Lecture Notes 13-1
Lecture Notes 13-1
• Power Delivered by a Pump to the Fluid: There are many types of pumps described
in this notes:
a. Centrifugal pumps for general
transfer of fluids from a source to a
In Lecture Notes 07 to use the efficiency of
destination.
the pump eM to determine the power input
to the pump P1. b. Positive displacement pumps for
fluid power systems that may require
• Pump Efficiency:
very high pressures.
c. Diaphragm pumps that may be used
to pump unwanted water from a
• Power Input to a Pump: construction site.
d. Jet pumps that provide drinking water
to a farm home from a well.
e. Progressive cavity pump used to
deliver heavy, viscous fluids to a
materials processing system and
others.
PUMP SELECTION AND APPLICATION
After completing this notes, you should be 9. Describe the typical performance
able to: curve for rotary positive-displacement
1. List the parameters involved in pump pumps.
selection. 10. Describe the typical performance
2. List the types of information that must curve for centrifugal pumps.
be specified for a given pump. 11. State the affinity laws for centrifugal
3. Describe the basic pump pumps as they relate to the rela
classifications. tionships among speed, impeller
4. List six types of rotary positive-
diameter, capacity, total head
displacement pumps. capability, and power required to drive
the pump.
5. List three types of reciprocating
positive-displacement pumps. 12. Describe how the operating point of a
pump is related to the system
6. List three types of kinetic pumps.
resistance curve(SRC).
7. Describe the main features of 13. Define the net positive suction head
centrifugal pumps. required (NPSHR) for a pump and
8. Describe deep-well jet pumps and discuss its significance in pump
shallow-well jet pumps. performance.
PUMP SELECTION AND APPLICATION
14. Describe the importance of the vapor 19. Describe the features of a desirable
pressure of the fluid in relation to the suction line design.
NPSH. 20. Describe the features of a desirable
15. Compute the NPSH available(NPSHA) discharge line design.
for a given suction line design and a 21. Consider the life cycle cost(LCC) for
given fluid. the pump, the entire system cost, and
16. Define the specific speed for a the operating cost over time, not just
centrifugal pump and discuss its the acquisition price of the pump itself.
relationship to pump selection.
17. Describe the effect of increased
viscosity on the performance of
centrifugal pumps.
18. Describe the performance of parallel
pumps and pumps connected in
series.
PARAMETERS INVOLVED IN PUMP SELECTION
When selecting a pump for a particular 8. Space, weight, and position limitations.
application, the following factors must be 9. Environmental conditions, governing
considered: codes, and standards.
1. The nature of the liquid to be pumped. 10. Cost of pump purchase and
2. The required capacity(volume flow installation.
rate). 11. Cost of pump operation.
3. The conditions on the suction(inlet) 12. The total LCC for the pumping system.
side of the pump.
4. The conditions on the discharge(outlet)
side of the pump.
5. The total head on the pump(the term
ha from the energy equation).
6. The type of system to which the pump
is delivering the fluid.
7. The type of power source(electric
motor, diesel engine, steam turbine,
etc.).
PARAMETERS INVOLVED IN PUMP SELECTION
After pump selection, the following items 10. Shaft seal design and seal materials.
must be specified:
1. Type of pump and manufacturer. Pump catalogs and manufacturers
2. Size of pump. representatives supply the necessary
3. Size of suction connection and information to assist in the selection
type(flanged, screwed, etc.). and specification of pumps and
4. Size and type of discharge connection.
accessory equipment.
5. Speed of operation.
6. Specifications for driver(e.g., for an
electric motor power required, speed,
voltage, phase, frequency, frame size,
enclosure type).
7. Coupling type, manufacturer, and
model number.
8. Mounting details.
9. Special materials and accessories
required, if any.
TYPES OF PUMPS
Gear Pumps.
• Figure 7.2. in lecture notes 07 shows the
typical configuration of a gear pump that
is used for fluid power applications and
for delivering lubricants to specific
machinery components.
• Gear pumps develop system pressures
in the range of 1500 psi to 4000 psi
(10.3 MPa to 27.6 MPa). Delivery varies
with the size of the gears and the
rotational speed, which can be up to
4000 rpm. Deliveries from I to 50 gal/min
(4-190 L/min) are possible with different
size units.
• Advantages of gear pumps include low
pulsation of the flow, good capability for
handling high viscosity fluids, and it can
be operated in either direction
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
Vane Pumps.
• The vane pump(Fig. 13.3) consists of an
eccentric rotor containing a set of sliding
vanes that ride inside a housing..
• A cam ring in the housing controls the
radial position of the vanes.
• Typical pressure capacities are from
2000 to 4000 psi(13.8 to 27.6 MPa)
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
Screw Pumps.
• One disadvantage of the gear, piston,
and vane pumps is that they deliver a
pulsating flow to the output because
each functional element moves a set,
captured volume of fluid from suction to
discharge. Screw pumps do not have
this problem.
• Figure 13.3 shows a screw pump in
which the central, thread-like power
rotor meshes closely with the two idler
rotors, creating an enclosure inside the
housing that moves axially from suction
to discharge, providing a continuous
uniform flow.
• Screw pumps operate at nominally 3000
psi(20.7 MPa).
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
Lobe Pumps.
• The lobe pump(Fig. 13.5), sometimes
called a cam pump, operates in a similar
fashion to the gear pump.
• Advantages include very low pulsation of
the flow, capability of handling large
solids content and slurries, and that it is
self-priming.
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
Diaphragm Pumps.
• In the diaphragm pump shown in Fig.
