regular tetrahedron
(D) sp3d2 - hybrid orbitals are directed towards the corners of a regular octahedron
Q.72 A c-bond may between two px orbitals containing one unpaired electron each when they approach
each other appropriately along:
(A) x - axis (B)j>- axis (C) z - axis (D) any direction
Q. 73 Indicate the wrong statement:
(A) A sigma bond has no free rotation around its axis
(B)p-orbitals always have only sideways overlap
(C) s-orbitals never form k - bonds
(D) There can be more than one sigma bond between two atoms
Q.74 sp3 hybridisation is in:
(A) AIH~ (B) CH; (C) C102 (D) NH~2
Q.7 5 Which ofthe following pairs is (are) isostructural?
(A) SF4 and SiF4 (B) SF6 and SiF2' (C) SiF2' and SeF2' (D) XeO*~ and TeF2'
Q. 76 Which ofthe following has (have)2octahedral geometry:
(A) SbCl; (B) SnCl ' (C) XeF6 (D) 10,5 -

Q.77 Shape of NH3 is very similar to :

(A) SeO2' (B) CH; ( C ) BHs (D) CH+3
Q. 78 Which of the following have same shape as NH2 ?
(A) C02 (B) SnCl2 (C) S02 (D) BeCl2
Q.79 Which ofthe following is (are) linear ?
(A) /" (B) i; (C) PbCl2 (D) XeF2
Q. 8 0 Which of the following species are linear ?
(A) ICl2- (B) I3' (C) AT- (D) C102
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Q. 81 The structure of XeF6 is:
(A) pentagonal bipyramidal (B) distorted octahedral (C) capped octahedral (D) square pyramidal
Q. 82 Using VSEPR theory identify the type ofhybridisation and draw the structure of OF . 2

Q. 83 What should be the structure of the following as per VSEPR theory ? +

(a) XeF 2 (b) XeF 4 (c) PBr 5 (d) OF 2 (e) and (f)/ 3

M.O.T
Q.84 Arrange the following in order of decreasing N-0 bondlength: NO;,NO;,NO;
(A) no; > NO; > no; (B) no; > no; > no;
(C) no; > no; > no; (D) no; > no; > no;
Q. 85 Number of non bonding electrons in N is :
2

(A) 4 (B) 10 (C) 12 (D) 14

Q. 8 6 Pick out the incorrect statement?
(A) N2 has greater dissociation energy than N2+ (B) 0 2 has lower dissociation energy than 0 2 +
(C) Bond length in N2+ is less than N2 (D) Bond length in NO+ is less than in NO.
Q. 87 A simplified application ofMO theory to the hypothetical 'molecule' OF would give its bond order as:
(A) 2 (B) 1.5 (C)1.0 (D) 0.5
Q. 8 8 Which ofthe following species is paramagnetic ?
(A) N0- (B) 0 ~2 (C)CN- (D) CO
Q. 89 Bond order of Be2 is :
(A) 1 " (B)2 (C)3 (D)0
Q. 90 The bond order depends on the number of electrons in the bonding and non bonding orbitals. Which of
the following statements is /are correct about bond order?
(A) Bond order cannot have a negative value.
(B) It always has an integral value.
(C) It is a nonzero quantity.
(D) It can assume any value-positive or negative, integral orfractional,including zero.
Q. 91 In the formation of n; from N2, the electron is removed from:
(A) c orbital (B) n orbital (C)CT*orbital (D) n orbital
Q. 92 During the formation of a molecular orbitalfromatomic orbitals of the same atom, probability of electron
density is:
(A) minimum in the nodal plane (B) maximum in the nodal plane
(C) zero in the nodal plane (D) zero on the surface of the lobe
Q. 93 Which of the following hasfractionalbond order:
(A)o 2 + (B) O2" (C) F2~ (D) H;
Q. 94 How many unpaired electrons are present in n ; :
(A) 1 (B)2 "(C) 3 (D)4
Q. 95 Which have odd-order bond?
(A)0 2 + (B)02- (C) NO (D)H,+
Q. 96 Which ofthe following have identical bond order?
(A) 2+0 (B) NO
+ (C) CAT (D) CN +

Q. 97 Which of the following statement is/are correct

(A) The peroxide ion has a bond order of 1 while the oxygen molecule has a bond order of 2
(B) The peroxide ion has a weaker bond than the dioxygen molecule has.
(C) The peroxide ion as well as the dioxygen molecules are paramagnetic
(D) The bond length of the peroxide ion is greater than that of the dioxygen molecule

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Q.98 Giventhe species: N2,CO,CN~ and N0+. Which ofthe following statements are true for these
(A) All species are paramagnetic (B) The species are isoelectronic
(C) All the species have dipole moment (D) All the species are linear
Q. 99 Which of the following have unpaired electron(s)
(A)0+2 (B)0 2 - (C) NO (D) HI
Q. 100 Which of the following are diamagnetic ?
(A) C2 (B) 022- (C) U2 (D) N;
Q. 101 Which of the following are paramagnetic ?
(A)B2 (B)02 (C) N2 (D) He2
Q. 102 Which of the following species have a bond order of 3 ?
(A) CO (B) CN' (C) M T (D) 02+
Q. 103 Among the following, the species with one unpaired electron are:
(A)o; (B )NO (C )0-2 (D )B2
Q. 104 Which of the following pairs have identical values of bond order ?
(A) N; and 02 (B) F2 and Ne2 (C) 02 and B2 (D) C2 and N2
Q. 10 5 Which of the following is correct ?
(A) During N; formation, one electron each is removed from the bonding molecular orbitals
(B) During 02 formation, one electron each is removed from the antibonding molecular orbitals
(C) During 0'2 formation, one electron each is added to the bonding molecular orbitals
(D) During CN~ formation, one electron each is added to the bonding molecular orbitals
Q. 106 Find out the bond order of:
(a) H2 (b) H+2 (C) He2 (d) Li2 (e) Be2 (f) B2
Q. 107 Identify the molecules or atoms or ionsfromthe following molecular orbital energy level formulations.
The species should be selected from (B2, C 2 ,0 2 2 + , 0 2 , F2, N 2 )
(a) KKa(2s)2 a(2s)2%(2pxf n(2pyf

(b) KKa(2s)2 a* (2s)2 n(2px)2 n(2py)2

(c) KK a (2s)2 a (2s)2 a(2pz)2n(2px)2 it(2py)2

(d) KK a (2s)2 a*(2s)a(2pz)2K(2px)2 n(2py)2n(2px)ln(2py)1

(e) KKa(2s)2 a*(2s)2a(2pz)2n(2px)2 n(2py)2it(2px)2iz*(2py)2

(f) KK a (2s)2 o*(2s)27t(2py)27c(2px ) 2 o(2p z ) 2

Q.l 08 Why does He2 exist whereas He2 does not?

