Mitigation of Corrosion Under Insulation (Cui) of Carbon Steel of Different Insulating Materials
Mitigation of Corrosion Under Insulation (Cui) of Carbon Steel of Different Insulating Materials
**Chevron Corporation
May 2017
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Table of Contents
Title page
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………….2
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………3
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..4
Corrosion.………………………………………………………………………….4
Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)………………………………………………...5
Factors Effecting CUI………………………………………………......................6
Insulation Systems………………………………………………...........................8
Hydrophobic Insulators………………………………………………....................9
Chemistry of Insulators………………………………………………..................10
Operating Conditions……………………………………………….....................11
Stratmann’s Wet-Dry Cycle Model……………………………………………...13
Overview………………………………………………........................................15
Methods and Materials………………………………………………...............................16
ASTM C1617-15………………………………………………...........................16
Procedure A………………………………………………...................................16
Procedure B………………………………………………....................................17
Apparatus……………………………………………….......................................17
Insulators Tested………………………………………………………................19
Results………………………………………………........................................................20
Discussion………………………………………………..................................................21
Conclusions………………………………………………................................................23
Future Work………………………………………………...............................................23
Works Cited………………………………………………...............................................25
Appendix I……………………………………………….................................................27
Standard Operating Procedure for Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)
Investigation Procedure
Appendix II………………………………………………................................................32
Materials/Insulators Tested Safety Analysis for Corrosion Under
Insulation (CUI) Investigation Procedure
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Abstract
Equipment often found in refineries may be enveloped in insulation and weathering
jackets to maintain internal processing temperatures. In many cases moisture from the
environment will penetrate the weathering jacket and infiltrate the insulation, leaching
corrosive ions to the surface of metal equipment, effectively creating a corrosion cell.
The goal of this project is to investigate different insulating materials for their ability to
inhibit corrosion under insulation (CUI). The inhibiting mechanism utilizes water ingress
that leaches ions from the insulator to bond with the surface metal and create a passive
layer, inhibiting any further corrosion. This study will follow ASTM C1617-15 in order
to examine the corrosion mitigating effects of three insulators. Insulators are ground
down and boiled to extract leachable ions. The leachant is filtered to remove solids and
then introduced to heated carbon steel coupons in a drip wise fashion over a span of four
days. Insulators are ranked quantitatively on their ability to prevent corrosion based on
gravimetric analysis. The mass loss corrosion rate of the insulators were: Sproule WR-
1200® (4.595 mils/yr), Thermo-12® Gold (5.523 mils/yr), and Pyrogel® XT-E (24.767
mils/yr). Sproule and Thermo-12 both exhibit corrosion inhibiting ions whereas Pyrogel
XT-E does not, and these results conclude the effectiveness of these insulators to mitigate
corrosion.
Key terms: corrosion under insulation (CUI), insulator, weatherproof jacketing, passive
layer, hydrophobic, calcium silicate, expanded perlite, aerogel, corrosion mitigating ions,
Introduction
Corrosion:
Corrosion is the deterioration of a material and its properties due to a physical, chemical
physical corrosion include erosion corrosion and fretting corrosion. Chemical corrosion is
simply one material reacting with its environment, such as oxidation or rusting of iron.
and an ionic current path to complete a corrosion cell.1 Figure 1 illustrates the
Figure 1. Schematic of the relationship between the four requirements of a corrosion cell. 2
Corrosion is dictated by two half-cells that make up a redox reaction within the system.