13.7, a reciprocating rod moves a
flexible diaphragm within a cavity,
alternately discharging fluid as the rod
moves to the left and drawing fluid in as
it moves to the right.
• One advantage of this type of pump is
that only the diaphragm contacts the
fluid, eliminating contamination from the
drive elements.
• Large-diaphragm pumps are used in
construction, mining, oil and gas, food
processing, chemical processing,
wastewater processing, and other
industrial applications
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
Peristaltic Pumps.
• Peristaltic pumps(Fig. 13.8) are unique
in that the fluid is completely captured
with in a flexible tube throughout the
pumping cycle.
• The tube is routed between a set of
rotating rollers and a fixed housing. The
rollers squeeze the tube, trapping a
given volume between adjacent rollers.
• The design effectively eliminates the
possibility of contaminating the product,
making it attractive for chemical,
medical, food processing, printing, water
treatment, industrial, and scientific
applications.
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
Jet pumps
• Jet pumps, frequently used for
household water systems, are
composed of a centrifugal pump along
with a jet or ejector assembly
• Figure 13.13 shows a typical deep-well
jet pump configuration where the main
pump and motor are located above
ground at the top of the well and the jet
assembly is down near the water level.
• Then the water is Iifted through a single
suction pipe, as shown in Fig. 13.14
KINETIC PUMPS
Submersible Pumps
• Submersible pumps are designed so
the entire assembly of the centrifugal
pump, the drive motor, and the suction
and discharge apparatus can be
submerged in the fluid to be pumped.
• Figure 13.15 shows one design that has
the sealed, vertical-shaft motor integrally
mounted on top with a waterproof
electrical connection.
• These pumps are useful for removing
unwanted water from construction sites,
mines, utility manholes, industrial tanks,
waste water treatment facilities, and
shipboard cargo holds.
KINETIC PUMPS
Self-Priming Pumps
• Figure 13.17 shows one of several
styles of self-priming pumps. The
enlarged inlet chamber retains some of
the liquid inside the housing during
periods of shutdown with the action of
the check valve in the suction port.
KINETIC PUMPS
Column Pumps
• When drawing fluid from a tank, sump,
or other source with moderate depth, the
column pump like that shown in Fig.
13.8 is a useful design to consider.
KINETIC PUMPS
Effect of Speed
MANUFACTURERS DATA FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
Power Required
MANUFACTURERS DATA FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
Efficiency
MANUFACTURERS DATA FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
NPSHA
• The value of NPSHA is dependent on
the vapor pressure of the fluid being
pumped, energy losses in the suction
piping, the elevation of the fluid
reservoir, and the pressure applied to
the fluid in the reservoir.
• The suction line refers to all parts of the • For most centrifugal pumps, however,
flow system from the source of the fluid the pump must be artificially primed by
to the inlet of the pump. filling the suction line with fluid.
• Figure 13.38 shows two methods of • This can be done by providing an
providing fluid to a pump. auxiliary supply of liquid during start-up
• In fig. 13.38(a), a positive head is or by drawing a vacuum on the pump
created by placing the pump below the casing, causing the fluid to be sucked up
supply reservoir. This is an aid in from the source.
ensuring a satisfactory NPSH. In
addition, the pump will always be primed
with a column of liquid at start-up.
• In fig. 13.38(b), a suction lift condition
occurs because the pump must draw
liquid from below. Most positive
displacement pumps can lift fluids about
8 m(26 ft).
DISCHARGE LINE DETAILS
DISCHARGE LINE DETAILS
• In general, the discharge line should be • If an enlarger is used from the pump
as short and direct as possible to discharge port it should be placed
minimize the head on the pump. between the check valve and the pump.
• Elbows should be of the standard or • A tap into the discharge line for a gauge
long-radius type if possible.
with its shut-off valve is highly
• Pipe size should be chosen according to recommended.
velocity or allowable friction losses.
• Combined with the pressure gauge in
• As shown in Fig. 13.39, other elements
may be added to the discharge line as the suction line, the operator can
required. determine the total head on the pump
• A pressure relief valve will protect the and compare that to design
pump and other equipment in case of a requirements.
blockage of the flow or accidental shut- • A sample cock will allow a small flow of
off of a valve. the fluid to be drawn off for testing
• A check valve prevents flow back without disrupting operation.
through the pump when it is not running
and it should be placed between the
shut-off valve and the pump.
THE SYSTEM RESISTANCE CURVE
• It is important to obtain data from the • The flow rate at the operating point is
supplier for control valve performance the desired nominal flow rate for the
across its entire range, typically in terms system and the resulting total head on
of the flow coefficient, Cv. the pump can be read from the chart.
• In U.S. Customary System units with
• For the sample data in Fig. 13.46, we
Qin gal/min and pressure in psi, the
definition of flow coefficient is: read Q = 80 gal/min and ha= 36.0 ft.
• The result is that the SRC would pivot
toward the left, reaching a new
operating point B. At that point, the total
head on the pump is 38.2 ft and an
• The basis for the flow coefficient is that a
valve having a flow coefficient of 1.0 will additional 2.2 ft of head will be
pass 1.0 gal/min of water at 1.0 psi dissipated from the control valve.
pressure drop across the valve. • If the production system requires a
• Now, with a control valve(set at its mid greater flow rate, say 100 gal/min, the
point) in the system along with all other control valve will be opened to provide
elements, the modeling of the SRC can less resistance and the system curve
be done, and a suitable pump can be pivots to the right to operating point C.
selected for the operating point A as At this point, the total head on the pump
shown in Fig. 13.46 is 33.5 ft or 2.5 ft less than at point A.
ALTERNATE SYSTEM OPERATING MODES