Q. 109 Of the species 0 2 ,<X, 02 and 02~ which would have the maximum bond strength ?
Q. 110 Based upon M. O. theory state reason for the paramagnetic character of CN, the diamagnetic character
of CN~, the stability of CN~ and calculate their respective bond orders.
Q. 111 Write the electronic structures of:
(a) CO (b) NO (c) HF (d) HCl, based upon Molecular orbital (MO) diagram

OTHER FORCES
Q. 112 Which ofthe following models best describes the bonding within a layer ofthe graphite structure ?
(A) metallic bonding (B) ionic bonding
(C) non-metallic covalent bonding (D) van der Waals forces

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Q. 113 The critical temperature of water is higher than that of 02 because the H20 molecule has:
(A) fewer electrons than 02 (B) two covalent bonds
(C) V - shape (D) dipole moment
Q. 114 Ethanol has a higher boiling point than dimethyl ether though they have the same molecular weight. This
is due to:
(A) resonance (B) coordinate bonding (C) hydrogen bonding (D) ionic bonding
Q. 115 Arrange the following in order of decreasing boiling point:
(I) «-Butane (n) «-Butanol (HI) »-Butyl chloride (IV) Isobutane
(A) i v >111 >11 >1 (B) IV >11 >111 >1 (C) / > / / > / / / > IV (D) / / > / / / > / > IV
Q. 116 Which ofthe following compounds would have significant intermolecular hydrogen bonding ?
HF, CH3OH, N204, CH4
(A) HF, N204 (B) HF, CH4, CH3OH (C) HF, CH3OH (D) CHfiH, CH4
Q. 117 For H202, H2S, H20 and j j f , the correct order of increasing extent of hydrogen bonding is:
(A) H20 >HF> H202 > H2S (B) H20 >HF> H2S > H202
(C) HF > H20 > H202 > H2S (D) H202 > H20 >HF> H2S
Q. 118 Iron is harder than sodium because
(A) iron atoms are smaller (B) iron atoms are more closely packed
(C) metallic bonds are stronger in sodium (D) metallic bonds are stronger in iron
Q. 119 Which one ofthe following does not have intermolecular H-bonding?
(A^O (B)o-nitro phenol (C)HF (D)CH 3 COOH
Q. 120 The order of strength of hydrogen bonds is:
(A)CIH...CI > NH...N > 0H...0 > FH..F (B) CIH...CI < NH...N < 0H...0 < FH..F
(C) C1H...CI <NH...N > 0H...0 > FH..F (D) CIH...CI <NH...N < OH...0 > FH..F
Q. 121 Which of the following exhibit/s H-bonding?
(A)CH 4 (B) HjSe (C)N 2 H 4 (D^S
Q. 122 Among the following, van der Waals forces are maximum in
(A)HBr (B)LiBr (C)LiCl (D)AgBr
Q. 123 The //bond in solid HF can be best represented as:
/a\
(A) H-F....H-F....H-F
F F
(B)
H'
\
H ,H
F" ,H
/ / nH 1H
H H H
0C) ,.- (D) F^ "" F F ""• F
F ^/z"
Q. 124 The volatility ofHF is low because of:
(A) its low polarizability (B) the weak dispersion interaction between the molecules
(C) its small molecular mass (D) its strong hydrogen bonding
Q. 125 The melting point of AIF3 is 104° C and that of SiF4 is - 77° C (it sublimes) because:
(A) there is a very large difference in the ionic character of the Al-F and Si - F bonds
(B)in AIFS, Al3+ interacts very strongly with the neighbouring F~ ions to give a three dimensional
structure but in SiF4 no interaction is possible
(C) the silicon ion in the tetrahedral SiF4 molecule is not shielded effectively from the fluoride ions
whereas in AIF3, the Ali+ ion is shielded on all sides
(D) the attractive forces between the SiF4 molecules are strong whereas those between the AIF3 molecules
are weak

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Q. 126 Two ice cubes are pressed over each other and unite to form one cube. Which force is responsible for
holding them together:
(A) van der Waal's forces (B) Covalent attraction
(C) Hydrogen bond formation , (D) Dipole-dipole attraction
Q. 127 Intramolecular hydrogen bonding is found in:
(A) Salicylaldehyde (B) Water (C)Acetaldehyde (D) Phenol
Q. 128 The pairs of bases in DNA are held together by:
(A) Hydrogen bonds (B) Ionic bonds (C) Phosphate groups (D) Deoxyribose groups
Q.l 29 In dry ice there are:
(A) Ionic bond (B) Covalent bond (C) Hydrogen bond (D) None of these
O H