Net oxidation is occurring at the anode, whereas net reduction occurs at the cathode. In
the case where a metal is corroding locally in its own system as shown in Figure 1,
anodic and cathodic regions are formed on the surface which produce the electric
potential driving force for corrosion to occur. Oxidation of the anode takes place on the
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metal with a lower electrode potential, and will lose electrons to the cathode yielding a
higher electrode potential. The ionic current pathway is generally a salt bridge induced by
moisture where ions are able to move freely.1 An electronic pathway is any conductive or
metallic connection between the anode and cathode that allows electron transfer.1
In the oil and gas processing industry, insulators are commonly used to cover certain
control, sound control, and process control.3 Any equipment under insulation has
potential to undergo corrosion under insulation (CUI). CUI is the external damage of
metallic components and equipment that are insulated.4 This process is caused by water
The most commonly affected materials are carbon steels, low-alloy steels, and austenitic
stainless steels.4 The general mechanism associated with CUI is localized corrosion at the
interface of the insulation material and metal surface.4 Pitting is also observed in features
of equipment that promote stagnant and highly acidic environments.4 Chloride stress
corrosion cracking (SCC) is common for austenitic and duplex stainless steels, but for the
As mentioned above, localized corrosion at the interface of the insulation material and a
the oxidation of a metal and can produce anodic and cathodic regions on the metal’s
surface that will pass electrons and ions induced by electric potentials between the two
regions.1 This implies an electrochemical process. Even though an insulated system is not
humidity, and moisture from air ducts and vents lead to necessary water ingress in an
Pitting corrosion may be initiated by the damaging of a protective oxide film or passive
stagnant solution with a high concentration of ions and high acidity may collect and
stimulate metal loss. Pitting may also be initiated by local abnormal anodic regions in a
normal surface forcing the normal surface to act as a cathode, or by local abnormal
cathodic regions surrounded by otherwise normal surface metal forcing the normal
Water, chemical content of water, the type of insulator, and service temperature are four
major factors that promote CUI.6 Water is necessary at the interface between the
insulation and the surface of the equipment to initialize corrosion. Instances where water
avoid any initial presence of water. Weathering jackets are commonly used as an external
factors.6 However, there are still many opportunities for water to infiltrate insulators and
reach the surface metal. The equipment and insulation design plays a role in water
infiltration.
Insulated equipment may have joint attachments such as small-bore connections that
discontinuous due to the shape, geometry, and orientation of the attachments.3 Having a
discontinuous insulator will allow for moisture or rainwater to leak down to the surface
metal, where the water will concentrate and induce corrosion. Flanges and end caps are
A solution to avoiding breaks and gaps within insulators or weathering jackets is caulking
the gap shut in order to properly seal any entry point, as illustrated in Figure 2. Caulk will
service. Sealants should be reapplied where and when necessary. Other maintenance
penetrations on the weathering jackets or on the outer insulation surface that will lead to
water ingress. Inspection intervals and procedures are adhered to API 570.4
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Frequently these attachments that protrude the insulation are operating in a temperature
range that promotes CUI, whereas the main process equipment is not.4 In this case the
Condensation will also occur on equipment operating below the dew point.4 The resulting
moisture will promote corrosion mechanisms to initiate. This is common for equipment
Insulation Systems:
An important step to preventing CUI is choosing the proper insulator for the scenario.
Cost along with functionality is considered. One of three common types of insulation that
API RP 583 identifies is granular insulation.4 The three basic forms of granular fill
include perlite, vermiculite, and polystyrene beads. Granular insulation is also known as
granular fill insulation as it has many large grains of material that fill a space in need of
insulation. Since the insulator fill is discontinuous it does not fair well in impeding
Fibrous insulation is another common type of insulation identified by API RP 583 that is
fibers that limit convection as a form of heat transmission due to the trapping of air
molecules within the fibers.8 This ultimately inhibits motion of molecules, decreasing
collisions between the particles.8 Fibrous insulators have also been used in soundproofing
applications as the porous structure dampens any sound waves that may pass through.8
Some examples of fibrous insulation include fiberglass (aerogels), mineral wool, and
fibrous insulators in one, to achieve a composite insulation that yields desired properties.
The last insulation material API RP 583 identifies is cellular.4 Cellular insulators are
calcium silicate. Calcium silicate works similarly to granular insulators and fibrous
insulators in that they trap air molecules between their structures, effectively insulating a
system.