Q.130 r ^ ^ N T - C H O

(A) has intermolecular H - bonding (B) has intramolecular H- bonding

(C) has low boiling point (D) is steam-volatile
Q. 131 Which of the following bonds/forces is/are weakest?
(A) covalent bond (B) vanderWaals force (C) hydrogen bond (D)london force
Q. 132 Compare 0 - 0 bond energy among 0 2 , H 2 0 2 and 0 3 with reasons.
Q. 133 Which of the following is/are observed inmetallic bonds ?
(A) Mobil e valence electrons (B) Overlapping valence orbitals
(C) Highly directed bond (D) Delocalized electrons
Q. 134 Which of the following factors are responsible for van der Waals forces ?
(A) Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interaction
(B) Dipole-induced dipole interaction and ion-induced dipole interaction
(C) Dipole-dipole interaction and ion-induced dipole interaction
(D) Small size of molecule
Q. 13 5 Which ofthe following are true ?
(A) Van der Waals forces are responsible for the formation of molecular crystals
(B) Branching lowers the boiling points ofisomeric organic compounds due to van der Waals forces ofattraction
(C) In graphite, van der Waals forces act between the carbon layers
(D) In diamond, van der Waalsforcesact between the carbon layers
Q. 13 6 Intermolecular hydrogen bonding increases the enthalpy ofvapourization of a liquid due to the:
(A) decrease in the attraction between molecules
(B) increase in the attraction between molecules
(C) decrease in the molar mass ofunassociated liquid molecules
(D) increase in the effective molar mass of hydrogen - bonded molecules
Q.137 Which of the following molecules have intermolecular hydrogen bonds ?
(A) KH PO 2 a (B) H B0
3 3 (C) C H C0 H
6 s 2 (D) CH OH 3

Q. 13 8 Which ofthe following have dipole moment ?

(A) nitrobenzene (B)/?-chloronitrobenzene
(C) m-dichlorobenzene (D) o-dichlorobenzene

MISCELLEANEOUS
Q.139 Among K0 , AlO;, Ba0 and NO: unpaired electronis present in:
K0 (B) NO} and Ba0 (C) K0 and AlO; (D) Ba0 only
2 2
(A) 2 only 2 2 2

Q. 140 Cyanogen, (CN) , has a

2 shape/structure:
(A) Linear (B) Zig-zag (C) Square (D) Cyclic
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Q. 141 Which of the following contains (electrovalent) and non-polar (covalent) bonds ?
(A) CH4 (B)H 2 0 2 (C)NH 4 Cl (D) HCN
Q. 142 The types of bond present in N 2 0 5 are
(A) only covalent (B) only ionic
(C) ionic and covalent (D) covalent & coordinate
Q. 143 The types of bonds present in CuSO^SH^O are
(A) electrovalent and covalent (B) electrovalent and coordinate covalent
(C) covalent and coordinate covalent (D) electrovalent, covalent and coordinate covalent
Q. 144 For which ofthe following crystalline substances does the solubility in water increase upto 3 2° C and
then decrease rapidly ?
(A) CaCl 2 .2H 2 0 (B) Na 2 S0 4 .10H 2 0 (C) FeS0 4 .7H 2 0 (D)Alums
Q. 145 Which of the following has been arranged in order of decreasing dipole moment ?
(A) CH3C1 > CH3F > CH3Br > CH3I (B) CH3F > CH3Cl > CH3Br > CH3I
(C) CH3Cl > CH3Br > CH3I > CH3F (D) CH3F > CH3Cl > CH3I > CH3Br
Q. 146 Which ofthe following has the least dipole moment
(A) NF3 (B) C02 (C) S02 (D) NH3
Q. 147 The experimental value of the dipole moment of HCl is 1.03 D. The length of the H -CI bond is
\215A. The percentage ofionic character in HCl is:
(A) 43 (B)21 (C)17 (D)7
ciCI a (
Q. 148 The dipole moment of [ Q
X | is 1.5Z). The dipole moment of
V v .CI
[Of is:
*a
CI
(A)0 D (B) 1.5 D (C) 2.86 Z) (D)2.25£>

Q. 149 SnCl4 is a covalent liquid because:

(A) electron clouds of the c r ions are weakly polarized to envelop the cation
(B) electron clouds of the Cl~ ions are strongly polarized to envelop the cation
(C) its molecules are attracted to one another by strong van der Waals forces
(D) Sn shows inert pair effect
Q. 150 In the cyanide ion the formal negative charge is on
(A)C (B)N
(C) Both C and N (D) Resonate between CandN
Q. 151 Which has (have) zero value of dipole moment?
(A) [Ni(CN)4]2" square planner (B) CHC13

(C) C0 2 (D)

Q. 152 Which ofthe following compounds possesses zero dipole moment?

(A) Water (B) Benzene (C) Carbon tetrachloride (D) Boron trifluoride
Q. 153 Three centre - two electron bonds exist in:
(A) B2H6 (B) Al2(CH3)6 (C) BeH2(s) (D) BeCl2(s)
Q. 154 pn- dit back bonding occurs between oxygen and
(A) phosphorus in P4Ow (B) chlorine in HC104 (C) nitrogen in N205 (D) carbon in C02
Q. 15 5 Hypervalent compound is (are):
(A) (B) PO\~ (C) SOl (D) CIO;

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Q. 156 Which ofthe following statements are correct?

(A) The crystal lattice of ice is mostly formed by covalent as well as hydrogen bonds
(B) The density ofwater increases when heated from 0° C to 4° C due to the change in the structure of
the cluster of water molecules
(C) Above 4° C the thermal agitation ofwater molecules increases. Therefore, intermolecular distance
increases and water starts expanding
(D) The density ofwater increasesfrom0° C to a maximum at 4° C because the entropy ofthe system increases
Q. 157 State whether each statement is true or false. If false, write the correct statement.
(I) The polarising power of a cation is directly proportional to its charge.
(ii) The polarising power of a cation is directly proportional to its size.
(iii) The polarisability of an anion is directly proportional to its charge.
(iv) The polarisability of an anion is directly proportional to its size.
(v) For a given anion, greater the polarising power of the cation, more the ionic character.
(vi) For a given cation, greater the polarisability of the anion, more the covalent character.
(vii) An element with low ionization potential is most likely to form a covalent bond with an other element
having a high electron affinity.
(viii) Ionic interactions are stronger than covalent bonds.
(ix) Two non-metal atoms are likely to form covalent bonds on combination.
(x) Ionic interactions are directional.
Q. 15 8 State whether each statements is T or F, if F rectify.
0 All diatomic molecules are non-polar.
(ii) All molecules having polar bonds are polar (i.e., have a net dipole)
(iii) The lone pairs of electrons do not contribute to the net dipole of a molecule.
(iv) The CHjClj molecule may be polar pr nonpolar depending on its geometry.
(v) The net dipole in the water molecule is the resultant of its bond dipoles.
(vi) S0 2 is polar whereas C0 2 is non-polar.
(vii) NH3 is less polar than NF 3
(viii) If all bonds in a molecule are polar, the molecule as a whole must be polar.
Q.l59 Fill in the blanks.
(l) 7t-bonds are formed by the lateral overlap of a p-orbital with another orbital.
(ii) Free rotation is possible if two atoms are bonded together only by a bond.
(iii) The maximum number of c bonds that can be formed between two atoms is .
(iv) The repulsion between is greater than the repulsion between two bonded pairs
(v) A lone pair is polarisable compared to a a bonded pair which in turn is
polari sable compared to a %- bonded pair.
(vi) In nitro benzene the total number of bonded electrons equals .
Q.160 The percent ionic character taffCl is 18.08. The observed dipole moment is 1.08 D. Find the inter-nuclear
distance in HCl.
Q.161 In trimethylamine, the nitrogen has a pyramidal geometry whereas in trisilylamine N(SiH3)3 ithasa
planar geometry. Explain ? Out oftrimethylamine and trisilyamine which one is more basic and why ?
Q. 162 Assuming that all the four valency of carbon atom in propane pointing towards the corners of a regular
tetrahedron. Calculate the distance between the terminal carbon atoms in propane. Given, C-C single
bond length is 1.54 A.
Q.163 The dipole moment ofHBr is 7.95 debye and the intermolecular separation is 1.94xlO~10m Findthe%
ionic character in HBr molecule.
Q. 164 HBr has dipole moment 2.6 x 10 ~30 cm .If the ionic character of the bond is 11.5 calculate the
interatomic spacing.

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Q. 165 Dipole moment ofZiF was experimentally determined and was found to be 6.32 D. Calculate percentage
ionic character inLiFmolecule Li-F bond lengthis 0.156 pm.
Q. 166 A diatomic molecule has a dipole moment of 1.2 D. If bond length is 1.0 A, what percentage of an
electronic charge exists on each atom.

BONDS ANGLES & BOND LENGTH

Q. 167 The correct order of increasing X-O-X bond angle is (X = H,F or CI) :
(A) h o > ci o > f o (B) ci o > h o > f o
(C) F 0 > Cl 0 > H 0 (D) f o > H 0 > Cl 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2

Q.l 68 Which ofthe following is true?

( \ \ Bond order oc oc bond energy KmJ \ Bond order oc bond length oc —
^ bond length bond energy

( C) Bond order oc * (D) Bond order oc bond length « bond energy

Q. 169 Which of the following has been arranged in order of decreasing bond length ?
(A) P-0>Cl-0>S-0 (B) P-0>S-0>Cl-0
(C) S-0>Cl-0>P-0 (D) Cl-0>S-0>P-0
Q. 170 If a molecule MX3 has zero dipole moment, the sigma bonding orbitals used by A/(atm. no. < 21) are:
(A) pure/? (B) sp hybrid (C) sp2 hybrid (D) sp1 hybrid
Q. 171 How many sigma and pi bonds are present in tetracyanoethylene ?
(A) Nine o and nine 7t (B) Five k and nine o (C) Nine a and seven n (D) Eight o and eight iz
Q. 172 Among the following species, which has the minimum bond length ?
(A)B2 (B)C2 (C)F2 (D)0 2
Q. 173 Which has higher bond energy:
(A)F 2 (B )Cl2 (C) Br2 (D)/ 2
Q. 174 The bond angle in PH is: 3

(A) Much lesser than NH 3 (B) Equal to that in NH 3

(C) Much greater than in NH 3 (D) Slightly more than in NH 3

Q. 175 H - B - H bond angle in BH; is:

(A) 180° (B) 120° (C) 109° (D)90°
Q.176 In the series ethane, ethylene and acetylene, the C-H bond energy is:
(A) The same in all the three compounds (B) Greatest in ethane
(C) Greatest in ethylene (D) Greatest in acetylene
Q. 177 Which one of the following compounds has bond angle as nearly 90° ?
(A) NH3 (B) 2 HS (C) 2 H0 sf (D) 6

Q. 178 Of the following species which has the shortest bond length NO, NO , N0 + 2+ and NO' ?
Q. 179 Arrange the following species in decreasing order of bond angle.
NO+,NO 2 ,NO;
Q. 180 In the hydrides of group VI elements the central atoms involve sp3 hybridisation but the bond angles
H 0,
decrease in the order, 2 H2S, H2Si, H2Te . How would you account for this ?

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EXERCISE - II
Choose the correct alternative (only one correct answer). [2 x 45 = 90]
Q.l The bond between carbon atom(l) & carbon atom(2) in compound
N = C-CH = CH2 involves the hybrids as : [ JEE '87]
(A) sp2 & sp2 (B) sp3 & sp (C) sp & sp2 (D) sp & sp
Q.2 Amongst the trihalides of nitrogen, which one is least basic? [JEE '87]
(A) NF3 (B) NC13 (C) NBr3 (D) NI3
Q.3 Hydrogen bonding is maximum in [JEE '87]
(A) Ethanol (B) Diethylether (C) Ethyl chloride (D) Triethylamine
2
Q.4 The species which the central atom uses sp hybrid orbitals in its bonding is [JEE'88]
(A) PH3 (B) NH3 (C) CH3+ (D) SbH3
Q.5 The molecule that has linear stucture is [JEE'88]
(A) C0 2 (B) N 0 2 (C) S0 2 (D) Si0 2
Q.6 The compound which has zero dipole moment is [JEE'89]
(A) CH2C12 (B) BF3 (C) NF3 (D) C102
Q.7 Which of the following is paramagnetic [JEE'89]
(A) 0 2 - (B) CN" (C) CO (D) NO+
Q.8 The molecule which has pyramidal shape is [JEE'89]
(A) PC13 (B) S0 3 (C) C 0 3 2 - (D) NO3
3
Q.9 The compound in which C uses its sp hybrid orbitals for bond formation is : [JEE'89]
A
( ) HCOOH (B) (H2N)CO (C) (CH3)3COH (P) CH3CHO
Q. 10 The C - H bond distance is the longest in [ JEE '89]
(A) C ^ (B) C2H4 (C) C2H6 (D) C 2 H, Br2
Q. 11 Which one of the following is the smallest in size [ JEE '89]
(A) N 3 - (B) O 2 - (C) F- (D) Na +