Hydrophobic Insulators:
Insulators are commonly termed “hydrophobic” when treated during manufacturing with
organic hydrophobic additives. Often these “hydrophobic” insulators are materials that
will readily absorb water if not for the organic hydrophobic additives.10 At certain
operating temperatures organic hydrophobic additives will oxidize and burn off,
than 450°F tend to cause these organic hydrophobic additives to oxidize, which are
common temperatures that insulators are exposed to.11 These are important
Chemistry of Insulators:
Water ingress is not only the factor that completes a corrosion cell for CUI to occur, but it
will also leach ions that may be corrosive from insulators to the surface of the metals.
Commonly mineral wools are composed of chlorides or sulfides that promote an acidic
corrosion cell. A corrosion inhibiting chemistry has been incorporated in two industrial
dissolve different silicate anions within the insulators chemistry and bring the silicates to
the surface of the metal.10 These silicate anions form a “silica gel” coating as shown
below:
As the silica gel is introduced to heat and iron compounds it forms an inorganic silicate
H2O • SiO2 + FeO (with rust and heat) = H2O + FeSiO3 (iron silicate coating) 10
The silicates also act as a pH buffer to the absorbed water due to the alkaline components
(Ca, Na, Mg, Al, K) • SiO3 + H • (SO4, Cl, CO3) (acid) = (Ca, Na, Mg, Al, K) •
(SO4, Cl, CO3) (neutral) H2O • SiO2 10
defend CUI along with treating insulators with hydrophobic additives and the use of
weatherproof jacketing. The silicate anions make up 95% of the two industrial insulators
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that utilize this mechanism, and are claimed to remain present for the majority of the
insulators lifetime. 11
Operating Conditions:
When considering carbon steels for piping or equipment, operating with surface
greater likeliness of CUI occurring.3 At temperatures below -4°C carbon steel equipment
that is under insulation commonly remains standing without falling victim to CUI.3
Operating temperatures of carbon steel equipment above 175°C tend to exhibit surfaces
warm enough to burn away moisture that may initiate corrosion.3 It is important to note
that higher temperatures can be beneficial as they stay warm enough to evaporate
moisture, yet can be detrimental since the corrosion rate of a material is generally
When considering an open system, aerated water has a decrease in oxygen content as
temperature increases. At temperatures above 80°C, the corrosion rate of carbon steels
when carbon steel is subject to water it is shown that an increase in the water temperature
that the closed system exhibits. It is found that field measurements of carbon steels
subjected to CUI are closely related to carbon steels corroding in a closed system, and
rate for the carbons steels under insulation.3 The insulator surrounding the carbon steels
compares the relationship between water temperature and corrosion rate of an open
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system, a closed system, and various field measurements of carbon steel CUI rates at a
chemical plant.3
Generally an increase in service temperature will increase the corrosion rate of carbon
steels. It is also detrimental for the operating temperature to undergo cyclic service, or
intermittent periods of hot and cold service. Carbon steels operating under -4°C are
considered in a safe operating temperature region in the presence of water, yet due to
operating services steels may heat up and cool off again. During these hot periods water
on the surface may dry up to the atmosphere or insulation, and these wet-dry cycles will
Stratmann’s model as proposed in 1987.9 The initial wetting of the steel surface is the
first stage, and causes the anodic dissolution of iron as shown below:
Fe → Fe2+ + 2e-
The iron is yielding a high dissolution rate, and in comparison the reduction reaction of
O2 is slow. Due to this, the anodic dissolution of iron is balanced by the cathodic
Fe dissolution
Fe2+ hyrdolysis
FeOH+ oxidation and precipitation
γ-FeOOH
This initiates a corrosion cell. Although the dissolution rate of iron is high, the amount of
reducible γ-FeOOH in the rust layer is limiting the amount of iron able to be dissolved.9
The second stage of Stratmann’s model regards the wet surface of the metal, and
commences once the cathodic reduction of γ-FeOOH is used up.9 At this point the
The dissolution of iron is now limited by the reduction reaction of O2. Stratmann and