Q.12 The number of sigma and pi bonds in l-butene-3-yne are [JEE'89]

(A) 5 sigma 5 pi (B) 7 sigma 3 pi (C) 8 sigma 2 pi (D) 6 sigma 4 pi
Q. 13 Amongst the following the one having highest I.E. is [ JEE '90]
(A) [Ne]3s 2 3p 1 (B) [Ne] 3 s2 3 p3 (C) [Ne] 3 s2 3 p2 (D) [Ar] 3 d° 4 s2 4 p3
Q. 14 The hybridisation of C atoms in C - C single bond of HC = C - CH = CIL, is [ JEE '91]
(A) sp3 - sp3 (B) sp2 - sp3 (C) sp - sp2 (D) sp3 - sp
Q.15 The type of hybrid orbitals used by the chlorine atom in C102" is [JEE'92]
(A) sp3 (B) sp2 (C) sp (D) none
Q.16 The CN" & N2 are isoelectronic. But in contrast to CN", N2 is chemically inert because of
(A) Low bond energy [JEE'92]
(B) Absence of bond polarity
(C) Unsymmetrical electron distribution
(D) Presence of more number of electron in bonding orbitals.
Q.17 The maximum possible number of hydrogen bonds a water molecule can form is [JEE '92]
(A) 2 (B)4 (C)3 (D)l
Q.18 Pick out the isoelectronic structuresfromthe following [JEE'93]
I.CH3+ II.H3O+ III.NH3 IV:CH3-
(A) I and II (B) III and IV (C) I and III (D) II, IE and IV
- — • i j i i i m -miuMwwtwTif-"- II !••'••—HI I I minimiIINI I, — •^....••.M——MI N i , iiii-riia«NTIMI»rrraTiM«IT-winmrriiii imiiii I mini • i^niiiMiMirrrinm

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Q.19 Which one ofthe following oxides is ionic? [ JEE '95]

(A)P 2 0 5 (B) Cr0 3 (C)MnO ^ M n ^
Q.20 The number ofelectrons that are paired in oxygen molecule is [JEE'95]
(A) 7 (B)8 (C) 16 (D) 14
Q.21 Allyl isocyanide has [JEE'95]
(A) 9s, 4p bonds (B) 9s, 3p bonds and 2 non-bonding electrons
(C) 8 s, 5p bonds (D) 8 s, 3p bonds and 4 non- bonding electrons
Q.22 The order of increasing thermal stabilities of K^CO^I), MgC0 3 (II), CaC03(III), BaC03(IV) is
[JEE '96]
(A) II < III < IV < I (B) IV < II < III < I (C) IV < II < I < III (D) II<IV<III< I
Q.23 Identify isostructural pairs from NF3(I), N03"(II), BF3(III), H30+(IV), HN3(V) [ JEE '96]
(A) I & II, III & IV (B) I & V, II & III (C)I&IV,II&III (D) I & IV, III & V
Q.24 (i)The number and type of bonds between two C-atom in CaC2 are [JEE'96]
(A) 1 sigma 1 pi (B) 1 sigma 2 pi (C) 1 sigma, Vt. pi (D) 1 sigma
Q.25 Which is correct for CsBr3? [JEE'96]
(A) it is a covalent compound (B) it contains Cs 3+ & Br" ions
(C) it contains Cs+ & Br3" ions (D) it contains Cs + ,Br" & lattice Br2 molecule
Q.26 Among K0 2 ,A10 2 ",Ba0 2 & N0 2 + unpaired electron is present in [JEE'97]
(A) N0 2 + & Ba0 2 (B) K0 2 & A102" (C) K0 2 only (D) Ba0 2 only
Q.27 Which of the following has maximum number of unpaired electrons? [ JEE' 96]
(A) Mg2+ (B) Ti3+ (C)V3+ (D)Fe2 +

Q.28 KF combines with HF to form KHF2. The compound contains the species [ JEE '97]
+ + + + +
(A) K , F" and H (B) K , F" and HF (C) K and [HF2]" (D) [KHF] and F"
Q.29 Among the following compounds the one that is polar and has the central atom withsp2
hybridisation is [JEE'97]
(A) I^CC^ (B) SiF4 (C) BF3 (D) HC102
Q.30 Which contains both polar & non polar covalent bonds [JEE'97]
(A) NH4C1 ,(B) HCN (C) H 2 0 2 (D) CH4
Q.31 The type of hybrid orbitals used by the chlorine atom in C103" is [JEE'97]
(A) sp3 (B)sp3d (C)sp3d2 (D) sp 2

Q.32 Which are isoelectronic among the following? [ JEE' 97]

(i) (CH3)3C+ (ii) (CH3)3Si+ (iii)Ph3C+ (iv)S2
(A)(i),(ii),(iii) (B) (ii), (iii) (C) (i), (iii) (D)(i),(iv)
Q.33 Hybridisation seen in cation of solid PC15 [ JEE '97]
(A) sp3d (B) sp3 (C) sp3d2 (D)sp
Q.34 What type ofhybridisation and how many lone pair of electrons are present in the species I3" on the
central atom. [JEE'97]
(A) sp2 one lone pair (B) sp3d three lone pair (C) sp three lone pair (D) sp no lone pair
Q.35 In which of the following the central atom does not use sp3 hybrid orbitals in its bonding?
(A) BeF3" (B)OH3+ (C) NH^ (D)NF 3 [JEE'97]
Q.36 Which ofthe following ions is expected to be colourless
(A) Cu2+ (B) Ti4+ (C)V3+ (D) Fe2+
Q.37 The structure of IBr2" involves hybridisation of the type.
(A) sp3d (B) sp3d2 (C)dsp3 (D)d2sp3
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Q.38 The maximum angle around the central atom H-M-H is present in
(A)ASH 3 (B)PH3 (C)NH3 (D)SbH3
Q.39 Which one of the following molecules is planar : [JEE '97]
(A) NF3 (B) NC13 (C) PH 3 (D) BF3
2
Q.40 Which one has sp hybridisation [JEE'97]
(A) C0 2 (B) S0 2 (C) N 2 0 (D) CO
Q.41 The geometry & the type of hybrid orbitals present about the central atom in BF3 is: [ JEE '98]
2 3
(A) linear, sp (B) trigonal planar, sp (C) tetrahedra sp (D) pyramidal, sp3
Q. 42 The correct order of increasing C - O bond length of, CO, C0 3 2 ", C0 2 is [ JEE '99]
(A) C0 3 2 ' < C0 2 < CO (B) C 0 2 < C 0 3 2 " < C 0
(C) CO <CO 3 2 -<CO 2 (D) CO < C0 2 < c,o32-
Q.43 In the dichromate anion [ JEE '99]
(A) 4 Cr - O bonds are equivalent (B) 6 C r - 0 bonds are equivalent
(C) all Cr - O bonds are equivalent (D) all Cr - O bonds are non equivalent
Q. 44 The geometry ofl-^S and its dipole moment are [ JEE' 99]
(A) angular & non zero (B) angular & zero
(C) linear & non zero (D) linear & zero
Q, 45 In compounds type E Cl3, where E = B, P, As or Bi, the angles CI - E - CI for different E are in the order
(A) B > P = As = Bi (B) B > P > A s > B i ( C ) B < P = As = Bi ( D ) B < P < A s < B i
[JEE '99]

Q. 46 The most unlikely representation of resonance structure ofp-nitrophenoxide is:

(A) L N (B) [I IJ (C) L I) (D)

Q. 47 Amongst I^O, I ^ S , I^Se and HjTe, the one with the highest boiling point is [JEE 2000]
(A) H 2 0 because of hydrogen bonding (B) HjTe because of higher molecular weight
(C) H2S because ofhydrogen bonding (D) t^Se because oflower molecular weight

Q. 48 The hybridization of atomic orbitals of nitrogen in NO 2 , N0 3 and NH J are [JEE 2000]

(A) sp2, sp3 and sp2 respectively (B) sp, sp2 and sp3 respectively
(C) sp2, sp and sp3 respectively (D) sp2, sp3 and sp respectively
Q.49 The correct order ofhybridization ofthe central atom in the following species NH3, PtCl^2, PC15 and
BC13 is [JEE 2001]
2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2
(A) dsp , sp d, sp and sp (B) sp , dsp , sp d, sp
(C) dsp2, sp2, sp3, sp3d (D) dsp2, sp3, sp2, sp3d
Q.50 The common features among the species CN-, CO and NO+are [JEE 2001]
(A) Bond order three and isoelectronic (B) Bond other three and weakfieldligands
(C) Bond order two and k - acceptors (D) Isoelectronic and weakfieldligands

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Q. 51 Specify the coordination geometry around and hybridization ofN and B atoms in a 1:1 complex of BF3
and NH3 [JEE 2002]
3 3
(A) N: tetrahedral, sp ; B : tetrahedral, sp (B) N: pyramidal, sp ; B : pyramidal, sp3
3
3 2
(C) N: pyramidal, sp ; B: planar, sp (D) N: pyramidal, sp3; B: tetrahedral, sp3
Q. 52 The nodal plane in the 7i-bond of ethene is located in [JEE 2002]
(A) the molecular plane
(B) a plane parallel to the molecular plane
(C) a plane perpendicular to the molecular plane which bisects, the carbon-carbon a bond at right angle.
(D) a plane perpendicular to the molecular plane which contains, the carbon-carbon bond.
Q. 53 Which ofthe following molecular species has unpaired electrons)? [JEE 2002]
2
(A)N2 (B)F 2 (C)0 2 - (D)O -

Q.54 Which ofthe following are isoelectronic and isostructural? N0 3 ,C0 3 ~,C10 3 ,S0 3 [JEE2003]

(A) NO",CO 2- (B)S0 3 , NO" (C)C10;,C0 2 " (D)C0 2 ",S0 3

Q. 5 5 According to molecular orbital theory which ofthe following statement about the magnetic character and
bond order is correct regarding 0 2 [JEE 2004]
(A) Paramagnetic and Bond order < 0 2 (B) Paramagnetic and Bond order > 0 2
(C) Diamagnetic and Bond order < 0 2 (D) Diamagnetic and Bond order > 0 2
Q. 56 Which species has the maximum number of lone pair of electrons on the central atom? [JEE 2005]
(A) C103~ (B)XeF4 (C) SF4 (D)I3~

Fill in the blanks. [12x2 = 24]

Q.l Silver chloride is sparingly soluble in water because its lattice energy is greater than
energy. [JEE'87]
1
Q.2 phosphorous is reactive because of its highly strained tetrahedra structure. [JEE'87]
Q.3 The shape of CH3+is . [JEE'90]
Q.4 The valence atomic orbitals on C in silver acetylide is hybridised. [JEE'90]
Q. 5 Amongst the three isomers of nitrophenol, the one that is least soluble in water is . [ JEE '94]
Q.6 The kind of derealization involving sigma bond orbitals are called . [JEE'94]
Q.7 The two types of bonds present in B2H6 are covalent & _. [JEE'94]
+ +
Q. 8 When N2 goes to N 2 , the N - N distance & when 0 2 goes to 0 2 , the O - O bond
distance . [ JEE '96]
+
Q.9 Among N 2 0, S0 2 ,13 & I3", the linear species are & . [JEE'97]
+
Q.10 Among PC13, CH 3 , NH^ & NF 3 , is least relative towards water. [ JEE '97]
Q.ll The P - P - P angle in P4 molecule is . [ JEE'97]
4+ 2+
Q.12 Compounds that formally contain Pb are easily reduced to Pb . The stability of lower
oxidation state is due to . [ JEE '97]