Müller found that oxygen is reduced within the oxide scale (rust layer) and not at the
metal/electrolyte interface.9 The O2 must diffuse through the electrolyte saturated pores in
the oxide rust layer, therefore the current density of the O2 reduction reaction is diffusion
limited.9 This implies that the corrosion rate and reduction of O2 is influenced by the
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Drying out of the wet surface as the third stage of Stratmann’s model causes a sharp
electrolyte film on the inner surface of the rust layer decreasing in thickness and
iron and the corrosion rate are increased. The O2 is also able to reoxidize the reduced
These factors leading to increased corrosion rate in the drying mechanism of stage 3
causes the most metal loss throughout the wet-dry cycle. The regeneration of
lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) and production of goethite (a-FeOOH) are the main corrosion
products and are a result of reoxidizing the γ-FeOOH and other ferrous species. This
alters the composition of the rust layer and directly affects the intensity of the next wet-
dry cycle. The corrosion process is fully stopped once the electrolyte film is completely
Overview:
Corrosion under insulation is a critical problem that is present in the oil and gas
how the mechanisms occur are the first steps to preventing the mechanism. Avoiding
water infiltration eliminates the potential for CUI, however this can be a challenging
solution. Design of the insulator along with proper sealing between the insulator and
weathering jacket interface are steps taken to ensure no water ingress may occur. The
goal in choosing an insulator for servicing equipment is to consider one that will hinder
water infiltration, leaching of ions from the insulator, and efficiently and successfully
serve its purpose in insulating service equipment. The goal of this project is to investigate
different insulating materials for their ability to inhibit corrosion under insulation (CUI).
The inhibiting mechanism under study utilizes water ingress that leaches ions from the
insulator to bond with the surface metal and create a passive layer, inhibiting any further
corrosion.
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ASTM C1617-15:
In order to test industrial insulators for their ability to mitigate CUI, an experiment is ran
in accordance to the standard ASTM C1617-15. This standard is titled “Standard Practice
Procedure A:
Procedure A is specified for insulator materials that are not classified as hydrophobic.
Insulators are ground down to a dust and mixed with de-ionized (DI) water and boiled to
extract any leachable ions that may be produced in a CUI mechanism.12 Once the solution
is produced it is delivered in a drip wise fashion over four days to the surface of three
carbon steel coupons of .13wt% C. Three coupons is the minimum sample size for
accurate results. The coupons are heated to 250°F on a hot plate for the entirety of testing
to evaporate water producing a wet-dry cycle, to provide an accelerated corrosion test for
significant results, and to also mimic temperature levels that CUI is likely to occur in a
real-life scenario. Samples are weighed for their initial and final weight in order to
calculate the mass loss corrosion rate (MLCR) of each solution. Reference standards are
ran alongside the insulator solutions in order to compare the corrosiveness of different
solutions. The reference standards are DI water, 1 ppm chloride solution, and 5 ppm
chloride solution.12 A blank test cell is produced to observe any mass loss due to the set
up and cleaning of a test cell without being exposed to any corrosive solution.
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Procedure B:
Insulators are cut into cross-sectional pieces and layered to produce a stack of the cross-
sectional insulator layers. This stack is then placed in the bottom of a DI water bath and
solution represents any leachable ions that may be found in a CUI mechanism. This
solution is then introduced to heated carbon steel coupons in a drip-wise fashion over a
span of four days in the same manner as Procedure A. The reference standards are also
Apparatus:
A Ninja® blender was used to properly grind down insulators. The carbon steel coupons
are heated on a Wolfgang Puck® hot plate that is monitored by a thermocouple to ensure
consistent temperature levels. To deliver the solutions to the carbon steel coupons a 24-
Channel Ismatec IPC® peristaltic pump is used. The full set up of the testing apparatus is
shown in Figure 5.