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State whether true or false. [ 16 x 2 = 32]
Q.l In benzene carbon uses all the three p-orbitals for hybridisation. [JEE'87]
2
Q.2 sp hybrid orbitals have equal S&P character . [JEE'87]
Q.3 In group I A of alkali metals, the ionisation potential decreases down the group. Therefore lithium
is a poor reducing agent . [JEE'87]
Q.4 All the A1 - CI bond in A12C16 are equivalent . [ JEE '88]
Q.5 Both potassium ferrocyanide & potassium ferricyanide are diamagnetic. [JEE '88]
Q.6 The presence of polar bonds in a polyatomic molecule suggests that the molecule has non-zero
dipole moment . [ JEE' 90]
Q.7 Nitric oxide, though an odd electron molecule,is diamagnetic in liquid state. [JEE'91]
Q.8 The decreasing order of E A of F, CI, Br is F > CI > Br . [ JEE '93]
Q.9 Diamond is harder than graphite . [JEE'93]
Q.10 The basic nature of hydroxides of group 13 (III B) decreases progressively down the group.
[JEE'93]
Q.ll The tendency for catenation is much higher for C than Si. [ JEE'93]
Q. 12 The dipolemoment of CH3 F is greater than CH3C1. [ JEE '93]
Q.13 HBr is stronger acid than HI because of H-bonding. [JEE'97]
Q.14 Fatomhasless negative EAthan CI atom. [JEE'97]
Q.15 LiCl is predominantly a covalent compound. [ JEE '97]
Q.16 Al(OH)3 is amphoteric in nature. [JEE'97]

Explain the following. [ 11 x 3 = 33]

Q. 1 Explain the molecule of magnesium chloride is linear whereas that of stannous chloride is angular.
[JEE'87]
0
Q.2 Give reason carbon oxygen bond lengths in formic acid are 1.23 A & 1.36A° and both the
carbon oxygen bonds in sodium formate have the same value i.e. 1.27A°. [JEE '88]
Q.3 Give reason that valency of oxygenis generally two whereas sulphur shows of 2 ,4, & 6. [ JEE '88]
Q.4 Explain the first I.E. of carbon atom is greater than that of boron atom whereas the reverse is
true for the second I.E. [JEE'89]
Q. 5 Explain why the dipolemoment of NH3 is more than that of NF3. [ JEE '95]

Q.6 The experimentally determined N-F bond length in NF3 is greater than the sum of single bond
covalent radii of N & F . Explain. [ JEE *95]
Q.7 Explain the difference in the nature of bonding in LiF & Lil. [JEE'96]
Q.8 Compare qualitatively the 1st & 2nd IP of Cu&Zn. Explain the observation. [JEE'96]
Q.9 Explain PC15 is formed but NC15 cannot. [JEE'97]
Q.10 Give reasons for the following in one or two sentences only. [JEE'99]
(a) BeCl2 can be easily hydrolyed (b) Cr0 3 is an acid anhydride .
Q.ll Explain why o-hydroxybenzaldehyde is a liquid at room temperature, while p-hydroxybenzaldehyde is a
high melting solid. [JEE'99]

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Arrange as directed. [ 11 x 2 = 22]

Q.l N 2 , 0 2 , F 2 , Cl2 in increasing order of bond dissociation energy. [JEE'88]
Q.2 C0 2 , N 2 0 5 , Si0 2 , S0 3 is the increasing order of acidic character. [JEE'88]
Q.3 HOC1, H0C10 2 , H0C10 3 , HOCIO in increasing order of thermal stability. [ JEE '88]
Q.4 Increasing order of ionic size : N 3 ", Na + , F *, O 2 ", Mg2 +
Q.5 Increasing order of basic character : MgO . SrO , K 2 0 , NiO , Cs 2 0
Q.6 Increasing strength of H - bonding . (X H - X) O, S, F, CI, N .
Q.7 Increasing order of extent of hydrolysis CC14, MgC^, A1C13, PC15, SiCl4
Q.8 Arrange in increasing order of dipole moment. [JEE'96]
Toluene, m - dichcorobenzene, O - dichlorobenzene, P - dichlorobenzene .
Q.9 The decreasing order of acid strength of ClOH, BrOH, IOH. [ JEE '97]
Q.10 Arrange in order of increasing radii, Li + , Mg 2 + , K + , A13 + . [ JEE '97]
Q. 11 Arrange BeS04, MgS04, CaS04, SrS04 in order of decreasing thermal stability. [ JEE '97]
Q.12 Decreasing order of the 0 - 0 bond length present in them
0 2 , K0 2 and 0 2 [AsFJ [JEE 2004]

Miscellaneous.
Q.l Write the two resonance structures o f N 2 0 that satisfy the octet rule. [JEE'90]
Q.2 Write two resonance structures of ozone which satisfy the octet rule. [JEE'91]
Q.3 Using VSEPR theory, identify the type of hybridisation & draw the structure of OF2. What are
oxidation states of O & F. [ JEE '94]
Q.4 What are the types of bond present in B2H6? [IIT1994]
Q. 5 Arrange toluene, m-dichlorobenzene, o-dicholorobenzene and p-dichlorobenzene in order of increasing
dipolemoment. [IIT1996]
Q.6 Draw the structures of [JEE'97]
2 .
2
(i)XeF2 (ii) Xe0 3 (iii)XeF4 (iv)BrF5 (v) S0 3

Q.7 Interpret the non-linear shape ofH2S molecule & non planar shape ofPCl3 using VSEPR theory.
[JEE'98]
Q. 8 Discuss the hybridisation of C - atoms in allene (C3H4) and show the % - orbital overlap s. [JEE' 99]
Q.9 Write the MO electron distribution of 0 2 . Specify its bond order and magnetic property [UT 2000]
Q.10 Using VSEPR theory, draw the shape of PC15 and BrF5. [JEE 2003]
Q. 11 Draw the structure of XeF4 and OSF4 according to VSEPR theory, clearly indicating the state of
hybridisation ofthe central atom and lone pair of electrons (if any) on the central atom. [JEE 2004]