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Each test cell is composed of a PVC tube sealed to a carbon steel coupon. An O-ring is
put in place with a silicone sealant in order produce a sealed and defined area to analyze
corrosion. Tubing from the peristaltic pump is placed in a small hole drilled at the top of
the PVC cell, which delivers the tested solutions. An example of one test cell is shown in
Insulators Tested:
compare the corrosion mitigating properties of each insulator. The insulators consist of
two Johns Manville products that exhibit their XOX® corrosion inhibitor ions, Thermo-
12® Gold and Sproule WR-1200®, and one Aspen Aerogel product, Pyrogel® XT-E,
that does not exhibit corrosion inhibiting ions within its chemistry. Thermo-12® Gold is
XT-E is a silica aerogel insulator material that is also classified as hydrophobic, and is
Results
Upon completion of the four day trial samples are cleaned from any corrosion product
and weighed to produce a MLCR. MLCR is calculated using the following equation12:
K W
MLCR = mils/year
AT D
Where:
K = 3.45e6 (a constant to convert cm/h to mils/year)
T = time of exposure in h
A = area of exposure (cm2), based on inner radius of PVC cell.
W = mass loss from the coupon (g)
D = bulk density of the test metal (g/cm3)
stripping the coupon of any metal that was not lost to corrosion product. Proper cleaning
techniques followed that of ASTM C1617-15, however the use of a dental pick to scrap
the metal was avoided so as not to lose metal material not lost to corrosion product. The
final MLCR in mils/year of each sample with the respective solution can be shown in
Table I.
The average mass loss corrosion rate of the insulators were: Sproule WR-1200® at 4.595
mils/yr, Thermo-12® Gold at 5.523 mils/yr, and Pyrogel® XT-E at 24.767 mils/yr.
Graphically, the MLCR results are illustrated in Figure 8. The red line is depicting the
Discussion
Results determine that Sproule WR-1200® yielded the lowest average MLCR at 4.595
mils/yr. Thermo-12® Gold yielded the second lowest average MLCR at 5.523 mils/yr.
Pyrogel® XT-E had the highest average MLCR of the three tested insulators at 24.767
mils/yr. The blank cell coupon exhibited a MLCR of 3.0489 mils/yr, only 1.5462 mils/yr
When considering these results it is important to note that the only thing added to the
insulator solution upon being ground up is DI water. Since this is the case, any insulator
solutions yielding a MLCR greater than DI water is composed of corrosive ions that
not composed of any ions whatsoever. Alternatively, any insulator solutions yielding a
MLCR lower than DI water is composed of corrosion mitigating ions that deter corrosive
of corrosive ions. A passive layer on both corrosion mitigating insulator solution coupons
is shown in Figure 9. Heavy layers of corrosion product can be observed on the samples
Figure 9. Corrosion product formed on carbon steel samples after the four-day trial.
ASTM standards call for different “PASS” levels of each insulator. Table II depicts these
From this table it is shown that calcium silicate insulators (Thermo-12® Gold) are the
only insulator material required to exhibit a lower MLCR than that of DI water in order to
“PASS” as a usable insulator. Insulators that are flexible aerogels (Pyrogel® XT-E) and
mineral fibers are only required to exhibit a lower MLCR than that of 5 ppm chloride
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where systems need to be insulated, so it seems ridiculous to use this as the point at
which calcium silicate insulators must pass. However, the Thermo-12® Gold still did
pass. Pyrogel® XT-E did in fact exhibit a lower MLCR than that of 5 ppm chloride
what corrosive environment the insulators produce at the chemical level. Therefore, all
insulators should be held against the MLCR of DI water, as done in this analysis, to
Conclusions
1. Sproule WR-1200® and Thermo-12® Gold solutions both yielded a lower MLCR than
2. Pyrogel® XT-E’s solution yielded a greater MLCR than DI water, therefore this
Future Work
claim to use only Procedure A inaccurate. For these reasons it would be appropriate to
run all of the insulators again in accordance to Procedure B. Results should be compared
to that of the results from Procedure A to justify the claim, and to provide further
evidence that Sproule WR-1200® and Thermo-12® Gold produced corrosion mitigating
This particular study was conducted on an off-campus site and time was limited. Due to
this, cleaning and weighing of the samples was done before any characterization of the
passive layer formed could be conducted. In future studies SEM imaging of the corrosion
product would serve as investigative measures to further understand the properties of the
silicate layer. Chemical analysis of the solutions would be an option for future testing in a
scenario where time is not a limitation, and should follow in accordance to ASTM C871.
of rain water or a mimic solution of ocean fog in marine applications may prove to have
interesting results, and would show a more accurate corrosion rate of a real life scenario
of CUI.
Another mode of testing insulators properties to mimic CUI is ASTM C692. This tests
for chloride stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of stainless steels. Running ASTM C692 in a
modified test for carbon steel coupons to instead analyze general corrosion and not SCC
Works Citied
[1.] Gibbs, David. “The Basic Concepts.” Lecture. California Polytechnic SLO.
[2.] Chemistry LibreTexts. “20.6: Corrosion: Unwanted Voltaic Cells.” UC Davis. April
[4.] Chevron IS 46. Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI). Version 1.4, Sept. 11, 2016.
[6.] Vogelaere, Frank. “Corrosion Under Insulation.” Nov. 19, 2008. Wiley InterScience.
[11.] Shong, D. (2015, September 1). “Expanded Perlite Insulation: Why Hydrophobicity
is Only Part of the Solution to Prevent CUI.” Retrieved 31 August 2016, from
Corrosionpedia: https://www.corrosionpedia.com/2/2048/corrosion-prevention/expanded-
perlite-insulation-why-hydrophobicity-is-only-part-of-the-solution-to-prevent-cui
[12.] ASTM International. (Latest Edition). ASTM C1617 Standard Practice for
Quantitative Accelerated Laboratory Evaluation of Extraction Solutions Containing Ions
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[13.] Johns Manville Industrial Insulation Group. “Thermo-12® Gold Pipe and Block
Insulation.” ©2016 Industrial Insulation Group, LLC. Accessed June 6, 2017.
[14.] Johns Manville Industrial Insulation Group. “Sproule WR-1200® Perlite Pipe &
Block Insulation.” ©2015 Industrial Insulation Group, LLC. Accessed June 6, 2017.
[15.] Aspen Aerogels. “Pyrogel XT-E, Flexible Industrial Insulation for High-
Temperature Applications”. ©2015 Aspen Aerogels, Inc. Accesed June 6, 2017.
[16.] Shong, David. “Using Insulation to Inhibit Corrosion Under Insulation.” Lecture.
Johns Manville.
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Appendix I
1. Scope
1.1 This practice uses controlled amounts of test solutions delivered in a drip wise
fashion onto a defined area of carbon steel coupons at elevated temperatures for
the purpose of producing, comparing, and measuring the corrosion that occurs on
the metals due to the exposure of test solutions.
2. Hazards
2.1 Use of hydrochloric acid (35%)
3. Standards Reference Tests
3.1 DI water
3.2 1 ppm chloride solution
3.3 5 ppm chloride solution
4. Reagents and Materials
4.1 Carbon steel coupons: ASTM D609-Type 1, Temper = ¼ hard, Carbon = 0.13
wt%; size = 0.032 x 2 x 3.5 in.