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ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE -1
Q.l B Q.2 A Q.3 C Q.4 D
Q5 C Q.6 D Q.7 A B, C, D Q.8 A, B, C, D
Q9 A, 13, D Q.10 B, C Q.ll A, C Q.12 No
Q.13 B, C, D Q.14 A, B, C Q.15 A, C Q.16 D
Q.17 D Q.18 B Q.19 A Q.20 D
Q.21 A, B Q.22 A, C Q.23 B, C Q.24 A, B
Q.25 A,B,C Q.26 B Q.28 C Q.29 B, C, D
Q.30 A Q.31 D Q.32 D Q.33 C
Q.34 A C Q.35 A B , C Q.36 A B Q.37 B, C, D
Q.38 B, C, D Q.39 AB,C,D Q.40 A, E Q.41 A, C
Q.42 A Q.43 D Q.44 C Q.45 B
Q.46 C Q.47 B Q.48 C Q.49 A
Q.50 C Q.51 C Q.52 D Q.53 B
Q.54 A Q.55 A Q.56 A Q.57 B
Q.58 A Q.59 C Q.60 C Q.61 B
Q.62 C Q.63 C Q.64 A Q.65 B
Q.66 D Q.67 A Q.68 A, C, B Q.69 A,B,D
Q.70 B,D Q.71 A B Q.72 A Q.73 A, B
Q.74 A B , C,D Q.75 B Q.76 A,B,D Q.77 A, B
Q.78 B,C Q.79 A D Q.80 A,B,C Q.81 C
Q.83 (a) Linear, (b) square planar, (c) T.B.P. (d) bent, (e) linear, (f) bent
Q.84 B Q.85 A Q.86 C Q.87 B
Q.88 A Q.89 D Q.90 A Q.91 A
Q.92 C Q.93 D Q.94 A Q.95 A B, C, D
Q.96 A B, C Q.97 A,B,D Q.98 B,D Q.99 A, B, C, D
Q.l00 A, B, C Q.101 A, B Q.l02 A, B, C Q.103 A, B, C
Q.l04 A Q.105 A, B, D Q.l06 (a) 1, (b) 1/2, (c)zero, (d) 1, (e)zero, (f) 1
Q.107 (a) B2 . (b) C 2 , (c) 0 2 2 + , (d) 0 2 , (e)F 2 ,(f)N 2 Q.l09 0 2 + > 0 2 > 0 2 > 0 2 2 -
Q.112 C Q. 113 D Q.114 C Q.115 D
Q.116 C Q.117 C Q.118 D Q.119 B
Q.120 B Q.121 C Q.l22 D Q.123 C
Q.124 D Q.125 B Q.126 C Q.l27 A
Q.128 A Q.129 B Q.130 B, C, D Q.131 B, D
Q.132 0 2 >0 3 >H 2 0 2 Q.133 A, D Q.134 A, B, C Q.135 A, B
Q.136 B Q.137 A, B, C, D Q.138 A, B, C, D Q.139 A
Q.140 A Q.141 C Q.l42 D Q.143 D
Q.144 B Q.145 A Q.146 B Q.147 C
Q.148 A Q.l49 B Q.150 D Q.151 A,C,D
Q.152 B, C, D Q.153 A, B Q.l54 A B Q.155 B, C, D
Q.l56 A, B, C, D Q.157 T, F, T, T, F, F, F, T, T, F Q.158 F, F, F, F, T, T, F, F
Q.l 59 (i) p-orbital, (ii)cr-bond, (iii) 1, (iv) LP-LP & LP-BP, (v)more, less, (vi) 36
Q.l 60 1.2A Q.161 (CH3)3N Q.162 2.33 A Q.l63 85%
Q.l 64 1.4A Q.l65 84.5% Q.166 25% Q.l67 B
Q.168 A Q.l69 B Q.170 C Q.171 A
Q.l72 B Q.173 B Q.l74 A Q.175 C
Q.176 D Q.l77 B,D Q.l78 NO + Q179 N02>N02>N02

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EXERCISE-II
01.C 02.A 03. A 04.C 05.A 06.B 07.A 08.A 09.C 10.C
ll.D 12.B 13.B 14.C 15.A 16.B 17.B 18.D 19.C 20.D
21.B 22.A 23.C 24.B 25.C 26.C 27.D 28.C 29.A 30.A
31.A 32.D 33.B 34.B 35.A 36.B 37.A 38.C 39.D 40.B
41.B 42 .D 43 .B 44.A 45 .B 46.C 47.A 48 .B 49.B 50.A
51.A 52.A 53.C 54.A 55.B 56.D

Fill in the blanks

Q. 1 hydration Q2 white Q.3 trigonal planar Q.4 sp
Q.5 ortho Q.7 banana Q8 increases, decreases
Q.9 N 2 0,1 3 - Q.10 NH," Qll 60° Q.12 inert pair effect

True/False
Q.l F Q.2 F Q.3 F Q.4 F Q.5 F Q.6 F Q.7 T
Q.8 F Q.9 T Q.10 F Q.ll T Q.12 F Q.13 F Q.14 T
Q.15 T Q.16 T

Explain
Q.l Lone pair Q.2 Resonance Q.3 expansion of octet
Q.5 Lone pair contribution Q.7 LiF -»Ionic charge, Lil -> covalent charge
Q.9 d-orbitals Q.ll Intra-H-bonding in o-hydroxybenzaldehyde

Arrange as directed:
Q.l F2<C12<02<N2 Q.2 Si0 2 < C0 2 < S0 3 < N 2 0 5
Q.3 HCIO<HCIO2<HCIO3<HCIO4 Q.4 Mg 2 + < Na + < F - < O 2 -< N 3
Q.5 N a ^ < MgO < SrO < K^O < Cs 2 0 Q.6 S<C1<N<0<F
Q.7 CC14 < SiCl4 < PC15 < AICI3 < MgCl2
Q.8 P - dichlorobenzene < Toluene < m-dichcorobenzene < O-dichlorobenzene
Q.9 C10H < BrOH < IOH
Q.10 LI+ < Al3+ < Mg2+ < K+
Q. 11 BeS0 4 < MgS0 4 < CaS0 4 < SrS0 4

Miscellaneous.
,ov o+
Q.l N =N->0 ^ N ^ N=0 Q.2
0// \ O<- o 0~
Q.6 (i) Linear, (ii) Pyramidal, (iii) Square planar, (iv) Square pyramidal, (v) pyramidal

Q.8
i i i
C H 3 = C = CH3
2 2
1

sp sp sp

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