4.2 Sproule WR-1200®
4.3 Thermo-12® Gold
4.4 Pyrogel® XT-E
5. Testing Equipment
5.1 Wolfgang Puck® hot plate
5.2 24-Channel Ismatec IPC® peristaltic pump
5.3 Ninja® Blender
5.4 Silicone rubber tubing to deliver solutions
5.5 Mettler Toledo Mass Balance Scale (capable of 0.0001 (+/- 0.0002) mass
determination
5.6 Drying oven
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7.3 5 ppm chloride solution Using the VWR Signature™ Ergonomic High-
Performance Pipettor measure out 0.005 mL of Chloride Standard and add to
1000 mL of DI water. Do this three times to total 3000 mL.
8. Procedure A Insulator Solution Preparation
8.1 Weigh out 20.0 g of insulator to be tested.
8.2 Grind down each insulator in Ninja® Blender until fine dust. If unable to
produce a fine dust, add 450 mL of DI water prematurely to help mix. This
proved necessary when producing the silica aerogel solution.
8.3 Add previously stated 450 mL of DI water to ground insulator.
8.4 Boil this mixture for 30 min.
8.5 Adjust solution to total 500 mL by adding more DI water.
8.6 Filter this solution to remove solids.
8.7 Adjust this solution to total 3000 mL by adding more DI water. This provides
for enough for a four-day trial on 3 coupons (250mL/day each coupon).
9. Dripping Solutions on Hot Plate
9.1 Ensure hot plate stays at constant 250ºF (+/- 10ºF) for 1 h to calibrate for
testing.
9.2 Place test cells in a manner that allows each respective silicone tube to
properly deliver test solutions without error.
9.3 Connect silicone tubing to the peristaltic pump and place opposite end in each
respective test solution to be delivered.
9.4 Set peristaltic pump rate to deliver 250 mL/day (+/- 50 mL).
9.5 Run test over a four-day span
10. Evaluation
10.1 Cleaning coupons
10.1.1 Gently remove the PVC cell from the metal coupons, leaving the
silicone sealant and O-ring in tact when possible. This aids to prevent stripping
the coupons of any metal not lost to corrosion.
10.1.2 Using proper PPE (eyewear, nitrile gloves, apron, closed-toe
shoes), place each metal coupon in a Pyrex bowl and introduce HCl to the
coupon. Lightly agitate the bowl. After a minute grab the coupons and rub with
fiberglass-felt clothe abrasive to remove corrosion product.
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Where:
K = 3.45e6 (a constant to convert cm/h to mils/year)
T = time of exposure in h
A = area of exposure (cm2), based on inner radius of PVC cell.
W = mass loss from the coupon (g)
D = bulk density of the test metal (g/cm3)
11. Report
11.1 Report on MLCR of all tested cells and solutions including DI water, 1 ppm
chloride solution, 5 ppm chloride solution, and the blank test cell.
12. Uncontrolled Variables
12.1 Atmosphere within laboratory. A fan is helpful in circulating the air above
the cells and reducing localized humidity from the water evaporating from the
cells.
12.2 Rate of evaporation form the coupon.
12.3 Distribution of localized and general corrosion.
12.4 Change in the corrosion rate. Longer testing may provide information on the
change in corrosion rate over time.
12.5 Different metal coupon qualities. All coupons meet ASTM specification
however possible localized variances with the coupon are probable.
13. Controlled Variables
13.1 Temperature of the hot plate during testing.
13.2 Duration of the test.
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Date:
Date:
Reference
ASTM International. (Latest Edition). ASTM C1617 Standard Practice for
Quantitative Accelerated Laboratory Evaluation of Extraction Solutions
Containing Ions Leached from Thermal Insulation on Aqueous Corrosion of
Metals. West Conshohocken: ASTM International.
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Appendix II
HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
- GHS Classification: Not a hazardous substance or mixture
- GHS Label element: Not a hazardous substance or mixture
- Other hazards: Temporary mechanical abrasion (itching) of skin, eyes and respiratory may
occur upon exposure to fibers or dust during handling of this product.
COMPOSITION
Chemical Name CAS-No. Concentration (%)
Synthetic calcium silicate 1344-95-2 >=90
Cellulose fiber 9004-34-6 >= 0 - <= 4
FIREFIGHTING MEASURES
Suitable extinguishing media: Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local
circumstances and the surrounding environment.
Hazardous combustion products: No hazardous combustion products are known
Specific extinguishing methods: Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local
circumstances and the surrounding environment.
Further information: Standard procedure for chemical fires.
Special protective equipment for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for
firefighting if necessary.
PERSONAL PROTECTION
Respiratory protection: When workers are facing concentrations above the exposure limit they
must use appropriate certified respirators. No personal respiratory protective equipment normally
required.
Hand protection Remarks: For prolonged or repeated contact use protective gloves.
Eye protection: Safety glasses
Skin and body protection: If used and stored as directed, no special protective equipment is
necessary.
Hygiene measures: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
Contaminated packaging: Empty containers should be taken to an approved waste-handling site
for recycling or disposal. Packaging that cannot be reused after cleaning must be disposed or
recycled in accordance with all federal, national and local regulations.
COMPOSITION
Chemical Name CAS-No. Concentration (%)
Perlite 93763-70-3 >= 90 - <= 100
FIREFIGHTING MEASURES
Specific extinguishing methods: Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local
circumstances and the surrounding environment.
Further information: Standard procedure for chemical fires.
Special protective equipment for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for
firefighting if necessary.
Hazardous combustion products: No hazardous combustion products are known.
PERSONAL PROTECTION
Respiratory protection: When workers are facing concentrations above the exposure limit they
must use appropriate certified respirators. No personal respiratory protective equipment normally
required.
Hand protection Remarks: For prolonged or repeated contact use protective gloves. Barrier
creams may help to protect the exposed areas of skin, they should however not be applied once
exposure has occurred.
Eye protection: Safety glasses
Skin and body protection: If used and stored as directed, no special protective equipment is
necessary.
Hygiene measures: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Written instructions for handling must be available at the work place.
DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
Contaminated packaging: Empty containers should be taken to an approved waste-handling site
for recycling or disposal. Packaging that cannot be reused after cleaning must be disposed or
recycled in accordance with all federal, national and local regulations.
COMPOSITION
Chemical Name CAS-No. Concentration (%)
Synthetic Amorphous Silica 7631-86-9 30-40%
Methylsilylated Silica 68909-20-6 10-20%
Fibrous Glass (textile grade) Not Applicable 40-50%
Iron Oxide (iron (III) oxide) 1309-37-1 1-10%
Aluminum Trihydrate (aluminum hydroxide) 21645-51-2 1-5%
Other components are either non-hazardous Mixture Balance
ingredients or are below the concentration limit for
classification
FIREFIGHTING MEASURES
Extinguishing media: Use any media that is suitable for the surrounding fire.
Lowes - 35
Specific hazards arising from the substance or mixture: Product is a super-insulator. Rolls of
material will retain heat within internal layers that may be a source of ignition after the fire is
extinguished. Keep hot material away from combustible materials and cool hot insulation with
water.
Special protective equipment and precautions for fire-fighters: Normal firefighting procedures
should be followed to avoid inhalation of smoke and gases produced by a fire.
PERSONAL PROTECTION
Respiratory protection: If exposures exceed the occupational exposure limits or if inhalation of
dust results in experiencing irritation, an appropriate certified particulate respirator is
recommended. Selection of respiratory protection depends on the contaminant type, form and
concentration. Select and use in accordance with OSHA 1910.134 and good Industrial Hygiene
practice, e.g. a NIOSH approved P100 or N100 particulate filtering facepiece respirator.
Skin protection: Impervious gloves recommended for handling product. Long-sleeved and long-
legged work clothing are also advised.
Eye protection: Safety glasses with side shields or dust goggles recommended.
Date:
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